Overexpressed transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in lung adenocarcinoma harbours a new opportunity for therapeutic targeting

Illuminating the path: the role of photodynamic therapy in comprehensive periodontal treatment

OBJECTIVES

Evaluating photodynamic therapy's efficacy and suitability for treating periodontal disease is the main goal of this review. What are the best conditions for using photodynamic therapy, and how can it improve conventional periodontal treatments?.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive literature search has been conducted to identify peer-reviewed research published up until August 2024. This search utilized reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, ensuring a robust selection of relevant studies. Selected studies were meticulously analyzed to their methodologies, types of photosensitizers employed, light intensity levels applied, as well as the resultant clinical outcomes observed. Additionally, a comparative analysis has been performed between photodynamic therapy and traditional periodontal therapy as documented in numerous clinical studies.

RESULTS

Results show that photodynamic therapy considerably lowers the number of microorganisms present in periodontal pockets, which in turn reduces inflammation and improves healing responses. According to studies, photodynamic therapy is an efficient way to break up the biofilms that of harmful bacteria that cause periodontal disease produce.

CONCLUSIONS

Photodynamic therapy is an intriguing alternative treatment option for periodontal disease. Because photodynamic therapy reduces biofilm resistance, improves blood flow, and promotes healing through anti-inflammatory effects, it may yield better clinical results when used in conjunction with conventional periodontal therapies. More research is required to create consistent guidelines for light dosage and photosensitizer selection in order to maximize therapeutic outcomes.

Anti-cancer activity and mechanism of flurbiprofen organoselenium compound RY-1-92 in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the malignancies with the highest incidence and mortality rates worldwide, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancer types. In this study, the anti-cancer activities of a novel flurbiprofen organic selenium compound, RY-1-92, on NSCLC cells and a mouse model and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored. We found that compound RY-1-92 can significantly inhibit the viability, colony formation and migration of A549, NCI-H460 lung cancer cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that RY-1-92 also can lead to G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced in lung cancer cells. Further, RY-1-92 can decrease the tumor size in the Lewis lung cancer tumor-bearing mouse model. The protein levels of cell cycle-related proteins CDK1/cyclinB1 were decreased, while the apoptosis-related protein BAX was increased dramatically after RY-1-92 treatment in vitro and in vivo. Impressively, it was found that TRPV1 might act as a potential molecular target of RY-1-92 using the SEA search server. Furthermore, down-regulation on TRPV1 and its downstream associated factors including p-AKT protein and MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins after RY-1-92 treatment was observed in A549, NCI-H460 lung cancer cells. Taken together, our findings shed light on the potential of RY-1-92 as a novel small molecular drug for NSCLC, and it is of great significance for its further in-depth research and development.

A novel transient receptor potential C3/C6 selective activator induces the cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides

Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy is a novel therapeutic approach in which ASO specifically binds target mRNA, resulting in mRNA degradation; however, cellular uptake of ASOs remains critically low, warranting improvement. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels regulate Ca2+ influx and are activated upon stimulation by phospholipase C-generated diacylglycerol. Herein, we report that a novel TRPC3/C6/C7 activator, L687, can induce cellular ASO uptake. L687-induced ASO uptake was enhanced in a dose- and incubation-time-dependent manner. L687 enhanced the knockdown activity of various ASOs both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, suppression of TRPC3/C6 by specific siRNAs reduced ASO uptake in A549 cells. Application of BAPTA-AM, a Ca2+ chelator, and SKF96365, a TRPC3/C6 inhibitor, suppressed Ca2+ influx via TRPC3/C6, resulting in reduced ASO uptake, thereby suggesting that Ca2+ influx via TRPC3/C6 is critical for L687-mediated increased ASO uptake. L687 also induced dextran uptake, indicating that L687 increased endocytosis. Adding ASO to L687 resulted in endosome accumulation; however, the endosomal membrane disruptor UNC7938 facilitated endosomal escape and enhanced knockdown activity. We discovered a new function for TRPC activators regarding ASO trafficking in target cells. Our findings provide an opportunity to formulate an innovative drug delivery system for the therapeutic development of ASO.

Identification of Prognostic and Immune Characteristics of Two Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes Based on TRPV Channel Family Genes

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors worldwide. Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels take pivotal parts in many cancers, but their impact on LUAD remains unexplored. In this study, LUAD samples were classified into two subtypes according to the expression characteristics of TRPV1-6 genes, with LUAD subtype cluster2 exhibiting significantly higher survival rates than cluster1. Subsequently, analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed between cluster1 and cluster2, revealing enrichment of DEGs in channel activity and Ca2+ signaling pathways. We established a protein-protein interaction network based on DEGs and constructed a LUAD prognostic model by using Cox regression analysis based on genes corresponding to 170 protein nodes. The prognostic model demonstrated good predictive ability for patient prognosis, with higher survival rates observed in the low-risk (LR) group. The risk score was validated as an independent prognostic indicator, according to Cox regression analysis. A clinically applicable nomogram was plotted. Immunological analysis indicated that the LR and high-risk (HR) groups had varied proportions of immune cell infiltration. The immunotherapy prediction indicated that LUAD patients in LR group had a greater likelihood to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the expression patterns of feature genes in the LUAD model were related to the sensitivity to lung cancer therapeutic drugs TAS-6417 and Erlotinib. To sum up, our LUAD prognostic model possessed clinical applicability for prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction.

Mediation of the JNC/ILC2 pathway in DBP-exacerbated allergic asthma: A molecular toxicological study on neuroimmune positive feedback mechanism

BACKGROUND

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a commonly used plasticizer, has been found to be strongly linked to a consistently high prevalence of allergic diseases, particularly allergic asthma. Previous animal experiments have demonstrated that exposure to DBP can worsen asthma by triggering the production of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide in the lung tissue. However, the precise neuroimmune mechanism and pathophysiology of DBP-exacerbated allergic asthma with the assistance of CGRP remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was to investigate the potential pathophysiological mechanism in DBP-exacerbated asthma from the perspective of neural-immune interactions.

METHODS AND RESULTS

C57BL/6 mice were orally exposed to different concentrations (0.4, 4, 40 mg/kg) of DBP for 28 days. They were then sensitized with OVA and nebulized with OVA for 7 consecutive excitations. To investigate whether DBP exacerbates allergic asthma in OVA induced mice, we analyzed airway hyperresponsiveness and lung histopathology. To investigate the activation of JNC and TRPV1 neurons and the release of CGRP by JNC cells, we measured the levels of TRPV1 channels, calcium inward flow, and downstream neuropeptide CGRP. Results showed that TRPV1 expression, inward calcium flux, and CGRP levels were significantly elevated in the lung tissues of the 40DBP + OVA group, suggesting the release of CGRP by JNC cells. To counteract the detrimental effects of DBP mediated by CGRP, we employed olcegepant (also known as BIBN-4096), a CGRP receptor specific antagonist. Results revealed that 40DBP + OVA + olcegepant led to notable decreases in TRPV1, calcium inward flow, and CGRP expression in lung tissues compare with 40DBP + OVA, further supporting the efficacy of olcegepant. Additionally, we also conducted ILC2 flow sorting and observed that neuropeptide CGRP-activated ILC2 cells have a crucial role as key effector cells in DBP-induced neuroimmune positive feedback regulation. Finally, we examined the protein expression of CGRP, GATA3 and P-GATA3, and found that significant upregulations of CGRP and P-GATA3 in the 40DBP + OVA group, suggest that GATA3 acted as a key regulator of CGRP-activated ILC2.

CONCLUSION

The aforementioned studies indicate that exposure to DBP can exacerbate allergic asthma, leading to airway inflammation. This exacerbation occurs through the activation of TRPV1 in JNC, resulting in the release of CGRP. The excessive release of CGRP further promotes the release of Th2 cytokines by inducing the activation of ILC2 through GATA phosphorylation. Consequently, this process contributes to the development of airway inflammation and allergic asthma. The increased production of Th2 cytokines also triggers the production of IgE, which interacts with FcεRI on JNC neurons, thereby mediating neuro-immune positive feedback regulation.

Research focus and thematic trends of transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1 research: a bibliometric analysis of the global publications (1990-2023)

Recently, various studies have been devoted to the study of transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1)-related diseases, potential drugs, and related mechanisms. The objective of this investigation was to examine the significant areas and cutting-edge developments in TRPV1 study within recent decades. Articles or reviews were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer 1.6.18 and CiteSpace 6.1 R2 software were utilized to examine publication growth, distribution by country/region, institution, journal, authorship, references, and keywords. The software identified keywords with a high citation burstiness to determine emerging topics. From 1990 to 2023, the annual global publications increased by 62,000%, from 1 to 621. Journal of neuroscience published the most manuscripts and Nature produced the highest citations. The USA, Seoul National University and Di marzo V were the most productive and impactful institution, country, and author, respectively. "TRPV1," "Capsaicin receptor," "Activation," and "Pain" are the most important keywords. The burst keywords "TRPV1 channel," "Oxidative stress," "TRPV1 structure," and "Cancer" are supposed to be the research frontiers. The present study offers valuable insights into the understanding of TRPV1 and pain-related conditions. The research on TRPV1 has demonstrated a steady increase in studies related to pain-related diseases in the past few decades. The significance of TRPV1 in cancer pathogenesis and the resolution of its structure will emerge as a new academic trend in this field, providing direction for more widespread and comprehensive studies in the future.

Phenolic Compounds and Capsaicinoids in Three Capsicum annuum Varieties: From Analytical Characterization to In Silico Hypotheses on Biological Activity

The affinity of specific phenolic compounds (PCs) and capsaicinoids (CAPs) present in three Capsicum annuum varieties (Friariello, Cayenne and Dzuljunska Sipka) to the transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1) was investigated by integrating an analytic approach for the simultaneous extraction and analysis through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ITMS) and UV detection (HPLC-UV) of PCs and CAPs and structural bioinformatics based on the protein modelling and molecular simulations of protein-ligand docking. Overall, a total of 35 compounds were identified in the different samples and CAPs were quantified. The highest content of total polyphenols was recorded in the pungent Dzuljunska Sipka variety (8.91 ± 0.05 gGAE/Kg DW) while the lowest was found in the non-pungent variety Friariello (3.58 ± 0.02 gGAE/Kg DW). Protein modelling generated for the first time a complete model of the homotetrameric human TRPV1, and it was used for docking simulations with the compounds detected via the analytic approach, as well as with other compounds, as an inhibitor reference. The simulations indicate that different capsaicinoids can interact with the receptor, providing details on the molecular interaction, with similar predicted binding energy values. These results offer new insights into the interaction of capsaicinoids with TRPV1 and their possible actions.

TRP Channels in Tumoral Processes Mediated by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

The channels from the superfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as redox channels. Those with the best exposure of the cysteine residues and, hence, the most sensitive to oxidative stress are TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPA1, while others, such as TRPC3, TRPM2, and TRPM7, are indirectly activated by ROS. Furthermore, activation by ROS has different effects on the tumorigenic process: some TRP channels may, upon activation, stimulate proliferation, apoptosis, or migration of cancer cells, while others inhibit these processes, depending on the cancer type, tumoral microenvironment, and, finally, on the methods used for evaluation. Therefore, using these polymodal proteins as therapeutic targets is still an unmet need, despite their draggability and modulation by simple and mostly unharmful compounds. This review intended to create some cellular models of the interaction between oxidative stress, TRP channels, and inflammation. Although somewhat crosstalk between the three actors was rather theoretical, we intended to gather the recently published data and proposed pathways of cancer inhibition using modulators of TRP proteins, hoping that the experimental data corroborated clinical information may finally bring the results from the bench to the bedside.

"ThermoTRP" Channel Expression in Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis (Practical Approach by a Pathologist)

Temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (so-called "thermoTRPs") are multifunctional signaling molecules with important roles in cell growth and differentiation. Several "thermoTRP" channels show altered expression in cancers, though it is unclear if this is a cause or consequence of the disease. Regardless of the underlying pathology, this altered expression may potentially be used for cancer diagnosis and prognostication. "ThermoTRP" expression may distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. For example, TRPV1 is expressed in benign gastric mucosa, but is absent in gastric adenocarcinoma. TRPV1 is also expressed both in normal urothelia and non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, but no TRPV1 expression has been seen in invasive urothelial carcinoma. "ThermoTRP" expression can also be used to predict clinical outcomes. For instance, in prostate cancer, TRPM8 expression predicts aggressive behavior with early metastatic disease. Furthermore, TRPV1 expression can dissect a subset of pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients with bad prognosis and resistance to a number of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. This review will explore the current state of this rapidly evolving field with special emphasis on immunostains that can already be added to the armoire of diagnostic pathologists.

Mesoporous Silica Particles Functionalized with Newly Extracted Fish Oil (Omeg@Silica) Reducing IL-8 Counteract Cell Migration in NSCLC Cell Lines

Lung cancer is one of the leading forms of cancer in developed countries. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, exerts relevant effects in cancer growth and progression, including angiogenesis and metastasis in lung cancer. Mesoporous silica particles, functionalized with newly extracted fish oil (Omeg@Silica), are more effective than the fish oil alone in anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The mechanisms that explain this efficacy are not yet understood. The aim of the present study is therefore to decipher the anti-cancer effects of a formulation of Omeg@Silica in aqueous ethanol (FOS) in adenocarcinoma (A549) and muco-epidermoid (NCI-H292) lung cancer cells, evaluating cell migration, as well as IL-8, NF-κB, and miRNA-21 expression. Results show that in both cell lines, FOS was more efficient than oil alone, in decreasing cell migration and IL-8 gene expression. FOS reduced IL-8 protein release in both cell lines, but this effect was only stronger than the oil alone in A549. In A549, FOS was able to reduce miRNA-21 and transcription factor NF-κB nuclear expression. Taken together, these data support the potential use of the Omeg@Silica as an add-on therapy for NSCLC. Dedicated studies which prove clinical efficacy are needed.

lncRNA RP11-10A14.5: a potential prognosis biomarker for LUAD through regulation on proliferation and metastasis

Lung cancer is the malignancy most commonly seen worldwide. Emerging evidences indicated that lncRNAs may serve as a prognosis marker and play important role in NSCLC tumor biology. In this work, we analyzed the prognosis value of RP11-10A14.5 using TCGA and GEPIA database and expression profiles using PCR and FISH assay. The biological roles of RP11-10A14.5 in cell growth and invasion were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Expression of RP11-10A14.5 is correlated with increased clinical stage and poor survival prognosis. In vitro experiments revealed that RP11-10A14.5 was widely expressed in lung cancer cell lines and mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and enhanced the growth, invasion and migration ability of NSCLC cell lines. Immunofluorescence assay suggested that RP11-10A14.5 may promote EMT by downregulating E-cadherin and upregulating N-cadherin and Vimentin. Flow cytometry results suggested that RP11-10A14.5 did not significantly affect cell cycle function, but could significantly inhibit apoptosis which may further enhance metastasis cell survival. In conclusion, RP11-10A14.5 is associated with clinical stage and poor survival outcome, may serve as a diagnosis and prognosis predictor for LUAD. Further, RP11-10A14.5 could promote LUAD cell growth and metastasis.