Cannabidiol (CBD): a killer for inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts

Cannabidiol-A friend or a foe?

Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the main actives from Cannabis sativa has been perpetually explored lately for its therapeutic effects. Its main attributes, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, snowball into pain management, epilepsy and seizure alleviation, anxiety relief, as well as numerous other implications through the entire metabolism. However, conventional administration routes challenge its therapeutic potential, with reported poor water solubility, hepatic degradation, gastric instability and erratic bioavailability observed in oral administration. As a result, the transdermal delivery systems have emerged as a promising alternative to oral or inhaled routes, offering improved bioavailability and targeted effects. The medical use of CBD throughout Europe, UK, USA or Australia is extensive and usually represented by pharmaceutical preparations recommended after conventional treatment routs fail. The non-medical use is limited by each country's own legislation, a wider range of products being available, but the irregular regulatory landscape coupled with the growing market of cannabinoid-infused products, emphasizes the need for standardized formulations and further clinical research. The present work critically examines the transdermal administration of cannabidiol, explores the skin's potential as a route and the strategies involved in using it for systemic targeting. We highlighted key challenges and provided insights into CBD`s variable bioavailability based on different administration routes and methods, thus compiling a literature-based absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study. We also explore the role of the endocannabinoid system, its function in various medical conditions, and the therapeutic effects associated with CBD, particularly in light of the varying legislation across countries. While the breadth of potential benefits is compelling, it is essential to emphasize the ongoing nature of CBD research as individual responses to it can vary significantly.

Cannabidiol-loaded hydrogel microneedle patches inhibit TRIM14/TRAF3/ NF-κB axis for the treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common chronic skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinized cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells that affects many patients worldwide. There is no cure for psoriasis, and its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Alterations in some TRIM family proteins have been demonstrated to be involved in the exacerbation of psoriasis, however, the molecular mechanism of TRIM14 in psoriasis is unknown. Here, we show that TRIM14 is highly expressed in psoriasis patients and is closely associated with the progression of psoriasis. A possible mechanism is that TRIM14 binds to TRAF3 and mediates the autophagic degradation of TRAF3 through the selective autophagy receptor NDP52, activating the NF-κB pathway. In addition, cannabidiol (CBD) can effectively inhibit the proliferation of keratinocytes, possibly by inhibiting the expression of TRIM14 and attenuating the continuous activation of the NF-κB pathway in psoriasis. CBD-loaded hydrogel microneedle patches significantly improved the symptoms of keratoderma thickening, erythema and desquamation in psoriatic mice and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in psoriatic skin tissue and blood, as well as the spleen index compared with Tacrolimus cream (positive control). In summary, TRIM14, which is highly expressed in psoriasis patients, may be a potential target and provide new ideas for the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, the CBD hydrogel microneedle patches developed for TRIM14 has obvious therapeutic effects and provides a new option for future drug therapy for psoriasis patients.

The Protective Effect of Nimodipine in Schwann Cells Is Related to the Upregulation of LMO4 and SERCA3 Accompanied by the Fine-Tuning of Intracellular Calcium Levels

Nimodipine is the current gold standard in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, as it is the only known calcium channel blocker that has been proven to improve neurological outcomes. In addition, nimodipine exhibits neuroprotective properties in vitro under various stress conditions. Furthermore, clinical studies have demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of nimodipine after vestibular schwannoma surgery. However, the molecular mode of action of nimodipine pre-treatment has not been well investigated. In the present study, using real-time cell death assays, we demonstrated that nimodipine not only reduces cell death induced by osmotic and oxidative stress but also protects cells directly at the time of stress induction in Schwann cells. Nimodipine counteracts stress-induced calcium overload and the overexpression of the Cav1.2 calcium channel. In addition, we found nimodipine-dependent upregulation of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 (SERCA3) and LIM domain only 4 (LMO4) protein. Analysis of anti-apoptotic cell signaling showed an inhibition of the pro-apoptotic protein glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). Nimodipine-treated Schwann cells exhibited higher levels of phosphorylated GSK3β at serine residue 9 during osmotic and oxidative stress. In conclusion, nimodipine prevents cell death by protecting cells from calcium overload by fine-tuning intracellular calcium signaling and gene expression.

DNA damage and cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells: The potential biological effects of cannabidiol

OBJECTIVE

The present study examined the in vitro effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (HSC-3) of cannabidiol (CBD), the main chemical component of Cannabis, proposed as a novel adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cancers.

DESIGN

Cell viability (MTT assay), morphology (SEM), apoptosis and cell cycle (flow cytometry), and DNA damage (phospho-γ-H2AX immunofluorescence) were evaluated. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with concentrations between 100 µM and 1 µM, and two concentrations were selected for subsequent analysis: 25 µM, as toxic dose, and 6.25 µM, as non-toxic.

RESULTS

CBD caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction in viability of 64 %, 96 %, and 99 % with 25 µM, 50 µM and 100 µM, respectively, after 72 h (p < 0.001), cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase with increased apoptosis in particular at 72 h for 25 µM (p < 0.001), significant morphological alterations with 25 µM, still present even at 6.25 µM, and significantly increased cell damage considering a significant increase in the percentage of highly positive cells (5 phosphorylated γH2AX foci), which is around 29 % for 25 µM and 19 % for 6.25 µM after 24 h.

CONCLUSIONS

CBD inhibits oral cancer growth causing DNA damage. In general, induced cell cytotoxicity appears to be dose- and time-related. Doses of CBD ≥25 μM showed a high reduction in viability. CBD could possibly represent a new therapeutic molecule for its cytotoxic effects against oral squamous cell carcinoma. The mechanism involved in the suppressive effect caused by CBD needs further investigation.

Current and Potential Use of Biologically Active Compounds Derived from Cannabis sativa L. in the Treatment of Selected Diseases

Cannabis sativa L. contains numerous compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, including the flavonoids and the cannabinoids, particularly Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabinoids have an effect on the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a cellular communication network, and are, hence, widely studied for medical applications. Epidiolex®, a 99% pure oral CBD extract, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of epilepsy. Nabiximols (Sativex) is an oromucosal spray containing equal volume of THC and CBD, and it is commonly used as an add-on treatment for unresponsive spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have also shown that cannabinoids can be used to treat various types of cancer, such as melanoma and brain glioblastoma; the first positive clinical trials on the anticancer effect of a THC:CBD blend with temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of highly invasive brain cancer are very promising. The cannabinoids exert their anticancer properties in in vitro investigations by the induction of cell death, mainly by apoptosis and cytotoxic autophagy, and the inhibition of cell proliferation. In several studies, cannabinoids have been found to induce tumor regression and inhibit angiogenic mechanisms in vitro and in vivo, as well as in two low-numbered epidemiological studies. They also exhibit antiviral effects by inhibiting ACE2 transcription, blocking viral replication and fusion, and acting as anti-inflammatory agents; indeed, prior CBD consumption (a study of 93,565 persons in Chicago) has also been associated with a much lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is postulated that cannabis extracts can be used in the treatment of many other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, or various types of neurological disorders, e.g., Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this review is to outline the current state of knowledge regarding currently used medicinal preparations derived from C. sativa L. in the treatment of selected cancer and viral diseases, and to present the latest research on the potential applications of its secondary metabolites.

Edge advances in nanodrug therapies for osteoarthritis treatment

As global population and lifestyles change, osteoarthritis (OA) is becoming a major healthcare challenge world. OA, a chronic condition characterized by inflammatory and degeneration, often present with joint pain and can lead to irreversible disability. While there is currently no cure for OA, it is commonly managed using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, and glucosamine. Although these treatments can alleviate symptoms, it is difficult to effectively deliver and sustain therapeutic agents within joints. The emergence of nanotechnology, particularly in form of smart nanomedicine, has introduced innovative therapeutic approaches for OA treatment. Nanotherapeutic strategies offer promising advantages, including more precise targeting of affected areas, prolonged therapeutic effects, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity compared to traditional treatments. While nanoparticles show potential as a viable delivery system for OA therapies based on encouraging lab-based and clinical trials results, there remails a considerable gap between current research and clinical application. This review highlights recent advances in nanotherapy for OA and explore future pathways to refine and optimize OA treatments strategies.

High-CBD Extract (CBD-X) in Asthma Management: Reducing Th2-Driven Cytokine Secretion and Neutrophil/Eosinophil Activity

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways affecting over 10% of the global population. It is characterized by airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, driven predominantly by type 2 helper T cells (Th2) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in a subset of patients. However, a significant portion of asthmatic individuals present with "type 2-low" asthma that is often refractory to standard inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy. Therefore, developing innovative therapeutic strategies has become essential. Recent studies have highlighted cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising anti-inflammatory agent capable of modulating immune responses. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a high-CBD extract (CBD-X) in asthma.

METHODS

We evaluated the effects of CBD-X on cells involved in asthma pathogenesis using primary human Th2 cells, neutrophils, and asthma mouse model.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that CBD-X extract inhibits Th2 differentiation and reduces the secretion of IL-5 and IL-13, which are crucial cytokines in asthma. Additionally, CBD-X significantly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 in neutrophils and impairs their migration, a critical step in airway inflammation. In a murine asthma model, CBD-X administration led to marked downregulation of IgE and pro-asthmatic cytokines, along with reduced leukocyte, eosinophil, and neutrophil infiltration in lung tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that CBD-X extract could offer a novel and complementary approach to managing both type 2-high and type 2-low asthma by targeting key inflammatory pathways and modulating immune cell behavior.

Association between cannabis use and physical activity in the United States based on legalization and health status

BACKGROUND

Studies investigating the association between cannabis use and physical activity have had mixed results. This study provided a population-based assessment while determining how the relationship is affected by variables such as cannabis legalization status and chronic medical conditions.

METHODS

Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data were used to evaluate the association between cannabis use and physical activity among adults ages 18 years and older in several states and territories of the U.S. during 2016-2022. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) measuring the relationship between physical activity in the past 30 days (yes vs. no) and cannabis use in the past 30 days (yes vs. no) based on legalization and health status were estimated using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Physical activity increased from 73.16% in 2016 to 75.72% in 2022 (3.5% increase) and current cannabis use increased from 7.48% in 2016 to 14.71% in 2022 (96.7% increase). Current cannabis use was 6.5% higher in areas of legalized recreational cannabis (vs. not legal) and 0.7% higher in areas of legalized medical cannabis (vs. not legal). For the combined years, the OR measuring the association between cannabis use and physical activity was 1.24 (95% CI 1.10-1.41), after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, employment status, education, smoking status, weight classification, legal status, and chronic medical condition. The adjusted OR was 1.47 (95% CI 1.34-1.62) in areas with legalized recreational and medical cannabis (vs. illegal) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.98-1.12) in areas with legalized medical cannabis only (vs. illegal). Having a medical condition was significantly associated with lower prevalence of physical activity in the adjusted models (overall adjusted OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.73-0.85). However, this significantly lower odds ratio was insignificant for current cannabis users.

CONCLUSIONS

Public policy and personal health behaviors may improve with the findings that legal medical cannabis promotes greater physical activity in those experiencing chronic medical conditions and legal recreational cannabis promotes (even more so) greater physical activity in those not experiencing chronic medical conditions.

Cannabinoids in the Inflamed Synovium Can Be a Target for the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases

The management of rheumatic diseases has noticeably changed in recent years with the development of targeted therapeutic agents, namely, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Identifying essential signaling pathways and factors crucial for the development and progression of these diseases remains a significant challenge. Therapy could be used to delay the onset or reduce harm. The endocannabinoid system's presence within the synovium can be identified as a suggested target for therapeutic interventions due to its role in modulating pain, inflammation, and joint metabolism. This review brings together the most pertinent information concerning the actions of the endocannabinoid system present in inflamed synovial tissue and its interaction with phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids, which can be used from a therapeutic perspective to minimize the inflammatory and pain processes typical of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product to Mares in Late Gestation Alters the Biological Activity of Colostrum

The quality of equine colostrum is typically defined by refractometry or the concentration of maternal antibodies. However, the activity of other equine colostral bioactive molecules has not yet been investigated. This study analyzed whether the administration of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) influences the biological activity of mare colostrum and whether the biological activity of colostrum has a lasting immunomodulating effect for foals. A total of fourteen pregnant mares received 20 g/day of a SCFP for a period of twelve weeks prior to the calculated date of birth (SCFP-group). Twelve pregnant mares without supplementation served as controls (CON). Colostral Brix values were determined within three hours after parturition. The concentration of IgG in blood sera and colostrum samples was determined with an ELISA. The biological activity was determined in a cell growth assay with a porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Mares (at three weeks before the calculated date of birth) and foals (at the age of 5-8 months) received a parenteral active vaccination against influenza and tetanus. The administration of SCFP did not alter the mare's serum and colostrum IgG concentrations and did not exert a significant influence on the mares' early response to the vaccination. Growth and diarrhea episodes were comparable between foals of supplemented mares (SCFP) and foals of mares without supplementation (CON). Colostrum samples from SCFP-supplemented mares exhibited heightened biological activity. While SFCP and CON foals did not differ in their early response to vaccination, the vaccination-induced alterations in circulating neutrophilic granulocyte numbers were significantly correlated with the biological colostrum activity. These findings suggest that the supplementation of mares in late gestation with SCFP can enhance the biological activity of colostrum, which subsequently influences the innate immune responses of their offspring in later life.

In situ forming PLA and PLGA implants for the parenteral administration of Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic cannabinoid. It has attracted a great deal of interest in the treatment of several diseases such as inflammatory disorders and cancer. Despite its promising clinical interest, its administration is very challenging. In situ forming implants (ISFIs) could be a simple and cheap strategy to administer CBD while obtaining a prolonged effect with a single administration. This work aims to design, develop, and characterize for the first time ISFIs for the parenteral administration of CBD with potential application in cancer disease. Formulations made of PLGA-502, PLGA-502H, and PLA-202 in NMP or DMSO and PLA-203 in DMSO at a polymer concentration of 0.25 mg/µL and loaded with CBD at a drug: polymer ratio of 2.5:100 and 5:100 (w/w) were developed. The formulations prepared with NMP exhibited a faster drug release. CBD implants elaborated with PLGA-502 and DMSO with the highest CBD: polymer ratio showed the most suitable drug release for one month. This formulation was successfully formed in ovo onto the chorioallantoic chick membrane without exhibiting signs of toxicity and exhibited a superior antiangiogenic activity than CBD in solution administered at the same doses. Consequently, implants made of PLGA-502 and DMSO represent a promising strategy to effectively administer CBD subcutaneously as combination therapy in cancer disease.

Cannabis therapy in rheumatological diseases: A systematic review

Cannabis has been used in rheumatic diseases as therapy for chronic pain or inflammatory conditions. Herein, the authors systematically review the rheumatological diseases in which cannabis has been studied: systemic sclerosis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, polymyalgia rheumatica, gout, dermatomyositis, and psoriatic arthritis. We systematically searched PubMed for articles on cannabis and rheumatic diseases between 1966 and March 2023. Twenty-eight articles have been selected for review. Most of them (n=13) were on fibromyalgia and all of them but one showed important reduction in pain; sleep and mood also improved. On rheumatoid arthritis, two papers displayed decrease in pain and in one of them a reduction in inflammatory parameters was found. In scleroderma there was a case description with good results, one study on local use for digital ulcers also with good outcomes and a third one, that disclosed good results for skin fibrosis. In dermatomyositis a single study showed improvement of skin manifestations and in osteoarthritis (3 studies) this drug has demonstrated a good analgesic effect. Several surveys (n=5) on the general use of cannabis showed that rheumatological patients (mixed diseases) do use this drug even without medical supervision. The reported side effects were mild. In conclusion, cannabis treatment is an interesting option for the treatment of rheumatological diseases that should be further explored with more studies.

Redefinition of Synovial Fibroblasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The breakdown of immune tolerance and the rise in autoimmunity contribute to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), driven by significant changes in immune components. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial transcriptome profiling have revealed shifts in cell distribution and composition, expanding our understanding beyond molecular-level changes in inflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and autoantigens in RA. Surprisingly, synovial fibroblasts (SFs) play an active immunopathogenic role rather than remaining passive bystanders in RA, with notable alterations in their subpopulation distribution and composition. This study examines these changes in SF heterogeneity, assesses their impact on RA progression, and elucidates the immune characteristics and functions of SF subsets in the RA autoimmunity, encompassing both intrinsic and adaptive immunity. Additionally, this review discusses therapeutic strategies targeting immune SF subsets, highlighting the potential of future interventions in SF phenotypic reprogramming. Overall, this review redefines the role of SFs in RA and suggests targeting SF phenotypic reprogramming and its upstream molecules as a promising therapeutic approach to restore immune balance and modulate immune tolerance in RA.

Cannabidiol and pain

Chronic pain presents significant personal, psychological, and socioeconomic hurdles, impacting over 30% of adults worldwide and substantially contributing to disability. Unfortunately, current pharmacotherapy often proves inadequate, leaving fewer than 70% of patients with relief. This shortfall has sparked a drive to seek alternative treatments offering superior safety and efficacy profiles. Cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals, notably cannabidiol (CBD), hold promise in pain management, driven by their natural origins, versatility, and reduced risk of addiction. As we navigate the opioid crisis, ongoing research plunges into CBD's therapeutic potential, buoyed by animal studies revealing its pain-relieving prowess through various system tweaks. However, the efficacy of cannabis in chronic pain management remains a contentious and stigmatized issue. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) presently refrains from endorsing cannabinoid use for pain relief. Nevertheless, evidence indicates their potential in alleviating cancer-related, neuropathic, arthritis, and musculoskeletal pain, necessitating further investigation. Crucially, our comprehension of CBD's role in pain management is a journey still unfolding, with animal studies illustrating its analgesic effects through interactions with the endocannabinoid, inflammatory, and nociceptive systems. As the plot thickens, it's clear: the saga of chronic pain and CBD's potential offers a compelling narrative ripe for further exploration and understanding.

Unraveling the Mechanisms of Cannabidiol's Pharmacological Actions: A Comprehensive Research Overview

Cannabis sativa has long been used for neurological and psychological healing. Recently, cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from cannabis sativa has gained prominence in the medical field due to its non-psychotropic therapeutic effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems. CBD, also acting as a potent antioxidant, displays diverse clinical properties such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, antiepileptic, and antipsychotic effects. In this review, we summarized the structural activity relationship of CBD with different receptors by both experimental and computational techniques and investigated the mechanism of interaction between related receptors and CBD. The discovery of structural activity relationship between CBD and target receptors would provide a direction to optimize the scaffold of CBD and its derivatives, which would give potential medical applications on CBD-based therapies in various illnesses.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 1% Topical Cannabidiol Gel in Animal Models

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid isolated from cannabis plants, is an interesting candidate for studying its anti-inflammatory effects, especially in the pre-clinical and animal models. Its anti-inflammatory effects, such as reduction of edema and arthritis, have been demonstrated in animal models. However, topical CBD administration requires further evaluation of CBD dosage and efficacy in animal models and clinical settings. Methods: This in vivo study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of topical CBD administration in an animal model. Scientific experiments, including the formalin test, writhing test, carrageenan-induced edema, histopathological examination, and detection of various proinflammatory mediators, were performed. Results: The anti-inflammatory effects in vivo after inflammation induction, represented by decreased times of paw licking, degree of paw edema, and decreased writhing response, showed that 1% of tropical CBD use had significantly comparable or better anti-inflammatory effects when compared with tropical diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory agent. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects were significant compared with the placebo. In addition, the histopathological examination showed that topical CBD drastically reduced leukocyte infiltration and the degree of inflammation. This study also showed that the levels of various proinflammatory mediators in the plasma of mice treated with topical CBD did not differ from those treated with diclofenac. Conclusions: The topical administration of 1% CBD gel is a potentially effective candidate for an anti-inflammatory agent. Candidate for an anti-inflammatory agent.

Cannabidiol Treatment Shows Therapeutic Efficacy in a Rodent Model of Social Transfer of Pain in Pair-Housed Male Mice

Introduction: Prosocial behavior refers to sharing emotions and sensations such as pain. Accumulated data indicate that cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychotomimetic component of the Cannabis sativa plant, attenuates hyperalgesia, anxiety, and anhedonic-like behavior. Nevertheless, the role of CBD in the social transfer of pain has never been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute systemic administration of CBD in mice that cohabited with a conspecific animal suffering from chronic constriction injury. Furthermore, we assessed whether repeated CBD treatment decreases hypernociception, anxiety-like behavior, and anhedonic-like responses in mice undergoing chronic constriction injury and whether this attenuation would be socially transferred to the partner. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice were Housed in pairs for 28 days. On the 14th day of living together, animals were then divided into two groups: cagemate nerve constriction (CNC), in which one animal of each partner was subjected to sciatic nerve constriction; and cagemate sham (CS), subjected to the same surgical procedure but without suffering nerve constriction. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3 on day 28 of living together, the cagemates (CNC and CS) animals received a single systemic injection (intraperitoneally) of vehicle or CBD (0.3, 1, 10, or 30 mg/kg). After 30 min, the cagemates were subjected to the elevated plusmaze followed by exposure to the writhing and sucrose splash tests. For chronic treatment (Exp. 4), sham and chronic constriction injury animals received a repeated systemic injection (subcutaneous) of vehicle or CBD (10 mg/kg) for 14 days after the sciatic nerve constriction procedure. On days 28 and 29 sham and chronic constriction injury animals and their cagemates were behaviorally tested. Results and Conclusion: Acute CBD administration attenuated anxiety-like behavior, pain hypersensitivity, and anhedonic-like behavior in cagemates that cohabited with a pair in chronic pain. In addition, repeated CBD treatment reversed the anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic pain and enhanced the mechanical withdrawal thresholds in Von Frey filaments and the grooming time in the sucrose splash test. Moreover, repeated CBD treatment effects were socially transferred to the chronic constriction injury cagemates.

Exploring the Diverse Biological Properties of Cannabidiol: A Focus on Plant Growth Stimulation

The aim of the current study was to compare some biological activities of edible oils enriched with 10 % of cannabidiol (CBD samples) from the Slovak market. In addition, hemp, coconut, argan, and pumpkin pure oils were also examined. The study evaluated the fatty acids content, as well as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and phytotoxic activities. The CBD samples presented antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial strains at higher concentrations (10000 and 5000 mg/L) and antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, Penicillium italicum and Aspergillus flavus. DPPH⋅ and FRAP assays showed greater activity in CBD-supplemented samples compared to pure oils and vitamin E. In cell lines (IPEC-J2 and Caco-2), a reduced cell proliferation and viability were observed after 24 hours of incubation with CBD samples. The oils showed pro-germinative effects. The tested activities were linked to the presence of CBD in the oils.

Cannabidiol-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Ameliorate the Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Free Radicals in an In Vitro Inflammation-Induced Cell Model

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa. It has demonstrated promising effects in combating inflammation and holds potential as a treatment for the progression of chronic inflammation. However, the clinical application of CBD is limited due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. This study introduces an effective method for preparing CBD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CBD-SLNs) using a combination of low-energy hot homogenization and ultrasonication. We enhanced this process by employing statistical optimization with response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized CBD-SLN formulation utilizes glyceryl monostearate as the primary lipid component of the nanocarrier. The CBD-SLN formulation is screened as a potential tool for managing chronic inflammation. Stable, uniformly dispersed spherical nanoparticles with a size of 123 nm, a surface charge of -32.1 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 95.16%, and a drug loading of 2.36% were obtained. The CBD-SLNs exhibited sustained release properties, ensuring prolonged and controlled CBD delivery, which could potentially amplify its therapeutic effects. Additionally, we observed that CBD-SLNs significantly reduced both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proinflammatory cytokines in chondrocyte and macrophage cell lines, with these inhibitory effects being more pronounced than those of free CBD. In conclusion, CBD-SLNs demonstrated superiority over free CBD, highlighting its potential as an effective delivery system for CBD.

TRPA1 Ion Channel Mediates the Analgesic Effects of Acupuncture at the ST36 Acupoint in Mice Suffering from Arthritis

Purpose

Acupuncture (ACU) has been demonstrated to alleviate inflammatory pain. Mechanoreceptors are present in acupuncture points. When acupuncture exerts mechanical force, these ion channels open and convert the mechanical signals into biochemical signals. TRPA1 (T ransient receptor potential ankyrin 1) is capable of sensing various physical and chemical stimuli and serves as a sensor for inflammation and pain. This protein is expressed in immune cells and contributes to local defense mechanisms during early tissue damage and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of TRPA1 in acupuncture analgesia.

Patients and Methods

We injected complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the mouse plantars to establish a hyperalgesia model. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to determine the effect of acupuncture on the TRPA1 expression in the Zusanli (ST36). We used TRPA1-/- mouse and pharmacological methods to antagonize TRPA1 to observe the effect on acupuncture analgesia. On this basis, collagenase was used to destroy collagen fibers at ST36 to observe the effect on TRPA1.

Results

We found that the ACU group vs the CFA group, the number of TRPA1-positive mast cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts at the ST36 increased significantly. In CFA- inflammatory pain models, the TRPA1-/- ACU vs TRPA1+/+ ACU groups, the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) downregulated significantly. In the ACU + high-, ACU + medium-, ACU + low-dose HC-030031 vs ACU groups, the PWL and PWT were downregulated, and in carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain models were consistent with these results. We further found the ACU + collagenase vs ACU groups, the numbers of TRPA1-positive mast cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts at the ST36 were downregulated.

Conclusion

These findings together imply that TRPA1 plays a significant role in the analgesic effects produced via acupuncture at the ST36. This provides new evidence for acupuncture treatment of painful diseases.

A narrative review of the therapeutic and remedial prospects of cannabidiol with emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders

BACKGROUND

The treatment of diverse diseases using plant-derived products is actively encouraged. In the past few years, cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a potent cannabis-derived drug capable of managing various debilitating neurological infections, diseases, and their associated complications. CBD has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and curative effects in neuropathological conditions, and it exhibits therapeutic, apoptotic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties. However, more information on the reactions and ability of CBD to alleviate brain-related disorders and the neuroinflammation that accompanies them is needed.

MAIN BODY

This narrative review deliberates on the therapeutic and remedial prospects of CBD with an emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. An extensive literature search followed several scoping searches on available online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with the main keywords: CBD, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cannabinoids. After a purposive screening of the retrieved papers, 170 (41%) of the articles (published in English) aligned with the objective of this study and retained for inclusion.

CONCLUSION

CBD is an antagonist against pro-inflammatory cytokines and the cytokine storm associated with neurological infections/disorders. CBD regulates adenosine/oxidative stress and aids the downregulation of TNF-α, restoration of BDNF mRNA expression, and recovery of serotonin levels. Thus, CBD is involved in immune suppression and anti-inflammation. Understanding the metabolites associated with response to CBD is imperative to understand the phenotype. We propose that metabolomics will be the next scientific frontier that will reveal novel information on CBD's therapeutic tendencies in neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders.

The two synthetic cannabinoid compounds 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 efficiently restrain inflammatory responses of brain microglia and astrocytes

To study the anti-inflammatory potential of the two synthetic cannabinoids 4'-F-CBD and HU-910, we used post-natal brain cultures of mouse microglial cells and astrocytes activated by reference inflammogens. We found that 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 efficiently curtailed the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in microglia and astrocytes activated by the bacterial Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4 ligand LPS. Upon LPS challenge, 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 also prevented the activation of phenotypic activation markers specific to microglia and astrocytes, that is, Iba-1 and GFAP, respectively. In microglial cells, the two test compounds also efficiently restrained LPS-stimulated release of glutamate, a non-cytokine inflammation marker for these cells. The immunosuppressive effects of the two cannabinoid compounds were concentration-dependent and observable between 1 and 10 μM. These effects were not dependent on cannabinoid or cannabinoid-like receptors. Both 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 were also capable of restraining the inflammogenic activity of Pam3CSK4, a lipopeptide that activates TLR2, and of BzATP, a prototypic agonist of P2X7 purinergic receptors, suggesting that these two cannabinoids could exert immunosuppressive effects against a variety of inflammatory stimuli. Using LPS-stimulated microglia and astrocytes, we established that the immunosuppressive action of 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 resulted from the inhibition of ROS produced by NADPH oxidase and subsequent repression of NF-κB-dependent signaling events. Our results suggest that 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 may have therapeutic utility in pathological conditions where neuroinflammatory processes are prominent.

Application of Oil-in-Water Cannabidiol Emulsion for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with unknown cause. It mainly affects joints and, without proper treatment, negatively impacts their movement, causes painful deformities, and reduces the patients' quality of life. Current treatment options consist of various types of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), however 20-30% of patients are partially resistant to them. Therefore, development of new drugs is necessary. Possible option are compounds exhibiting their action via endocannabinoid system, which plays an important role in pain and inflammation modulation. One such compound - cannabidiol (CBD) has already been shown to attenuate synovitis in animal model of RA in in vivo studies. However, it has low bioavailability due to its low water solubility and lipophilicity. This issue can be addressed by preparation of a lipid containing formulation targeting lymphatic system, another route of absorption in the body. Materials and Methods: CBD-containing emulsion was prepared by high-shear homogenization and its droplet size distribution was analysed by optical microscopy. The relative oral bioavailability compared to oil solution as well as total availability of CBD were assessed in a cross-over study in rats and absorption of CBD via lymphatic system was observed. The effect of CBD on the animal model of RA was determined. Results: Compared to oil solution, the emulsion exhibited higher absolute oral bioavailability. Significant lymphatic transport of CBD was observed in all formulations and the concentrations in lymph were calculated. The therapeutic effect of CBD on RA was confirmed as an improvement in clinical symptoms as well as morphological signs of disease activity were observed during the study. Conclusion: In this work, we prepared a simple stable emulsion formulation, determined the pharmacokinetic parameters of CBD and calculated its absolute bioavailability in rats. Moreover, we successfully tested the pharmaceutical application of such a formulation and demonstrated the positive effect of CBD in an animal model of RA.

The NLRP3 inflammasome: a vital player in inflammation and mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD

BACKGROUND

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital player in the emergence of inflammation. The priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a major trigger for inflammation which is a defense response against adverse stimuli. However, the excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can lead to the development of various inflammatory diseases. Cannabidiol, as the second-most abundant component in cannabis, has a variety of pharmacological properties, particularly anti-inflammation. Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol has a lower affinity for cannabinoid receptors, which may be the reason why it is not psychoactive. Notably, the mechanism by which cannabidiol exerts its anti-inflammatory effect is still unclear.

METHODS

We have performed a literature review based on published original and review articles encompassing the NLRP3 inflammasome and cannabidiol in inflammation from central databases, including PubMed and Web of Science.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we first summarize the composition and activation process of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Then, we list possible molecular mechanisms of action of cannabidiol. Next, we explain the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the anti-inflammatory effect of cannabidiol in inflammatory disorders. Finally, we emphasize the capacity of cannabidiol to suppress inflammation by blocking the NLRP3 signaling pathway, which indicates that cannabidiol is a quite promising anti-inflammatory compound.

Adverse Impact of Cannabis on Human Health

Cannabis, the most commonly used recreational drug, is illicit in many areas of the world. With increasing decriminalization and legalization, cannabis use is increasing in the United States and other countries. The adverse effects of cannabis are unclear because its status as a Schedule 1 drug in the United States restricts research. Despite a paucity of data, cannabis is commonly perceived as a benign or even beneficial drug. However, recent studies show that cannabis has adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary effects and is linked with malignancy. Moreover, case reports have shown an association between cannabis use and neuropsychiatric disorders. With growing availability, cannabis misuse by minors has led to increasing incidences of overdose and toxicity. Though difficult to detect, cannabis intoxication may be linked to impaired driving and motor vehicle accidents. Overall, cannabis use is on the rise, and adverse effects are becoming apparent in clinical data sets.

An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis Sativa, has garnered increasing attention for its diverse therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review delves into the complex pharmacokinetics of CBD, including factors such as bioavailability, distribution, safety profile, and dosage recommendations, which contribute to the compound's pharmacological profile. CBD's role as a pharmacological inhibitor is explored, encompassing interactions with the endocannabinoid system and ion channels. The compound's anti-inflammatory effects, influencing the Interferon-beta and NF-κB, position it as a versatile candidate for immune system regulation and interventions in inflammatory processes. The historical context of Cannabis Sativa's use for recreational and medicinal purposes adds depth to the discussion, emphasizing CBD's emergence as a pivotal phytocannabinoid. As research continues, CBD's integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches and enhancing patient outcomes. The evolution in CBD research encourages ongoing exploration, offering the prospect of unlocking new therapeutic utility.

Phytoconstituents-Based Nanotherapeutic Approach for the Effective Management of Joint Inflammatory Condition: Arthritis

Arthritis, a prevalent inflammatory joint condition, presents challenges for effective therapeutic interventions, with conventional treatments often limited in efficacy and associated with adverse effects. Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in exploring natural compounds, particularly phytoconstituents, renowned for their anti-inflammatory and joint-protective properties. This review aims to illuminate the potential of employing nanotherapeutic approaches with phytoconstituents for enhanced arthritis management. The integration of nanotechnology with phytoconstituents emerges as a promising strategy, addressing limitations in traditional arthritis treatments. Nanocarriers like liposomes and nanoparticles provide a platform for targeted drug delivery, improving the bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Furthermore, the combined effects of phytoconstituents can be leveraged to target multiple pathways in arthritis pathogenesis, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and cartilage degradation. Key phytoconstituents, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin, exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, their therapeutic potential is often impeded by challenges like poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Nanocarriers offer solutions by enhancing pharmacokinetics and enabling sustained release, thereby boosting overall therapeutic efficacy. The review explores the mechanisms underlying the anti-arthritic effects of phytoconstituents and their nanoformulations, including the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, and reduction of oxidative stress. In summary, the integration of phytoconstituents with nanotechnology presents a promising avenue for developing targeted and effective arthritis therapies. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical developers seeking innovative approaches to address the intricate challenges associated with arthritis management.

The Effects of Nicotine and Cannabinoids on Cytokines

BACKGROUND

The usage of nicotine and cannabinoids has rapidly grown in popularity, leading to increased research into how they can affect people's health, both positively and negatively. Nicotine, Cannabidiol (CBD), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been shown to have significant effects on cytokine function and inflammatory response.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to review and summarize the current literature on the effects of nicotine and cannabinoids on cytokines, including interleukins, TNF, IFN, and TGF-β.

METHODS

Literature search was conducted on Medline/PubMed electronic databases utilizing the search terms "nicotine" OR "cannabis" OR "cannabinoids" AND "cytokine" AND "inflammation" AND "stress" AND "immune" from 11/1973 to 02/2024.

RESULTS

THC and CBD usage have been associated with conflicting impacts on immune response, and observed to both exacerbate and inhibit inflammation. Nicotine has been shown to be generally proinflammatory with regards to cytokines. These responses have been reported to have significant effects on bodily response to inflammation-related diseases. Nicotine usage is associated with worsened outcomes for some conditions, like chronic pain, but improved outcomes for others, like arthritis. The impacts of cannabinoid usage tend to be more positive, exerting anti-inflammatory effects across a wide range of diseases. Given the widespread usage of these substances, it is important to understand the nature of their consequences on immune functions and the underlying mechanisms by which they act.

CONCLUSION

This review has covered how cannabinoids and nicotine affect inflammation directly and how these effects can be attributed to the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In summary, the existing research studying the effects of cannabinoids and nicotine supports the major relationship between nicotine and cannabis use and inflammatory diseases.

In Vitro Wound Healing Potential of a Fibroin Film Incorporating a Cannabidiol/2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Complex

This study aimed to develop a film dressing prepared by incorporating a complex of cannabidiol and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CBD/HP-β-CD) into a fibroin-based film and to investigate its wound healing capabilities. The fibroin from silkworm cocoons exhibited a total protein content of 96.34 ± 0.14% w/w and a molecular weight range of 25 to 245 kDa. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of characteristic amide peaks (I, II, and III) in the isolated fibroin. The CBD/HP-β-CD complex, prepared with a molar ratio of 1:2 (CBD to HP-β-CD), had 81.5 ± 1.2% w/w CBD content, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analyses demonstrated successful encapsulation of CBD's hydrophobic aromatic rings by HP-β-CD. Blending the fibroin solution with the CBD/HP-β-CD complex produced a transparent, slightly yellowish film. Mechanical testing revealed a tensile strength of 48.67 ± 2.57 MPa and a % elongation at a break of 1.71 ± 0.21%. XRD and FTIR analyses showed distinctive crystalline and chemical structures of the film. In subsequent in vitro experiments with normal human dermal fibroblasts, the film demonstrated potential for wound healing. An increase in cell division (G2/M phase) was observed compared to the fibroin film without the CBD/HP-β-CD complex. Additionally, fibroblasts treated with the film exhibited enhanced cell migration in a scratch assay and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor protein compared to the control group. Overall, these findings underscore the film's potential for enhancing wound healing outcomes.

Cannabis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Benefits, Risks, and Future Research Directions

Rheumatoid diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia, are characterized by progressive inflammation in the musculoskeletal system, predominantly affecting the joints and leading to cartilage and bone damage. The resulting pain and ongoing degradation of the musculoskeletal system contribute to reduced physical activity, ultimately impacting quality of life and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Unfortunately, current therapeutics have limited efficacy in slowing disease progression and managing pain. Thus, the development of novel and alternative therapies is imperative. Cannabinoids possess beneficial properties as potential treatments for rheumatoid diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results in halting disease progression and relieving pain. However, there is a scarcity of patient clinical studies, and the available data show mixed results. Consequently, there are currently no established clinical recommendations regarding the utilization of cannabis for treating rheumatoid diseases. In this review, we aim to explore the concept of cannabis use for rheumatoid diseases, including potential adverse effects. We will provide an overview of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical trials and from retrospective studies on the efficacy and safety of cannabis in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases.

The role of TRPV1 in RA pathogenesis: worthy of attention

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is a Ca2+permeable, non-selective cation channel that is found primarily in sensory nerve fibres. Previous studies focused on pain transmission. However, recent studies have found that the TRPV1 channel, in addition to being associated with pain, also plays a role in immune regulation and their dysregulation frequently affects the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A thorough understanding of the mechanism will facilitate the design of new TRPV1-targeted drugs and improve the clinical efficacy of RA. Here, we provide an updated and comprehensive overview of how the TRPV1 channel intrinsically regulates neuronal and immune cells, and how alterations in the TRPV1 channel in synoviocytes or chondrocytes extrinsically affect angiogenesis and bone destruction. Rapid progress has been made in research targeting TRPV1 for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis, but there is still much-uncharted territory regarding the therapeutic role of RA. We present a strategy for targeting the TRPV1 channel in RA therapy, summarising the difficulties and promising advances in current research, with the aim of better understanding the role of the TRPV1 channel in RA pathology, which could accelerate the development of TRPV1-targeted modulators for the design and development of more effective RA therapies.

Cytokines' Role in the Pathogenesis and Their Targeting for the Prevention of Frozen Shoulder: A Narrative Review

Frozen shoulder (FS) is a common name for shoulder movement limitation with different degrees of shoulder rigidity and pain. It is characterized by varying developmental courses, different levels of shoulder movement limitation, and background ambiguity due to the multiplicity of its causative factors. Systemic inflammatory cytokines monitoring and restraining is easy to apply, fast to conduct, and needs lower costs compared to invasive methods for frozen shoulder stage evaluation and early controlling of its progress to the stage that necessitates surgical intervention. The aim of this review was to assess the recent findings concerning the role of cytokines in FS pathogenesis and the possibility of preventing or controlling their progress through targeting these cytokines by the new drugs candidates, such as hyaluronan (HA), botulinum toxin type A (BoNT A), Tetrandrine, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), and cannabidiol. Searching the PubMed site, we encountered out of 1608 records, from which 16 original studies were included for the quantitative construction of this systematic review screening of the recent studies to investigate the different FS pathogenic pathways. Most of the scenarios are centered around the inflammatory and fibrotic process triggered by synovial and capsular fibroblast stimulation. This mechanism depends mainly on alarmins cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin-33 (IL-33), and interleukin-25 (IL-25), with the stimulation of interleukin-1 α (IL-1α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a joint capsule. Different pathways of transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) stimulation, resulting in overexpression of the fibrotic factors as tenascin C (TNC), fibronectin 1, collagen I (COL 1) and collagen III (COL III), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the capsular or synovial/capsular fibroblasts. The overall investigation of these studies led us to conclude that the new drug candidates proved their efficiency in controlling the common pathogenesis of the inflammatory and fibrotic pathways of frozen shoulder and therefore represent a prospect for easy and early controlling and efficiently treating this serious disease.

The synergistic anticancer effect of CBD and DOX in osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor that can present with pain in the bones, joints, and local masses. The incidence is highest in adolescents, and the most common sites are the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal humerus metaphyseal. Doxorubicin is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of osteosarcoma, but it has many side effects. Cannabidiol is a non-psychoactive plant cannabinoid cannabinol (CBD) that has been shown to be effective against osteosarcoma; however, the molecular targets and mechanisms of CBD action in osteosarcoma remain unclear.

METHODS

Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation were analyzed using two drugs alone or in combination to evaluate their inhibitory effects on the malignant characteristics of OS cells. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. The synergistic inhibitory effect of doxorubicin/cannabidiol on tumors was also detected in nude mouse xenotransplantation models.

RESULTS

Through analysis of two osteosarcoma cell lines, MG63 and U2R, it was found that the cannabidiol/doxorubicin combination treatment synergistically inhibited growth, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis, blocking G2 stagnation in OS cells. Further mechanistic exploration suggests that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and MAPK pathway play an important role in the synergistic inhibitory effect of the two drugs in osteosarcoma. Finally, in vivo experimental results showed that the cannabidiol/doxorubicin combination treatment significantly reduced the number of tumor xenografts compared to cannabidiol alone or doxorubicin alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings in this study suggest that cannabidiol and doxorubicin have a synergistic anticancer effect on OS cells, and their combined application may be a promising treatment strategy for OS.

Assessment of Bidirectional Relationships between Mental Illness and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

A correlation between mental illness and systemic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been observed in several prior investigations. However, little is known about the causative relationship between them. The present study aimed to systematically investigate the potential association between genetically determined mental illness and RA. Two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using publicly released genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We selected independent genetic variants associated with four mental illnesses (bipolar disorder, broad depression, major depression, and anxiety) as instrumental variables. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis to assess the causal relationship between mental illness and RA. Results of the IVW analysis suggested that genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder was associated with a decreased risk of RA (odds ratio [OR] = 0.825, 95% CI = 0.716 to 0.95, p = 0.007). Furthermore, we did not find a significant causal effect of RA on bipolar disorder in the reverse MR analysis (p > 0.05). In addition, our study found no evidence of a bidirectional causal relationship between genetically predicted broad depression, major depression, anxiety, and RA (p > 0.05). The genetically proxied bipolar disorder population has a lower RA risk, which may indicate that there is a hidden mechanism for inhibiting the pathogenesis of RA in bipolar disorder. However, results do not support a causal connection between depression, anxiety, and RA.

Cannabidiol regulates apoptosis and autophagy in inflammation and cancer: A review

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a terpenoid naturally found in plants. The purified compound is used in the treatment of mental disorders because of its antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiepileptic effects. CBD can affect the regulation of several pathophysiologic processes, including autophagy, cytokine secretion, apoptosis, and innate and adaptive immune responses. However, several authors have reported contradictory findings concerning the magnitude and direction of CBD-mediated effects. For example, CBD treatment can increase, decrease, or have no significant effect on autophagy and apoptosis. These variable results can be attributed to the differences in the biological models, cell types, and CBD concentration used in these studies. This review focuses on the mechanism of regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in inflammatory response and cancer by CBD. Further, we broadly elaborated on the prospects of using CBD as an anti-inflammatory agent and in cancer therapy in the future.

Beyond Pain Relief: A Review on Cannabidiol Potential in Medical Therapies

The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is receiving increasing attention due to its pharmacological properties. Although CBD is extracted from Cannabis sativa, it lacks the psychoactive effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and has become an attractive compound for pharmacological uses due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic potential. The molecular mechanisms involved in CBD's biological effects are not limited to its interaction with classical cannabinoid receptors, exerting anti-inflammatory or pain-relief effects. Several pieces of evidence demonstrate that CBD interacts with other receptors and cellular signaling cascades, which further support CBD's therapeutic potential beyond pain management. In this review, we take a closer look at the molecular mechanisms of CBD and its potential therapeutic application in the context of cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases.

H2O2/NIR-sensitive "two-step" nano theranostic system based hollow mesoporous copper sulfide/hyaluronic acid/JWH133 as an optimally designed delivery system for multidimensional treatment of RA

Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed in many cells in Rheumatoid arthritis RA and strengthening factor to boost the development of RA diseases. Here, the hollow mesoporous copper sulfide (CuS) was used as the carrier skeleton and the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist JWH133 was efficiently loaded inside of CuS through adsorption, then the outer layer was modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) to prevent the leakage of internal drugs. After the CuS-JWH133@HA nano carrier reached the target area, HA responsive cracked under RA microenvironment to realize the first step of accurate drug delivery of JWH133, and the thermally responsive CuS under near-infrared (NIR) promoted the release of internal drugs. Then, JWH133 specifically combined CB2 receptors on the surface of macrophage, synovial cells and osteoblasts to realize the second step of drug delivery. The inflammatory factors secreted by cells are significantly inhibited, and the activity of osteoblasts was significantly enhanced. Therapeutic effect by CuS-JWH133@HA of RA was well verified by decreasing levels of inflammation in vivo and improvement of inflamed and swollen joints of mice. The CuS-JWH133@HA nanocomposite showed satisfactory multidimensional therapeutic effect of RA in vitro and in vivo, which provided a novel idea for RA treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabigerol in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cultures Are Partly Mediated by TRPA1

Since its medical legalization, cannabis preparations containing the major phytocannabinoids (cannabidiol (CBD) and δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) have been used by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to alleviate pain and inflammation. However, minor cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG) also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, but due to the lack of studies, they are not widely used. CBG binds several cellular target proteins such as cannabinoid and α2-adrenergic receptors, but it also ligates several members of the transient potential receptor (TRP) family with TRPA1 being the main target. TRPA1 is not only involved in nnociception, but it also protects cells from apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, modulation of TRPA1 signaling by CBG might be used to modulate disease activity in RA as this autoimmune disease is accompanied by oxidative stress and subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RASF) were stimulated or not with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) for 72 h to induce TRPA1 protein. CBG increased intracellular calcium levels in TNF-stimulated RASF but not unstimulated RASF in a TRPA1-dependent manner. In addition, PoPo3 uptake, a surrogate marker for drug uptake, was enhanced by CBG. RASF cell viability, IL-6 and IL-8 production were decreased by CBG. In peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures (PBMC) alone or together with RASF, CBG-modulated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, TNF and immunoglobulin M and G production which was dependent on activation stimulus (T cell-dependent or independent). However, effects on PBMCs were only partially mediated by TRPA1 as the antagonist A967079 did inhibit some but not all effects of CBG on cytokine production. In contrast, TRPA1 antagonism even enhanced the inhibitory effects of CBG on immunoglobulin production. CBG showed broad anti-inflammatory effects in isolated RASF, PBMC and PBMC/RASF co-cultures. As CBG is non-psychotropic, it might be used as add-on therapy in RA to reduce IL-6 and autoantibody levels.

Effects of Cannabidiol in Inflammation: A Review of Pre-clinical and Clinical Findings

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant component of the plant Cannabis sativa. Currently, CBD is approved for Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndrome and newly for tuberous sclerosis complex. However, based on the available data, CBD migth have a broad spectrum of potential therapeutic uses. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence on the effects of CBD on pain and inflammation of various causes. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched until January 2023. The medical keyword term "cannabidiol" was combined with "pain", "arthritis", and "inflammation". Based on the initial search for these terms, 9, 5, and 5 relevant publications have been selected. Based on the available data, it is not possible to draw a clear conclusion about the effect of CBD to releave pain, because each study used a different route of administration or treatment regimen. The studies also differed in etiopathogenesis of pain (chronic, neuropathic, and possibly inflammatory pain), and in general included only small number of subjects. In case of anti-inflammatory qualities of CBD, its effect on the intestinal system is negligible. On the other hand, positive treatment results were observed in all publications dealing with the effect of CBD on arthritis.

Inflammation-the role of TRPA1 channel

Recently, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated that transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) can be used as a potential target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. TRPA1 is expressed in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells and is involved in diverse physiological activities, such as stabilizing of cell membrane potential, maintaining cellular humoral balance, and regulating intercellular signal transduction. TRPA1 is a multi-modal cell membrane receptor that can sense different stimuli, and generate action potential signals after activation via osmotic pressure, temperature, and inflammatory factors. In this study, we introduced the latest research progress on TRPA1 in inflammatory diseases from three different aspects. First, the inflammatory factors released after inflammation interacts with TRPA1 to promote inflammatory response; second, TRPA1 regulates the function of immune cells such as macrophages and T cells, In addition, it has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in some inflammatory diseases. Third, we have summarized the application of antagonists and agonists targeting TRPA1 in the treatment of some inflammatory diseases.

CANNABIDIOL, HOPE OR DISAPPOINTMENT?

Cannabidiol, due to its multidirectional action, raises hope for effective therapy and improvement of the quality of life of patients in many fields of medicine. The aim of the study is to analyze selected scientific publications in terms of the possibility of using cannabinoids in the treatment of common diseases. Currently, intensive research is underway on the use and therapeutic indications of cannabinoids. The research carried out for this study is based on experiments carried out on animals, therefore further, in-depth research is needed that will definitely answer the question in the title of the presented work.

Expression of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and cannabinoid-related receptors (TRPV1, GPR55, and PPARα) in the synovial membrane of the horse metacarpophalangeal joint

Background

The metacarpophalangeal joint undergoes enormous loading during locomotion and can therefore often become inflamed, potentially resulting in osteoarthritis (OA). There are studies indicating that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) modulates synovium homeostasis, and could be a promising target for OA therapy. Some cannabinoid receptors, which modulate proliferative and secretory responses in joint inflammation, have been functionally identified in human and animal synovial cells.

Objective

To characterize the cellular distribution of the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R), and the cannabinoid-related receptors transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), G protein-related receptor 55 (GPR55) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in the synovial membrane of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the horse.

Animals

The dorsal synovial membranes of 14 equine metacarpophalangeal joints were collected post-mortem from an abattoir.

Materials and methods

The dorsal synovial membranes of 14 equine metacarpophalangeal joints were collected post-mortem from an abattoir. The expression of the CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1, GPR55, and PPARα in synovial tissues was studied using qualitative and quantitative immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). Macrophage-like (MLS) and fibroblast-like (FLS) synoviocytes were identified by means of antibodies directed against IBA1 and vimentin, respectively.

Results

Both the mRNA and protein expression of the CB2R, TRPV1, GPR55, and PPARα were found in the synoviocytes and blood vessels of the metacarpophalangeal joints. The synoviocytes expressed the mRNA and protein of the CB1R in some of the horses investigated, but not in all.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Given the expression of the CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1, GPR55, and PPARα in the synovial elements of the metacarpophalangeal joint, these findings encouraged the development of new studies supporting the use of molecules acting on these receptors to reduce the inflammation during joint inflammation in the horse.

Advances and Challenges of Cannabidiol as an Anti-Seizure Strategy: Preclinical Evidence

The use of Cannabis for medicinal purposes has been documented since ancient times, where one of its principal cannabinoids extracted from Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD), has emerged over the last few years as a promising molecule with anti-seizure potential. Here, we present an overview of recent literature pointing out CBD's pharmacological profile (solubility, metabolism, drug-drug interactions, etc.,), CBD's interactions with multiple molecular targets as well as advances in preclinical research concerning its anti-seizure effect on both acute seizure models and chronic models of epilepsy. We also highlight the recent attention that has been given to other natural cannabinoids and to synthetic derivatives of CBD as possible compounds with therapeutic anti-seizure potential. All the scientific research reviewed here encourages to continue to investigate the probable therapeutic efficacy of CBD and its related compounds not only in epilepsy but also and specially in drug-resistant epilepsy, since there is a dire need for new and effective drugs to treat this disease.

Phytocannabinoids Act Synergistically with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reducing Inflammation in 2D and 3D In Vitro Models

Lung inflammation is associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment with FCBD:std (standard mix of cannabidiol [CBD], cannabigerol [CBG] and tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV]) leads to a marked reduction in the inflammation of alveolar epithelial cells, but not in macrophages. In the present study, the combined anti-inflammatory effect of FCBD:std with two corticosteroids (dexamethasone and budesonide) and two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; ibuprofen and diclofenac), was examined. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine protein levels. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity was determined in vitro. FCBD:std and diclofenac act synergistically, reducing IL-8 levels in macrophages and lung epithelial cells. FCBD:std plus diclofenac also reduced IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 expression levels in co-cultures of macrophages and lung epithelial cells, in 2D and 3D models. Treatment by FCBD:std and/or NSAID reduced COX-1 and COX-2 gene expression but not their enzymatic activity. FCBD:std and diclofenac exhibit synergistic anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages and lung epithelial cells, yet this combined activity needs to be examined in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.

Phytocannabinoids regulate inflammation in IL-1β-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts

OBJECTIVES

Billions of individuals worldwide suffer from periodontal disease, an inflammatory disease that results in hard-tissue and soft-tissue destruction. A viable therapeutic option to treat periodontal disease may be via cannabinoids that exert immunomodulatory effects, and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is readily present in periodontal tissues that exhibit cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors (CB1R and CB2R). Phytocannabinoids (pCBs), which are a part of a heterogeneous group of molecules acting on cannabinoid receptors (CBR) derived from the cannabis plants, have been attributed to a wide variety of effects including anti-inflammatory activity and some pro-inflammatory effects depending on the cell type. Thus, this study aims to examine the effects of pCBs on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in IL-1β stimulated (simulated periodontal disease) HGFs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) obtained from ATCC were cultured per the manufacturer's recommendation. The functional activity of cannabinoid receptors was measured using ACTOne (cAMP)-based CB1R and CB2R assay. The effects of three pCBs (0.1-10 μg/ml or 10^-4.5 -10^-6.5  M) on cell viability were assessed using the CCK-8 cellular dehydrogenase assay. IL-1β (1 ng/ml) was added an hour before the treatment to stimulate inflammation in the HGFs before the addition of cannabinoid ligands. After 24-h incubation, the production of INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, and TNF-α was measured using Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) Human Pro-Inflammatory kit. To measure prostaglandin E 2 levels (PGE2), Cisbio HTRF PGE2 assay kit was used per the manufacturer's recommendation to measure after 24-h incubation. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6.0. The analytes for each group were compared using a one-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni's correction.

RESULTS

Cannabidivarin (CBVN or CBDV) (EC₅₀  = 12 nM) and cannabigerol (CBG) (EC₅₀  = 30 nM) exhibited agonist activity on CB2R with intermediate efficacy. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not exhibit activation of the CB2R, and the CB1R activation was not observed with any of the pCBs. Cytotoxicity results showed that concentrations of 2.50 μg/ml or greater for the pCBs were toxic except for CBVN. Lower concentrations of CBD and CBG (0.1-0.75 μg/ml), and CBVN at 2.50 μg/ml exhibited significant effects on HGF proliferation. In IL-1β-stimulated HGFs, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was significantly suppressed only by CBG and CBVN. CBD and CBG treatment alone did, however, elevate PGE2 production significantly compared to control. IL-1β stimulation resulted in a robust increase in the production of all cytokines tested. Treatment of IL-β-stimulated HGF with the three pCBs (1 μg/ml) significantly reduced INF-ɣ, TNF-α, and IL-2. The significant suppression of IL-4 was seen with CBD and CBVN, while only CBVN exerted suppression of IL-13. The three pCBs significantly increased IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 levels, while none of the pCBs reduced the expression of IL-8 in IL-1β-stimulated HGF.

CONCLUSION

The effective inhibition of IL-1β-stimulated production of PGE2 and cytokines by the pCB in HGFs suggests that targeting the endocannabinoid system may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for periodontal therapy. However, each pCB has its unique anti-inflammatory profile, in which certain pro-inflammatory activities are also exhibited. The pCBs alone or in combination may benefit and aid in improving public oral health.

Cannabinoids as Immune System Modulators: Cannabidiol Potential Therapeutic Approaches and Limitations

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant Phytocannabinoid in Cannabis extracts. CBD has a binding affinity for several cannabinoid and cannabinoid-associated receptors. Epidiolex (oral CBD solution) has been lately licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pediatric epileptic seizures. Methods: In this review, we discussed the most promising applications of CBD for chronic inflammatory conditions, namely CBD's anti-inflammatory effects during inflammatory bowel disease, coronavirus disease (antiviral effect), brain pathologies (neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties), as well as CBD immunomodulatory and antitumoral activities in the tumor microenvironment. Special focus was shed on the main therapeutic mechanisms of action of CBD, particularly in the control of the immune system and the endocannabinoid system. Results: Findings suggest that CBD is a potent immunomodulatory drug as it has manifested immunosuppressive properties in the context of sterile inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases), and immunoprotective effects during viral infections (e.g. COVID-19) Similarly, CBD has exhibited a selective response toward cancer types by engaging different targets and signaling pathways. These results are in favor of the primary function of the endocannabinoid system which is homeostatic maintenance. Conclusion: The presented evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system is a prominent target for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid diseases, viral infections, neurological and psychological pathologies, and cancer. Moreover, the antitumoral activities of CBD have been suggested to be potentially used in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy during cancer. However, clinical results are still lacking, which raises a challenge to apply translational cannabis research to the human immune system.

Metabolites of Cannabigerol Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s Are Bioactive

The phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is the central biosynthetic precursor to many cannabinoids, including Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Though the use of CBG has recently witnessed a widespread surge because of its beneficial health effects and lack of psychoactivity, its metabolism by human cytochrome P450s is largely unknown. Herein, we describe comprehensive in vitro and in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolic studies of CBG, ranging from liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based primary metabolic site determination, synthetic validation, and kinetic behavior using targeted mass spectrometry. These investigations revealed that cyclo-CBG, a recently isolated phytocannabinoid, is the major metabolite that is rapidly formed by selected human cytochrome P450s (CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9). Additionally, in vivo studies with mice administered with CBG supported these studies, where cyclo-CBG is the major metabolite as well. Spectroscopic binding studies along with docking and modeling of the CBG molecule near the heme in the active site of P450s confirmed these observations, pointing at the preferred site selectivity of CBG metabolism at the prenyl chain over other positions. Importantly, we found out that CBG and its oxidized CBG metabolites reduced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with LPS. Overall, combining enzymological studies, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, we showcase that CBG is rapidly metabolized by human P450s to form oxidized metabolites that are bioactive.

Comparison of the in vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cannabidiol to Dexamethasone

Background

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid constituent of Cannabis sativa with pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. With the emphasis on natural ingredients in cosmetics, CBD has become a new cosmetic ingredient due to its ability to alleviate inflammation. However, in-depth studies that directly compare the effective mechanism and the therapeutic potential of CBD are still needed.

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and compare it to dexamethasone (DEX).

Methods

RAW264.7 macrophages in the logarithmic growth phase were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS. After that, the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. A luciferase reporter assay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was performed, and the phosphorylation levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways were measured.

Results

The present study indicated that CBD had a similar anti-inflammatory effect to DEX by attenuating the LPS-induced production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. However, only CBD attenuated JNK phosphorylation levels, and only DEX attenuated IKK phosphorylation levels.

Conclusion

These results suggested that CBD and DEX exhibit similar anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages mainly through suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, but with different intracellular mechanisms. These findings suggested that CBD may be considered a natural anti-inflammatory agent for protecting skin from immune disorders.