TRIP13, identified as a hub gene of tumor progression, is the target of microRNA-4693-5p and a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer

Advancing the development of TRIP13 inhibitors: A high-throughput screening approach

TRIP13, a promising target for cancer therapy, has been identified as a key regulator of the mitotic checkpoint. Overexpression of TRIP13 is associated with poor clinical outcomes in various cancers. Inhibition of TRIP13 has the potential to address therapeutic challenges in cancer, particularly in therapy-resistant and Rb-deficient cancers. Despite the potential therapeutic benefits of TRIP13 inhibition, the development of TRIP13 inhibitors has been hindered by the lack of a robust high-throughput screening (HTS) assay. We developed a luminescence-based biochemical assay for TRIP13 activity to address this challenge using the ADP-Glo detection system. This assay offers high sensitivity, low background signal, and ease of automation, making it ideal for HTS applications. A pilot screen of kinase-focused inhibitors library and a large-scale screen of 4000 additional compounds demonstrated the assay's robust performance with a z'-factor exceeding 0.85 and a signal-to-background (S/B) ratio near 6. From the 50 initial hits, rigorous validation identified anlotinib as the most potent TRIP13 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 μM. A cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) confirmed the direct binding of anlotinib to TRIP13, validating the potential of our biochemical assay for identifying novel TRIP13 inhibitors. Our study provides a valuable tool for discovering novel TRIP13 inhibitors and advances our understanding of the therapeutic potential of targeting TRIP13 in cancer.

TRIP13 Is a Potential Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target for Endometrial Cancer

Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is a prevalent malignancy within the female reproductive system, with a rising global incidence. Although thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) has been implicated in various tumor etiologies and progressions, its role in UCEC remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to delineate TRIP13's expression profile in UCEC by analyzing transcriptome data from multiple databases. We investigated genomic alterations and epigenetic modifications of the TRIP13 gene using the cBioPortal tool. The prognostic value of TRIP13 was assessed via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression modeling. Additionally, we examined TRIP13's impact on immunotherapy responsiveness and chemotherapy sensitivity through immunological and pharmacological analyses. The expression of TRIP13 in both normal endometrial and cancer cell lines was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our findings reveal that TRIP13 expression in UCEC tumor samples is significantly higher than in normal tissues and increases with tumor grade and stage progression. High TRIP13 expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in UCEC patients, establishing it as an independent prognostic biomarker. TRIP13 shows a positive correlation with immunosuppressive cell infiltration and a negative correlation with immune-activating cell infiltration, suggesting a potential role in tumor immune evasion. Further analysis identified TRIP13 as a potential biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response. Moreover, TRIP13 expression is significantly associated with sensitivity to certain chemotherapeutic agents, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. qPCR experiments confirmed the overexpression of TRIP13 in endometrial cancer cell lines. The role of TRIP13 in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment, as well as its predictive value for immunotherapy and chemotherapy responses, underscores its importance in developing personalized treatment strategies for UCEC. These findings provide novel molecular targets and therapeutic insights for a precision medicine approach to UCEC.

RTEL1 is upregulated in gastric cancer and promotes tumor growth

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with increasing incidence and mortality rates. It is typically diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to a poor prognosis. GC is a highly heterogeneous disease and its progression is associated with complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Identifying novel genes and pathways involved in GC development is crucial for improving the therapeutic outcome. Regulator of Telomerase Length 1 (RTEL1) has been found to maintain telomere stability through its helicase activity, facilitating telomere reconstruction and repair. However, the precise role of RTEL1 in human cancers, particularly in GC, is not yet fully understood. In this study, we observed significantly increased RTEL1 expression in GC tissues, which was associated with a poor prognosis. Functionally, RTEL1 promotes GC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, RTEL1 appears to regulate multiple signaling pathways, with a particular promoting effect on the cell cycle progression. Notably, CDC23 and TRIP13 are potential downstream target genes of RTEL1, which may mediate its tumor-promoting effects in GC. These findings suggest that RTEL1 plays a critical role in GC tumorigenesis and could be a promising target for the therapy and prognosis of GC.

Role of TRIP13 in human cancer development

As an AAA + ATPase, thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) primarily functions in DNA double-strand break repair, chromosome recombination, and cell cycle checkpoint regulation; aberrant expression of TRIP13 can result in chromosomal instability (CIN). According to recent research, TRIP13 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers, and a patient's poor prognosis and tumor stage are strongly correlated with high expression of TRIP13. Tumor cell and subcutaneous xenograft growth can be markedly inhibited by TRIP13 knockdown or TRIP13 inhibitor administration. In the initiation and advancement of human malignancies, TRIP13 seems to function as an oncogene. Based on available data, TRIP13 may function as a biological target and biomarker for cancer. The creation of inhibitors that specifically target TRIP13 may present novel approaches to treating cancer.

TRIP13 - a potential drug target in cancer pharmacotherapy

ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activity (AAA+ATPases) are important enzymatic functional proteins in human cells. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interacting Protein-13 (TRIP13) is a member of this protein superfamily, that partly regulates DNA repair pathways and spindle assembly checkpoints during mitosis. TRIP13 is reported as an oncogene involving multiple pathways in many human malignancies, including multiple myeloma, brain tumors, etc. The structure of TRIP13 reveals the mechanisms for ATP binding and how TRIP13 recognizes the Mitotic Arrest Deficiency-2 (MAD2) protein, with p31comet acting as an adapter protein. DCZ0415, TI17, DCZ5417, and DCZ5418 are the reported small-molecule inhibitors of TRIP13, which have been demonstrated to inhibit TRIP13's biological functions significantly and effective in suppressing various types of malignant cells, indicating that TRIP13 is a significant anticancer drug target. Currently, no systematic reviews are cutting across the functions, structure, and novel inhibitors of TRIP13. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TRIP13's biological functions, its roles in eighteen different cancers, four small molecule inhibitors, different underlying molecular mechanisms, and its functionality as a potential anticancer drug target.

TRIP13 Plays an Important Role in the Sensitivity of Leukemia Cell Response to Sulforaphane Therapy

Sulforaphane is one of the most characterized isothiocyanate compounds in cruciferous vegetables and shows anticancer effects, especially antileukemia properties. However, the molecular mechanism of the growth inhibition effect of sulforaphane in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been fully explored. In the present study, a proteomic analysis was performed on the AML cell line U937 responding to sulforaphane treatment to identify novel and efficient therapeutic targets of sulforaphane on AML cells. Key driver analysis was run on the leukemia network, and TRIP13 was identified as a key regulatory factor in sulforaphane-induced growth inhibition in U937 cells. Pretreatment with DCZ0415, an inhibitor of TRIP13, could significantly attenuate sulforaphane-induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, the inhibitory effect of sulforaphane on the tumor volume could also be obviously attenuated by the pretreatment of DCZ0415 in vivo. These results indicate that TRIP13 plays an important role in the sensitivity of leukemia cell response to sulforaphane treatment, and these findings expand the understanding of the mechanism of the antileukemic effect of sulforaphane and provide a new target for the treatment of AML.

Functional Significance of miR-4693-5p in Targeting HIF1α and Its Link to Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and destruction with an unknown origin. Our study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind HIF1α overexpression in RA. Dysregulated miRNA expressions are known to influence gene behavior, thereby enhancing cell proliferation, inflammation, and resistance to apoptosis, contributing to RA development. Our earlier finding indicated that exogenous miRNA similar to miR-4693-5p may modulate RA-related targets. However, the specific role of miR-4693-5p and its targets in RA remain unexplored. In this study, we found that miR-4693-5p was significantly reduced in PBMCs of RA patients, with evidence suggesting it targets the 3' UTR of HIF1α, thereby potentially contributing to its overexpression in RA. In vitro overexpression of miR-4693-5p leads to the knockdown of HIF1α, resulting in inhibited expression of Survivin to disrupt apoptosis resistance, inflammation suppression, and a reduction in the total cellular ROS response in SW982 and RAFLS cells. The results were validated using the CIA Rat model. In conclusion, this study provides a crucial foundation for understanding the functional role of miR-4693-5p. These findings improve our understanding and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying RA pathogenesis.

Development of lymph node metastasis-related prognostic markers in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) from Breast cancer (BC) is commonly seen in BC progression. Currently, the identification of genes linked with LNM in BC remains in mystery.

METHODS

Genes related to BC LNM were screened, and a risk model was constructed based on LASSO-Cox analysis. Combined with the Kaplan-Meier curve, the ability of riskscore to distinguish different baseline characteristics was evaluated, and model was verified by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The expression levels of prognostic marker genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot (WB).

RESULTS

A higher survival rate and longer survival time in low-risk BC patients. The 1, 3 and 5 year AUC values of the training set were 0.79, 0.74, and 0.73, respectively. Results for the validation set was similar to the training set. The differentially expressed genes between the high- and low-risk groups were significantly enriched in immune pathways. In addition, the low-risk group had higher levels of immune infiltration. qRT-PCR and WB results showed that in BC, CDH10, SMR3A, POU3F2, and FABP7 were down-regulated, and LHX1 was up-regulated.

CONCLUSIONS

We built a prognostic model of BC based on LNM-related genes, proffering evaluation for prognosis and precise cure of BC.

SIGNIFICANCE

At present, the genes related to lymph node metastasis in BC are still largely unknown and need to be further explored. Searching for potential lymph node metastasis-related genes of BC will provide meaningful biomarkers for BC treatment. Based on TCGA-BRCA data, we established an effective 11-gene prognostic risk model that could predict patient outcomes independently. Our model could classify BC patients and distinguish patients with poor prognosis effectively. Besides, the feature genes we identified might exert a predictive function in immunotherapy. The results of this study provide a new reference for the prognosis and treatment of BC patients with lymph node metastasis.

TRIP13 Activates Glycolysis to Promote Cell Stemness and Strengthen Doxorubicin Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy resistance is one of the main causes of clinical chemotherapy failure. Current cancer research explores the drug resistance mechanism and new therapeutic targets. This work aims to elucidate the mechanism of thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) affecting doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

Bioinformatics analyses were employed to clarify TRIP13 expression in CRC tissues and predict the correlation of the TRIP13 enrichment pathway with glycolysis-related genes and stemness index mRNAsi. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were adopted to analyze the expression of TRIP13 and glycolysis- related genes. Cell Counting Kit-8 was utilized to determine the cell viability and IC50 value. Western blot was employed to measure the expression of stemness-related factors. Cell function assays were performed to detect cells' sphere-forming ability and glycolysis level. Animal models were constructed to determine the effects of TRIP13 expression on CRC tumor growth.

RESULTS

TRIP13 was significantly overexpressed in CRC, concentrated in the glycolysis signaling pathway, and positively correlated with stemness index mRNAsi. High expression of TRIP13 facilitated DOX resistance in CRC. Further mechanistic studies revealed that overexpression of TRIP13 could promote cell stemness through glycolysis, which was also confirmed in animal experiments.

CONCLUSION

TRIP13 was highly expressed in CRC, which enhanced the DOX resistance of CRC cells by activating glycolysis to promote cell stemness. These findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis of DOX resistance in CRC and suggest that TRIP13 may be a new target for reversing DOX resistance in CRC.

Targeting of oncogenic AAA-ATPase TRIP13 reduces progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) is involved in cancer progression, but its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unknown. Thus, we assessed the expression, functional role, and mechanism of action of TRIP13 in PDAC. We further examined the efficacy of TRIP13 inhibitor, DCZ0415, alone or in combination with gemcitabine on malignant phenotypes, tumor progression, and immune response. We found that TRIP13 was overexpressed in human PDACs relative to corresponding normal pancreatic tissues. TRIP13 knockdown or treatment of PDAC cells with DCZ0415 reduced proliferation and colony formation, and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Additionally, TRIP13 knockdown or targeting with DCZ0415 reduced the migration and invasion of PDAC cells by increasing E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin and vimentin. Pharmacologic targeting or silencing of TRIP13 also resulted in reduce expression of FGFR4 and STAT3 phosphorylation, and downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In immunocompromised mouse models of PDAC, knockdown of TRIP13 or treatment with DCZ0415 reduced tumor growth and metastasis. In an immunocompetent syngeneic PDAC model, DCZ0415 treatment enhanced the immune response by lowering expression of PD1/PDL1, increasing granzyme B/perforin expression, and facilitating infiltration of CD3/CD4 T-cells. Further, DCZ0415 potentiated the anti-metastatic and anti-tumorigenic activities of gemcitabine by reducing proliferation and angiogenesis and by inducing apoptosis and the immune response. These preclinical findings show that TRIP13 is involved in PDAC progression and targeting of TRIP13 augments the anticancer effect of gemcitabine.

Therapeutic effect of microRNA-21 on differentially expressed hub genes in gastric cancer based on systems biology

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of mortality for many people. Cancer's initiating factors are poorly understood. miR-21 has a crucial function in several malignancies, particularly GC. Furthermore, it has been shown that miR-21 is critical for the emergence and advancement of GC. This work intends to identify new genes which expression is associated with the activity of mir-21 in GC and to investigate the effect of downregulation of mir-21 on these genes and gastric tumorigenesis. We utilized the gene expression profiles of GCs from an Array database (GSE13911) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and gastric cancer groups. Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) in R, the Gene co-expression network was reconstructed. The microRNA-mRNA network was then reconstructed using the miRWalk database, and by investigating the microRNA-mRNA network, the genes that have an association with mir-21 were found. To implement the functional investigation, MKN and AGS cell lines were transfected with anti-miR-21 next. Subsequently, MTT proliferation was utilized to assess the cell's vitality. qRT-PCR was then used to evaluate the anticipated levels of gene expression in both GC cell lines. This study discovered and predicted CCL28, NR3C2, and SNYPO2 as the targets of miR-21 (GC), which are downregulated through gastric tumorigenesis, showing great potential as therapeutic and diagnostic targets. The suppression of miR-21 in gastric GC cells led to the inhibition of cell proliferation and decreased expression of CCL28, NR3C2, and SNYPO2 genes. This study established that miR-21, via downregulating these genes, contributes significantly to the development of GC. In addition, systems biology techniques identified CCL28, NR3C2, and SNYPO2 genes as possible GC surveillance and therapy components.

Targeting TRIP13 for overcoming anticancer drug resistance (Review)

Cancer is one of the greatest dangers to human wellbeing and survival. A key barrier to effective cancer therapy is development of resistance to anti‑cancer medications. In cancer cells, the AAA+ ATPase family member thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) is key in promoting treatment resistance. Nonetheless, knowledge of the molecular processes underlying TRIP13‑based resistance to anticancer therapies is lacking. The present study evaluated the function of TRIP13 expression in anticancer drug resistance and potential methods to overcome this resistance. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms by which TRIP13 promotes resistance to anticancer drugs were explored, including induction of mitotic checkpoint complex surveillance system malfunction, promotion of DNA repair, the enhancement of autophagy and the prevention of immunological clearance. The effects of combination treatment, which include a TRIP13 inhibitor in addition to other inhibitors, were discussed. The present study evaluated the literature on TRIP13 as a possible target and its association with anticancer drug resistance, which may facilitate improvements in current anticancer therapeutic options.

Gastric Cancer Biomarker Candidates Identified by Machine Learning and Integrative Bioinformatics: Toward Personalized Medicine

Gastric cancer (GC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The discovery of robust diagnostic biomarkers for GC remains a challenge. This study sought to identify biomarker candidates for GC by integrating machine learning (ML) and bioinformatics approaches. Transcriptome profiles of patients with GC were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes between the tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Subsequently, we constructed protein-protein interaction networks so as to find the significant hub genes. Along with the bioinformatics integration of ML methods such as support vector machine, the recursive feature elimination was used to select the most informative genes. The analysis unraveled 160 significant genes, with 88 upregulated and 72 downregulated, 10 hub genes, and 12 features from the variable selection method. The integrated analyses found that EXO1, DTL, KIF14, and TRIP13 genes are significant and poised as potential diagnostic biomarkers in relation to GC. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found KIF14 and TRIP13 are strongly associated with diagnosis of GC. We suggest KIF14 and TRIP13 are considered as biomarker candidates that might potentially inform future research on diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic targets for GC. These findings collectively offer new future possibilities for precision/personalized medicine research and development for patients with GC.