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Wang Y, He Y, Shi Y, Qian DC, Gray KJ, Winn R, Martin AR. Aspiring toward equitable benefits from genomic advances to individuals of ancestrally diverse backgrounds. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:809-824. [PMID: 38642557 PMCID: PMC11080611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in genomic technologies have shown remarkable promise for improving health trajectories. The Human Genome Project has catalyzed the integration of genomic tools into clinical practice, such as disease risk assessment, prenatal testing and reproductive genomics, cancer diagnostics and prognostication, and therapeutic decision making. Despite the promise of genomic technologies, their full potential remains untapped without including individuals of diverse ancestries and integrating social determinants of health (SDOHs). The NHGRI launched the 2020 Strategic Vision with ten bold predictions by 2030, including "individuals from ancestrally diverse backgrounds will benefit equitably from advances in human genomics." Meeting this goal requires a holistic approach that brings together genomic advancements with careful consideration to healthcare access as well as SDOHs to ensure that translation of genetics research is inclusive, affordable, and accessible and ultimately narrows rather than widens health disparities. With this prediction in mind, this review delves into the two paramount applications of genetic testing-reproductive genomics and precision oncology. When discussing these applications of genomic advancements, we evaluate current accessibility limitations, highlight challenges in achieving representativeness, and propose paths forward to realize the ultimate goal of their equitable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Yixuan He
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - David C Qian
- Department of Thoracic Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kathryn J Gray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Winn
- Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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2
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Chen CL, Lee NC, Chien YH, Hwu WL, Hung MZ, Lin YL, Lin SY, Lee CN. Ethnically unique disease burden and limitations of current expanded carrier screening panels. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 164:918-924. [PMID: 37681470 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study is to identify the recessive diseases currently affecting real-world pediatric patients in Taiwan, and whether current extended carrier screening panels have the coverage and detective power to identify the pathogenic variants in the carrier parents. METHODS A total of 132 trio-samples were collected from May 2017 to March 2022. The participants were parents of pediatric intensive care unit patients who were critically ill or infants with abnormal newborn screening results. A retrospective carrier screening scheme was applied to analyze only the carrier status of pathogenic or likely pathogenic recessive variants resulting in diseases in their children. The recessive disorders diagnosed in our cohort were compared with the gene content in commercial panels. RESULTS Mutations in COQ4, PEX1, OTC, and IKBKG were the most frequently identified. In the parents of 44 children with confirmed diagnoses of recessive diseases, 47 (53.40%) screened positive for being the carriers of the same recessive disorders diagnosed in their children. The commercial panels covered 35.13% to 54.05% of the disorders diagnosed in this cohort. CONCLUSION Clinicians and genetic counselors should be aware of the limitations of current extended carrier screening and interpret negative screening results with caution. Future panels should also consider genes with ethnically unique mutations such as pathogenic variants of the COQ4 gene in the East Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ling Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Zi Hung
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cristodoro M, Dell’Avanzo M, Ghio M, Lalatta F, Vena W, Lania A, Sacchi L, Bravo M, Bulfoni A, Di Simone N, Inversetti A. Before Is Better: Innovative Multidisciplinary Preconception Care in Different Clinical Contexts. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6352. [PMID: 37834996 PMCID: PMC10573412 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Implementation of pre-conception care units is still very limited in Italy. Nowadays, the population's awareness of the reproductive risks that can be reduced or prevented is very low. Purpose and main findings: We presented a new personalized multidisciplinary model of preconception care aimed at identifying and possibly reducing adverse reproductive events. We analyzed three cohorts of population: couples from the general population, infertile or subfertile couples, and couples with a previous history of adverse reproductive events. The proposal involves a deep investigation regarding family history, the personal histories of both partners, and reproductive history. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS Preconception care is still neglected in Italy and under-evaluated by clinicians involved in natural or in vitro reproduction. Adequate preconception counseling will improve maternal and fetal obstetrical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cristodoro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
- Diabetes Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni Institute, Via M. Gavazzeni 21, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marinella Dell’Avanzo
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
| | - Matilda Ghio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Faustina Lalatta
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Vena
- Diabetes Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni Institute, Via M. Gavazzeni 21, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Laura Sacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Bravo
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bulfoni
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
- Diabetes Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni Institute, Via M. Gavazzeni 21, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Inversetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy
- Diabetes Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni Institute, Via M. Gavazzeni 21, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
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Chen SC, Zhou XY, Li SY, Zhao MM, Huang HF, Jia J, Xu CM. Carrier burden of over 300 diseases in Han Chinese identified by expanded carrier testing of 300 couples using assisted reproductive technology. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2157-2173. [PMID: 37450097 PMCID: PMC10440320 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanded carrier screening (ECS) has become a common practice for identifying carriers of monogenic diseases. However, existing large gene panels are not well-tailored to Chinese populations. In this study, ECS testing for pathogenic variants of both single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) in 330 genes implicated in 342 autosomal recessive (AR) or X-linked diseases was carried out. We assessed the differences in allele frequencies specific to the Chinese population who have used assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the important genes to screen for in this population. METHODOLOGY A total of 300 heterosexual couples were screened by our ECS panel using next-generation sequencing. A customed bioinformatic algorithm was used to analyze SNVs and CNVs. Guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology were adapted for variant interpretation. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) SNVs located in high homology regions/deletions and duplications of one or more exons in length were independently verified with other methods. RESULTS 64.83% of the patients were identified to be carriers of at least one of 342 hereditary conditions. We identified 622 P/LP variants, 4.18% of which were flagged as CNVs. The rate of at-risk couples was 3%. A total of 149 AR diseases accounted for 64.05% of the cumulative carrier rate, and 48 diseases had a carrier rate above 1/200 in the test. CONCLUSION An expanded screening of inherited diseases by incorporating different variant types, especially CNVs, has the potential to reduce the occurrence of severe monogenic diseases in the offspring of patients using ART in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Chang Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuan-You Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ming-Min Zhao
- Fujungenetics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 70 of Tongchuan Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU056), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Fujungenetics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 70 of Tongchuan Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333, China.
| | - Chen-Ming Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, 566 Fangxie Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200001, China.
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Reactive gene curation to support interpretation and reporting of a clinical genome test for rare disease: Experience from over 1,000 cases. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100258. [PMID: 36819666 PMCID: PMC9932986 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current standards in clinical genetics recognize the need to establish the validity of gene-disease relationships as a first step in the interpretation of sequence variants. We describe our experience incorporating the ClinGen Gene-Disease Clinical Validity framework in our interpretation and reporting workflow for a clinical genome sequencing (cGS) test for individuals with rare and undiagnosed genetic diseases. This "reactive" gene curation is completed upon identification of candidate variants during active case analysis and within the test turn-around time by focusing on the most impactful evidence and taking advantage of the broad applicability of the framework to cover a wide range of disease areas. We demonstrate that reactive gene curation can be successfully implemented in support of cGS in a clinical laboratory environment, enabling robust clinical decision making and allowing all variants to be fully and appropriately considered and their clinical significance confidently interpreted.
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6
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Capalbo A, Gabbiato I, Caroselli S, Picchetta L, Cavalli P, Lonardo F, Bianca S, Giardina E, Zuccarello D. Considerations on the use of carrier screening testing in human reproduction: comparison between recommendations from the Italian Society of Human Genetics and other international societies. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:2581-2593. [PMID: 36370240 PMCID: PMC9722986 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Carrier screening (CS) is a term used to describe a genetic test performed on individuals without family history of genetic disorders, to investigate the carrier status for pathogenic variants associated with multiple recessive conditions. The advent of next-generation sequencing enabled simultaneous CS for an increasing number of conditions; however, a consensus on which diseases to include in gene panels and how to best develop the provision of CS is far to be reached. Therefore, the provision of CS is jeopardized and inconsistent and requires solving several important issues. METHODS In 2020, the Italian Society of Human Genetics (SIGU) established a working group composed of clinical and laboratory geneticists from public and private fields to elaborate a document to define indications and best practice of CS provision for couples planning a pregnancy. RESULTS Hereby, we present the outcome of the Italian working group's activity and compare it with previously published international recommendations (American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG)). We determine a core message on genetic counseling and nine main subject categories to explore, spanning from goals and execution to technical scientific, ethical, and socio-economic topics. Moreover, a level of agreement on the most critical points is discussed using a 5-point agreement scale, demonstrating a high level of consensus among the four societies. CONCLUSIONS This document is intended to provide genetic and healthcare professionals involved in human reproduction with guidance regarding the clinical implementation of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Gabbiato
- Department of Lab Medicine, Unit of Clinical Genetics and Epidemiology University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fortunato Lonardo
- UOSD Genetica Medica, AORN "San Pio" - P.O. "G. Rummo", Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Emiliano Giardina
- Laboratorio Di Medicina Genomica - UILDM Università Degli Studi Di Roma "Tor Vergata", Fondazione Santa Lucia-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Zuccarello
- Department of Lab Medicine, Unit of Clinical Genetics and Epidemiology University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
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7
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Zhang K, Lin G, Li J. Carrier screening: An update. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 535:92-98. [PMID: 35973610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic carrier screening (CS) for reproductive decision making was introduced 50 years ago. Technological advances and improvements in knowledge of the human genome makes multi-disease, pan-ethnic CS possible. Such screening will identify most individuals as carriers of at least one autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive disorder. Past experiences and best practices have provided a framework for CS. Although its clinical utilization is increasing, some challenges remain. In this study, several aspects of CS panel implementation have been addressed including how to evaluate the quantitative gene inclusion criteria, how to classify the severity of genetic conditions, how to understand clinical validity at the level of gene-disease association and variant classification, and how to minimize residual risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guigao Lin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China.
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8
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Boonsawat P, Horn AHC, Steindl K, Baumer A, Joset P, Kraemer D, Bahr A, Ivanovski I, Cabello EM, Papik M, Zweier M, Oneda B, Sirleto P, Burkhardt T, Sticht H, Rauch A. Assessing clinical utility of preconception expanded carrier screening regarding residual risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:45. [PMID: 35906228 PMCID: PMC9338263 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of clinical utility of preconception expanded carrier screening (ECS) concerning its potential to reduce the risk of affected offspring is unknown. Since neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in their offspring is a major concern of parents-to-be, we addressed the question of residual risk by assessing the risk-reduction potential for NDDs in a retrospective study investigating ECS with different criteria for gene selection and definition of pathogenicity. We used exome sequencing data from 700 parents of children with NDDs and blindly screened for carrier-alleles in up to 3046 recessive/X-linked genes. Depending on variant pathogenicity thresholds and gene content, NDD-risk-reduction potential was up to 43.5% in consanguineous, and 5.1% in nonconsanguineous couples. The risk-reduction-potential was compromised by underestimation of pathogenicity of missense variants (false-negative-rate 4.6%), inherited copy-number variants and compound heterozygosity of one inherited and one de novo variant (0.9% each). Adherence to the ACMG recommendations of restricting ECS to high-frequency genes in nonconsanguineous couples would more than halve the detectable inherited NDD-risk. Thus, for optimized clinical utility of ECS, screening in recessive/X-linked genes regardless of their frequency (ACMG Tier-4) and sensible pathogenicity thresholds should be considered for all couples seeking ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anselm H C Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Baumer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Joset
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Kraemer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Bahr
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena M Cabello
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Papik
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zweier
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Oneda
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Sirleto
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tilo Burkhardt
- University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Goddard KAB, Lee K, Buchanan AH, Powell BC, Hunter JE. Establishing the Medical Actionability of Genomic Variants. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:173-192. [PMID: 35363504 PMCID: PMC10184682 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-111021-032401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actionability is an important concept in medicine that does not have a well-accepted standard definition, nor is there a general consensus on how to establish it. Medical actionability is often conflated with clinical utility, a related but distinct concept. This lack of clarity contributes to practice variation and inconsistent coverage decisions in genomic medicine, leading to the potential for systematic bias in the use of evidence-based interventions. We clarify how medical actionability and clinical utility are distinct and then discuss the spectrum of actionability, including benefits for the person, the family, and society. We also describe applications across the life course, including prediction, diagnosis, and treatment. Current challenges in assessing the medical actionability of identified genomic variants include gaps in the evidence, limited contexts with practice guidelines, and subjective aspects of medical actionability. A standardized and authoritative assessment of medical actionability is critical to implementing genomic medicine in a fashion that improves population health outcomes and reduces health disparities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A B Goddard
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Kristy Lee
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Adam H Buchanan
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Bradford C Powell
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Jessica Ezzell Hunter
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
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10
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Current Updates on Expanded Carrier Screening: New Insights in the Omics Era. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030455. [PMID: 35334631 PMCID: PMC8951681 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic carrier screening has been successfully used over the last decades to identify individuals at risk of transmitting specific DNA variants to their newborns, thus having an affected child. Traditional testing has been offered based on familial and/or ethnic backgrounds. The development of high-throughput technologies, such as next-generations sequencing, able to allow the study of large genomic regions in a time and cost-affordable way, has moved carrier screening toward a more comprehensive and extensive approach, i.e., expanded carrier screening (ECS). ECS simultaneously analyses several disease-related genes and better estimates individuals’ carrier status. Indeed, it is not influenced by ethnicity and is not limited to a subset of mutations that may arise from poor information in some populations. Moreover, if couples carry out ECS before conceiving a baby, it allows them to obtain a complete estimation of their genetic risk and the possibility to make an informed decision regarding their reproductive life. Despite these advantages, some weakness still exists regarding, for example, the number of genes and the kind of diseases to be analyzed and the interpretation and communication of the obtained results. Once these points are fixed, it is expectable that ECS will become an ever more frequent practice in clinical settings.
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11
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Molina Romero M, Yoldi Chaure A, Gañán Parra M, Navas Bastida P, del Pico Sánchez JL, Vaquero Argüelles Á, de la Fuente Vaquero P, Ramírez López JP, Castilla Alcalá JA. Probability of high-risk genetic matching with oocyte and semen donors: complete gene analysis or genotyping test? J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:341-355. [PMID: 35091964 PMCID: PMC8956772 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the probability of high-risk genetic matching when assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are applied with double gamete donation, following an NGS carrier test based on a complete study of the genes concerned. We then determine the results that would have been obtained if the genotyping tests most widely used in Spanish gamete banks had been applied. METHODS In this descriptive observational study, 1818 gamete donors were characterised by NGS. The pathogenic variants detected were analysed to estimate the probability of high-risk genetic matching and to determine the results that would have been obtained if the three most commonly used genotyping tests in ART had been applied. RESULTS The probability of high-risk genetic matching with gamete donation, screened by NGS and complete gene analysis, was 5.5%, versus the 0.6-2.7% that would have been obtained with the genotyping test. A total of 1741 variants were detected, including 607 different variants, of which only 22.6% would have been detected by all three genotyping tests considered and 44.7% of which would not have been detected by any of these tests. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the considerable heterogeneity of the genotyping tests, which present significant differences in their ability to detect pathogenic variants. The complete study of the genes by NGS considerably reduces reproductive risks when genetic matching is performed with gamete donors. Accordingly, we recommend that carrier screening in gamete donors be carried out using NGS and a complete study with nontargeted analysis of the variants of the screened genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Molina Romero
- CEIFER Biobanco - NextClinics, Calle Maestro Bretón, 1, 18004 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Antonio Castilla Alcalá
- CEIFER Biobanco - NextClinics, Calle Maestro Bretón, 1, 18004 Granada, Spain ,U. Reproducción, UGC Obstetricia y Ginecología, HU Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada, Spain ,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Mezzi N, Messaoud O, Mkaouar R, Zitouna N, Romdhane S, Abdessalem G, Charfeddine C, Maazoul F, Ouerteni I, Hamdi Y, Zaouak A, Mrad R, Abdelhak S, Romdhane L. Spectrum of Genetic Diseases in Tunisia: Current Situation and Main Milestones Achieved. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1820. [PMID: 34828426 PMCID: PMC8617973 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases in Tunisia are a real public health problem given their chronicity and the lack of knowledge concerning their prevalence and etiology, and the high rates of consanguinity. Hence, we performed systematic reviews of the literature in order to provide a more recent spectrum of these disorders and to expose the challenges that still exist to tackle these kinds of diseases. A manual textual data mining was conducted using MeSH and PubMed databases. Collected data were classified according to the CIM-10 classification and the transmission mode. The spectrum of these diseases is estimated to be 589 entities. This suggests remarkable progress through the development of biomedical health research activities and building capacities. Sixty percent of the reported disorders are autosomal recessive, which could be explained by the high prevalence of endogamous mating. Congenital malformations (29.54%) are the major disease group, followed by metabolic diseases (22%). Sixty percent of the genetic diseases have a known molecular etiology. We also reported additional cases of comorbidity that seem to be a common phenomenon in our population. We also noticed that epidemiological data are scarce. Newborn and carrier screening was only limited to pilot projects for a few genetic diseases. Collected data are being integrated into a database under construction that will be a valuable decision-making tool. This study provides the current situation of genetic diseases in Tunisia and highlights their particularities. Early detection of the disease is important to initiate critical intervention and to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessrine Mezzi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Université Tunis Carthage, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Messaoud
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Rahma Mkaouar
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zitouna
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Safa Romdhane
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ghaith Abdessalem
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Cherine Charfeddine
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Maazoul
- Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ines Ouerteni
- Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Zaouak
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit Genodermatosis and Cancer LR12SP03, Habib Thameur Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Mrad
- Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Romdhane
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Université Tunis Carthage, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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13
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Johansen Taber K, Ben-Shachar R, Torres R, Arjunan A, Muzzey D, Kaseniit KE, Goldberg J, Brown H. A guidelines-consistent carrier screening panel that supports equity across diverse populations. Genet Med 2021; 24:201-213. [PMID: 34906503 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) suggest carrier screening panel design criteria intended to ensure meaningful results. This study used a data-driven approach to interpret the criteria to identify guidelines-consistent panels. METHODS Carrier frequencies in >460,000 individuals across 11 races/ethnicities were used to assess carrier frequency. Other criteria were interpreted on the basis of published data. A total of 176 conditions were then evaluated. Stringency thresholds were set as suggested by ACOG and/or ACMG or by evaluating conditions already recommended by ACOG and ACMG. RESULTS Forty and 75 conditions had carrier frequencies of ≥1 in 100 and ≥1 in 200, respectively; 175 had a well-defined phenotype; and 165 met at least 1 severity criterion and had an onset early in life. Thirty-seven conditions met conservative thresholds, including a carrier frequency of ≥1 in 100, and 74 conditions met permissive thresholds, including a carrier frequency of ≥1 in 200; thus, both were identified as guidelines-consistent panels. CONCLUSION Clear panel design criteria are needed to ensure quality and consistency among carrier screening panels. Evidence-based analyses of criteria resulted in the identification of guidelines-consistent panels of 37 and 74 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rotem Ben-Shachar
- Department of Clinical Development, Myriad Genetics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Raul Torres
- Department of Clinical Development, Myriad Genetics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aishwarya Arjunan
- Department of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Dale Muzzey
- Department of Research and Development, Myriad Genetics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kristjan E Kaseniit
- Department of Clinical Development, Myriad Genetics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - James Goldberg
- Department of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Haywood Brown
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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14
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Capalbo A, Fabiani M, Caroselli S, Poli M, Girardi L, Patassini C, Favero F, Cimadomo D, Vaiarelli A, Simon C, Rienzi LF, Ubaldi FM. Clinical validity and utility of preconception expanded carrier screening for the management of reproductive genetic risk in IVF and general population. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2050-2061. [PMID: 34021342 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the clinical validity and utility of preconception Expanded Carrier Screening (ECS) application on the management of prospective parents? SUMMARY ANSWER The high detection rate of at-risk couples (ARCs) and the high proportion opting for IVF/preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) treatment demonstrate the clinical utility of ECS in the preconception space in IVF and general population. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY About 2-4% of couples are at risk of conceiving a child with an autosomal recessive or X-linked genetic disorder. In recent years, the increasing cost-effectiveness of genetic diagnostic techniques has allowed the creation of ECS panels for the simultaneous detection of multiple recessive disorders. Comprehensive preconception genetic screening holds the potential to significantly improve couple's genetic risk assessment and reproductive planning to avoid detectable inheritable genetic offspring. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A total of 3877 individuals without a family history of genetic conditions were analyzed between January 2017 and January 2020. Of the enrolled individuals, 1212 were gamete donors and 2665 were patients planning on conceiving from both the IVF and the natural conception group. From the non-donor cohort, 1133 were analyzed as individual patients, while the remaining ones were analyzed as couples, for a total of 766 couples. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A focused ECS panel was developed following American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology ACOG-recommended criteria (prevalence, carrier rate, severity), including highly penetrant severe childhood conditions. Couples were defined at-risk when both partners carried an autosomal recessive pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant (PLP) on the same gene or when the woman was a carrier of an X-linked PLP variant. ARC detection rate defined the clinical validity of the ECS approach. Clinical utility was evaluated by monitoring ARCs reproductive decision making. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 402 individuals (10.4%) showed PLP for at least one of the genes tested. Among the 766 couples tested, 173 showed one carrier partner (22.6%), whereas 20 couples (2.6%) were found to be at increased risk. Interestingly, one ARC was identified as a result of cascade testing in the extended family of an individual carrying a pathogenic variant on the Survival Of Motor Neuron 1SMN1 gene. Of the identified ARCs, 5 (0.7%) were at risk for cystic fibrosis, 5 (0.7%) for fragile X syndrome, 4 (0.5%) for spinal muscular atrophy, 4 (0.5%) for Beta-Thalassemia/Sickle Cell Anemia, 1 (0.1%) for Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and 1 (0.1%) for Duchenne/Becker Dystrophy. Fifteen ARCs were successfully followed up from both the IVF and the natural conception groups. All of these (15/15) modified their reproductive planning by undergoing ART with Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disease and Aneuploidies (PGT-M and PGT-A). To date, 6/15 (40%) couples completed their PGT cycle with euploid/unaffected embryos achieving a pregnancy after embryo transfer and three of them have already had an unaffected baby. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The use of a limited panel of core gene-disease pairs represents a limitation on the research perspective as it can underestimate the rate of detectable carriers and ARCs in this cohort of prospective parents. Expanding the scope of ECS to a larger panel of conditions is becoming increasingly feasible, thanks to a persistent technological evolution and progressive cataloging of gene-disease associations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These results highlight the potential clinical validity and utility of ECS in reducing the risk of a pregnancy affected by a detectable inheritable genetic condition. The steady reduction in the costs of genetic analyses enables the expansion of monogenic testing/screening applications at the preimplantation stage, thus, providing valid decisional support and reproductive autonomy to patients, particularly in the context of IVF. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funding was used for this study. A.C., M.F., S.C., M.P., L.G., and C.P. are employees of Igenomix Italy. C.S. is the head of the scientific board of Igenomix. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Capalbo
- Igenomix Italy, Marostica, Italy.,Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - M Poli
- Igenomix Italy, Marostica, Italy
| | | | | | | | - D Cimadomo
- GeneraLife, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Vaiarelli
- GeneraLife, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy
| | - C Simon
- Igenomix Italy, Marostica, Italy.,Igenomix Foundation, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology BIDMC, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L F Rienzi
- GeneraLife, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy
| | - F M Ubaldi
- GeneraLife, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Clinica Valle Giulia, Rome, Italy
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15
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Fabiani M, Cogo F, Poli M, Capalbo A. Technical factors to consider when developing an Expanded Carrier Screening platform. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 33:178-183. [PMID: 33741771 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Expanded Carrier Screening (ECS) is a genetic test able to detect carriers for a large number of autosomal recessive and X-linked diseases. Its clinical utilization is increasing but some technical aspects for its implementation are still controversial. RECENT FINDINGS In the current literature, several aspects of ECS panel implementation have been addressed. One of the most relevant topics involves which genes/pathologies should be included in an optimized ECS panel and which variants should be reported. SUMMARY Here, we review the best practice criteria to refine and improve clinical utility and validity of an ECS panel. The criteria for optimal ECS panel implementation include the severity of pathologies, the prevalence of diseases in general population and a definitive or strong gene/disease association. Moreover, we discuss the main complications associated with the reporting of Variant of Uncertain Significance and the need for periodic reassessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio Capalbo
- Igenomix Italia, Marostica, Vicenza, Italy.,Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Arjunan A, Torres R, Gardiner A, Kaseniit KE, Wootton J, Ben-Shachar R, Johansen Taber K. Evaluating the efficacy of three carrier screening workflows designed to identify at-risk carrier couples. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:896-904. [PMID: 33450092 PMCID: PMC8248057 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of three different carrier screening workflows designed to identify couples at risk for having offspring with autosomal recessive conditions. METHODS Partner testing compliance, unnecessary testing, turnaround time, and ability to identify at-risk couples (ARCs) were measured across all three screening strategies (sequential, tandem, or tandem reflex). RESULTS A total of 314,100 individuals who underwent carrier screening were analyzed. Sequential, tandem, and tandem reflex screening yielded compliance frequencies of 25.8%, 100%, and 95.9%, respectively. Among 14,595 couples tested in tandem, 42.2% of females were screen-negative, resulting in unnecessary testing of the male partner. In contrast, less than 1% of tandem reflex couples included unnecessary male testing. The median turnaround times were 29.2 days (sequential), 8 days (tandem), and 13.3 days (tandem reflex). The proportion of ARCs detected per total number of individual screens were 0.5% for sequential testing and 1.3% for both tandem and tandem reflex testing. CONCLUSION The tandem reflex strategy simplifies a potentially complex clinical scenario by providing a mechanism by which providers can maximize partner compliance and the detection of at-risk couples while minimizing workflow burden and unnecessary testing and is more efficacious than both sequential and tandem screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul Torres
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Jeff Wootton
- Myriad Women's Health, South San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Jurgensmeyer S, Walterman S, Wagner A, Wong K, Bao A, Stueber S, Spencer S. Female and male perspectives on male partner roles in expanded carrier screening. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:375-385. [PMID: 33409755 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-02029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore facilitators and barriers for male partner follow through carrier screening (CS) after their female partners were identified as carriers, from both male and female perspectives. METHODS Participants were either females identified as a carrier through CS (512 participants) or males who had CS (125 participants). Participants were recruited via e-mails with survey links. The survey explored factors surrounding decisions to pursue CS or not. RESULTS Males who attended the females' CS appointment were more likely to have CS (OR: 2.07). More male partners of females identified as carriers of severe or profound conditions pursued CS (82.0%) than male partners of females who were carriers for moderate conditions (50.0%). Logistic factors were more impactful for males who pursued CS. Females whose male partners did not test endorsed personal belief factors as most impactful, reporting the perceived low risk (75.0%) and his low concern for the specific condition (65.5%) were the top reasons their partners did not test. CONCLUSION Many factors impact how male partners appraise reproductive risk from CS and make decisions regarding their own screening. Advising that male partners attend CS appointments may increase the likelihood of follow through CS. Thorough and repeated risk counseling is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jurgensmeyer
- Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sarah Walterman
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Wagner
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Insight Medical Genetics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Annie Bao
- Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sara Spencer
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Leung ML, McAdoo S, Watson D, Stumm K, Harr M, Wang X, Chung CH, Mafra F, Nesbitt AI, Hakonarson H, Santani A. A Transparent Approach to Calculate Detection Rate and Residual Risk for Carrier Screening. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:91-102. [PMID: 33349347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrier screening involves detection of carrier status for genes associated with recessive conditions. A negative carrier screening test result bears a nonzero residual risk (RR) for the individual to have an affected child. The RR depends on the prevalence of specific conditions and the detection rate (DR) of the test itself. Herein, we provide a detailed approach for calculating DR and RR. DR was calculated on the basis of the sum of disease allele frequencies (DAFs) of pathogenic variants found in published literature. As a proof of concept, DAF data for cystic fibrosis were compared with society guidelines. The DAF data calculated by this method were consistent with the published cystic fibrosis guideline. In addition, we compared DAF for four genes (ABCC8, ASPA, GAA, and MMUT) across three laboratories, and outlined the likely reasons for discrepancies between these laboratories. The utility of carrier screening is to support couples with information while making reproductive choices. Accurate development of DR and RR is therefore critical. The method described herein provides an unbiased and transparent process to collect, calculate, and report these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Leung
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
| | | | - Deborah Watson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kallyn Stumm
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret Harr
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christine H Chung
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fernanda Mafra
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Addie I Nesbitt
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avni Santani
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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19
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Arjunan A, Bellerose H, Torres R, Ben-Shachar R, Hoffman JD, Angle B, Slotnick RN, Simpson BN, Lewis AM, Magoulas PL, Bontempo K, Schulze J, Tarpinian J, Bucher JA, Dineen R, Goetsch A, Lazarin GA, Johansen Taber K. Evaluation and classification of severity for 176 genes on an expanded carrier screening panel. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1246-1257. [PMID: 32474937 PMCID: PMC7540025 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Disease severity is important when considering genes for inclusion on reproductive expanded carrier screening (ECS) panels. We applied a validated and previously published algorithm that classifies diseases into four severity categories (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) to 176 genes screened by ECS. Disease traits defining severity categories in the algorithm were then mapped to four severity‐related ECS panel design criteria cited by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Methods Eight genetic counselors (GCs) and four medical geneticists (MDs) applied the severity algorithm to subsets of 176 genes. MDs and GCs then determined by group consensus how each of these disease traits mapped to ACOG severity criteria, enabling determination of the number of ACOG severity criteria met by each gene. Results Upon consensus GC and MD application of the severity algorithm, 68 (39%) genes were classified as profound, 71 (40%) as severe, 36 (20%) as moderate, and one (1%) as mild. After mapping of disease traits to ACOG severity criteria, 170 out of 176 genes (96.6%) were found to meet at least one of the four criteria, 129 genes (73.3%) met at least two, 73 genes (41.5%) met at least three, and 17 genes (9.7%) met all four. Conclusion This study classified the severity of a large set of Mendelian genes by collaborative clinical expert application of a trait‐based algorithm. Further, it operationalized difficult to interpret ACOG severity criteria via mapping of disease traits, thereby promoting consistency of ACOG criteria interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Arjunan
- Division of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holly Bellerose
- Division of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raul Torres
- Division of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rotem Ben-Shachar
- Division of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jodi D Hoffman
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brad Angle
- Division of Genetics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Park Ridge, IL, USA
| | | | - Brittany N Simpson
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrea M Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pilar L Magoulas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly Bontempo
- Division of Genetics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Park Ridge, IL, USA
| | - Jeanine Schulze
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Tarpinian
- Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica A Bucher
- Division of Genetics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Park Ridge, IL, USA
| | - Richard Dineen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allison Goetsch
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects & Metabolism, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gabriel A Lazarin
- Division of Medical Affairs, Myriad Women's Health, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Balzotti M, Meng L, Muzzey D, Johansen Taber K, Beauchamp K, Curation Team MG, Curation Team BG, Mar-Heyming R, Buckley B, Moyer K. Clinical validity of expanded carrier screening: Evaluating the gene-disease relationship in more than 200 conditions. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1365-1371. [PMID: 32383249 PMCID: PMC7496796 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical guidelines consider expanded carrier screening (ECS) to be an acceptable method of carrier screening. However, broader guideline support and payer adoption require evidence for associations between the genes on ECS panels and the conditions for which they aim to identify carriers. We applied a standardized framework for evaluation of gene‐disease association to assess the clinical validity of conditions screened by ECS panels. The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) gene curation framework was used to assess genetic and experimental evidence of associations between 208 genes and conditions screened on two commercial ECS panels. Twenty‐one conditions were previously classified by ClinGen, and the remaining 187 were evaluated by curation teams at two laboratories. To ensure consistent application of the framework across the laboratories, concordance was evaluated on a subset of conditions. All 208 evaluated conditions met the evidence threshold for supporting a gene‐disease association. Furthermore, 203 of 208 (98%) achieved the strongest (“Definitive”) level of gene‐disease association. All conditions evaluated by both commercial laboratories were similarly classified. Assessment using the ClinGen standardized framework revealed strong evidence of gene‐disease association for conditions on two ECS panels. This result establishes the disease‐level clinical validity of the panels considered herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Balzotti
- Myriad Women's Health, Myriad Genetics, South San Francisco, California
| | - Linyan Meng
- Division of Clinical Genomic Interpretation, Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas
| | - Dale Muzzey
- Myriad Women's Health, Myriad Genetics, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Kyle Beauchamp
- Myriad Women's Health, Myriad Genetics, South San Francisco, California.,Tempus, Redwood City, California
| | | | | | - Rebecca Mar-Heyming
- Myriad Women's Health, Myriad Genetics, South San Francisco, California.,Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Bethany Buckley
- Myriad Women's Health, Myriad Genetics, South San Francisco, California.,Invitae, San Francisco, California
| | - Krista Moyer
- Myriad Women's Health, Myriad Genetics, South San Francisco, California
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21
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Clinical experience with carrier screening in a general population: support for a comprehensive pan-ethnic approach. Genet Med 2020; 22:1320-1328. [PMID: 32366966 PMCID: PMC7394882 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To present results from a large cohort of individuals receiving
expanded carrier screening (CS) in the United States. Methods Single-gene disorder carrier status for 381,014 individuals was
determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) based CS for up to 274 genes.
Detection rates were compared with literature-reported values derived from
disease prevalence and carrier frequencies. Combined theoretical affected
pregnancy rates for the 274 screened disorders were calculated. Results For Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) diseases, 81.6% (4434/5435) of carriers
identified did not report AJ ancestry. For cystic fibrosis, 44.0% (6260/14,229)
of carriers identified had a variant not on the standard genotyping panel.
Individuals at risk of being a silent spinal muscular atrophy carrier, not
detectable by standard screening, comprised 1/39 (8763/344,407) individuals. For
fragile X syndrome, compared with standard premutation screening, AGG
interruption analysis modified risk in 83.2% (1128/1356) premutation carriers.
Assuming random pairing across the study population, approximately 1/175
pregnancies would be affected by a disorder in the 274-gene screening
panel. Conclusion Compared with standard screening, NGS-based CS provides additional
information that may impact reproductive choices. Pan-ethnic CS leads to
substantially increased identification of at-risk couples. These data support
offering NGS-based CS to all reproductive-aged women.
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22
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Rowe CA, Wright CF. Expanded universal carrier screening and its implementation within a publicly funded healthcare service. J Community Genet 2019; 11:21-38. [PMID: 31828606 PMCID: PMC6962405 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-019-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrier screening, a well-established clinical initiative, has been slow to take advantage of the new possibilities offered by high-throughput next generation sequencing technologies. There is evidence of significant benefit in expanding carrier screening to include multiple autosomal recessive conditions and offering a ‘universal’ carrier screen that could be used for a pan-ethnic population. However, the challenges of implementing such a programme and the difficulties of demonstrating efficacy worthy of public health investment are significant barriers. In order for such a programme to be successful, it would need to be applicable and acceptable to the population, which may be ethnically and culturally diverse. There are significant practical and ethical implications associated with determining which variants, genes and conditions to include whilst maintaining adequate sensitivity and accuracy. Although preconception screening would maximise the potential benefits from universal carrier screening, the resource implications of different modes of delivery need to be carefully evaluated and balanced against maximising reproductive autonomy and ensuring equity of access. Currently, although a number of existing initiatives are increasing access to carrier screening, there is insufficient evidence to inform the development of a publicly funded, expanded, universal carrier screening programme that would justify investment over other healthcare interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Rowe
- University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, 79 Heavitree Rd, Exeter, EX1 1TX, UK. .,Post Graduate Centre, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Treliske, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3LQ, UK.
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, RILD Building, RD&E, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
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23
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Delatycki MB, Alkuraya F, Archibald A, Castellani C, Cornel M, Grody WW, Henneman L, Ioannides AS, Kirk E, Laing N, Lucassen A, Massie J, Schuurmans J, Thong M, Langen I, Zlotogora J. International perspectives on the implementation of reproductive carrier screening. Prenat Diagn 2019; 40:301-310. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.5611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin B. Delatycki
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Parkville Victoria Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Fowzan Alkuraya
- Department of GeneticsKing Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Human Genome ProgramKing Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- College of MedicineAlfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Alison Archibald
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Parkville Victoria Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Carlo Castellani
- Cystic Fibrosis CentreIRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa Italy
| | - Martina Cornel
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wayne W. Grody
- Divisions of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Human GeneticsUCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles California USA
- UCLA Institute for Society and Genetics, Molecular Diagnostic Laboratories and Clinical Genomics CenterUCLA Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Lidewij Henneman
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Edwin Kirk
- Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick New South Wales Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick New South Wales Australia
- School of Women's and Children's HealthUniversity of New South Wales Randwick New South Wales Australia
| | - Nigel Laing
- University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchQEII Medical Centre Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory MedicineQEII Medical Centre Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Anneke Lucassen
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton Medical SchoolUniversity of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - John Massie
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Respiratory MedicineRoyal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Juliette Schuurmans
- Faculty of Medicine, Southampton Medical SchoolUniversity of Southampton Southampton UK
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Meow‐Keong Thong
- Genetics and Metabolism Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Irene Langen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Joël Zlotogora
- Hadassah‐Hebrew University Medical School Jerusalem Israel
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24
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Capalbo A, Valero RA, Jimenez-Almazan J, Pardo PM, Fabiani M, Jiménez D, Simon C, Rodriguez JM. Optimizing clinical exome design and parallel gene-testing for recessive genetic conditions in preconception carrier screening: Translational research genomic data from 14,125 exomes. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008409. [PMID: 31589614 PMCID: PMC6797235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited translational genomic research data have been reported on the application of exome sequencing and parallel gene testing for preconception carrier screening (PCS). Here, we present individual-level data from a large PCS program in which exome sequencing was routinely performed on either gamete donors (5,845) or infertile patients (8,280) undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment without any known family history of inheritable genetic conditions. Individual-level data on pathogenic variants were used to define conditions for PCS based on criteria for severity, penetrance, inheritance pattern, and age of onset. Fetal risk was defined based on actual carrier frequency data accounting for the specific inheritance pattern (fetal disease risk, FDR). In addition, large-scale application of exome sequencing for PCS allowed a deep investigation of the incidence of medically actionable secondary findings in this population. Exome sequencing achieved remarkable clinical sensitivity for reproductive risk of highly penetrant childhood-onset disorders (1/337 conceptions) through analysis of 114 selected gene-condition pairs. A significant contribution to fetal disease risk was observed for rare (carrier rate < 1:100) and X-linked conditions (16.7% and 41.2% of total FDR, respectively). Subgroup analysis of 776 IVF couples identified 37 at increased reproductive risk (4.8%; 95% CI = 3.4–6.5). Further, two additional couples had increased risk for very rare conditions when both members of a parental pair were treated as a unit and the search was extended to the entire exome. About 2.3% of participants showed at least one pathogenic variant for genes included in the updated American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics v2.0 list of secondary findings. Gamete donors and IVF couples showed similar carrier burden for both carrier screening and secondary findings, indicating no causal relationship to fertility. These translational research data will facilitate development of more effective PCS strategies that maximize clinical sensitivity with minimal counterproductive effects. We provide here crucial information for optimizing the gene-panel design for preconception carrier screening based on the analysis of a large exome sequencing dataset from infertile individuals and gamete donors. Sequencing the entire coding portion of the human genome combined with separate analysis for few relevant genes offers the possibility to detect most of the pathogenetic variants associated with recessive Mendelian diseases and to develop preconception screening strategies that maximise clinical sensitivity with minimal counterproductive effects. Using a large dataset of individual-level exome sequencing data, we have defined gene specific and aggregate fetal risk detectable for conditions selected on discrete criteria of severity, penetrance, inheritance pattern, and age of onset. About 1 out of 300 affected pregnancies can be detected based on a gene-panel of 114 conditions and ~5% of the couples analysed showed an increased risk that warrant consideration from a reproductive viewpoint. These results suggest the use of exome sequencing and parallel gene testing is clinically effective and feasible for preconception carrier screening after proper validation and translational research has been carried out. However, further studies are necessary to define the best framework for clinical implementation and the actual detection rate of at risk couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Capalbo
- Igenomix Reproductive Genetic Laboratory, Marostica, Italy
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Igenomix, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AC); (JM)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Fabiani
- Igenomix Reproductive Genetic Laboratory, Marostica, Italy
| | | | - Carlos Simon
- Igenomix, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Valencia University; and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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25
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Kaseniit KE, Collins E, Lo C, Moyer K, Mar-Heyming R, Kang HP, Muzzey D. Inter-lab concordance of variant classifications establishes clinical validity of expanded carrier screening. Clin Genet 2019; 96:236-245. [PMID: 31170325 PMCID: PMC6852020 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Expanded carrier screening (ECS) panels that use next‐generation sequencing aim to identify pathogenic variants in coding and clinically relevant non‐coding regions of hundreds of genes, each associated with a serious recessive condition. ECS has established analytical validity and clinical utility, meaning that variants are accurately identified and pathogenic variants tend to alter patients' clinical management, respectively. However, the clinical validity of ECS, that is, correct discernment of whether an identified variant is indeed pathogenic, has only been shown for single conditions, not for panels. Here, we evaluate the clinical validity of a >170‐condition ECS panel by assessing concordance between >12 000 variant interpretations classified with guideline‐based criteria to their corresponding per‐variant combined classifications in ClinVar. We observe 99% concordance at the level of unique variants. A more clinically relevant frequency‐weighted analysis reveals that fewer than 1 in 500 patients are expected to receive a report with a variant that has a discordant classification. Importantly, gene‐level concordance is not diminished for rare ECS conditions, suggesting that large panels do not balloon the panel‐wide false‐positive rate. Finally, because ECS is intended to serve all reproductive‐age couples, we show that classification of novel variants is feasible and scales predictably for a large population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan E Kaseniit
- Myriad Women's Health (formerly Counsyl), South San Francisco, California.,Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Elizabeth Collins
- Myriad Women's Health (formerly Counsyl), South San Francisco, California
| | - Christine Lo
- Myriad Women's Health (formerly Counsyl), South San Francisco, California.,Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Krista Moyer
- Myriad Women's Health (formerly Counsyl), South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Hyunseok P Kang
- Myriad Women's Health (formerly Counsyl), South San Francisco, California
| | - Dale Muzzey
- Myriad Women's Health (formerly Counsyl), South San Francisco, California.,Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, Utah
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26
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Wapner RJ, Biggio JR. Commentary: Expanded carrier screening: how much is too much? Genet Med 2019; 21:1927-1930. [PMID: 30971834 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joseph R Biggio
- Women's Service, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA
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