1
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Hu CW, Wang A, Fan D, Worth M, Chen Z, Huang J, Xie J, Macdonald J, Li L, Jiang J. OGA mutant aberrantly hydrolyzes O-GlcNAc modification from PDLIM7 to modulate p53 and cytoskeleton in promoting cancer cell malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320867121. [PMID: 38838015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320867121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the only human enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (deglycosylation) of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) from numerous protein substrates. OGA has broad implications in many challenging diseases including cancer. However, its role in cell malignancy remains mostly unclear. Here, we report that a cancer-derived point mutation on the OGA's noncatalytic stalk domain aberrantly modulates OGA interactome and substrate deglycosylation toward a specific set of proteins. Interestingly, our quantitative proteomic studies uncovered that the OGA stalk domain mutant preferentially deglycosylated protein substrates with +2 proline in the sequence relative to the O-GlcNAcylation site. One of the most dysregulated substrates is PDZ and LIM domain protein 7 (PDLIM7), which is associated with the tumor suppressor p53. We found that the aberrantly deglycosylated PDLIM7 suppressed p53 gene expression and accelerated p53 protein degradation by promoting the complex formation with E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Moreover, deglycosylated PDLIM7 significantly up-regulated the actin-rich membrane protrusions on the cell surface, augmenting the cancer cell motility and aggressiveness. These findings revealed an important but previously unappreciated role of OGA's stalk domain in protein substrate recognition and functional modulation during malignant cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Ao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Dacheng Fan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Matthew Worth
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Junfeng Huang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jinshan Xie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - John Macdonald
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Lingjun Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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2
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Hu CW, Wang K, Jiang J. The non-catalytic domains of O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes present new opportunities for function-specific control. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102476. [PMID: 38861851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an essential protein glycosylation governed by two O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) installs a single sugar moiety N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on protein serine and threonine residues, and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes them. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in various diseases. However, the large repertoire of more than 1000 O-GlcNAcylated proteins and the elusive mechanisms of OGT/OGA in substrate recognition present significant challenges in targeting the dysregulated O-GlcNAcylation for therapeutic development. Recently, emerging evidence suggested that the non-catalytic domains play critical roles in regulating the functional specificity of OGT/OGA via modulating their protein interactions and substrate recognition. Here, we discuss recent studies on the structures, mechanisms, and related tools of the OGT/OGA non-catalytic domains, highlighting new opportunities for function-specific control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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3
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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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4
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Wu C, Li J, Lu L, Li M, Yuan Y, Li J. OGT and OGA: Sweet guardians of the genome. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107141. [PMID: 38447797 PMCID: PMC10981121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The past 4 decades have witnessed tremendous efforts in deciphering the role of O-GlcNAcylation in a plethora of biological processes. Chemists and biologists have joined hand in hand in the sweet adventure to unravel this unique and universal yet uncharted post-translational modification, and the recent advent of cutting-edge chemical biology and mass spectrometry tools has greatly facilitated the process. Compared with O-GlcNAc, DNA damage response (DDR) is a relatively intensively studied area that could be traced to before the elucidation of the structure of DNA. Unexpectedly, yet somewhat expectedly, O-GlcNAc has been found to regulate various DDR pathways: homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, base excision repair, and translesion DNA synthesis. In this review, we first cover the recent structural studies of the O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase, the elegant duo that "writes" and "erases" O-GlcNAc modification. Then we delineate the intricate roles of O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase in DDR. We envision that this is only the beginning of our full appreciation of how O-GlcNAc regulates the blueprint of life-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.
| | - Jiaheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Lingzi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanqiu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Weber P, Mészáros Z, Bojarová P, Ebner M, Fischer R, Křen V, Kulik N, Müller P, Vlachová M, Slámová K, Stütz AE, Thonhofer M, Torvisco A, Wrodnigg TM, Wolfsgruber A. Highly functionalized diaminocyclopentanes: A new route to potent and selective inhibitors of human O-GlcNAcase. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106819. [PMID: 37666109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of compounds inhibiting de-O-glycosylation of proteins has been identified. Highly substituted diaminocyclopentanes are impressively selective reversible non-transition state O-β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase) inhibitors. The ease of preparative access and remarkable biological activities provide highly viable leads for the development of anti-tau-phosphorylation agents with a view to eventually ameliorating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weber
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Ebner
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Philipp Müller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Miluše Vlachová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Arnold E Stütz
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Thonhofer
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja M Wrodnigg
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wolfsgruber
- Glycogroup, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Lu P, Liu Y, He M, Cao T, Yang M, Qi S, Yu H, Gao H. Cryo-EM structure of human O-GlcNAcylation enzyme pair OGT-OGA complex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6952. [PMID: 37907462 PMCID: PMC10618255 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved post-translational modification that attaches N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) to myriad cellular proteins. In response to nutritional and hormonal signals, O-GlcNAcylation regulates diverse cellular processes by modulating the stability, structure, and function of target proteins. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. A single pair of enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), catalyzes the addition and removal of O-GlcNAc on over 3,000 proteins in the human proteome. However, how OGT selects its native substrates and maintains the homeostatic control of O-GlcNAcylation of so many substrates against OGA is not fully understood. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human OGT and the OGT-OGA complex. Our studies reveal that OGT forms a functionally important scissor-shaped dimer. Within the OGT-OGA complex structure, a long flexible OGA segment occupies the extended substrate-binding groove of OGT and positions a serine for O-GlcNAcylation, thus preventing OGT from modifying other substrates. Conversely, OGT disrupts the functional dimerization of OGA and occludes its active site, resulting in the blocking of access by other substrates. This mutual inhibition between OGT and OGA may limit the futile O-GlcNAcylation cycles and help to maintain O-GlcNAc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yusong Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maozhou He
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Cao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengquan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shutao Qi
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haishan Gao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Calvelo M, Males A, Alteen MG, Willems LI, Vocadlo DJ, Davies GJ, Rovira C. Human O-GlcNAcase Uses a Preactivated Boat-skew Substrate Conformation for Catalysis. Evidence from X-ray Crystallography and QM/MM Metadynamics. ACS Catal 2023; 13:13672-13678. [PMID: 37969138 PMCID: PMC10636738 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (hOGA) is one of the two enzymes involved in nuclear and cytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation, an essential post-translational modification. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the GlcNAc-O-(Ser/Thr) glycosidic bonds via anchimeric assistance through the 2-acetamido group of the GlcNAc sugar. However, the conformational itinerary of the GlcNAc ring during catalysis remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of wild type hOGA in complex with a nonhydrolyzable glycopeptide substrate and elucidate the full enzyme catalytic mechanism using QM/MM metadynamics. We show that the enzyme can bind the substrate in either a chair- or a boat-like conformation, but only the latter is catalytically competent, leading to the reaction products via 1,4B/1S3 → [4E]‡ → 4C1 and 4C1 → [4E]‡ → 1,4B/1S3 conformational itineraries for the first and second catalytic reaction steps, respectively. Our results reconcile previous experimental observations for human and bacterial OGA and will aid the development of more effective OGA inhibitors for diseases associated with impaired O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Calvelo
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Males
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G. Alteen
- Department
of Chemistry & Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Lianne I. Willems
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Department
of Chemistry & Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08020 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Xu S, Suttapitugsakul S, Tong M, Wu R. Systematic analysis of the impact of phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation on protein subcellular localization. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112796. [PMID: 37453062 PMCID: PMC10530397 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcellular localization of proteins is critical for their functions in eukaryotic cells and is tightly correlated with protein modifications. Here, we comprehensively investigate the nuclear-cytoplasmic distributions of the phosphorylated, O-GlcNAcylated, and non-modified forms of proteins to dissect the correlation between protein distribution and modifications. Phosphorylated and O-GlcNAcylated proteins have overall higher nuclear distributions than non-modified ones. Different distributions among the phosphorylated, O-GlcNAcylated, and non-modified forms of proteins are associated with protein size, structure, and function, as well as local environment and adjacent residues around modification sites. Moreover, we perform site-mutagenesis experiments using phosphomimetic and phospho-null mutants of two proteins to validate the proteomic results. Additionally, the effects of the OGT/OGA inhibition on glycoprotein distribution are systematically investigated, and the distribution changes of glycoproteins are related to their abundance changes under the inhibitions. Systematic investigation of the relationship between protein modification and localization advances our understanding of protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Suttipong Suttapitugsakul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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9
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Hung YW, Ouyang C, Ping X, Qi Y, Wang YC, Kung HJ, Ann DK. Extracellular arginine availability modulates eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation and heme oxygenase 1 translation for cellular homeostasis. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:32. [PMID: 37217939 PMCID: PMC10201738 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrient limitations often lead to metabolic stress during cancer initiation and progression. To combat this stress, the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1, commonly known as HO-1) is thought to play a key role as an antioxidant. However, there is a discrepancy between the level of HO-1 mRNA and its protein, particularly in cells under stress. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of proteins (O-GlcNAcylation) is a recently discovered cellular signaling mechanism that rivals phosphorylation in many proteins, including eukaryote translation initiation factors (eIFs). The mechanism by which eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation regulates translation of HO-1 during extracellular arginine shortage (ArgS) remains unclear. METHODS We used mass spectrometry to study the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and Arg availability in breast cancer BT-549 cells. We validated eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation through site-specific mutagenesis and azido sugar N-azidoacetylglucosamine-tetraacylated labeling. We then evaluated the effect of eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation on cell recovery, migration, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and metabolic labeling during protein synthesis under different Arg conditions. RESULTS Our research identified eIF2α, eIF2β, and eIF2γ, as key O-GlcNAcylation targets in the absence of Arg. We found that O-GlcNAcylation of eIF2α plays a crucial role in regulating antioxidant defense by suppressing the translation of the enzyme HO-1 during Arg limitation. Our study showed that O-GlcNAcylation of eIF2α at specific sites suppresses HO-1 translation despite high levels of HMOX1 transcription. We also found that eliminating eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation through site-specific mutagenesis improves cell recovery, migration, and reduces ROS accumulation by restoring HO-1 translation. However, the level of the metabolic stress effector ATF4 is not affected by eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation under these conditions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides new insights into how ArgS fine-tunes the control of translation initiation and antioxidant defense through eIF2α O-GlcNAcylation, which has potential biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hung
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ching Ouyang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiaoli Ping
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Yi-Chang Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - David K Ann
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA.
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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10
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Hu CW, Wang A, Fan D, Worth M, Chen Z, Huang J, Xie J, Macdonald J, Li L, Jiang J. Cancer-derived mutation in the OGA stalk domain promotes cell malignancy through dysregulating PDLIM7 and p53. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2709128. [PMID: 36993758 PMCID: PMC10055641 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2709128/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the sole enzyme that hydrolyzes O-GlcNAcylation from thousands of proteins and is dysregulated in many diseases including cancer. However, the substrate recognition and pathogenic mechanisms of OGA remain largely unknown. Here we report the first discovery of a cancer-derived point mutation on the OGA's non-catalytic stalk domain that aberrantly regulated a small set of OGA-protein interactions and O-GlcNAc hydrolysis in critical cellular processes. We uncovered a novel cancer-promoting mechanism in which the OGA mutant preferentially hydrolyzed the O-GlcNAcylation from modified PDLIM7 and promoted cell malignancy by down-regulating p53 tumor suppressor in different types of cells through transcription inhibition and MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. Our study revealed the OGA deglycosylated PDLIM7 as a novel regulator of p53-MDM2 pathway, offered the first set of direct evidence on OGA substrate recognition beyond its catalytic site, and illuminated new directions to interrogate OGA's precise role without perturbing global O-GlcNAc homeostasis for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ao Wang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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11
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Wang Y, Fang X, Wang S, Wang B, Chu F, Tian Z, Zhang L, Zhou F. The role of O-GlcNAcylation in innate immunity and inflammation. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 14:6880149. [PMID: 36473120 PMCID: PMC9951266 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a highly dynamic and widespread post-translational modification (PTM) that regulates the activity, subcellular localization, and stability of target proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible PTM controlled by two cycling enzymes: O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase and O-GlcNAcase. Emerging evidence indicates that O-GlcNAcylation plays critical roles in innate immunity, inflammatory signaling, and cancer development. O-GlcNAcylation usually occurs on serine/threonine residues, where it interacts with other PTMs, such as phosphorylation. Thus, it likely has a broad regulatory scope. This review discusses the recent research advances regarding the regulatory roles of O-GlcNAcylation in innate immunity and inflammation. A more comprehensive understanding of O-GlcNAcylation could help to optimize therapeutic strategies regarding inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiuwu Fang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feng Chu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhixin Tian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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12
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Fahie KMM, Papanicolaou KN, Zachara NE. Integration of O-GlcNAc into Stress Response Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:3509. [PMID: 36359905 PMCID: PMC9654274 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosolic proteins by O-linked βN-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has emerged as a dynamic and essential post-translational modification of mammalian proteins. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off over 5000 proteins in response to diverse stimuli impacting protein function and, in turn, epigenetics and transcription, translation and proteostasis, metabolism, cell structure, and signal transduction. Environmental and physiological injury lead to complex changes in O-GlcNAcylation that impact cell and tissue survival in models of heat shock, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, as well as ischemic reperfusion injury. Numerous mechanisms that appear to underpin O-GlcNAc-mediated survival include changes in chaperone levels, impacts on the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response, improvements in mitochondrial function, and reduced protein aggregation. Here, we discuss the points at which O-GlcNAc is integrated into the cellular stress response, focusing on the roles it plays in the cardiovascular system and in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau M. M. Fahie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kyriakos N. Papanicolaou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Natasha E. Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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13
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Hu CW, Xie J, Jiang J. The Emerging Roles of Protein Interactions with O-GlcNAc Cycling Enzymes in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5135. [PMID: 36291918 PMCID: PMC9600386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic O-GlcNAc modification of intracellular proteins is an important nutrient sensor for integrating metabolic signals into vast networks of highly coordinated cellular activities. Dysregulation of the sole enzymes responsible for O-GlcNAc cycling, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and the associated cellular O-GlcNAc profile is a common feature across nearly every cancer type. Many studies have investigated the effects of aberrant OGT/OGA expression on global O-GlcNAcylation activity in cancer cells. However, recent studies have begun to elucidate the roles of protein-protein interactions (PPIs), potentially through regions outside of the immediate catalytic site of OGT/OGA, that regulate greater protein networks to facilitate substrate-specific modification, protein translocalization, and the assembly of larger biomolecular complexes. Perturbation of OGT/OGA PPI networks makes profound changes in the cell and may directly contribute to cancer malignancies. Herein, we highlight recent studies on the structural features of OGT and OGA, as well as the emerging roles and molecular mechanisms of their aberrant PPIs in rewiring cancer networks. By integrating complementary approaches, the research in this area will aid in the identification of key protein contacts and functional modules derived from OGT/OGA that drive oncogenesis and will illuminate new directions for anti-cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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14
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Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Metabolic Modulation of Skeletal Muscle: A Bright but Long Way to Go. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100888. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an atypical, dynamic and reversible O-glycosylation that is critical and abundant in metazoan. O-GlcNAcylation coordinates and receives various signaling inputs such as nutrients and stresses, thus spatiotemporally regulating the activity, stability, localization and interaction of target proteins to participate in cellular physiological functions. Our review discusses in depth the involvement of O-GlcNAcylation in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism, such as glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial biogenesis. The complex interaction and precise modulation of O-GlcNAcylation in these nutritional pathways of skeletal muscle also provide emerging mechanical information on how nutrients affect health, exercise and disease. Meanwhile, we explored the potential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle pathology and focused on its benefits in maintaining proteostasis under atrophy. In general, these understandings of O-GlcNAcylation are conducive to providing new insights into skeletal muscle (patho) physiology.
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15
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O-GlcNAcylation: An Emerging Protein Modification Regulating the Hippo Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123013. [PMID: 35740678 PMCID: PMC9221189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The contact point between the Hippo pathway, which serves as a central hub for various external environments, and O-GlcNAcylation, which is a non-canonical glycosylation process acting as a dynamic regulator in various signal transduction pathways, has recently been identified. This review aims to summarize the function of O-GlcNAcylation as an intrinsic and extrinsic regulator of the Hippo pathway. Abstract The balance between cellular proliferation and apoptosis and the regulation of cell differentiation must be established to maintain tissue homeostasis. These cellular responses involve the kinase cascade-mediated Hippo pathway as a crucial regulator. Hence, Hippo pathway dysregulation is implicated in diverse diseases, including cancer. O-GlcNAcylation is a non-canonical glycosylation that affects multiple signaling pathways through its interplay with phosphorylation in the nucleus and cytoplasm. An abnormal increase in the O-GlcNAcylation levels in various cancer cells is a potent factor in Hippo pathway dysregulation. Intriguingly, Hippo pathway dysregulation also disrupts O-GlcNAc homeostasis, leading to a persistent elevation of O-GlcNAcylation levels, which is potentially pathogenic in several diseases. Therefore, O-GlcNAcylation is gaining attention as a protein modification that regulates the Hippo pathway. This review presents a framework on how O-GlcNAcylation regulates the Hippo pathway and forms a self-perpetuating cycle with it. The pathological significance of this self-perpetuating cycle and clinical strategies for targeting O-GlcNAcylation that causes Hippo pathway dysregulation are also discussed.
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16
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Spatial and temporal proteomics reveals the distinct distributions and dynamics of O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110946. [PMID: 35705054 PMCID: PMC9244862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation plays critical roles in many cellular events, and its dysregulation is related to multiple diseases. Integrating bioorthogonal chemistry and multiplexed proteomics, we systematically and site specifically study the distributions and dynamics of protein O-GlcNAcylation in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of human cells. The results demonstrate that O-GlcNAcylated proteins with different functions have distinct distribution patterns. The distributions vary site specifically, indicating that different glycoforms of the same protein may have different distributions. Moreover, we comprehensively analyze the dynamics of O-GlcNAcylated and non-modified proteins in these two compartments, respectively, and the half-lives of glycoproteins in different compartments are markedly different, with the median half-life in the cytoplasm being much longer. In addition, glycoproteins in the nucleus are more dramatically stabilized than those in the cytoplasm under the O-GlcNAcase inhibition. The comprehensive spatial and temporal analyses of protein O-GlcNAcylation provide valuable information and advance our understanding of this important modification. Xu et al. systematically and site specifically study the distribution and dynamics of O-GlcNAcylated proteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. O-GlcNAcylated proteins with different functions have distinct distribution patterns. The half-lives of glycoproteins in the two cellular compartments are markedly different, with the much longer median half-life in the cytoplasm.
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17
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Liu Y, Hu YJ, Fan WX, Quan X, Xu B, Li SZ. O-GlcNAcylation: The Underestimated Emerging Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111789. [PMID: 35681484 PMCID: PMC9180116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic, reversible and atypical glycosylation that regulates the activity, biological function, stability, sublocation and interaction of target proteins. O-GlcNAcylation receives and coordinates different signal inputs as an intracellular integrator similar to the nutrient sensor and stress receptor, which target multiple substrates with spatio-temporal analysis specifically to maintain cellular homeostasis and normal physiological functions. Our review gives a brief description of O-GlcNAcylation and its only two processing enzymes and HBP flux, which will help to better understand its physiological characteristics of sensing nutrition and environmental cues. This nutritional and stress-sensitive properties of O-GlcNAcylation allow it to participate in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This review discusses the mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation to alleviate metabolic disorders and the controversy about the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. The level of global O-GlcNAcylation is precisely controlled and maintained in the “optimal zone”, and its abnormal changes is a potential factor in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes and diabetic complications. Although the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle physiology has been widely studied and recognized, it still is underestimated and overlooked. This review highlights the latest progress and potential mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Xu
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (S.-Z.L.)
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18
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian R. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Bolanle IO, Palmer TM. Targeting Protein O-GlcNAcylation, a Link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammatory Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040705. [PMID: 35203353 PMCID: PMC8870601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved hyperglycaemia, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a well characterised manifestation of altered fuel homeostasis and our understanding of its role in the pathologic activation of the inflammatory system continues to grow. Metabolic disorders like T2DM trigger changes in the regulation of key cellular processes such as cell trafficking and proliferation, and manifest as chronic inflammatory disorders with severe long-term consequences. Activation of inflammatory pathways has recently emerged as a critical link between T2DM and inflammation. A substantial body of evidence has suggested that this is due in part to increased flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). The HBP, a unique nutrient-sensing metabolic pathway, produces the activated amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc which is a critical substrate for protein O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic, reversible post-translational glycosylation of serine and threonine residues in target proteins. Protein O-GlcNAcylation impacts a range of cellular processes, including inflammation, metabolism, trafficking, and cytoskeletal organisation. As increased HBP flux culminates in increased protein O-GlcNAcylation, we propose that targeting O-GlcNAcylation may be a viable therapeutic strategy for the prevention and management of glucose-dependent pathologies with inflammatory components.
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20
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Saha A, Bello D, Fernández-Tejada A. Advances in chemical probing of protein O-GlcNAc glycosylation: structural role and molecular mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10451-10485. [PMID: 34338261 PMCID: PMC8451060 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The addition of O-linked-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is an abundant, unique post-translational modification governing important biological processes. O-GlcNAc dysregulation underlies several metabolic disorders leading to human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and diabetes. This review provides an extensive summary of the recent progress in probing O-GlcNAcylation using mainly chemical methods, with a special focus on discussing mechanistic insights and the structural role of O-GlcNAc at the molecular level. We highlight key aspects of the O-GlcNAc enzymes, including development of OGT and OGA small-molecule inhibitors, and describe a variety of chemoenzymatic and chemical biology approaches for the study of O-GlcNAcylation. Special emphasis is placed on the power of chemistry in the form of synthetic glycopeptide and glycoprotein tools for investigating the site-specific functional consequences of the modification. Finally, we discuss in detail the conformational effects of O-GlcNAc glycosylation on protein structure and stability, relevant O-GlcNAc-mediated protein interactions and its molecular recognition features by biological receptors. Future research in this field will provide novel, more effective chemical strategies and probes for the molecular interrogation of O-GlcNAcylation, elucidating new mechanisms and functional roles of O-GlcNAc with potential therapeutic applications in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Saha
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC-bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio 48160, Biscay, Spain.
| | - Davide Bello
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC-bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio 48160, Biscay, Spain.
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC-bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio 48160, Biscay, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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21
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Balana AT, Moon SP, Pratt MR. O-GlcNAcylated peptides and proteins for structural and functional studies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:84-93. [PMID: 33434850 PMCID: PMC8222092 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an enzymatic post-translational modification occurring in hundreds of protein substrates. This modification occurs through the addition of the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues on intracellular proteins in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. As a highly dynamic form of modification, changes in O-GlcNAc levels coincide with alterations in metabolic state, the presence of stressors, and cellular health. At the protein level, the consequences of the sugar modification can vary, thus necessitating biochemical investigations on protein-specific and site-specific effects. To this end, enzymatic and chemical methods to 'encode' the modification have been developed and the utilization of these synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins has since been instrumental in the discovery of the mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation can affect a diverse array of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Balana
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Stuart P Moon
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States.
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22
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Meekrathok P, Bürger M, Porfetye AT, Kumsaoad S, Aunkham A, Vetter IR, Suginta W. Structural basis of chitin utilization by a GH20 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Vibrio campbellii strain ATCC BAA-1116. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 77:674-689. [PMID: 33950022 PMCID: PMC8098473 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures of a GH20 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from V. campbellii reveal substrate specificity in chitin utilization. Vibrio species play a crucial role in maintaining the carbon and nitrogen balance between the oceans and the land through their ability to employ chitin as a sole source of energy. This study describes the structural basis for the action of the GH20 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (VhGlcNAcase) in chitin metabolism by Vibrio campbellii (formerly V. harveyi) strain ATCC BAA-1116. Crystal structures of wild-type VhGlcNAcase in the absence and presence of the sugar ligand, and of the unliganded D437A mutant, were determined. VhGlcNAcase contains three distinct domains: an N-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain linked to a small α+β domain and a C-terminal (β/α)8 catalytic domain. The active site of VhGlcNAcase has a narrow, shallow pocket that is suitable for accommodating a small chitooligosaccharide. VhGlcNAcase is a monomeric enzyme of 74 kDa, but its crystal structures show two molecules of enzyme per asymmetric unit, in which Gln16 at the dimeric interface of the first molecule partially blocks the entrance to the active site of the neighboring molecule. The GlcNAc unit observed in subsite −1 makes exclusive hydrogen bonds to the conserved residues Arg274, Tyr530, Asp532 and Glu584, while Trp487, Trp546, Trp582 and Trp505 form a hydrophobic wall around the −1 GlcNAc. The catalytic mutants D437A/N and E438A/Q exhibited a drastic loss of GlcNAcase activity, confirming the catalytic role of the acidic pair (Asp437–Glu438).
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanat Meekrathok
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Marco Bürger
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arthur T Porfetye
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sawitree Kumsaoad
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Aunkham
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wipa Suginta
- Biochemistry-Electrochemistry Research Unit, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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23
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Bage MG, Almohammed R, Cowling VH, Pisliakov A. A novel RNA pol II CTD interaction site on the mRNA capping enzyme is essential for its allosteric activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3109-3126. [PMID: 33684220 PMCID: PMC8034621 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of the mRNA capping enzyme (CE/RNGTT) to the site of transcription is essential for the formation of the 5' mRNA cap, which in turn ensures efficient transcription, splicing, polyadenylation, nuclear export and translation of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. The CE GTase is recruited and activated by the Serine-5 phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. Through the use of molecular dynamics simulations and enhanced sampling techniques, we provide a systematic and detailed characterization of the human CE-CTD interface, describing the effect of the CTD phosphorylation state, length and orientation on this interaction. Our computational analyses identify novel CTD interaction sites on the human CE GTase surface and quantify their relative contributions to CTD binding. We also identify, for the first time, allosteric connections between the CE GTase active site and the CTD binding sites, allowing us to propose a mechanism for allosteric activation. Through binding and activity assays we validate the novel CTD binding sites and show that the CDS2 site is essential for CE GTase activity stimulation. Comparison of the novel sites with cocrystal structures of the CE-CTD complex in different eukaryotic taxa reveals that this interface is considerably more conserved than previous structures have indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Bage
- Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rajaei Almohammed
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Victoria H Cowling
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Andrei V Pisliakov
- Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Physics, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
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24
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Prestegard JH. A perspective on the PDB's impact on the field of glycobiology. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100556. [PMID: 33744289 PMCID: PMC8058564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) facilitate our understanding of many biological processes including those that fall under the general category of glycobiology. However, structure-based studies of how glycans affect protein structure, how they are synthesized, and how they regulate other biological processes remain challenging. Despite the abundant presence of glycans on proteins and the dense layers of glycans that surround most of our cells, structures containing glycans are underrepresented in the PDB. There are sound reasons for this, including difficulties in producing proteins with well-defined glycosylation and the tendency of mobile and heterogeneous glycans to inhibit crystallization. Nevertheless, the structures we do find in the PDB, even some of the earliest deposited structures, have had an impact on our understanding of function. I highlight a few examples in this review and point to some promises for the future. Promises include new structures from methodologies, such as cryo-EM, that are less affected by the presence of glycans and experiment-aided computational methods that build on existing structures to provide insight into the many ways glycans affect biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Prestegard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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25
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Joiner CM, Hammel FA, Janetzko J, Walker S. Protein Substrates Engage the Lumen of O-GlcNAc Transferase's Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain in Different Ways. Biochemistry 2021; 60:847-853. [PMID: 33709700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is an essential post-translational modification in mammals. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme responsible for this modification, glycosylates more than 1000 unique nuclear and cytoplasmic substrates. How OGT selects its substrates is a fundamental question that must be answered to understand OGT's unusual biology. OGT contains a long tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain that has been implicated in substrate selection, but there is almost no information about how changes to this domain affect glycosylation of individual substrates. By profiling O-GlcNAc in cell extracts and probing glycosylation of purified substrates, we show here that ladders of asparagines and aspartates that extend the full length of OGT's TPR lumen control substrate glycosylation. Different substrates are sensitive to changes in different regions of OGT's TPR lumen. We also found that substrates with glycosylation sites close to the C-terminus bypass lumenal binding. Our findings demonstrate that substrates can engage OGT in a variety of different ways for glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Joiner
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Forrest A Hammel
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John Janetzko
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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26
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Ma J, Wu C, Hart GW. Analytical and Biochemical Perspectives of Protein O-GlcNAcylation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1513-1581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Gerald W. Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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27
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Xiong J, Xu D. Mechanistic Insights into the Hydrolysis of O-GlcNAcylation Catalyzed by Human O-GlcNAcase. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9310-9322. [PMID: 32970432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc glycosylation occurs on specific serine/threonine residues of intracellular proteins, which is widely related to various diseases, including type II diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. Human O-GlcNAcase (hOGA) is responsible for the removal of O-GlcNAc modification and thus serves as the main target for inhibitor design. In this work, we systematically investigated the mechanism catalyzed by hOGA using the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical method. Based on calculated free energy profiles, two essential steps named cyclization (Cyc) step and ring opening step are required to generate the final hemiacetal product. The Cyc of the 2-acetamido group, the rate-limiting step, leads to the generation of the intermediate of a bicyclic oxazolinium ion (EI1). Next, the oxazoline ring could be broken via the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule at the C1 position, which generates the final product. Along with this, our simulations clearly suggest the existence of an oxazoline intermediate (EI2), which is produced via proton transfer (PT) from the 2-acetamido group (EI1) to D174. This PT step features a reversible process with a low energy barrier, which could be attributed to a low barrier hydrogen bond between the donor and acceptor. The stabilizing effect of the low barrier hydrogen bond on EI1 is proposed to be very important for accelerating the overall reaction. In fact, the site-directed mutagenesis simulations of D174A and D175A strongly indicate that the catalytic residues mainly affect the observed reaction rate by affecting the stability of the intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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28
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Estevez A, Zhu D, Blankenship C, Jiang J. Molecular Interrogation to Crack the Case of O-GlcNAc. Chemistry 2020; 26:12086-12100. [PMID: 32207184 PMCID: PMC7724648 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, termed O-GlcNAcylation, is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification in cells. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) installs this modification on serine and threonine residues, whereas O-GlcNAcase (OGA) hydrolyzes it. O-GlcNAc modifications are found on thousands of intracellular proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes has been detected in many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, recent advances in the development of molecular tools to investigate OGT and OGA functions and substrate recognition are discussed. New chemical approaches to study O-GlcNAc dynamics and its potential roles in the immune system are also highlighted. It is hoped that this minireview will encourage more research in these areas to advance the understanding of O-GlcNAc in biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielis Estevez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Connor Blankenship
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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29
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Gorelik A, van Aalten DMF. Tools for functional dissection of site-specific O-GlcNAcylation. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:98-109. [PMID: 34458751 PMCID: PMC8386111 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine covalently tethered to serines and threonines. Modification of proteins with O-GlcNAc is required for metazoan embryo development and maintains cellular homeostasis through effects on transcription, signalling and stress response. While disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis can have detrimental impact on cell physiology and cause various diseases, little is known about the functions of individual O-GlcNAc sites. Most of the sites are modified sub-stoichiometrically which is a major challenge to the dissection of O-GlcNAc function. Here, we discuss the application, advantages and limitations of the currently available tools and technologies utilised to dissect the function of O-GlcNAc on individual proteins and sites in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we provide a perspective on future developments required to decipher the protein- and site-specific roles of this essential sugar modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Gorelik
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee UK
- Institute for Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
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30
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Chang YH, Weng CL, Lin KI. O-GlcNAcylation and its role in the immune system. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:57. [PMID: 32349769 PMCID: PMC7189445 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a type of glycosylation that occurs when a monosaccharide, O-GlcNAc, is added onto serine or threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and which can be reversibly removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation couples the processes of nutrient sensing, metabolism, signal transduction and transcription, and plays important roles in development, normal physiology and physiopathology. Cumulative studies have indicated that O-GlcNAcylation affects the functions of protein substrates in a number of ways, including protein cellular localization, protein stability and protein/protein interaction. Particularly, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to have intricate crosstalk with phosphorylation as they both modify serine or threonine residues. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation on various protein substrates has been implicated in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancers. However, the role of protein O-GlcNAcylation in immune cell lineages has been less explored. This review summarizes the current understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of O-GlcNAcylation, and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation regulates the development, maturation and functions of immune cells. In brief, O-GlcNAcylation promotes the development, proliferation, and activation of T and B cells. O-GlcNAcylation regulates inflammatory and antiviral responses of macrophages. O-GlcNAcylation promotes the function of activated neutrophils, but inhibits the activity of nature killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Weng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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31
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Ezeudu FO, Eya NM, Nwafor SC, Ogbonna CS. Intervention for depression among chemistry education undergraduates in a Nigerian university. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519865064. [PMID: 31353988 PMCID: PMC7140185 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519865064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed the efficacy of a rational-emotive behaviour therapy
psycho-educational programme in reducing depression among chemistry
education undergraduates in a Nigerian university. Methods Twenty-three chemistry education undergraduates with major depressive
disorder were randomised to a treatment group (12) or control group (11).
Students were scored using Beck’s Depression Inventory three times
(pre-test, post-treatment, and follow-up). An evidence-based protocol for
combating depression was used in the treatment. Controls received
counselling. Data were evaluated using univariate analysis of variance and
two-way mixed analysis of variance. Results Mean depression scores did not differ between groups prior to the
intervention. Rational-emotive behaviour therapy was effective in reducing
depression scores. Conclusion Rational-emotive behaviour therapy is an effective tool in assisting
university undergraduates (of chemistry education) to manage depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngozi M. Eya
- Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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32
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King DT, Males A, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Molecular mechanisms regulating O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-processing enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:131-144. [PMID: 31654859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) dynamically programmes cellular physiology to maintain homoeostasis and tailor biochemical pathways to meet context-dependent cellular needs. Despite diverse roles of played by O-GlcNAc, only two enzymes act antagonistically to govern its cycling; O-GlcNAc transferase installs the monosaccharide on target proteins, and O-GlcNAc hydrolase removes it. The recent literature has exposed a network of mechanisms regulating these two enzymes to choreograph global, and target-specific, O-GlcNAc cycling in response to cellular stress and nutrient availability. Herein, we amalgamate these emerging mechanisms from a structural and molecular perspective to explore how the cell exerts fine control to regulate O-GlcNAcylation of diverse proteins in a selective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T King
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alexandra Males
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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33
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Structural characterization of the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes: insights into substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:97-106. [PMID: 30708324 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) cycling is implicated in a range of diseases including diabetes and cancer. This modification maintains cellular homeostasis by regulating several biological processes, such as cell signaling. This highly regulated cycle is governed by two sole essential enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase that add O-GlcNAc and remove it from over a thousand substrates, respectively. Until recently, due to lack of structural information, the mechanism of substrate recognition has eluted researchers. Here, we review recent successes in structural characterization of these enzymes and how this information has illuminated key features essential for catalysis and substrate recognition. Additionally, we highlight recent studies which have used this information to expand our understanding of substrate specificity by each enzyme.
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34
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Abstract
In the early 1980s, while using purified glycosyltransferases to probe glycan structures on surfaces of living cells in the murine immune system, we discovered a novel form of serine/threonine protein glycosylation (O-linked β-GlcNAc; O-GlcNAc) that occurs on thousands of proteins within the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Prior to this discovery, it was dogma that protein glycosylation was restricted to the luminal compartments of the secretory pathway and on extracellular domains of membrane and secretory proteins. Work in the last 3 decades from several laboratories has shown that O-GlcNAc cycling serves as a nutrient sensor to regulate signaling, transcription, mitochondrial activity, and cytoskeletal functions. O-GlcNAc also has extensive cross-talk with phosphorylation, not only at the same or proximal sites on polypeptides, but also by regulating each other's enzymes that catalyze cycling of the modifications. O-GlcNAc is generally not elongated or modified. It cycles on and off polypeptides in a time scale similar to phosphorylation, and both the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), are highly conserved from C. elegans to humans. Both O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes are essential in mammals and plants. Due to O-GlcNAc's fundamental roles as a nutrient and stress sensor, it plays an important role in the etiologies of chronic diseases of aging, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. This review will present an overview of our current understanding of O-GlcNAc's regulation, functions, and roles in chronic diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Hart
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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35
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Males A, Davies GJ. Structural studies of a surface-entropy reduction mutant of O-GlcNAcase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:70-78. [PMID: 30644846 PMCID: PMC6333286 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318016595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme O-GlcNAcase catalyses the removal of the O-GlcNAc co/post-translational modification in multicellular eukaryotes. The enzyme has become of acute interest given the intimate role of O-GlcNAcylation in tau modification and stability; small-molecular inhibitors of human O-GlcNAcase are under clinical assessment for the treatment of tauopathies. Given the importance of structure-based and mechanism-based inhibitor design for O-GlcNAcase, it was sought to test whether different crystal forms of the human enzyme could be achieved by surface mutagenesis. Guided by surface-entropy reduction, a Glu602Ala/Glu605Ala variant [on the Gly11-Gln396/Lys535-Tyr715 construct; Roth et al. (2017), Nature Chem. Biol. 13, 610-612] was obtained which led to a new crystal form of the human enzyme. An increase in crystal contacts stabilized disordered regions of the protein, enabling 88% of the structure to be modelled; only 83% was possible for the wild-type construct. Although the binding of the C-terminus was consistent with the wild type, Lys713 in monomer A was bound in the -1 subsite of the symmetry-related monomer A and the active sites of the B monomers were vacant. The new crystal form presents an opportunity for enhanced soaking experiments that are essential to understanding the binding mechanism and substrate specificity of O-GlcNAcase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Males
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
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36
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Hu CW, Worth M, Li H, Jiang J. Chemical and Biochemical Strategies To Explore the Substrate Recognition of O-GlcNAc-Cycling Enzymes. Chembiochem 2018; 20:312-318. [PMID: 30199580 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is an essential component in cell regulation. A single pair of human enzymes conducts this modification dynamically on a broad variety of proteins: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) adds the GlcNAc residue and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) hydrolyzes it. This modification is dysregulated in many diseases, but its exact effect on particular substrates remains unclear. In addition, no apparent sequence motif has been found in the modified proteins, and the factors controlling the substrate specificity of OGT and OGA are largely unknown. In this minireview, we will discuss recent developments in chemical and biochemical methods toward addressing the challenge of OGT and OGA substrate recognition. We hope that the new concepts and knowledge from these studies will promote research in this area to advance understanding of O-GlcNAc regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Matthew Worth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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37
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Laarse SAM, Leney AC, Heck AJR. Crosstalk between phosphorylation and O‐Glc
NA
cylation: friend or foe. FEBS J 2018; 285:3152-3167. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saar A. M. Laarse
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aneika C. Leney
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre Utrecht The Netherlands
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