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Kim H, Kang C, Jang D, Roh Y, Lee SH, Lee JW, Sung JH, Lee SK, Kim KY. Ionizing terahertz waves with 260 MV/cm from scalable optical rectification. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:118. [PMID: 38802347 PMCID: PMC11130333 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) waves, known as non-ionizing radiation owing to their low photon energies, can actually ionize atoms and molecules when a sufficiently large number of THz photons are concentrated in time and space. Here, we demonstrate the generation of ionizing, multicycle, 15-THz waves emitted from large-area lithium niobate crystals via phase-matched optical rectification of 150-terawatt laser pulses. A complete characterization of the generated THz waves in energy, pulse duration, and focal spot size shows that the field strength can reach up to 260 megavolts per centimeter. In particular, a single-shot THz interferometer is employed to measure the THz pulse duration and spectrum with complementary numerical simulations. Such intense THz pulses are irradiated onto various solid targets to demonstrate THz-induced tunneling ionization and plasma formation. This study also discusses the potential of nonperturbative THz-driven ionization in gases, which will open up new opportunities, including nonlinear and relativistic THz physics in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmun Kim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Chul Kang
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
| | - Dogeun Jang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yulan Roh
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Sang Hwa Lee
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Joong Wook Lee
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronics Convergence Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Sung
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Seong Ku Lee
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Ki-Yong Kim
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.
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2
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Li ZL, Bian XB. Terahertz radiation induced by shift currents in liquids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315297121. [PMID: 38377191 PMCID: PMC10907241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315297121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the experimental studies on laser-induced terahertz (THz) radiation in liquids. Liquid THz demonstrates many unique features different from the gas and plasma THz. For example, the liquid THz can be efficiently produced by a monochromatic laser. Its yield is maximized with a longer driving-pulse duration. It is also linearly dependent on the excitation pulse energy. In two-color laser fields, an unexpected unmodulated THz field was measured, and its energy dependence of the driving laser is completely different from that of the modulated THz waves. However, the underlying microscopic mechanism is still unclear due to the difficulties in the description of ultrafast dynamics in complex disordered liquids. Here we propose a shift-current model. The experimental observations could be reproduced by our theory successfully. In addition, our theory could be further utilized to investigate the nuclear quantum effect in the THz radiation in H2O and D2O. This work provides fundamental insights into the origin of the THz radiation in bulk liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Liang Li
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430071, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xue-Bin Bian
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430071, China
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3
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Wang H, Chen YY, Zhang X, Shen B. Generation and periodic evolution of third harmonics carrying transverse orbital angular momentum in air-plasma filaments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36810-36823. [PMID: 38017823 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal optical vortex (STOV) pulses, possessing inherent transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) and exhibiting phase singularity and intensity null in the spatiotemporal (ST) domain, have received increasing attention in recent years. Here, we investigate theoretically the third harmonic generation and evolution properties of STOV pulses via the interaction of 800-nm-STOV pulses with air-plasma filaments. We show that beautiful third harmonic STOV pulses are generated at a propagation distance of several millimeters. During further propagation, the ST intensity profiles of the third harmonics undergo variations in a periodic way, leading to the distortion and subsequent restoration to the initial ring pattern. The periodic evolution is a result of the interference effects between the third harmonics generated with different phases. Consequently, the evolution period is roughly twice the dephasing length of the third harmonics. Meanwhile, additional singularities emerge in the intensity patterns due to destructive interference occurring at specific dephasing lengths for the specific frequency components. The high-frequency components experience destructive interference earlier than the low-frequency components during each evolution period because the dephasing length decreases with frequency. This results in the sequentially appearance of the additional singularities from top to bottom in the ST intensity patterns. The proposed scheme demonstrates a way for higher-order STOV generation and manipulation in air-plasma filaments, which can be of interest for experiments related to vortex light science.
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Huang HH, Juodkazis S, Gamaly EG, Tikhonchuk VT, Hatanaka K. Mechanism of Single-Cycle THz Pulse Generation and X-ray Emission: Water-Flow Irradiated by Two Ultra-Short Laser Pulses. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2505. [PMID: 37764534 PMCID: PMC10538184 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of two subsequent ultra-short sub-milli-Joule laser pulses with a thin water flow results in an emission of a strong single-cycle THz pulse associated with enhanced soft X-ray emission. In this paper, a chain of processes produced in this interaction is analyzed and compared with other THz generation studies. It is demonstrated that the enhanced THz and X-ray emissions are produced by an energetic electron beam accelerated in the interaction of a main laser pulse with liquid water ejected from the surface by the pre-pulse. This scheme thus provides an efficient laser energy conversion in a THz pulse, avoiding laser self-focusing and filamentation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Huang
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Eugene G. Gamaly
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Vladimir T. Tikhonchuk
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France
- Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, ELI Beamlines Facility, Za Radnicic 835, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Koji Hatanaka
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Research Administration Office, Organization for Research Strategy and Development, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
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Wang H, Shen T, Liu J, Zhu Y, Li H, Wang T. Enhancement of Terahertz Emission by Silver Nanoparticles in a Liquid Medium. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1593. [PMID: 37630129 PMCID: PMC10456659 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to higher molecular density, lower ionization potential, and a better self-healing property compared with gases, liquid targets have been used for laser-induced terahertz generation for many years. In this work, a liquid target used for terahertz radiation is embedded with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which makes the material have both the fluidity of liquids and conductivity of metals. Meanwhile, the experimental setup is easier to implement than that of liquid metals. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used as a stabilizing agent to avoid precipitation formation. It is observed that the power of 0.5 THz radiation from the Ag NP suspension is five times stronger than that from liquid water in identical experimental conditions. In addition, the reusability of the material is investigated using multiple excitations. UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM imaging are carried out to analyze the target material after each excitation. As a result, quasispherical Ag NP suspensions show good reusability for several excitations and only a decrease in particle concentration is observed. By contrast, the chain-like Ag NP suspension shows poor stability due to PVA damage caused by intense laser pulses, so it cannot be used in a recyclable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Wang
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jinkun Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hong Li
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Tianwu Wang
- GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510700, China
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Peng N, Chen Y, Chen YG, Tan S, Yao WB, Li YX, Yu JQ, Xiao CZ. Amplification of a terahertz wave via stimulated Raman scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2433-2436. [PMID: 37126291 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extremely strong terahertz (THz) waves are desperately demanded for investigating nonlinear physics, spectroscopy, and imaging in the THz range. However, traditional crystal-/semiconductor-based THz sources have limitations of reaching extremely high amplitude due to the damage threshold of devices. Here, by introducing Raman amplification to the THz range, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, scheme to amplify THz waves in plasma. A long-pulse CO2 pump laser transfers its energy to a multicycle, 10-THz seed in a two-step plasma. By one-dimensional simulations, a 0.87-GV/m, 1.2-ps-duration THz seed is amplified to 10 GV/m in a 5.7-mm-long plasma with an amplification efficiency approaching 1%. The method provides a new technology to manipulate the intensity of THz waves.
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7
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Huang HH, Nagashima T, Hatanaka K. Shockwave-based THz emission in air. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5650-5661. [PMID: 36823839 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
THz emission in air under the irradiation of a pair of tightly-focused femtosecond laser pulses (800nm, 35fs) with nanosecond time delay and micro-meter spatial offsets is studied with polarization-sensitive THz time-domain spectroscopy and time-resolved imaging. The pre-pulse irradiation induces air-breakdown at its focus, which results in the expansion of shockwave front traveling outward. When the main pulse irradiates such shockwave front far from the pre-pulse focus with nanosecond delay, THz emission intensity was enhanced up to ∼13-times and its linear polarization was aligned along the line between the two focus positions of the pre- and the main pulses which is parallel to the expansion direction of the shockwave front. Asymmetric density profiles of the shockwave fronts prepared by the pre-pulse irradiation define the polarization of THz emission. Mechanisms are discussed from the viewpoint of electron diffusion in such asymmetric density profiles.
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8
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Pak T, Rezaei-Pandari M, Kim SB, Lee G, Wi DH, Hojbota CI, Mirzaie M, Kim H, Sung JH, Lee SK, Kang C, Kim KY. Multi-millijoule terahertz emission from laser-wakefield-accelerated electrons. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:37. [PMID: 36740599 PMCID: PMC9899771 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-power terahertz radiation was observed to be emitted from a gas jet irradiated by 100-terawatt-class laser pulses in the laser-wakefield acceleration of electrons. The emitted terahertz radiation was characterized in terms of its spectrum, polarization, and energy dependence on the accompanying electron bunch energy and charge under various gas target conditions. With a nitrogen target, more than 4 mJ of energy was produced at <10 THz with a laser-to-terahertz conversion efficiency of ~0.15%. Such strong terahertz radiation is hypothesized to be produced from plasma electrons accelerated by the ponderomotive force of the laser and the plasma wakefields on the time scale of the laser pulse duration and plasma period. This model is examined with analytic calculations and particle-in-cell simulations to better understand the generation mechanism of high-energy terahertz radiation in laser-wakefield acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegyu Pak
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Mohammad Rezaei-Pandari
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sang Beom Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Geonwoo Lee
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Dae Hee Wi
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Calin Ioan Hojbota
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Mohammad Mirzaie
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyeongmun Kim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Sung
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Seong Ku Lee
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Chul Kang
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Ki-Yong Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.
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Zhu D, Li C, Sun X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Gao H. The Effect of Air Turbulence on Vortex Beams in Nonlinear Propagation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1772. [PMID: 36850370 PMCID: PMC9964510 DOI: 10.3390/s23041772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vortex beams with orthogonality can be widely used in atmospheric applications. We numerically analyzed the statistical regularities of vortex beams propagating through a lens or an axicon with different series of turbulent air phase screens. The simulative results revealed that the distortion of the transverse intensity was sensitive to the location and the structure constant of the turbulence screen. In addition, the axicon can be regarded as a very useful optical device, since it can not only suppress the turbulence but also maintain a stable beam pattern. We further confirmed that a vortex beam with a large topological charge can suppress the influence of air turbulence. Our outcomes are valuable for many applications in the atmospheric air, especially for optical communication and remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yali Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Sun FZ, Liao GQ, Lei HY, Wang TZ, Wei YY, Wang D, Chen H, Liu F, Li YT, Zhang J. A non-collinear autocorrelator for single-shot characterization of ultrabroadband terahertz pulses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:123003. [PMID: 36586913 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conventional terahertz (THz) waveform or spectral diagnostics mainly employ the electro-optic-based techniques or the multi-shot Michelson interferometer. Simultaneously, single-shot, ultrabroadband THz spectral measurements remain challenging. In this paper, a novel probe-free scheme based on the non-collinear autocorrelation technique is proposed to characterize the ultrabroadband THz spectrum at a single-shot mode. The non-collinear autocorrelator is a modified beam-division interferometer, in which the two beams are recombined non-collinearly onto a camera. The temporal or spectral resolution and range depend on the noncollinear configuration and camera parameters. This simple approach has been applied experimentally to characterize the ultrashort THz pulse generated from ultraintense laser-solid interactions, demonstrating the capability of single-shot ultrabroadband measurements without an auxiliary ultrafast laser probe. The proposed non-collinear autocorrelator here would be much useful for characterization and applications of low-repetition-rate intense THz sources and could also be extended to other frequency bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Zheng Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guo-Qian Liao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Yi Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tian-Ze Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan-Yu Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MoE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu-Tong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Chen Y, He Y, Liu L, Tian Z, Dai J. Scaling of the terahertz emission from liquid water lines by plasma reshaping. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5969-5972. [PMID: 37219149 DOI: 10.1364/ol.477246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquids are proposed to be promising terahertz (THz) sources. However, the detected THz electric field is limited by the collection efficiency and saturation effect. A simplified simulation based on the interference of ponderomotive-force-induced dipoles indicates that, by reshaping the plasma, the THz radiation is concentrated in the collection direction. Experimentally, by using a cylindrical lens pair to form a line-shaped plasma in transverse section, the THz radiation is redirected, and the pump energy dependence follows a quadratic trend, indicating that the saturation effect is significantly weakened. As a result, the detected THz energy is enhanced by a factor of ∼5. This demonstration provides a simple but effective way of further scaling detectable THz signals from liquids.
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Konstantakis P, Dufour PE, Manousidaki M, Koulouklidis AD, Tzortzakis S. Taming femtosecond laser filamentation and supercontinuum generation in liquids using neural networks. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5445-5448. [PMID: 37219240 DOI: 10.1364/ol.466287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the spectral shaping of supercontinuum generation in liquids by employing properly engineered Bessel beams coupled with artificial neural networks. We demonstrate that given a custom spectrum, neural networks are capable of outputting the experimental parameters needed to generate it experimentally.
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13
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Guan Z, Wang B, Wang GL, Zhou XX, Jin C. Analysis of low-frequency THz emission from monolayer graphene irradiated by a long two-color laser pulse. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26912-26930. [PMID: 36236874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiations from graphene are expected to provide a powerful light source for their wide applications. However, their conversion efficiencies are limited with either long-duration or few-cycle single-color laser pulses. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that THz waves can be efficiently generated from monolayer graphene by using a long-duration two-color laser pulse at normal incidence. Our simulated results show that low-frequency THz emissions are sensitive to the phase difference between two colors, the laser intensity, and the fundamental wavelength. Their dependence on these parameters can be very well reproduced by asymmetry parameters accounting for electron populations of conduction and valence bands. On the contrary, a newly defined σ parameter including the Landau-Zener tunneling probability cannot precisely predict such dependence. Furthermore, the waveform of THz electric field driven by two-color laser pulses exhibits the typical feature of a half-cycle pulse.
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Wang H, Song Q, Cai Y, Lu X, Lin Q, Zeng X, Shangguan H, Xu S, Chen YY, Shen B. Local OAM manipulation of a terahertz wave from the air filament by chirping the few-cycle vortex pump laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9727-9744. [PMID: 35299392 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme to manipulate the local orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the ultra-broadband (0.1-30 THz) terahertz (THz) waves from the laser-induced short air filament via chirping the few-cycle vortex laser pump. The simulation results show that either the THz vortex pulses with linear azimuth-dependent phases or the THz angular accelerating vortex beams (AAVBs) with nonlinear azimuth-dependent phases can be produced by tuning the chirp parameter of the pump. Thus, the dominant physical mechanism for THz generation can be determined. The THz temporal and transverse spatial distributions can be also controlled by the chirp parameter. Furthermore, their local OAM density distributions present very complex structures because most of the modulated azimuthal intensity and the corresponding local angular helicity distributions are not able to cancel out completely. Via analyzing the simulated THz results at the different pump intensities, we classify the initial pump intensity into three cases. For the low intensity case, the Kerr effect comes into prominence, so the generated THz radiation shall be vortex pulses. While for the high intensity case, the leading plasma effect dominates. In contrast, when the pump intensity is at the medium level, the Kerr nonlinearity and the plasma effect may be comparable and competitive. Basically, THz AAVBs are generated for both high and medium intensity cases. Our study will provide the possibility for studying the optically induced rotation technology more intuitively from the perspective of angular momentum transfer.
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Tan Y, Zhao H, Wang WM, Zhang R, Zhao YJ, Zhang CL, Zhang XC, Zhang LL. Water-Based Coherent Detection of Broadband Terahertz Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:093902. [PMID: 35302828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.093902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Both solids and gases have been demonstrated as the materials for terahertz (THz) coherent detection. The gas-based coherent detection methods require a high-energy probe laser beam and the detection bandwidth is limited in the solid-based methods. Whether liquids can be used for THz detection and relax these problems has not yet been reported, which becomes a timely and interesting topic due to the recent observation of efficient THz wave generation in liquids. Here, we propose a THz coherent detection scheme based on liquid water. When a THz pulse and a fundamental laser beam are mixed on a free-flowing water film, a second harmonic (SH) beam is generated as the plasma is formed. Combining this THz-induced SH beam with a control SH beam, we successfully achieve the time-resolved waveform of the THz field with the frequency range of 0.1-18 THz. The required probe laser energy is as low as a few microjoules. The sensitivity of our scheme is 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the air-based method under comparable detection conditions. The scheme is sensitive to the THz polarization and the phase difference between the fundamental and control SH beams, which brings direct routes for optimization and polarization sensitive detection. Energy scaling and polarization properties of the THz-induced beam indicate that its generation can be attributed to a four-wave mixing process. This generation mechanism makes simple relationships among the probe laser, THz-induced SH, and THz field, favorable for robustness and flexibility of the detection device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics (MoE), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Center for Metamaterials, Wuzhen Laboratory, Jiaxing 314500, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Functional Materials and Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yue-Jin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cun-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics (MoE), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Zhang
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Liang-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics (MoE), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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Chen Y, He Y, Zhang Y, Tian Z, Dai J. Systematic investigation of terahertz wave generation from liquid water lines. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20477-20486. [PMID: 34266136 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the process of terahertz (THz) wave generation from liquid water is crucial for further developing liquid THz sources. We present a systematic investigation of THz wave generated from laser-irradiated water lines. We show that water line in the diameter range of 0.1-0.2 mm generates the strongest THz wave, and THz frequency red shift is observed when diameter of the water line increases. The pump pulse energy dependence is decoupled from self-focusing effect by compensating the focal point displacement. As the pump pulse energy increases, saturation effect in THz peak electric field is observed, which can be mainly attributed to the intensity clamping effect inside the plasma and have never been reported previously, using water line or water film as the THz source. The proposed mechanism for saturation is supported by an independent measurement of laser pulse spectrum broadening. This work may help to further understand the laser-liquid interaction in THz generation process.
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17
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Chizhov PA, Grishin MY, Pershin SM, Lednev VN, Ushakov AA, Bukin VV. Tunable-shift stimulated Raman scattering in water by chirped 50 fs to 4.5 ps UV-pulses. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2686-2689. [PMID: 34061088 DOI: 10.1364/ol.426104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) induced by focused 400 nm pulses chirped to different pulse durations is observed in water and heavy water. The first Stokes Raman peak shift is shown to be tunable in the range of ${{3500 {-} 4200}}\;{{\rm{cm}}^{- 1}}$ in water and ${{2450 {-} 3250}}\;{{\rm{cm}}^{- 1}}$ in heavy water. It is demonstrated that the Stokes peak shift increases for shorter pulse durations and higher intensities.
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18
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Zhang Y, Li K, Zhao H. Intense terahertz radiation: generation and application. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:4-36. [PMID: 36637780 PMCID: PMC9743905 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Strong terahertz (THz) radiation provides a powerful tool to manipulate and control complex condensed matter systems. This review provides an overview of progress in the generation, detection, and applications of intense THz radiation. The tabletop intense THz sources based on Ti:sapphire laser are reviewed, including photoconductive antennas (PCAs), optical rectification sources, plasma-based THz sources, and some novel techniques for THz generations, such as topological insulators, spintronic materials, and metasurfaces. The coherent THz detection methods are summarized, and their limitations for intense THz detection are analyzed. Applications of intense THz radiation are introduced, including applications in spectroscopy detection, nonlinear effects, and switching of coherent magnons. The review is concluded with a short perspective on the generation and applications of intense THz radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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19
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Jin Q, Yiwen E, Zhang XC. Terahertz aqueous photonics. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:37-63. [PMID: 36637782 PMCID: PMC9743863 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and robust terahertz (THz) sources is of incessant interest in the THz community for their wide applications. With successive effort in past decades, numerous groups have achieved THz wave generation from solids, gases, and plasmas. However, liquid, especially liquid water has never been demonstrated as a THz source. One main reason leading the impediment is that water has strong absorption characteristics in the THz frequency regime.A thin water film under intense laser excitation was introduced as the THz source to mitigate the considerable loss of THz waves from the absorption. Laser-induced plasma formation associated with a ponderomotive force-induced dipole model was proposed to explain the generation process. For the one-color excitation scheme, the water film generates a higher THz electric field than the air does under the identical experimental condition. Unlike the case of air, THz wave generation from liquid water prefers a sub-picosecond (200-800 fs) laser pulse rather than a femtosecond pulse (~50 fs). This observation results from the plasma generation process in water.For the two-color excitation scheme, the THz electric field is enhanced by one-order of magnitude in comparison with the one-color case. Meanwhile, coherent control of the THz field is achieved by adjusting the relative phase between the fundamental pulse and the second-harmonic pulse.To eliminate the total internal reflection of THz waves at the water-air interface of a water film, a water line produced by a syringe needle was used to emit THz waves. As expected, more THz radiation can be coupled out and detected. THz wave generation from other liquids were also tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - E. Yiwen
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Xi-Cheng Zhang
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
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20
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Wang H, Shangguan H, Song Q, Cai Y, Lin Q, Lu X, Wang Z, Zheng S, Xu S. Generation and evolution of different terahertz singular beams from long gas-plasma filaments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:996-1010. [PMID: 33726329 DOI: 10.1364/oe.413483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and numerically investigate the generation and evolution of different pulsed terahertz (THz) singular beams with an ultrabroad bandwidth (0.1-40 THz) in long gas-plasma filaments induced by a shaped two-color laser field, i.e., a vortex fundamental pulse (ω0) and a Gaussian second harmonic pulse (2ω0). Based on the unidirectional propagation model under group-velocity moving reference frame, the simulating results demonstrate that three different THz singular beams, including the THz necklace beams with a π-stepwise phase profile, the THz angular accelerating vortex beams (AAVBs) with nonlinear phase profile, and the THz vortex beams with linear phase profile, are generated. The THz necklace beams are generated first at millimeter-scale length. Then, with the increase of the filament length, THz AAVBs and THz vortex beams appear in turn almost periodically. Our calculations confirm that all these different THz singular beams result from the coherent superposition of the two collinear THz vortex beams with variable relative amplitudes and conjugated topological charges (TCs), i.e., +2 and -2. These two THz vortex beams could come from the two four-wave mixing (FWM) processes, respectively, i.e., ω0+ω0-2ω0→ωTHz and -(ω0+ω0) + 2ω0→ωTHz. The evolution of the different THz singular beams depends on the combined effect of the pump ω0-2ω0 time delay and the separate, periodical, and helical plasma channels. And the TC sign of the generated THz singular beams can be easily controlled by changing the sign of the ω0-2ω0 time delay. We believe that these results will deepen the understanding of the THz singular beam generation mechanism and orbital angular momentum (OAM) conversion in laser induced gas-filamentation.
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21
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Fedorov VY, Tzortzakis S. Powerful terahertz waves from long-wavelength infrared laser filaments. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:186. [PMID: 33298833 PMCID: PMC7665013 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Strong terahertz (THz) electric and magnetic transients open up new horizons in science and applications. We review the most promising way of achieving sub-cycle THz pulses with extreme field strengths. During the nonlinear propagation of two-color mid-infrared and far-infrared ultrashort laser pulses, long, and thick plasma strings are produced, where strong photocurrents result in intense THz transients. The corresponding THz electric and magnetic field strengths can potentially reach the gigavolt per centimeter and kilotesla levels, respectively. The intensities of these THz fields enable extreme nonlinear optics and relativistic physics. We offer a comprehensive review, starting from the microscopic physical processes of light-matter interactions with mid-infrared and far-infrared ultrashort laser pulses, the theoretical and numerical advances in the nonlinear propagation of these laser fields, and the most important experimental demonstrations to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Yu Fedorov
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar.
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Stelios Tzortzakis
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar.
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion, GR-71110, Greece.
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece.
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22
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Huang HH, Chau YTR, Yonezawa T, Nguyen MT, Zhu S, Deng D, Nagashima T, Hatanaka K. THz Wave Emission from ZnTe Nano-colloidal Aqueous Dispersion Irradiated by Femtosecond Laser. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-hui Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuen-ting Rachel Chau
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mai Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shilei Zhu
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Dan Deng
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Osaka 572-8508, Japan
| | - Koji Hatanaka
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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23
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Giant Enhancement of THz Wave Emission under Double-Pulse Excitation of Thin Water Flow. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of THz wave and hard X-ray emission from thin and flat water flow when irradiated by double femtosecond laser pulses (800 nm, 35 fs/transform-limited, 0.5 kHz, delay times up to 15 ns) were carried out. THz wave measurements by time-domain spectroscopy and X-ray detection by Geiger counters were performed at the transmission and the reflection sides of the flow. THz wave emission spectra show their dynamic peak shifts toward the low frequency with the highest intensity enhancements more than 1.5 × 10 3 times in |E| 2 accumulated over the whole spectrum range of 0–3 THz at the delay time of 4.7 ns between the two pulses. On the other hand, X-ray intensity enhancements are limited to about 20 times at 0 ns under the same experimental conditions. The mechanisms for the spectral changes and the intensity enhancements in THz wave emission are discussed from the viewpoint of laser ablation on the water flow induced by the pre-pulse irradiation.
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24
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Novelli F, Guchhait B, Havenith M. Towards Intense THz Spectroscopy on Water: Characterization of Optical Rectification by GaP, OH1, and DSTMS at OPA Wavelengths. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1311. [PMID: 32183131 PMCID: PMC7143731 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Water is the most prominent solvent. The unique properties of water are rooted in the dynamical hydrogen-bonded network. While TeraHertz (THz) radiation can probe directly the collective molecular network, several open issues remain about the interpretation of these highly anharmonic, coupled bands. In order to address this problem, we need intense THz radiation able to drive the liquid into the nonlinear response regime. Firstly, in this study, we summarize the available brilliant THz sources and compare their emission properties. Secondly, we characterize the THz emission by Gallium Phosphide (GaP), 2-{3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene}malononitrile (OH1), and 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate (DSTMS) crystals pumped by an amplified near-infrared (NIR) laser with tunable wavelength. We found that both OH1 as well as DSTMS could convert NIR laser radiation between 1200 and 2500 nm into THz radiation with high efficiency (> 2 × 10-4), resulting in THz peak fields exceeding 0.1 MV/cm for modest pump excitation (~ mJ/cm2). DSTMS emits the broadest spectrum, covering the entire bandwidth of our detector from ca. 0.5 to ~7 THz, also at a laser wavelength of 2100 nm. Future improvements will require handling the photothermal damage of these delicate organic crystals, and increasing the THz frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Novelli
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Biswajit Guchhait
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Martina Havenith
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
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25
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Koulouklidis AD, Gollner C, Shumakova V, Fedorov VY, Pugžlys A, Baltuška A, Tzortzakis S. Observation of extremely efficient terahertz generation from mid-infrared two-color laser filaments. Nat Commun 2020; 11:292. [PMID: 31941895 PMCID: PMC6962375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme nonlinear interactions of THz electromagnetic fields with matter are the next frontier in nonlinear optics. However, reaching this frontier in free space is limited by the existing lack of appropriate powerful THz sources. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that two-color filamentation of femtosecond mid-infrared laser pulses at 3.9 μm allows one to generate ultrashort sub-cycle THz pulses with sub-milijoule energy and THz conversion efficiency of 2.36%, resulting in THz field amplitudes above 100 MV cm−1. Our numerical simulations predict that the observed THz yield can be significantly upscaled by further optimizing the experimental setup. Finally, in order to demonstrate the strength of our THz source, we show that the generated THz pulses are powerful enough to induce nonlinear cross-phase modulation in electro-optic crystals. Our work paves the way toward free space extreme nonlinear THz optics using affordable table-top laser systems. Powerful terahertz pulses are generated during the nonlinear propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in gases. Here, the authors demonstrate efficient sub-cycle THz pulse generation by using two-color midinfrared femtosecond laser filaments in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios D Koulouklidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1527, GR-71110, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Claudia Gollner
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Shumakova
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Yu Fedorov
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar.,P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Audrius Pugžlys
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Physical Sciences & Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Baltuška
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Physical Sciences & Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Stelios Tzortzakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1527, GR-71110, Heraklion, Greece. .,Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Greece.
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26
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Ponomareva EA, Stumpf SA, Tcypkin AN, Kozlov SA. Impact of laser-ionized liquid nonlinear characteristics on the efficiency of terahertz wave generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5485-5488. [PMID: 31730089 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of terahertz (THz) radiation during the propagation of subpicosecond pulses in liquid media is investigated using a theoretical model considering the relative contribution of Kerr and plasma nonlinearity. The dependences of the THz emission generation efficiency on the contribution of plasma nonlinearity with a fixed third-order nonlinearity value revealed the existence of weak and strong ionization modes. It is shown that the transition between these modes is determined by the ratio of plasma to Kerr nonlinearity coefficients and the pump energy. In the strong ionization mode and with the fixed contribution of plasma nonlinearity, the optical-to-THz conversion efficiency decreases with increasing Kerr nonlinearity due to the redistribution of the pump energy for the third-order effects. These results contribute to estimating the potential of liquid media as highly efficient THz sources.
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27
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Tcypkin AN, Ponomareva EA, Putilin SE, Smirnov SV, Shtumpf SA, Melnik MV, E Y, Kozlov SA, Zhang XC. Flat liquid jet as a highly efficient source of terahertz radiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15485-15494. [PMID: 31163744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polar liquids are strong absorbers of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz range, therefore, historically such liquids have not been considered as good candidates for terahertz sources. However, flowing liquid medium has explicit advantages, such as a higher damage threshold compared to solid-state sources and more efficient ionization process compared to gases. Here we report systematic study of efficient generation of terahertz radiation in flat liquid jets under sub-picosecond single-color optical excitation. We demonstrate how medium parameters such as molecular density, ionization energy and linear absorption contribute to the terahertz emission from the flat liquid jets. Our simulation and experimental measurements reveal that the terahertz energy has quasi-quadratic dependence on the optical excitation pulse energy. Moreover, the optimal pump pulse duration, which depends on the thickness of the jet is theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed. The obtained optical-to-terahertz energy conversion efficiency is more than 0.05%. It is comparable to the commonly used optical rectification in most of electro-optical crystals and two-color air filamentation. These results, significantly advancing prior research, can be successfully applied to create a new alternative source of terahertz radiation.
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28
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Shutov AV, Mokrousova DV, Fedorov VY, Seleznev LV, Rizaev GE, Shalova AV, Zvorykin VD, Tzortzakis S, Ionin AA. Influence of air humidity on 248-nm ultraviolet laser pulse filamentation. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2165-2168. [PMID: 31042174 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
At first glance, the amount of water molecules naturally contained in humid air is negligibly small to affect filamentation of ultrashort laser pulses. However, here we show, both experimentally and numerically, that for ultraviolet laser pulses with 248 nm wavelength this is not true. We demonstrate that with increase of air humidity the plasma channels generated by the ultraviolet laser pulses in air become longer and wider, while the corresponding electron density in humid air can be up to one order of magnitude higher compared to dry air.
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29
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Nan J, Li M, Zhang L, Yuan S, He B, Zeng H. Terahertz and Photoelectron Emission from Nanoporous Gold Films on Semiconductors. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030419. [PMID: 30871029 PMCID: PMC6474000 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient terahertz and photoelectron emission were observed from nano-porous gold (NPG) films deposited on an intrinsic gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor substrate stimulated by femtosecond laser with pulse width of 60 fs. Time-domain THz emission and reflection spectroscopy confirmed that the free charges accelerated by irradiated femtosecond laser pulses transferred from the NPG films into the GaAs substrates. Accordingly, charges accumulation was reduced in the NPG films, resulting in a stronger emission of THz pulse than that from NPG films deposited on SiO2 substrate. Charges injected into the GaAs substrate enforced an observable decrease of the THz refractive index proportional to the intensity of incident light. In comparison, for NPG deposited on glass substrates, laser induced free charges were accumulated in the NPG films, and femtosecond laser pulses irradiating on the NPG films made no changes of the THz refractive index of the glass substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Nan
- State key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Min Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Boqu He
- State key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Heping Zeng
- State key laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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30
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Fedorov VY, Tzortzakis S. Optimal wavelength for two-color filamentation-induced terahertz sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31150-31159. [PMID: 30650705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation by two-color filamentation of ultrashort laser pulses with different wavelengths. We consider wavelengths in the range from 0.6 to 10.6 μm, thus covering the whole range of existing and future powerful laser sources in the near, mid and far-infrared. We show how different parameters of two-color filaments and generated THz pulses depend on the laser wavelength. We demonstrate that there is an optimal laser wavelength for two-color filamentation that provides the highest THz conversion efficiency and results in generation of extremely intense single cycle THz fields.
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Hsu WH, Masim FCP, Balčytis A, Huang HH, Yonezawa T, Kuchmizhak AA, Juodkazis S, Hatanaka K. Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2609-2617. [PMID: 30416911 PMCID: PMC6204784 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of X-ray emission was observed from a micro-jet of a nano-colloidal gold suspension in air under double-pulse excitation of ultrashort (40 fs) near-IR laser pulses. Temporal and spatial overlaps between the pre-pulse and the main pulse were optimized for the highest X-ray emission. The maximum X-ray intensity was obtained at a 1-7 ns delay of the main pulse irradiation after the pre-pulse irradiation with the micro-jet position shifted along the laser beam propagation. It was revealed that the volume around gold nanoparticles where the permittivity is near zero, ε ≈ 0, accounts for the strongest absorption, which leads to the effective enhancements of X-ray emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Hsu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Armandas Balčytis
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Hsin-Hui Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan
| | - Aleksandr A Kuchmizhak
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), Vladivostok 690041, Russia
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, the Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton 3168 VIC, Australia
| | - Koji Hatanaka
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- College of Engineering, Chang Gung University , Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong-Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Huang HH, Nagashima T, Hsu WH, Juodkazis S, Hatanaka K. Dual THz Wave and X-ray Generation from a Water Film under Femtosecond Laser Excitation. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8070523. [PMID: 30011794 PMCID: PMC6071190 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous emission of the THz wave and hard X-ray from thin water free-flow was induced by the irradiation of tightly-focused femtosecond laser pulses (35 fs, 800 nm, 500 Hz) in air. Intensity measurements of the THz wave and X-ray were carried out at the same time with time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) based on electro-optic sampling with a ZnTe(110) crystal and a Geiger counter, respectively. Intensity profiles of the THz wave and X-ray emission as a function of the solution flow position along the incident laser axis at the laser focus show that the profile width of the THz wave is broader than that of the X-ray. Furthermore, the profiles of the THz wave measured in reflection and transmission directions show different features and indicate that THz wave emission is, under single-pulse excitation, induced mainly in laser-induced plasma on the water flow surface. Under double-pulse excitation with a time separation of 4.6 ns, 5–10 times enhancements of THz wave emission were observed. Such dual light sources can be used to characterise materials, as well as to reveal the sequence of material modifications under intense laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikeda-Nakamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan.
| | - Wei-Hung Hsu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Nanotechnology Facility, Center for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, the Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Koji Hatanaka
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
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