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Laurien M, Mende L, Luhrmann L, Frederiksen A, Aldag M, Spiecker L, Clemmesen C, Solov'yov IA, Gerlach G. Magnetic orientation in juvenile Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus) could involve cryptochrome 4 as a potential magnetoreceptor. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240035. [PMID: 38835248 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Earth's magnetic field can provide reliable directional information, allowing migrating animals to orient themselves using a magnetic compass or estimate their position relative to a target using map-based orientation. Here we show for the first time that young, inexperienced herring (Clupea harengus, Ch) have a magnetic compass when they migrate hundreds of kilometres to their feeding grounds. In birds, such as the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), radical pair-based magnetoreception involving cryptochrome 4 (ErCRY4) was demonstrated; the molecular basis of magnetoreception in fish is still elusive. We show that cry4 expression in the eye of herring is upregulated during the migratory season, but not before, indicating a possible use for migration. The amino acid structure of herring ChCRY4 shows four tryptophans and a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding site, a prerequisite for a magnetic receptor. Using homology modelling, we successfully reconstructed ChCRY4 of herring, DrCRY4 of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and StCRY4 of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and showed that ChCRY4, DrCRY4 and ErCRY4a, but not StCRY4, exhibit very comparable dynamic behaviour. The electron transfer could take place in ChCRY4 in a similar way to ErCRY4a. The combined behavioural, transcriptomic and simulation experiments provide evidence that CRY4 could act as a magnetoreceptor in Atlantic herring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malien Laurien
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lara Mende
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lena Luhrmann
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Anders Frederiksen
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Mandus Aldag
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lisa Spiecker
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Catriona Clemmesen
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Gabriele Gerlach
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
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2
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Shirdhankar RN, Malkemper EP. Cognitive maps and the magnetic sense in vertebrates. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102880. [PMID: 38657284 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Navigation requires a network of neurons processing inputs from internally generated cues and external landmarks. Most studies on the neuronal basis of navigation in vertebrates have focused on rats and mice and the canonical senses vision, hearing, olfaction, and somatosensation. Some animals have evolved the ability to sense the Earth's magnetic field and use it for orientation. It can be expected that in these animals magnetic cues are integrated with other sensory cues in the cognitive map. We provide an overview of the behavioral evidence and brain regions involved in magnetic sensing in support of this idea, hoping that this will guide future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runita N Shirdhankar
- Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - Caesar, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn 53175, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Pascal Malkemper
- Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - Caesar, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn 53175, Germany.
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3
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Frederiksen A, Aldag M, Solov’yov IA, Gerhards L. Activation of Cryptochrome 4 from Atlantic Herring. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:262. [PMID: 38666874 PMCID: PMC11048568 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine fish migrate long distances up to hundreds or even thousands of kilometers for various reasons that include seasonal dependencies, feeding, or reproduction. The ability to perceive the geomagnetic field, called magnetoreception, is one of the many mechanisms allowing some fish to navigate reliably in the aquatic realm. While it is believed that the photoreceptor protein cryptochrome 4 (Cry4) is the key component for the radical pair-based magnetoreception mechanism in night migratory songbirds, the Cry4 mechanism in fish is still largely unexplored. The present study aims to investigate properties of the fish Cry4 protein in order to understand the potential involvement in a radical pair-based magnetoreception. Specifically, a computationally reconstructed atomistic model of Cry4 from the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) was studied employing classical molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods to investigate internal electron transfers and the radical pair formation. The QM/MM simulations reveal that electron transfers occur similarly to those found experimentally and computationally in Cry4 from European robin (Erithacus rubecula). It is therefore plausible that the investigated Atlantic herring Cry4 has the physical and chemical properties to form radical pairs that in turn could provide fish with a radical pair-based magnetic field compass sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frederiksen
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Mandus Aldag
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gerhards
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
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4
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Ricker B, Mitra S, Castellanos EA, Grady CJ, Woldring D, Pelled G, Gilad AA. Proposed three-phenylalanine motif involved in magnetoreception signalling of an Actinopterygii protein expressed in mammalian cells. Open Biol 2023; 13:230019. [PMID: 37989224 PMCID: PMC10688439 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies at the cellular and molecular level of magnetoreception-sensing and responding to magnetic fields-are a relatively new research area. It appears that different mechanisms of magnetoreception in animals evolved from different origins, and, therefore, many questions about its mechanisms remain left open. Here we present new information regarding the Electromagnetic Perceptive Gene (EPG) from Kryptopterus vitreolus that may serve as part of the foundation to understanding and applying magnetoreception. Using HaloTag coupled with fluorescent ligands and phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C we show that EPG is associated with the membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. EPG's function of increasing intracellular calcium was also used to generate an assay using GCaMP6m to observe the function of EPG and to compare its function with that of homologous proteins. It was also revealed that EPG relies on a motif of three phenylalanine residues to function-stably swapping these residues using site directed mutagenesis resulted in a loss of function in EPG. This information not only expands upon our current understanding of magnetoreception but may provide a foundation and template to continue characterizing and discovering more within the emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Ricker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sunayana Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Connor J. Grady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Woldring
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Galit Pelled
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Assaf A. Gilad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Xu H, Yu Y, Gao Y, Hassan A, Jia B, Huang Q. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene can regulate trail-following behaviour and locomotion in the termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:585-592. [PMID: 35506165 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Social behaviours in termites are closely related to the chemical communication between individuals. It is well known that foraging worker termites can use trail pheromones to orient and locomote along trails so as to take food resources back to the nest. However, it is still unclear how termites recognize trail pheromones. Here, we cloned and sequenced the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) gene from the termite Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder, and then examined the response of termites to trail pheromones after silencing PKG through RNA interference. We found that PKG knockdown impaired termite ability to follow trail pheromones accurately and exhibited irregular behavioural trajectories in response to the trail pheromone in the termite R. chinensis. Our locomotion assays further showed that PKG knockdown significantly increased the turn angle and angular velocity in the termite R. chinensis. These findings help us better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of foraging communications in termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yichun Yu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongyong Gao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ali Hassan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bao Jia
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Nanning Institute of Termite Control, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Naisbett-Jones LC, Lohmann KJ. Magnetoreception and magnetic navigation in fishes: a half century of discovery. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:19-40. [PMID: 35031832 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As the largest and most diverse vertebrate group on the planet, fishes have evolved an impressive array of sensory abilities to overcome the challenges associated with navigating the aquatic realm. Among these, the ability to detect Earth's magnetic field, or magnetoreception, is phylogenetically widespread and used by fish to guide movements over a wide range of spatial scales ranging from local movements to transoceanic migrations. A proliferation of recent studies, particularly in salmonids, has revealed that fish can exploit Earth's magnetic field not only as a source of directional information for maintaining consistent headings, but also as a kind of map for determining location at sea and for returning to natal areas. Despite significant advances, much about magnetoreception in fishes remains enigmatic. How fish detect magnetic fields remains unknown and our understanding of the evolutionary origins of vertebrate magnetoreception would benefit greatly from studies that include a wider array of fish taxa. The rich diversity of life-history characteristics that fishes exhibit, the wide variety of environments they inhabit, and their suitability for manipulative studies, make fishes promising subjects for magnetoreception studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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7
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Adewoyin M, Teoh SL, Azmai MNA, Nasruddin NS. Exploiting the Differences Between Zebrafish and Medaka in Biological Research: A Complementary Approach. PHARMACOPHORE 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/a5qhctavdz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Electrophysiology and the magnetic sense: a guide to best practice. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:185-195. [PMID: 34713390 PMCID: PMC8918458 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoreception, sensing the Earth’s magnetic field, is used by many species in orientation and navigation. While this is established on the behavioural level, there is a severe lack in knowledge on the underlying neuronal mechanisms of this sense. A powerful technique to study the neuronal processing of magnetic cues is electrophysiology but, thus far, few studies have adopted this technique. Why is this the case? A fundamental problem is the introduction of electromagnetic noise (induction) caused by the magnetic stimuli, within electrophysiological recordings which, if too large, prevents feasible separation of neuronal signals from the induction artefacts. Here, we address the concerns surrounding the use of electromagnetic coils within electrophysiology experiments and assess whether these would prevent viable electrophysiological recordings within a generated magnetic field. We present calculations of the induced voltages in typical experimental situations and compare them against the neuronal signals measured with different electrophysiological techniques. Finally, we provide guidelines that should help limit and account for possible induction artefacts. In conclusion, if great care is taken, viable electrophysiological recordings from magnetoreceptive cells are achievable and promise to provide new insights on the neuronal basis of the magnetic sense.
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9
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Gao Y, Wen P, Cardé RT, Xu H, Huang Q. In addition to cryptochrome 2, magnetic particles with olfactory co-receptor are important for magnetic orientation in termites. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1121. [PMID: 34556782 PMCID: PMC8460727 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile trail pheromone is an ephemeral chemical cue, whereas the geomagnetic field (GMF) provides a stable positional reference. However, it is unclear whether and how the cryptic termites perceive the GMF for orientation in light or darkness until now. Here, we found that the two termite species, Reticulitermes chinensis and Odontotermes formosanus, use the GMF for orientation. Our silencing cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) impaired magnetic orientation in white light but had no significant impact in complete darkness, suggesting that Cry2 can mediate magnetic orientation in termites only under light. Coincidentally, the presence of magnetic particles enabled the magnetic orientation of termites in darkness. When knock-downing the olfactory co-receptor (Orco) to exclude the effect of trail pheromone, unexpectedly, we found that the Orco participated in termite magnetic orientation under both light and darkness. Our findings revealed a novel magnetoreception model depending on the joint action of radical pair, magnetic particle, and olfactory co-receptor. Gao et al. analyze the role of magnetoreceptor candidates cryptochrome 2 (Cry2), magnetic particles and olfactory coreceptor (Orco) in magnetic orientation in two termite species. They report that termites use Cry2 for directional preference in white light, magnetic particles in darkness, and Orco participates in termite magnetic orientation under both light and darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Gao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
| | - Ring T Cardé
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Huan Xu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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10
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Krylov VV, Izvekov EI, Pavlova VV, Pankova NA, Osipova EA. Circadian rhythms in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour and the sources of their variability. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:785-797. [PMID: 33331134 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour have become popular quantitative indicators in biomedical studies. The circadian rhythms of behavioural processes in zebrafish are known to enable effective utilization of energy and resources, therefore attracting interest in zebrafish as a research model. This review covers a variety of circadian behaviours in this species, including diurnal rhythms of spawning, feeding, locomotor activity, shoaling, light/dark preference, and vertical position preference. Changes in circadian activity during zebrafish ontogeny are reviewed, including ageing-related alterations and chemically induced variations in rhythmicity patterns. Both exogenous and endogenous sources of inter-individual variability in zebrafish circadian behaviour are detailed. Additionally, we focus on different environmental factors with the potential to entrain circadian processes in zebrafish. This review describes two principal ways whereby diurnal behavioural rhythms can be entrained: (i) modulation of organismal physiological state, which can have masking or enhancing effects on behavioural endpoints related to endogenous circadian rhythms, and (ii) modulation of period and amplitude of the endogenous circadian rhythm due to competitive relationships between the primary and secondary zeitgebers. In addition, different peripheral oscillators in zebrafish can be entrained by diverse zeitgebers. This complicated orchestra of divergent influences may cause variability in zebrafish circadian behaviours, which should be given attention when planning behavioural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Izvekov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Vera V Pavlova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Natalia A Pankova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Elena A Osipova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
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Gao Y, Huang Q, Xu H. Silencing Orco Impaired the Ability to Perceive Trail Pheromones and Affected Locomotion Behavior in Two Termite Species. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2941-2949. [PMID: 33128448 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sophisticated social behaviors in termite colonies are mainly regulated via chemical communication of a wide range of pheromones. Trail pheromones play important roles in foraging behavior and building tunnels and nests in termites. However, it is almost unclear how termites perceive trail pheromones. Here, we cloned and sequenced of olfactory co-receptor (Orco) genes from the two termites Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (Isoptera: Termitidae), and then examined their responses to trail pheromones after silencing Orco through RNA interference (RNAi). We found that Orco knockdown impaired their ability to perceive trail pheromones and resulted in the disability of following pheromone trails in the two termite species. Our locomotion behavior assays further showed that Orco knockdown significantly decreased the distance and velocity in the two termite species, but significantly increased the angular velocity and turn angle in the termite R. chinensis. These findings strongly demonstrated that Orco is essential for termites to perceive their trail pheromones, which provides a potential way to control termite pests by damaging olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Gao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Development of Open-Field Behaviour in the Medaka, Oryzias latipes. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110389. [PMID: 33182555 PMCID: PMC7696969 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal models play an important role in research on behaviour and its impairment. Fish larvae allow researchers to conduct experiments on large samples in just a few days and with small-scale experimental infrastructure, substantially increasing research output. However, several aspects of larval biology, including their behaviour, are frequently unknown. Our study has demonstrated that the most important behavioural paradigm for studying anxiety and stress in animals, the open-field test, can be used in the larvae of an important fish genetic model, the medaka. This finding will allow researchers to develop models to study anxiety and stress disorders based on medaka larvae. Abstract The use of juvenile and larval fish models has been growing in importance for several fields. Accordingly, the evaluation of behavioural tests that can be applied to larvae and juveniles is becoming increasingly important. We tested medaka at four different ages (1, 10, 30, and 120 dph) in the open field test, one of the most commonly used behavioural assays, to investigate its suitability for larvae and juveniles of this species. We also explored ontogenetic variation in behaviour during this test. On average, adult 120-day-old medaka showed higher locomotor activity in terms of distance moved compared with younger fish. Our analysis suggests that this effect was derived from both quantitative changes in locomotion related to the ontogenetic increase in fish size as well as qualitative changes in two aspects of locomotor behaviour. Specifically, time spent moving was similar between 1- and 10-day-old medaka, but progressively increased with development. In addition, we revealed that adult medaka showed constant levels of activity, whereas younger medaka progressively reduced their activity over the course of the entire experiment. The thigmotaxis behaviour typically used to assess anxiety in the open field test emerged at 120 days post-hatching, even though a difference in the temporal pattern of spatial preference emerged earlier, between 10 and 30 days post-hatching. In conclusion, some measures of the open field test such as total distance moved allow behavioural phenotyping in the medaka of all ages, although with some degree of quantitative and qualitative developmental variation. In contrast, immature medaka appear not to exhibit thigmotactic behaviour.
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Otsuka H, Mitsui H, Miura K, Okano K, Imamoto Y, Okano T. Rapid Oxidation Following Photoreduction in the Avian Cryptochrome4 Photocycle. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3615-3625. [PMID: 32915550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian magnetoreception is assumed to occur in the retina. Although its molecular mechanism is unclear, magnetic field-dependent formation and the stability of radical-containing photointermediate(s) are suggested to play key roles in a hypothesis called the radical pair mechanism. Chicken cryptochrome4 (cCRY4) has been identified as a candidate magnetoreceptive molecule due to its expression in the retina and its ability to form stable flavin neutral radicals (FADH●) upon blue light absorption. Herein, we used millisecond flash photolysis to investigate the cCRY4 photocycle, in both the presence and absence of dithiothreitol (DTT); detecting the anion radical form of FAD (FAD●-) under both conditions. Using spectral data obtained during flash photolysis and UV-visible photospectroscopy, we estimated the absolute absorbance spectra of the photointermediates, thus allowing us to decompose each spectrum into its individual components. Notably, in the absence of DTT, approximately 37% and 63% of FAD●- was oxidized to FADOX and protonated to form FADH●, respectively. Singular value decomposition analysis suggested the presence of two FAD●- molecular species, each of which was destined to be oxidized to FADOX or protonated to FADH●. A tyrosine neutral radical was also detected; however, it likely decayed concomitantly with the oxidation of FAD●-. On the basis of these results, we considered the occurrence of bifurcation prior to FAD●- generation, or during FAD●- oxidization, and discussed the potential role played by the tyrosine radical in the radical pair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Otsuka
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Mitsui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kota Miura
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Keiko Okano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imamoto
- Department of Biophysics, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Okano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, Wakamatsucho 2-2, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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He Y, Tsang KF, Kong RYC, Chow YT. Indication of Electromagnetic Field Exposure via RBF-SVM Using Time-Series Features of Zebrafish Locomotion. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20174818. [PMID: 32858993 PMCID: PMC7506915 DOI: 10.3390/s20174818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel model based on support vector machine with radial basis function kernel (RBF-SVM) using time-series features of zebrafish (Danio rerio) locomotion exposed to different electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to indicate the corresponding EMF exposure. A group of 14 adult zebrafish was randomly divided into two groups, 7 in each group; the fish of each group have the novel tank test under a sham or real magnetic exposure of 6.78 MHz and about 1 A/m. Their locomotion in the tests was videotaped to convert into the x, y coordinate time-series of the trajectories for reforming time-series matrices according to different time-series lengths. The time-series features of zebrafish locomotion were calculated by the comparative time-series analyzing framework highly comparative time-series analysis (HCTSA), and a limited number of the time-series features that were most relevant to the EMF exposure conditions were selected using the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) algorithm for RBF-SVM classification training. Before this, ambient environmental parameters (AEPs) had little effect on the locomotion performance of zebrafish processed by the empirical method, which had been quantitatively verified by regression using another group of 14 adult zebrafish. The results have demonstrated that the purposed model is capable of accurately indicating different EMF exposures. All classification accuracies can be 100%, and the classification precision of several classifiers based on specific parameters and feature sets with specific dimensions can reach higher than 95%. The speculative reason for this result is that the specified EMF has affected the zebrafish neural aspect, which is then reflected in their behaviors. The outcomes of this study have provided a new indication model for EMF exposures and provided a reference for the investigation of the impact of EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing He
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.F.T.); (Y.-T.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kim Fung Tsang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.F.T.); (Y.-T.C.)
| | - Richard Yuen-Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Futian-CityU Mangrove Research & Development Centre (FCMC), Futian National Nature Reserve, Mangrove Road, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Yuk-Tak Chow
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (K.F.T.); (Y.-T.C.)
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15
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Analysis of zebrafish cryptochrome 2 and 4 expression in UV cone photoreceptors. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 35:119100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Krylov VV, Chebotareva YV, Izyumov YG. Delayed consequences of the influence of simulated geomagnetic storms on roach Rutilus rutilus embryos. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1422-1429. [PMID: 31589783 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents data collected over a 3 year period on the effects of simulated geomagnetic storms (SGMS) on Eurasian roach Rutilus rutilus embryos. Effects were studied during different stages of early development. Rutilis rutilus were raised in ponds for 4 months after exposure to SGMS. The mass, standard length and morphological characteristics of under-yearlings exposed as embryos were recorded. A decrease in length-mass indices in under-yearlings was noted after they had been exposed to SGMS during the first 2 days or during the third and fourth days of early development. Near the time point of 48 h post fertilisation, either no effect or an increased size was observed. In addition, exposure to SGMS led to a redistribution of the vertebral number between the sections of the vertebral column as well as changes in the number of seismosensory system openings in the mandibular and praeoperculum bones of under-yearlings. Observed effects are similar to previously published data on the influence of anthropogenic magnetic fields on roach, namely changes in linear-mass indices, number of vertebrae and number of seismosensory system openings in the mandibular bones of under-yearlings exposed as embryos. Possible mechanisms of magnetic influence on early development of fish are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- Laboratory of Population Biology and Genetics, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia V Chebotareva
- Laboratory of Population Biology and Genetics, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri G Izyumov
- Laboratory of Population Biology and Genetics, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russian Federation
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17
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Oliva R, Jansen B, Benscheidt F, Sandbichler AM, Egg M. Nuclear magnetic resonance affects the circadian clock and hypoxia-inducible factor isoforms in zebrafish. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1498194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Oliva
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Jansen
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Fitak RR, Schweikert LE, Wheeler BR, Ernst DA, Lohmann KJ, Johnsen S. Near absence of differential gene expression in the retina of rainbow trout after exposure to a magnetic pulse: implications for magnetoreception. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0209. [PMID: 29875210 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perceive the Earth's magnetic field, or magnetoreception, exists in numerous animals. Although the mechanism underlying magnetoreception has not been clearly established in any species, in salmonid fish, it is hypothesized to occur by means of crystals of magnetite associated with nervous tissue such as the brain, olfactory organ or retina. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a brief magnetic pulse known to disrupt magnetic orientation behaviour in several animals. Changes in gene expression induced by the pulse were then examined in the retina. Analyses indicated that the pulse elicited differential expression of only a single gene, gamma-crystallin M3-like (crygm3). The near absence of an effect of the magnetic pulse on gene expression in the retina stands in sharp contrast to a recent study in which 181 genes were differentially expressed in brain tissue of O. mykiss after exposure to the same pulse. Overall, our results suggest either that magnetite-based magnetoreceptors in trout are not located in the retina, or else that they are unaffected by magnetic pulses that can disrupt magnetic orientation behaviour in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Fitak
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | - David A Ernst
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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