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Schindler M, Xu J, Hochella MF. Abiotic and biotic-controlled nanomaterial formation pathways within the Earth's nanomaterial cycle. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 5:646. [PMID: 39493581 PMCID: PMC11530374 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have unique properties and play critical roles in the budget, cycling, and chemical processing of elements on Earth. An understanding of the cycling of nanomaterials can be greatly improved if the pathways of their formation are clearly recognized and understood. Here, we show that nanomaterial formation pathways mediated by aqueous fluids can be grouped into four major categories, abiotic and biotic processes coupled and decoupled from weathering processes. These can be subdivided in 18 subcategories relevant to the critical zone, and environments such as ocean hydrothermal vents and the upper mantle. Similarly, pathways in the gas phase such as volcanic fumaroles, wildfires and particle formation in the stratosphere and troposphere can be grouped into two major groups and five subcategories. In the most fundamental sense, both aqueous-fluid and gaseous pathways provide an understanding of the formation of all minerals which are inherently based on nanoscale precursors and reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schindler
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2 Canada
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Molecular Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
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Brandt F, Caes S, Klinkenberg M, Barthel J, Liu S, Lemmens K, Bosbach D, Ferrand K. Dissolution of simulated nuclear waste glass at high surface area to solution volume, high pH and 70 °C: comparison of international simple glass and SON68 glass. RSC Adv 2024; 14:35114-35127. [PMID: 39497773 PMCID: PMC11534004 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04936e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term static dissolution experiments, lasting up to ∼1500 days, were conducted on International Simple Glass (ISG) and SON68 glass under hyperalkaline pH, at 70 °C, and at a very high glass surface area to solution volume ratio. The study compared (1) glass dissolution kinetics, (2) secondary phase formation, and (3) the microstructure of the altered glass and secondary phase interface. Boron release indicated rapid initial dissolution followed by a slowdown mainly due to a significant pH drop. ISG reached a residual rate regime, while SON68 approached this regime near the experiment's end, with both glasses having similar final dissolution rates. Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, EDS) of the reacted glass surfaces and the alteration products revealed nontronite formation on SON68, while C(A)SH phases and later rhodesite appeared on ISG, in addition to phillipsite-type zeolite formation observed in both experimental series. TEM observations revealed a porous, foam-like surface altered layer (SAL) near the pristine glass. SON68's SAL nanostructure, more complex than ISG's, had two porous zones, hindering water transfer and glass constituent release, in addition to a pH drop reducing silica network hydrolysis. TEM-EDS showed cation exchange and iron depletion in SON68's SAL, leading to nontronite formation. Secondary phases at the SAL-solution interface did not destabilize the SAL, and no alteration resumption was observed due to the pH drop below the threshold necessary for an alteration resumption due to zeolite formation. In conclusion, the combination of alkaline conditions and very high reaction progress does not lead to the dissolution of the glass by a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism, as typically observed at much lower SA/V ratios. At the relatively mildly alkaline pH reached within the first year of the experiments, the diffusion of cations through the SAL becomes rate-controlling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Brandt
- Institute of Fusion Energy and Nuclear Waste Management (IFN-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Sébastien Caes
- Institute of Sustainable Waste & Decommissioning, SCK CEN B-2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Martina Klinkenberg
- Institute of Fusion Energy and Nuclear Waste Management (IFN-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Juri Barthel
- Ernst Ruska-Centre (ER-C 2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Sanheng Liu
- Institute of Sustainable Waste & Decommissioning, SCK CEN B-2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Karel Lemmens
- Institute of Sustainable Waste & Decommissioning, SCK CEN B-2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Dirk Bosbach
- Institute of Fusion Energy and Nuclear Waste Management (IFN-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karine Ferrand
- Institute of Sustainable Waste & Decommissioning, SCK CEN B-2400 Mol Belgium
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Kaya H, Ngo D, Hahn SH, Li M, He H, Yedikardeş B, Sökmen İ, Pester CW, Podraza NJ, Gin S, Kim SH. Estimating Internal Stress of an Alteration Layer Formed on Corroded Boroaluminosilicate Glass through Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50470-50480. [PMID: 34643085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous corrosion of glass may result in the formation of an alteration layer in the glass surface of which chemical composition and network structure are different from those of the bulk glass. Since corrosion occurs far below the glass-transition temperature, the alteration layer cannot fully relax to the new structure with the lowest possible energy. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that such a network will contain highly strained chemical bonds, which can be manifested as a stress in the alteration layer. Common techniques to measure stress in thin films or surface layers were found inadequate for thick monolithic glass samples corroded in water. Here, we explored the use of spectroscopic ellipsometry to test the presence of internal stress in the alteration layer formed by aqueous corrosion of glass. A procedure for analyses of spectroscopic ellipsometry data to determine birefringence in the alteration layer was developed. Findings with the established fitting procedure suggested that a stress builds up in the corroded surface layer of a boroaluminosilicate glass if there is a change in relative humidity, pH, or electrolyte concentration of the environment to which the glass surface is exposed. A similar process may occur in other types of glass, and it may affect the surface properties of corroded glass objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Kaya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dien Ngo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seung Ho Hahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hongtu He
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Beyza Yedikardeş
- Şişecam Science and Technology Center, Şişecam Str., No:2 Çayırova, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - İlkay Sökmen
- Şişecam Science and Technology Center, Şişecam Str., No:2 Çayırova, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Christian W Pester
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nikolas J Podraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Stephane Gin
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DE2D, University of Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols sur Cèze F-30207, France
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Bal’zhinimaev BS. Catalysis by platinum and palladium species confined in the bulk of glass fibre materials. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The results of studies on the application of silicate glass fibre materials in catalysis are summarized and analyzed. Despite the very low noble metal content, catalysts based on these materials showed exceptionally high activities and selectivities in some catalytic reactions. This is due to specificity of the glassy state, which makes it possible, first, to confine highly dispersed palladium and platinum species in the bulk of glass fibres and, second, selectively absorb polar molecules, thus excluding the undesirable reactions involving non-polar molecules. The size dependences of the complete oxidation of propane and selective hydrogenation of acetylene, the nature of the structure sensitivity of these reactions and the reaction mechanisms are discussed. Ways for improving glass fibre catalyst performance are proposed and examples of the successful application of Pt/glass fibre catalysts for purification of industrial gases from volatile organic compounds are given.
The bibliography includes 175 references.
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Reiser JT, Ryan JV, Wall NA. Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Gels with Compositions Relevant to Hydrated Glass Alteration Layers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16257-16269. [PMID: 31616803 PMCID: PMC6787893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the processes associated with glass corrosion, porous hydrated glass alteration layers typically form upon exposure to aqueous conditions for extended time periods. The impacts of the alteration layer on glass durability have not been agreed upon in the glass science community. In particular, the formation mechanisms of hydrated glass alteration layers are still largely unknown and require further investigation, but these layers often require months to years to develop and are often too thin to adequately characterize. Meanwhile, sol-gel-derived silicate gels are relatively easy to synthesize in bulk with custom compositions relevant to hydrated glass alteration layers. If alteration layers and synthetic silicate gels demonstrate physical and chemical properties that are sufficiently similar, synthetic silicate gels could be used as analogues for hydrated glass alteration layers in future studies. However, synthetic gels must first be prepared and evaluated before comparisons between glass alteration layers and synthetic silicate gels can be made. This work focuses entirely on the synthesis and observed physical properties of synthetic silicate gels. A future work will compare the characteristics of synthetic gels described in this work with altered waste glass formed in similar pH environments. In this study, synthetic gels were made with custom compositions at various pH values to evaluate the effect of pH on gel structure and morphology. Several other variables were examined also, such as composition, drying, and aging. Gels were produced by sequential additions of organometallic precursors in a single container. Gels were analyzed with several techniques including small-angle X-ray scattering, gas adsorption, and He pycnometry to determine the effects of the variables on physical properties. Results show that gels prepared at pH 3 consistently contained fewer primary particles with diameters larger than 7.2 nm and fewer pores with diameters larger than 30 nm compared to gels synthesized at pH 7 and 9. Composition was shown to have no discernable effect on primary particle and pore sizes at any pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle T. Reiser
- Energy and Environment
Directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Joseph V. Ryan
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nathalie A. Wall
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Mahadevan TS, Sun W, Du J. Development of Water Reactive Potentials for Sodium Silicate Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4452-4461. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvilla S. Mahadevan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Jincheng Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
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Geisler T, Dohmen L, Lenting C, Fritzsche MBK. Real-time in situ observations of reaction and transport phenomena during silicate glass corrosion by fluid-cell Raman spectroscopy. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:342-348. [PMID: 30804507 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Borosilicate glass is an important material used in various industries due to its chemical durability, such as for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste. However, it is susceptible to aqueous corrosion, recognizable by the formation of surface alteration layers (SALs). Here, we report in situ fluid-cell Raman spectroscopic experiments providing real-time insights into reaction and transport processes during the aqueous corrosion of a borosilicate glass. The formation of a several-micrometre-thick water-rich zone between the SAL and the glass, interpreted as an interface solution, is detected, as well as pH gradients at the glass surface and within the SAL. By replacing the solution with a deuterated solution, it is observed that water transport through the SAL is not rate-limiting. The data support an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process for SAL formation. Fluid-cell Raman spectroscopic experiments open up new avenues for studying solid-water reactions, with the ability to in situ trace specific sub-processes in real time by using stable isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Geisler
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lars Dohmen
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Schott AG, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Lenting
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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