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Lu X, Deng L, Saslow SA, Liu H, Benmore CJ, Parruzot BP, Reiser JT, Kim SH, Ryan JV, Vienna JD, Du J. Vanadium Oxidation States and Structural Role in Aluminoborosilicate Glasses: An Integrated Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12365-12377. [PMID: 34726409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium-containing glasses have aroused interest in several fields such as electrodes for energy storage, semiconducting glasses, and nuclear waste disposal. The addition of V2O5, even in small amounts, can greatly alter the physical properties and chemical durability of glasses; however, the structural role of vanadium in these multicomponent glasses and the structural origins of these property changes are still poorly understood. We present a comprehensive study that integrates advanced characterizations and atomistic simulations to understand the composition-structure-property relationships of a series of vanadium-containing aluminoborosilicate glasses. UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) have been used to investigate the complex distribution of vanadium oxidation states as a function of composition in a series of six-component aluminoborosilicate glasses. High-energy X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to extract the detailed short- and medium-range atomistic structural information such as bond distance, coordination number, bond angle, and network connectivity, based on recently developed vanadium potential parameters. It was found that vanadium mainly exists in two oxidation states: V5+ and V4+, with the former being dominant (∼80% from XANES) in most compositions. V5+ ions were found to exist in 4-, 5-, and 6-fold coordination, while V4+ ions were mainly in 4-fold coordination. The percentage of 4-fold-coordinated boron and network connectivity initially increased with increasing V2O5 up to around 5 mol % but then decreased with higher V2O5 contents. The structural role of vanadium and the effect on glass structure and properties are discussed, providing insights into future studies of sophisticated structural descriptors to predict glass properties from composition and/or structure and aiding the formulation of borosilicate glasses for nuclear waste disposal and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Lu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Sarah A Saslow
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hongshen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chris J Benmore
- Advanced Photon Source Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Benjamin P Parruzot
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joelle T Reiser
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph V Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John D Vienna
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jincheng Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
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2
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Frankel GS, Vienna JD, Lian J, Guo X, Gin S, Kim SH, Du J, Ryan JV, Wang J, Windl W, Taylor CD, Scully JR. Recent Advances in Corrosion Science Applicable To Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Waste. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12327-12383. [PMID: 34259500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-level radioactive waste is accumulating at temporary storage locations around the world and will eventually be placed in deep geological repositories. The waste forms and containers will be constructed from glass, crystalline ceramic, and metallic materials, which will eventually come into contact with water, considering that the period of performance required to allow sufficient decay of dangerous radionuclides is on the order of 105-106 years. Corrosion of the containers and waste forms in the aqueous repository environment is therefore a concern. This Review describes the recent advances of the field of materials corrosion that are relevant to fundamental materials science issues associated with the long-term performance assessment and the design of materials with improved performance, where performance is defined as resistance to aqueous corrosion. Glass, crystalline ceramics, and metals are discussed separately, and the near-field interactions of these different material classes are also briefly addressed. Finally, recommendations for future directions of study are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Frankel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John D Vienna
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Stephane Gin
- CEA, DE2D, University of Montpellier, Marcoule, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Jincheng Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Joseph V Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Wolfgang Windl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher D Taylor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John R Scully
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
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3
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Guo X, Gin S, Lei P, Yao T, Liu H, Schreiber DK, Ngo D, Viswanathan G, Li T, Kim SH, Vienna JD, Ryan JV, Du J, Lian J, Frankel GS. Reply to: How much does corrosion of nuclear waste matrices matter. Nat Mater 2020; 19:962-963. [PMID: 32661385 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Penghui Lei
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Tiankai Yao
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Hongshen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daniel K Schreiber
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dien Ngo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gopal Viswanathan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tianshu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John D Vienna
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joseph V Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jincheng Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Gerald S Frankel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Guo X, Gin S, Lei P, Yao T, Liu H, Schreiber DK, Ngo D, Viswanathan G, Li T, Kim SH, Vienna JD, Ryan JV, Du J, Lian J, Frankel GS. Self-accelerated corrosion of nuclear waste forms at material interfaces. Nat Mater 2020; 19:310-316. [PMID: 31988512 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The US plan for high-level nuclear waste includes the immobilization of long-lived radionuclides in glass or ceramic waste forms in stainless-steel canisters for disposal in deep geological repositories. Here we report that, under simulated repository conditions, corrosion could be significantly accelerated at the interfaces of different barrier materials, which has not been considered in the current safety and performance assessment models. Severe localized corrosion was found at the interfaces between stainless steel and a model nuclear waste glass and between stainless steel and a ceramic waste form. The accelerated corrosion can be attributed to changes of solution chemistry and local acidity/alkalinity within a confined space, which significantly alter the corrosion of both the waste-form materials and the metallic canisters. The corrosion that is accelerated by the interface interaction between dissimilar materials could profoundly impact the service life of the nuclear waste packages, which, therefore, should be carefully considered when evaluating the performance of waste forms and their packages. Moreover, compatible barriers should be selected to further optimize the performance of the geological repository system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Penghui Lei
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Tiankai Yao
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Hongshen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daniel K Schreiber
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dien Ngo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gopal Viswanathan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tianshu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John D Vienna
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joseph V Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jincheng Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Gerald S Frankel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Reiser JT, Ryan JV, Wall NA. Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Gels with Compositions Relevant to Hydrated Glass Alteration Layers. ACS Omega 2019; 4:16257-16269. [PMID: 31616803 PMCID: PMC6787893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the processes associated with glass corrosion, porous hydrated glass alteration layers typically form upon exposure to aqueous conditions for extended time periods. The impacts of the alteration layer on glass durability have not been agreed upon in the glass science community. In particular, the formation mechanisms of hydrated glass alteration layers are still largely unknown and require further investigation, but these layers often require months to years to develop and are often too thin to adequately characterize. Meanwhile, sol-gel-derived silicate gels are relatively easy to synthesize in bulk with custom compositions relevant to hydrated glass alteration layers. If alteration layers and synthetic silicate gels demonstrate physical and chemical properties that are sufficiently similar, synthetic silicate gels could be used as analogues for hydrated glass alteration layers in future studies. However, synthetic gels must first be prepared and evaluated before comparisons between glass alteration layers and synthetic silicate gels can be made. This work focuses entirely on the synthesis and observed physical properties of synthetic silicate gels. A future work will compare the characteristics of synthetic gels described in this work with altered waste glass formed in similar pH environments. In this study, synthetic gels were made with custom compositions at various pH values to evaluate the effect of pH on gel structure and morphology. Several other variables were examined also, such as composition, drying, and aging. Gels were produced by sequential additions of organometallic precursors in a single container. Gels were analyzed with several techniques including small-angle X-ray scattering, gas adsorption, and He pycnometry to determine the effects of the variables on physical properties. Results show that gels prepared at pH 3 consistently contained fewer primary particles with diameters larger than 7.2 nm and fewer pores with diameters larger than 30 nm compared to gels synthesized at pH 7 and 9. Composition was shown to have no discernable effect on primary particle and pore sizes at any pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle T. Reiser
- Energy and Environment
Directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Joseph V. Ryan
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nathalie A. Wall
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Asmussen RM, Ryan JV, Matyas J, Crum JV, Reiser JT, Avalos N, McElroy EM, Lawter AR, Canfield NC. Investigating the Durability of Iodine Waste Forms in Dilute Conditions. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E686. [PMID: 30813531 PMCID: PMC6427718 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the release of radioiodine during the reprocessing of used nuclear fuel or in the management of other wastes, many technologies have been developed for iodine capture. The capture is only part of the challenge as a durable waste form is required to ensure safe disposal of the radioiodine. This work presents the first durability studies in dilute conditions of two AgI-containing waste forms: hot-isostatically pressed silver mordenite (AgZ) and spark plasma sintered silver-functionalized silica aerogel (SFA) iodine waste forms (IWF). Using the single-pass flow-through (SPFT) test method, the dissolution rates respective to Si, Al, Ag and I were measured for variants of the IWFs. By combining solution and solid analysis information on the corrosion mechanism neutral-to-alkaline conditions was elucidated. The AgZ samples were observed to have corrosion preferentially occur at secondary phases with higher Al and alkali content. These phases contained a lower proportion of I compared with the matrix. The SFA samples experienced a higher extent of corrosion at Si-rich particles, but an increased addition of Si to the waste led to an improvement in corrosion resistance. The dissolution rates for the IWF types are of similar magnitude to other Si-based waste form materials measured using SPFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Asmussen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Joseph V Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Josef Matyas
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Jarrod V Crum
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Joelle T Reiser
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Nancy Avalos
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Erin M McElroy
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Amanda R Lawter
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Nathan C Canfield
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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7
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Parruzot B, Ryan JV, Lines AM, Bryan SA, Neeway JJ, Chatterjee S, Lukins CD, Casella AJ. Method for the in situ Measurement of pH and Alteration Extent for Aluminoborosilicate Glasses Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11812-11819. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Parruzot
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joseph V. Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James J. Neeway
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Craig D. Lukins
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Schreiber DK, Perea DE, Ryan JV, Evans JE, Vienna JD. A method for site-specific and cryogenic specimen fabrication of liquid/solid interfaces for atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 194:89-99. [PMID: 30092393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A site-specific, cryogenic, focused ion beam (FIB) method is presented for the preparation of atom probe tomography (APT) specimens from a frozen liquid/solid interface. As a practical example, the interface between water and a corroded boroaluminosilicate glass has been characterized by APT for the first time. The water/glass interface is preserved throughout specimen preparation by plunge freezing the corroding glass particles with the corrosion solution into slush nitrogen. Site-specific specimen preparation is enabled through a new approach to extract and mount a small volume of material using a cryogenically cooled FIB stage and micromanipulator. The prepared APT specimens are subsequently transferred from the FIB to APT under cryogenic and high-vacuum conditions using a novel FIB/APT transfer shuttle and home-built environmental transfer hub attached to the APT system. Particular focus is given to the technical methods for specimen fabrication under cryogenic conditions. Persistent challenges are discussed in addition to future opportunities for this new specimen preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Schreiber
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - D E Perea
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999 Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - J V Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - J E Evans
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999 Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - J D Vienna
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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9
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Wang Z, Liu J, Zhou Y, Neeway JJ, Schreiber DK, Crum JV, Ryan JV, Wang XL, Wang F, Zhu Z. Nanoscale imaging of Li and B in nuclear waste glass, a comparison of ToF-SIMS, NanoSIMS, and APT. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE); Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
| | - James J. Neeway
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Daniel K. Schreiber
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jarrod V. Crum
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Joseph V. Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Xue-Lin Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE); Shandong University; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
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Wang Z, Liu B, Zhao EW, Jin K, Du Y, Neeway JJ, Ryan JV, Hu D, Zhang KHL, Hong M, Le Guernic S, Thevuthasan S, Wang F, Zhu Z. Argon Cluster Sputtering Source for ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Insulating Materials: High Sputter Rate and Accurate Interfacial Information. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:1283-1290. [PMID: 25953490 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of an argon cluster ion sputtering source has been demonstrated to perform superiorly relative to traditional oxygen and cesium ion sputtering sources for ToF-SIMS depth profiling of insulating materials. The superior performance has been attributed to effective alleviation of surface charging. A simulated nuclear waste glass (SON68) and layered hole-perovskite oxide thin films were selected as model systems because of their fundamental and practical significance. Our results show that high sputter rates and accurate interfacial information can be achieved simultaneously for argon cluster sputtering, whereas this is not the case for cesium and oxygen sputtering. Therefore, the implementation of an argon cluster sputtering source can significantly improve the analysis efficiency of insulating materials and, thus, can expand its applications to the study of glass corrosion, perovskite oxide thin film characterization, and many other systems of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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Wang YC, Schreiber DK, Neeway JJ, Thevuthasan S, Evans JE, Ryan JV, Zhu Z, Wei WD. NanoSIMS imaging alteration layers of a leached SON68 glass via a FIB-made wedged crater. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chung Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanostructured Electronic Materials; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Daniel K. Schreiber
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - James J. Neeway
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Suntharampillai Thevuthasan
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - James E. Evans
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Joseph V. Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Zihua Zhu
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Wei David Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanostructured Electronic Materials; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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Riley BJ, Chun J, Ryan JV, Matyáš J, Li XS, Matson DW, Sundaram SK, Strachan DM, Vienna JD. Chalcogen-based aerogels as a multifunctional platform for remediation of radioactive iodine. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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McCloy JS, Ryan JV, Droubay T, Kaspar TC, Chambers S, Look DC. Magnetotransport properties of high quality Co:ZnO and Mn:ZnO single crystal pulsed laser deposition films: pitfalls associated with magnetotransport on high resistivity materials. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:063902. [PMID: 20590247 DOI: 10.1063/1.3436648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electrical resistivity values for a series of pure and doped (Co, Mn, Al) ZnO epitaxial films grown by pulsed laser deposition were measured with equipment designed for determining the direct current resistivity of high resistance samples. Room-temperature resistances ranging from 7 x 10(1) to 4 x 10(8) Omega/sq were measured on vacuum-reduced cobalt-doped ZnO, (Al,Co) co-doped ZnO, pure cobalt-doped ZnO, Mn-doped ZnO, and undoped ZnO. Using a four-point collinear geometry with gold spring-loaded contacts, resistivities were measured from 295 to 5 K for resistances of < approximately 10(12) Omega/sq. In addition, magnetoresistance and Hall effect were measured as a function of temperature for select samples. Throughout the investigation, samples were also measured on commercially available instrumentation with good agreement. The challenges of transport measurements on high resistivity samples are discussed, along with some offered solutions to those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCloy
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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Lemieux PM, Stewart ES, Ryan JV. Pilot-scale studies on the effect of bromine addition on the emissions of chlorinated organic combustion by-products. Waste Manag 2002; 22:381-389. [PMID: 12099495 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-053x(02)00020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The addition of brominated organic compounds to the feed of a pilot-scale incinerator burning chlorinated waste has been found previously, under some circumstances, to enhance emissions of volatile and semivolatile organic chlorinated products of incomplete combustion (PICs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). This phenomenon appears to be sensitive to temperature and combustion conditions. This paper reports on a study to evaluate the emissions of organic combustion by-products while varying amounts of bromine (Br) and chlorine (Cl) are being fed into a pilot-scale incinerator burning surrogate waste materials. The surrogate waste was fed at a constant molar halogen input rate, with varying Br/Cl molar ratios. In these tests, an approximately 30% decrease in the total PCDD/F concentrations due to the addition of Br was observed. This decrease appears to be a decrease only in the chlorinated dioxin and furan species; other halogenated dioxins and furans were formed instead. PCDD/F homologue distribution shifted towards the higher chlorinated species. Perhalogenated or nearly perhalogenated mixed bromo-chloro furans were also observed in quantities that could potentially account for the observed decrease in PCDDs/Fs. This research illustrates the need for careful trial burn planning if Br will be present in the facility's feed-stock during normal operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lemieux
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Gullett BK, Ryan JV, Tabor D. Inclusion of 13C12-labelled mono-, di-, and tri-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran standards in US EPA methods 0023A/8290. Chemosphere 2001; 43:403-406. [PMID: 11372819 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
13C12-Labelled mono-, di-, and tri-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (CDD) and chlorinated dibenzofuran (CDF) standards have been tested for their applicability to standard EPA sampling and analytical Methods 0023A/8290. These methods target for analysis only the tetra- through octa-CDD/CDF homologues. Extension of the isotope dilution method to include those lower chlorinated homologues is important toward obtaining reliable species concentration data on the complete, mono- to octa-chlorinated homologue profile. These data will improve our ability to model poly-CDD/CDF concentrations through understanding mechanisms of poly-CDD/CDF formation, chlorination, and dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Gullett
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Preventive and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Abstract
Analysis of Hg speciation in combustion flue gases is often accomplished in standardized sampling trains in which the sample is passed sequentially through a series of aqueous solutions to capture and separate oxidized Hg (Hg2+) and elemental Hg (Hg0). Such methods include the Ontario Hydro (OH) and the Alkaline Mercury Speciation (AMS) methods, which were investigated in the laboratory to determine whether the presence of Cl2 and other common flue gas species can bias the partitioning of Hg0 to front impingers intended to isolate Hg2+ species. Using only a single impinger to represent the front three impingers for each method, it was found that as little as 1-ppm Cl2 in a simulated flue gas mixture led to a bias of approximately 10-20% of Hg0 misreported as Hg2+ for both the OH and the AMS methods. Experiments using 100-ppm Cl2 led to a similar bias in the OH method, but to a 30-60% bias in the AMS method. These false readings are shown to be due to liquid-phase chemistry in the impinger solutions, and not necessarily to the gas-phase reactions between Cl2 and Hg as previously proposed. The pertinent solution chemistry causing the interference involves the hypochlorite ion (OCl-), which oxidizes Hg0 to soluble Hg2+. Addition of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to the front impinger solutions eliminates this false positive measurement of Hg2+ by selectively reacting with the OCl- ion. In general, the presence of SO2 also mitigates this interference in the same way, and so this bias is not likely to be a factor for Hg speciation measurements from actual coal combustion flue gases. It might, however, be a problem for those few combustor flue gas measurements and research studies where Cl2 is present without appreciable amounts of SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Linak
- Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Abstract
The presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment has wide-ranging potential ecological and health impacts on animals and humans. A significant amount of experimental and theoretical work has been performed the examining formation and control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which account for only part of the EDCs being emitted from combustion devices. Generally accepted mechanistic theories for PCDD/F formation propose heterogeneous reactions in the cooler regions of the combustor involving gas-phase organic precursors (such as chlorobenzenes or chlorophenols), a chlorine donor [such as hydrogen chloride (HCl)], and a flyash-bound metallic catalyst (such as copper chloride). There is evidence that some other proposed EDCs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are formed through a similar mechanistic pathway as PCDD/Fs. In addition, there is evidence that certain important steps in the catalytic reaction between the copper catalyst and the organic precursors may suggest a common rate limiting step for the heterogeneous formation of the previously mentioned EDCs. This paper reports on a bench-scale experimental study to characterize a newly built reactor system that was built to: produce levels and distributions of PCDD/F production similar to those achieved by previous researchers; verify similar responses to changes in independent variables; examine the hypothesis that PCB formation rates exhibit trends similar to PCDD/F formation rates as reactor variables are changed; and begin to explore the dependence of PCB formation on temperature and precursor type. The reactor system has been built, and initial reactor characterization studies have been performed. Initial experiments yielded results that support the hypothesis of a similar formation mechanism of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in combustors. Initial experiments uncovered potential deficiencies with the reactor system and the experimental procedures and have suggested corrective action to improve the experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lemieux
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Lemieux PM, Lee CW, Ryan JV. Prediction of dioxin/furan incinerator emissions using low-molecular-weight volatile products of incomplete combustion. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2000; 50:2129-2137. [PMID: 11140141 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from incinerators and other stationary combustion sources are of environmental concern because of the toxicity of certain PCDD/F congeners. Measurement of trace levels of PCDDs/Fs in combustor emissions is not a trivial matter. Development of one or more simple, easy-to-measure, reliable indicators of stack PCDD/F concentrations not only would enable incinerator operators to economically optimize system performance with respect to PCDD/F emissions, but could also provide a potential technique for demonstrating compliance status on a more frequent basis. This paper focuses on one approach to empirically estimate PCDD/F emissions using easy-to-measure volatile organic C2 chlorinated alkene precursors coupled with flue gas cleaning parameters. Three data sets from pilot-scale incineration experiments were examined for correlations between C2 chlorinated alkenes and PCDDs/Fs. Each data set contained one or more C2 chloroalkenes that were able to account for a statistically significant fraction of the variance in PCDD/F emissions. Variations in the vinyl chloride concentrations were able to account for the variations in the PCDD/F concentrations strongly in two of the three data sets and weakly in one of the data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lemieux
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Miller CA, Srivastava RK, Ryan JV. Emissions of organic hazardous air pollutants from the combustion of pulverized coal in a small-scale combustor. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:1150-1158. [PMID: 22176244 DOI: 10.1021/es00055a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Demarini DM, Lemieux PM, Ryan JV, Brooks LR, Williams RW. Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of emissions from the open burning of scrap rubber tires. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:136-141. [PMID: 22175842 DOI: 10.1021/es00050a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Linak WP, Ryan JV, Perry E, Williams RW, DeMarini DM. Chemical and biological characterization of products of incomplete combustion from the simulated field burning of agricultural plastic. JAPCA 1989; 39:836-46. [PMID: 2754442 DOI: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and biological analyses were performed to characterize products of incomplete combustion emitted during the simulated open field burning of agricultural plastic. A small utility shed equipped with an air delivery system was used to simulate pile burning and forced-air-curtain incineration of a nonhalogenated agricultural plastic that reportedly consisted of polyethylene and carbon black. Emissions were analyzed for combustion gases; volatile, semi-volatile, and particulate organics; and toxic and mutagenic properties. Emission samples, as well as samples of the used (possibly pesticide-contaminated) plastic, were analyzed for the presence of several pesticides to which the plastic may have been exposed. Although a variety of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were identified in the volatile, semi-volatile, and particulate fractions of these emissions, a substantial fraction of higher molecular weight organic material was not identified. No pesticides were identified in either combustion emission samples or dichloromethane washes of the used plastic. When mutagenicity was evaluated by exposing Salmonella bacteria (Ames assay) to whole vapor and vapor/particulate emissions, no toxic or mutagenic effects were observed. However, organic extracts of the particulate samples were moderately mutagenic. This mutagenicity compares approximately to that measured from residential wood heating on a revertant per unit heat release basis. Compared to pile burning, forced air slightly decreased the time necessary to burn a charge of plastic. There was not a substantial difference, however, in the variety or concentrations of organic compounds identified in samples from these two burn conditions. This study highlights the benefits of a combined chemical/biological approach to the characterization of complex, multi-component combustion emissions. These results may not reflect those of other types of plastic that may be used for agricultural purposes, especially those containing halogens.
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