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Felmy HM, Cox RM, Espley AF, Campbell EL, Kersten BR, Lackey HE, Branch SD, Bryan SA, Lines AM. Quantification of Hydrogen Isotopes Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy Paired with Chemometric Analysis for Application across Multiple Systems. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38656924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Online and real-time analysis of a chemical process is a major analytical challenge that can drastically change the way the chemical industry or chemical research operates. With in situ analyses, a new and powerful understanding of chemistry can be gained; however, building robust tools for long-term monitoring faces many challenges, including compensating for instrument drift, instrument replacement, and sensor or probe replacement. Accounting for these changes by recollecting calibration data and rebuilding quantification models can be costly and time-consuming. Here, methods to overcome these challenges are demonstrated with an application of Raman spectroscopy to monitoring hydrogen isotopes with varied speciation within dynamic gas streams. Specifically, chemical data science tools such as chemometric modeling are leveraged along with several examples of calibration transfer approaches. Furthermore, the optimization of instrument and sensor cell parameters for targeted gas-phase analyses is discussed. While the particular focus on hydrogen is highly beneficial within the nuclear energy sector, mechanisms built and demonstrated here are widely applicable to optical spectroscopy monitoring in numerous other chemical systems that can be leveraged in other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Felmy
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard M Cox
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alyssa F Espley
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Emily L Campbell
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bethany R Kersten
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hope E Lackey
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shirmir D Branch
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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2
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Felmy H, Bessen NP, Lackey HE, Bryan SA, Lines AM. Quantification of Uranium in Complex Acid Media: Understanding Speciation and Mitigating for Band Shifts. ACS Omega 2023; 8:41696-41707. [PMID: 37969969 PMCID: PMC10633830 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ and real-time analysis of chemical systems, or online monitoring, has numerous benefits in all fields of chemistry. A common challenge can be found in matrix effects, where the addition of a new chemical species causes chemical interactions and changes the fingerprints of other chemical species in the system. This is demonstrated here by looking at the Raman and visible spectra of the uranyl ion within combined nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid media. This system is not only highly important to nuclear energy, a green and reliable option for energy portfolios, but also provides a clear chemistry example that can be applied to other chemical systems. The application of optical spectroscopy is discussed, along with the application and comparison of both multivariate curve resolution and HypSpec to deconvolute and understand speciation. Finally, the use of chemical data science in the form of chemometric modeling is used to demonstrate robust quantification of uranium within a complex chemical system where potential matrix effects are not known a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather
M. Felmy
- Energy and Environment
directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nathan P. Bessen
- Energy and Environment
directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hope E. Lackey
- Energy and Environment
directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment
directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment
directorate, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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3
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Lines AM, Barpaga D, Zheng RF, Collett JR, Heldebrant DJ, Bryan SA. In Situ Raman Methodology for Online Analysis of CO 2 and H 2O Loadings in a Water-Lean Solvent for CO 2 Capture. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15566-15576. [PMID: 37787757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture represents a key pathway to meeting climate change mitigation goals. Powerful next-generation solvent-based capture processes are under development by many researchers, but optimization and testing would be significantly aided by integrating in situ monitoring capability. Further, real-time water analysis in water-lean solvents offers the potential to maintain their water balance in operation. To explore data acquisition techniques in depth for this purpose, Raman spectra of CO2, H2O, and a single-component water-lean solvent, N-(2-ethoxyethyl)-3-morpholinopropan-1-amine (2-EEMPA) were collected at different CO2 and H2O concentrations using an in situ Raman cell. The quantification of CO2 and H2O loadings in 2-EEMPA was done by principal component regression and partial least squares methods with analysis of uncertainties. We conclude with discussions on how this simultaneous online analysis method to quantify CO2 and H2O loadings can be an important tool to enable the optimal efficiency of water-lean CO2 solvents while also maintaining the critical water balance under operating conditions relevant to post-combustion CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dushyant Barpaga
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard F Zheng
- STARS Technology Corporation, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - James R Collett
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David J Heldebrant
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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4
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Heller FD, Ahlers LRH, Nordquist ZE, Gunawardena NH, French AD, Lines AM, Nelson GL, Casella AJ, Bryan SA. Development of Online pH Monitoring for Lactic, Malonic, Citric, and Oxalic Acids Based on Raman Spectroscopy Using Hierarchical Chemometric Modeling. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17467-17476. [PMID: 36480638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Online spectroscopic measurements can be used to provide unique insight into complex chemical systems, enabling new understanding and optimization of chemical processes. A key example of this is discussed here with the monitoring of pH of various acid systems in real-time. In this work the acids used in multiple chemical separations processes, such as TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide-Lanthanide Separation by Phosphorus reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) and oxalate precipitation, were characterized. Raman spectroscopy, a robust optical approach that can be integrated in corrosive processes, was used to follow the unique fingerprints of the various protonated and deprotonated acid species. This data was analyzed using a hierarchical modeling approach to build a consolidated model scheme using optical fingerprints from all weak acids to measure pH associated with any of the weak acid systems studied here. Validation of system performance included utilizing Raman spectroscopy under dynamic flow conditions to monitor solution pH under changing process conditions in-line. Overall, the Raman based approach provided accurate analysis of weak acid solution pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest D Heller
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Laura R H Ahlers
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zoe E Nordquist
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Navindra H Gunawardena
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda D French
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gilbert L Nelson
- Chemistry Department, The College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Amanda J Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Medina AS, Felmy HM, Vitale-Sullivan ME, Lackey HE, Branch SD, Bryan SA, Lines AM. Iodine and Carbonate Species Monitoring in Molten NaOH-KOH Eutectic Scrubber via Dual-Phase In Situ Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Omega 2022; 7:40456-40465. [PMID: 36385882 PMCID: PMC9647834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molten hydroxide scrubbing of off-gas vapors is a potential process to improve safety during the operation of generation IV molten salt nuclear reactors (MSRs). MSRs produce off-gases that can be vented by the reactor core and treated via off-gas scrubbers. Molten hydroxide scrubbers focus on capturing volatile iodine radionuclides, and they can also be used to capture aerosols and particulates and to neutralize acidic species. The performance of these scrubbers depends on the chemical interactions of the scrubbing medium with the off-gas species. Knowledge of the concentration and speciation of scrubbed or target species, as well as process and environmental interferents, can enable advanced operation of MSR off-gas treatment systems. Optical online monitoring is an excellent technology to provide this information in real time, while limiting the need for operators to interact with radioactive samples through hands-on interrogation. Raman spectroscopy can provide crucial chemical information on the state of the molten eutectic during treatment in the molten phase, as well as the gas phase. In this work, Raman spectroscopy is used to detect iodine species, specifically iodate, in the molten phase of a NaOH-KOH eutectic and to construct a calibration curve of the Raman signal of those species. Additionally, a carbonate interferent is followed from the gas phase to the liquid phase as a basis for reaching a Raman-aided mass balance of the molten hydroxide eutectic scrubber system.
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6
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Mattio E, Caleyron A, Miguirditchian M, Lines AM, Bryan SA, Lackey HE, Rodriguez-Ruiz I, Lamadie F. Microfluidic In-Situ Spectrophotometric Approaches to Tackle Actinides Analysis in Multiple Oxidation States. Appl Spectrosc 2022; 76:580-589. [PMID: 35108115 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211063916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study and development of present and future processes for the treatment/recycling of spent nuclear fuels require many steps, from design in the laboratory to setting up on an industrial scale. In all of these steps, analysis and instrumentation are key points. For scientific reasons (small-scale studies, control of phenomena, etc.) but also with regard to minimizing costs, risks, and waste, such developments are increasingly carried out on milli- or microfluidic devices. The logic is the same for the chemical analyses associated with their follow-up and interpretation. Due to this, over the last few years, opto-microfluidic analysis devices adapted to the monitoring of different processes (dissolution, liquid-liquid extraction, precipitation, etc.) have been increasingly designed and developed. In this work, we prove that photonic lab-on-a-chip (PhLoC) technology is fully suitable for all actinides concentration monitoring along the plutonium uranium refining extraction (plutonium, uranium, reduction, extraction, or Purex) process. Several PhLoC microfluidic platforms were specifically designed and used in different nuclear research and development (R&D) laboratories, to tackle actinides analysis in multiple oxidation states even in mixtures. The detection limits reached (tens of µmol·L-1) are fully compliant with on-line process monitoring, whereas a range of analyzable concentrations of three orders of magnitude can be covered with less than 150 µL of analyte. Finally, this work confirms the possibility and the potential of coupling Raman and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopies at the microfluidic scale, opening the perspective of measuring very complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mattio
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, 27053Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Audrey Caleyron
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, 27053Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | | | - Amanda M Lines
- 6865Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- 6865Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hope E Lackey
- 6865Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Fabrice Lamadie
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, 27053Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
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7
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Lines AM, Bello JM, Gasbarro C, Bryan SA. Combined Raman and Turbidity Probe for Real-Time Analysis of Variable Turbidity Streams. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3652-3660. [PMID: 35171558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Real-time and in situ process monitoring is a powerful tool that can empower operators of hazardous processes to better understand and control their chemical systems without increased risk to themselves. However, the application of monitoring techniques to complex chemical processes can face challenges. An example of this is the application of optical spectroscopy, otherwise capable of providing detailed chemical composition information, to processes exhibiting variable turbidity. Here, details on a novel combined Raman spectroscopy and turbidimetry probe are discussed, which advances current technology to enable flexible and robust in situ monitoring of a flowing process stream. Furthermore, the analytical approach to accurately account for both Raman signal and turbidity while quantifying chemical targets is detailed. This new approach allows for accurate analysis without requiring assumptions of stable process chemistry, which may be unlikely in applications such as waste cleanup. Through leveraging Raman and turbidity data simultaneously collected from the combined probe within chemometric models, accurate quantification of multiple chemical targets can be achieved under conditions of variable concentrations and turbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Job M Bello
- Spectra Solutions, Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, United States
| | | | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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8
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Tse P, Shafer J, Bryan SA, Nelson GL, Lines AM. Measuring Nd(III) Solution Concentration in the Presence of Interfering Er(III) and Cu(II) Ions: A Partial Least Squares Analysis of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectra. Appl Spectrosc 2022; 76:173-183. [PMID: 34643131 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211053852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy is a powerful characterization tool with applications ranging from fundamental studies to real-time process monitoring. However, it can be difficult to apply to complex samples that contain interfering analytes which are common in processing streams. Multivariate (chemometric) analysis has been examined for providing selectivity and accuracy to the analysis of optical spectra and expanding its potential applications. Here we will discuss chemometric modeling with an in-depth comparison to more simplistic analysis approaches and outline how chemometric modeling works while exploring the limits on modeling accuracy. Understanding the limitations of the chemometric model can provide better analytical assessment regarding the accuracy and precision of the analytical result. This will be explored in the context of UV-Vis absorbance of neodymium (Nd3+) in the presence of interferents, erbium (Er3+) and copper (Cu2+) under conditions simulating the liquid-liquid extraction approach used to recycle plutonium (Pu) and uranium (U) in used nuclear fuel worldwide. The selected chemometric model, partial least squares regression, accurately quantifies Nd3+ with a low percentage error in the presence of interfering analytes and even under conditions that the training set does not describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poki Tse
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jenifer Shafer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Gilbert L Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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9
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Lackey HE, Colburn HA, Olarte MV, Lemmon T, Felmy HM, Bryan SA, Lines AM. On-Line Raman Measurement of the Radiation-Enhanced Reaction of Cellobiose with Hydrogen Peroxide. ACS Omega 2021; 6:35457-35466. [PMID: 34984277 PMCID: PMC8717536 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Production of a chemical feedstock as a secondary product from a commercial nuclear reactor can increase the economic viability of the reactor and enable the deployment of nuclear energy as part of the low-carbon energy grid. Currently, commercial nuclear reactors produce underutilized energy in the form of neutrons and gamma photons. This excess energy can be exploited to drive chemical reactions, increasing the fraction of utilized energy in reactors and providing a valuable secondary product from the reactor. Gamma degradation of cellulosic biomass has been studied previously. However, real-time, on-line monitoring of the breakdown of biomass materials under gamma radiation has not been demonstrated. Here, we demonstrate on-line monitoring of the reaction of cellobiose with hydrogen peroxide under gamma radiation using Raman spectroscopy, providing in situ quantification of organic and inorganic system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope E. Lackey
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Heather A. Colburn
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mariefel V. Olarte
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Teresa Lemmon
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Heather M. Felmy
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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10
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Tse P, Shafer J, Bryan SA, Lines AM. Quantification of Raman-Interfering Polyoxoanions for Process Analysis: Comparison of Different Chemometric Models and a Demonstration on Real Hanford Waste. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12943-12950. [PMID: 34529406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Hanford site represents a complicated environmental remediation challenge, remaining from the production of nuclear weapons. Over 100 million gallons of liquid radioactive waste of unknown composition will be chemically processed and vitrified, but the varying chemical composition and highly radioactive nature of the waste preclude the implementation of more developed, offline technologies to determine the composition. The only practical approach to waste treatment will require the significant utilization of real-time, chemometric modeling approaches. Although chemometric approaches have been applied to the analysis of Hanford waste, the models developed were highly tank-specialized, and limited discussion was provided on how models fared with interfering signals. As the tank waste is largely composed of oxoanions, which tend to have interfering Raman spectra, the general question was posed as to what chemometric approach is best suited to accurately quantify analytes in the presence of interfering signals. This was carried out by examining the ability of classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least square (PLS), and locally weighted regression (LWR) to quantify NO3- and CO32- using their bands around 1050 cm-1. For all samples, the PLS-based model was found to be the most efficient approach from a model building and application perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poki Tse
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jenifer Shafer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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11
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Clifford AJ, Lackey HE, Nelson GL, Bryan SA, Lines AM. Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Analysis for Speciation and Quantitative Analysis of Aqueous Phosphoric Acid Systems. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5890-5896. [PMID: 33780245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complex chemical systems that exhibit varied and matrix-dependent speciation are notoriously difficult to monitor and characterize online and in real-time. Optical spectroscopy is an ideal tool for in situ characterization of chemical species that can enable quantification as well as species identification. Chemometric modeling, a multivariate method, has been successfully paired with optical spectroscopy to enable measurement of analyte concentrations even in complex solutions where univariate methods such as Beer's law analysis fail. Here, Raman spectroscopy is used to quantify the concentration of phosphoric acid and its three deprotonated forms during a titration. In this system, univariate approaches would be difficult to apply due to multiple species being present simultaneously within the solution as the pH is varied. Locally weighted regression (LWR) modeling was used to determine phosphate concentration from spectral signature. LWR results, in tandem with multivariate curve resolution modeling, provide a direct measurement of the concentration of each phosphate species using only the Raman signal. Furthermore, results are presented within the context of fundamental solution chemistry, including Pitzer equations, to compensate for activity coefficients and nonidealities associated with high ionic strength systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Clifford
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hope E Lackey
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gilbert L Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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12
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Felmy HM, Clifford AJ, Medina AS, Cox RM, Wilson JM, Lines AM, Bryan SA. On-Line Monitoring of Gas-Phase Molecular Iodine Using Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Paired with Chemometric Analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:3898-3908. [PMID: 33411509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molten salt reactors (MSRs) have the potential to safely support green energy goals while meeting baseload energy needs with diverse energy portfolios. While reactor designers have made tremendous strides with these systems, licensing and deployment of these reactors will be aided through the development of new technology such as on-line and remote monitoring tools. Of particular interest is quantifying reactor off-gas species, such as iodine, within off-gas streams to support the design and operational control of off-gas treatment systems. Here, the development of advanced Raman spectroscopy systems for the on-line analysis of gas composition is discussed, focusing on the key control species I2(g). Signal response was explored with two Raman instruments, utilizing 532 and 671 nm excitation sources, as a function of I2(g) pressure and temperature. Also explored is the integration of advanced data analysis methods to enable real-time and highly accurate analysis of complex optical data. Specifically, the application of chemometric modeling is discussed. Raman spectroscopy paired with chemometric analysis is demonstrated to provide a powerful route to analyzing I2(g) composition within the gas phase, which lays the foundation for applications within molten salt reactor off-gas analysis and other significant chemical processes producing iodine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Felmy
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Andrew J Clifford
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Adan Schafer Medina
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard M Cox
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jennifer M Wilson
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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13
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Nelson GL, Lackey HE, Bello JM, Felmy HM, Bryan HB, Lamadie F, Bryan SA, Lines AM. Enabling Microscale Processing: Combined Raman and Absorbance Spectroscopy for Microfluidic On-Line Monitoring. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1643-1651. [PMID: 33337856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics have many potential applications including characterization of chemical processes on a reduced scale, spanning the study of reaction kinetics using on-chip liquid-liquid extractions, sample pretreatment to simplify off-chip analysis, and for portable spectroscopic analyses. The use of in situ characterization of process streams from laboratory-scale and microscale experiments on the same chemical system can provide comprehensive understanding and in-depth analysis of any similarities or differences between process conditions at different scales. A well-characterized extraction of Nd(NO3)3 from an aqueous phase of varying NO3- (aq) concentration with tributyl phosphate (TBP) in dodecane was the focus of this microscale study and was compared to an earlier laboratory-scale study utilizing counter current extraction equipment. Here, we verify that this same extraction process can be followed on the microscale using spectroscopic methods adapted for microfluidic measurement. Concentration of Nd (based on UV-vis) and nitrate (based on Raman) was chemometrically measured during the flow experiment, and resulting data were used to determine the distribution ratio for Nd. Extraction distributions measured on the microscale were compared favorably with those determined on the laboratory scale in the earlier study. Both micro-Raman and micro-UV-vis spectroscopy can be used to determine fundamental parameters with significantly reduced sample size as compared to traditional laboratory-scale approaches. This leads naturally to time, cost, and waste reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert L Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Hope E Lackey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Job M Bello
- Spectra Solutions Incorporated, 1502 Providence Highway, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062-4643, United States
| | - Heather M Felmy
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hannah B Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fabrice Lamadie
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, SA2I, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, Marcoule, France
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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14
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Hughey KD, Bradley AM, Tonkyn RG, Felmy HM, Blake TA, Bryan SA, Johnson TJ, Lines AM. Absolute Band Intensity of the Iodine Monochloride Fundamental Mode for Infrared Sensing and Quantitative Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9578-9588. [PMID: 33153259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iodine monochloride (ICl) is a potential off-gas product of molten salt reactors; monitoring this heteronuclear diatomic molecule is of great interest for both environmental and safety purposes. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of infrared monitoring of ICl by measuring the far-infrared absorption cross section of its fundamental band near 381 cm-1. We have performed quantitative studies of the neat gas in a 20 cm cell at 25, 35, 50, and 70 °C at multiple pressures up to ∼9 Torr and investigated the temperature and pressure dependencies of the band's infrared cross section. Quantitative measurements were problematic due to sample adhesion to the cell walls and windows as well as reactions/possible hydrolysis of ICl to form HCl gas. Effects were mitigated by measuring only the neat gas, using short measurement times, and subtracting out the partial pressure of the HCl(g). The integrated band strength is shown to be temperature independent and was found to be equal to 9.1 × 10-19 (cm2/molecule) cm-1. As expected, the temperature dependence of the band profile showed only a small effect over this limited temperature range. We have also investigated using the absorption data along with inverse least squares multivariate methods for the quantitative monitoring of ICl effluent concentrations under different scenarios using infrared (standoff) sensing and compare these results with traditional Beer's law (univariate) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall D Hughey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ashley M Bradley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Russell G Tonkyn
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Heather M Felmy
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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15
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Lines AM, Hall GB, Asmussen S, Allred J, Sinkov S, Heller F, Gallagher N, Lumetta GJ, Bryan SA. Sensor Fusion: Comprehensive Real-Time, On-Line Monitoring for Process Control via Visible, Near-Infrared, and Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2467-2475. [PMID: 32662261 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On-line monitoring based on optical spectroscopy provides unprecedented insight into the chemical composition of process streams or batches. Amplifying this approach through utilizing multiple forms of optical spectroscopy in sensor fusion can greatly expand the number and type of chemical species that can be identified and quantified. This is demonstrated herein, on the analysis of used nuclear fuel recycling streams: highly complex processes with multiple target and interfering analytes. The optical techniques of visible absorbance, near-infrared absorbance, and Raman spectroscopy were combined to quantify plutonium(III, IV, VI), uranium(IV, VI), neptunium(IV, V, VI), and nitric acid. Chemometric modeling was used to quantify analytes in process streams in real time, and results were successfully used to enable immediate process control and generation of a product stream at a set composition ratio. This represents a significant step forward in the ability to monitor and control complex chemical processes occurring in harsh chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Susan Asmussen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jarrod Allred
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sergey Sinkov
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Forrest Heller
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Neal Gallagher
- Eigenvector Research, Manson, Washington 98831, United States
| | - Gregg J. Lumetta
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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16
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Lackey HE, Nelson GL, Lines AM, Bryan SA. Reimagining pH Measurement: Utilizing Raman Spectroscopy for Enhanced Accuracy in Phosphoric Acid Systems. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5882-5889. [PMID: 32223185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of pH is an integral component of chemical studies and process control; however, traditional pH probes are difficult to utilize in harsh or complex chemical systems. Optical spectroscopy-based online monitoring offers a powerful and novel route for characterizing system parameters, such as pH, and is well adapted to deployment in harsh environments or chemically complex systems. Specifically, Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis can provide an improved method of online p[H+] measurement. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis of Raman spectra can be utilized to determine speciation as a function of p[H+], and the MCR scores assigned to each species can be used to calculate p[H+]. Subsequent chemometric modeling can be used to correlate spectral response to p[H+]. This was demonstrated with phosphoric acid, a chemical system known to challenge traditional pH probes. Raman spectra exhibit clear changes with pH due to changing speciation, and chemometric modeling can be successfully utilized to correlate those fingerprints to p[H+]. With the use of this approach, p[H+] of the phosphoric acid system can be accurately measured without foreknowledge of system conditions such as ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope E Lackey
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gilbert L Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Boulevard, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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17
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Lines AM, Hall GB, Sinkov S, Levitskaia T, Gallagher N, Lumetta GJ, Bryan SA. Overcoming Oxidation State-Dependent Spectral Interferences: Online Monitoring of U(VI) Reduction to U(IV) via Raman and UV–vis Spectroscopy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sergey Sinkov
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Tatiana Levitskaia
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Neal Gallagher
- Eigenvector Research, Manson, Washington 98831, United States
| | - Gregg J. Lumetta
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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18
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Nelson GL, Lines AM, Bello JM, Bryan SA. Online Monitoring of Solutions Within Microfluidic Chips: Simultaneous Raman and UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopies. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2288-2295. [PMID: 31434479 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an appealing analytical tool in the global effort to close the nuclear fuel cycle. Using a microfluidic chip permits the analysis of greatly reduced sample volumes compared to what is necessary for traditional analytical methods. There is a commensurate reduction in disposal volume and cost. The development of novel sensors is necessary to take full advantage of the microchip configuration, where optical-spectroscopy-based approaches offer a powerful route to characterize chemical composition. This study uses simultaneously applied UV-vis and micro-Raman spectroscopies adapted to function on the microscale to analyze in situ both the Nd3+ (UV-vis-active) and HNO3 (Raman-active) concentrations in the same sample. An adjustable translation platform was designed to hold the micro-Raman probe above and perpendicular to the chip face and the UV-vis probe in the plane of the chip. These complimentary spectral techniques when processed through multivariate partial least-squares (PLS) models gave an accurate picture of the widely varying solution concentrations as a function of time for each solution component. Solution matrix effects can drastically alter analyte signatures as measured by both UV-vis absorbance and Raman spectroscopy. PLS methods successfully modeled these spectral changes and accurately measured concentrations of components of interest within the microfluidic chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Job M. Bello
- Spectra Solutions, Inc., 1502 Providence Highway, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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19
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E. Asmussen S, M. Lines A, Bottenus D, Heller F, A. Bryan S, Delegard C, Louie C, Lumetta G, Pellegrini K, Pitts WK, Clark S, Casella A. In Situ Monitoring and Kinetic Analysis of the Extraction of Nitric Acid by Tributyl Phosphate in N-Dodecane Using Raman Spectroscopy. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2019.1630071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danny Bottenus
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Forrest Heller
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Christina Louie
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gregg Lumetta
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - W. Karl Pitts
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sue Clark
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Casella
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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20
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Lumetta GJ, Allred JR, Bryan SA, Hall GB, Levitskaia TG, Lines AM, Sinkov SI. Simulant testing of a co-decontamination (CoDCon) flowsheet for a product with a controlled uranium-to-plutonium ratio. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1594899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J. Lumetta
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Jarrod R. Allred
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | | | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Sergey I. Sinkov
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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21
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Lines AM, Warner JD, Heineman WR, Clark SB, Bryan SA. Cover Feature: Spectroelectrochemical Sensor for Spectroscopically Hard-to-detect Metals by in situ
Formation of a Luminescent Complex Using Ru(II) as a Model Compound (Electroanalysis 11/2018). ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201881102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
- Department of Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99163
| | - Joshua D. Warner
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | | | - Sue B. Clark
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
- Department of Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99163
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
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22
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Lines AM, Warner JD, Heineman WR, Clark SB, Bryan SA. Spectroelectrochemical Sensor for Spectroscopically Hard-to-detect Metals by in situ
Formation of a Luminescent Complex Using Ru(II) as a Model Compound. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
- Department of Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99163
| | - Joshua D. Warner
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | | | - Sue B. Clark
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
- Department of Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99163
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
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23
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Parruzot B, Ryan JV, Lines AM, Bryan SA, Neeway JJ, Chatterjee S, Lukins CD, Casella AJ. Method for the in situ Measurement of pH and Alteration Extent for Aluminoborosilicate Glasses Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11812-11819. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Parruzot
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joseph V. Ryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James J. Neeway
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Craig D. Lukins
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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24
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Branch SD, French AD, Lines AM, Soderquist CZ, Rapko BM, Heineman WR, Bryan SA. In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis and Quantification of [Tc(CO) 3] + in Hanford Tank Waste. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:7796-7804. [PMID: 29895141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative conversion of nonpertechnetate [Tc(CO)3]+ species in nuclear waste storage tank 241-AN-102 at the Hanford Site is demonstrated. A waste sample containing the [Tc(CO)3]+ species is added to a developer solution that rapidly converts the nonemissive species into a luminescent complex, which is detected spectroscopically. This method was first demonstrated using a [Tc(CO)3]+ sample of nonwaste containing matrix to determine a detection limit (LOD), resulting in a [Tc(CO)3]+ LOD of 2.20 × 10-7 M, very near the LOD of the independently synthesized standard (2.10 × 10-7 M). The method was then used to detect [Tc(CO)3]+ in a simulated waste using the standard addition method, resulting in a [Tc(CO)3]+ concentration of 1.89 × 10-5 M (within 27.7% of the concentration determined by β liquid scintillation counting). Three samples from 241-AN-102 were tested by the standard addition method: (1) a 5 M Na adjusted fraction, (2) a fraction depleted of 137Cs, and (3) an acid-stripped eluate. The concentrations of [Tc(CO)3]+ in these fractions were determined to be 9.90 × 10-6 M (1), 0 M (2), and 2.46 × 10-6 M (3), respectively. The concentration of [Tc(CO)3]+ in the as-received AN-102 tank waste supernatant was determined to be 1.84 × 10-5 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirmir D Branch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221-0172 , United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Amanda D French
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Chuck Z Soderquist
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Brian M Rapko
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221-0172 , United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
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25
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Nelson GL, Asmussen SE, Lines AM, Casella AJ, Bottenus DR, Clark SB, Bryan SA. Micro-Raman Technology to Interrogate Two-Phase Extraction on a Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8345-8353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert L. Nelson
- The College of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Susan E. Asmussen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Danny R. Bottenus
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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26
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Branch SD, French AD, Lines AM, Rapko BM, Heineman WR, Bryan SA. In Situ Quantification of [Re(CO) 3] + by Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Simulated Hanford Tank Waste. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:1357-1364. [PMID: 29240997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A pretreatment protocol is presented that allows for the quantitative conversion and subsequent in situ spectroscopic analysis of [Re(CO)3]+ species in simulated Hanford tank waste. In this test case, the nonradioactive metal rhenium is substituted for technetium (Tc-99), a weak beta emitter, to demonstrate proof of concept for a method to measure a nonpertechnetate form of technetium in Hanford tank waste. The protocol encompasses adding a simulated waste sample containing the nonemissive [Re(CO)3]+ species to a developer solution that enables the rapid, quantitative conversion of the nonemissive species to a luminescent species which can then be detected spectroscopically. The [Re(CO)3]+ species concentration in an alkaline, simulated Hanford tank waste supernatant can be quantified by the standard addition method. In a test case, the [Re(CO)3]+ species was measured to be at a concentration of 38.9 μM, which was a difference of 2.01% from the actual concentration of 39.7 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirmir D Branch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda D French
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Amanda M Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian M Rapko
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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27
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Lines AM, Nelson GL, Casella AJ, Bello JM, Clark SB, Bryan SA. Multivariate Analysis To Quantify Species in the Presence of Direct Interferents: Micro-Raman Analysis of HNO3 in Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2548-2554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gilbert L. Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Boulevard, Caldwell, Idaho 83605, United States
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Job M. Bello
- Spectra Solutions Inc., 1502
Providence Highway, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062-4643, United States
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy
and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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28
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Nelson GL, Lines AM, Casella AJ, Bello JM, Bryan SA. Development and testing of a novel micro-Raman probe and application of calibration method for the quantitative analysis of microfluidic nitric acid streams. Analyst 2018; 143:1188-1196. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To simplify and improve the safety of reprocessing nuclear fuel, the Micro-Raman technique was applied at the microfluidic scale with a view toward the on-line spectroscopic measurement of radioactive solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | | | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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29
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Lines AM, Adami SR, Casella AJ, Sinkov SI, Lumetta GJ, Bryan SA. Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry of the Pu (III/IV) and (IV/VI) Couples in Nitric Acid Systems. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | - Susan R. Adami
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | - Amanda J. Casella
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | - Sergey I. Sinkov
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | - Gregg J. Lumetta
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352
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30
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Lines AM, Adami SR, Sinkov SI, Lumetta GJ, Bryan SA. Multivariate Analysis for Quantification of Plutonium(IV) in Nitric Acid Based on Absorption Spectra. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9354-9359. [PMID: 28727912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Development of more effective, reliable, and fast methods for monitoring process streams is a growing opportunity for analytical applications. Many fields can benefit from online monitoring, including the nuclear fuel cycle where improved methods for monitoring radioactive materials will facilitate maintenance of proper safeguards and ensure safe and efficient processing of materials. Online process monitoring with a focus on optical spectroscopy can provide a fast, nondestructive method for monitoring chemical species. However, identification and quantification of species can be hindered by the complexity of the solutions if bands overlap or show condition-dependent spectral features. Plutonium(IV) is one example of a species which displays significant spectral variation with changing nitric acid concentration. Single variate analysis (i.e., Beer's Law) is difficult to apply to the quantification of Pu(IV) unless the nitric acid concentration is known and separate calibration curves have been made for all possible acid strengths. Multivariate or chemometric analysis is an approach that allows for the accurate quantification of Pu(IV) without a priori knowledge of nitric acid concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Lines
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Susan R Adami
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sergey I Sinkov
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregg J Lumetta
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Branch SD, Lines AM, Lynch J, Bello JM, Heineman WR, Bryan SA. Optically Transparent Thin-Film Electrode Chip for Spectroelectrochemical Sensing. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7324-7332. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirmir D. Branch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lines
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Job M. Bello
- EIC Laboratories Inc., Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, United States
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Lines
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University Pullman WA 99163
- Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352
| | - Zheming Wang
- E Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Department of Chemistry Washington State University Pullman WA 99163
- Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352
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