1
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Ortega DE, Cortés-Arriagada D. Unraveling the Reactivity of SiO 2-Supported Nickel Catalyst in Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Monomers: A Theoretical Study. Polymers (Basel) 2025; 17:1268. [PMID: 40363052 PMCID: PMC12073392 DOI: 10.3390/polym17091268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 05/03/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Understanding the catalytic behavior of heterogeneous systems for the copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers is essential for developing advanced functional polyolefins. In this study, we conducted a quantum chemical investigation of the SiO2-supported Ni-allyl-α-imine ketone catalyst (Ni-OH@SiO2) to uncover the factors governing monomer insertion, selectivity, and reactivity. Using DFT calculations and energy decomposition analysis (ALMO-EDA), we evaluated the coordination and insertion of six industrially relevant polar monomers, comparing their behavior to ethylene homopolymerization. Our results show that special polar monomers (SPMs) with aliphatic spacers, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane (vTMS) and 5-hexenyl acetate (AMA), exhibit favorable insertion profiles due to enhanced electrostatic and orbital interactions with minimal steric hindrance. In contrast, fundamental polar monomers (FPMs), including methyl acrylate (MA) and vinyl chloride (vCl), show higher activation barriers and increased Pauli repulsion due to strong electron-withdrawing effects and conjugation with the vinyl group. AMA displayed the lowest activation barrier (7.4 kcal/mol) and highest insertion thermodynamic stability (-17.6 kcal/mol). These findings provide molecular-level insight into insertion mechanisms and comonomer selectivity in Ni-allyl catalysts supported on silica, extending experimental understanding. This work establishes key structure-reactivity relationships and offers design principles for developing efficient Ni-based heterogeneous catalysts for polar monomer copolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E. Ortega
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDT), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940577, Chile;
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2
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Pawlak M, Pobłocki K, Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D. Recent developments in polymer chemistry, medicinal chemistry and electro-optics using Ni and Pd-based catalytic systems. J Mater Chem B 2025; 13:4964-4993. [PMID: 40178355 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb02859g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Catalysis is the fastest and continuously growing field in chemistry. A key component of this process is catalytic systems, which result in increased reaction rates and yields, as well as the ability to tailor the properties of products to the final application. With the development of catalysis, the requirements for catalysts used in these processes have also grown rapidly. Modern catalytic materials should overcome the challenges posed by the modern world of chemistry. They should be durable, and stable, have good catalytic properties, and allow catalytic processes to be carried out under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. In this article, we provide an overview of recent reports on the use of catalytic systems based on nickel and palladium ions in catalytic reactions, leading to functional materials used in the fields of medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry and electro-optical materials chemistry. Research on the optimization and modification of existing synthetic methods, reports on the synthesis of new functional materials, and articles on new, more efficient catalytic systems that overcome the drawbacks of existing catalysts are described. The presented article reviews current knowledge, providing the newest information from the world of catalysis and synthesis of advanced functional materials, presenting potential directions for further development in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawlak
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Kacper Pobłocki
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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3
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Yang Q, Kang X, Liu Y, Mu H, Jian Z. Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymers Synthesized with Highly Active Neutral Nickel Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202421904. [PMID: 40013406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202421904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/28/2025]
Abstract
Molecular weight is a crucial parameter in catalytic olefin polymerization to determine the thermomechanical properties of polymers. Elevating the molecular weight of ethylene-acrylate copolymer, a typical polar polyolefin has been a persistent challenge. This study presents the direct synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) ethylene-acrylate copolymers using a highly active, neutral, single-component phosphine-phenolate nickel catalyst under mild conditions. The coordination-insertion copolymerization of ethylene and various acrylates, such as methyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and t-butyl acrylate, can yield ethylene-acrylate copolymers with UHMWs (Mn) ranging from 1000 to 2700 kDa, with exceptional activities of up to 4.03 × 106 g mol-1 h-1. A relatively large-scale synthesis (30-50 g) of UHMW ethylene-acrylate copolymers was notably achieved. The properties of these UHMW ethylene-acrylate copolymers were comprehensively evaluated, demonstrating that these copolymers retained the bulk properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) while exhibiting improved surface and dyeing properties. In particular, the tensile strength of the ethylene-acrylate copolymers significantly increased with higher molecular weights, reaching 44 MPa (147 MPa after a predrawing ratio of 3.1), which is comparable to that of UHMWPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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4
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Wang C, Li X, Chen S, Shan T. Advances in High-Temperature Non-Metallocene Catalysts for Polyolefin Elastomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 18:1334. [PMID: 40141617 PMCID: PMC11944024 DOI: 10.3390/ma18061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2025] [Revised: 03/06/2025] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025]
Abstract
Despite the great successes achieved by metallocene catalysts in high-value-added polyolefin elastomer, the challenging preparation conditions and undesirable high-temperature molecular weight capabilities have compromised the efficiency and cost of polyolefin in industrial production. Recently, non-metallocene catalysts have received considerable attention due to their high thermostability, especially when coordinated with early transition metals. This review provides an overview of these early transition metal non-metallocene catalysts, which are mainly composed of N,N'-, N,O-, and N,S-bidentate complexes and tridentate complexes. The structural characteristics, catalytic performance, advantages, and disadvantages of the relevant non-metallocene catalysts, as well as their applications, are discussed. Candidates for commercialization of non-metallocene catalysts are proposed-focusing on imine-enamine, amino-quinoline, and pyridine-imine catalysts-by comparing the successful industrialization cases of metallocene catalysts. Finally, the trend in the research on non-metallocene catalysts and the strategies to address the challenges limiting their commercialization are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China;
- Satellite Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314001, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Satellite Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314001, China;
| | - Si Chen
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Tianyu Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Zhang H, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun L, Yu J, Chen L, Sun J, Zhang Q, Li M, Cai Z. Nickel-catalyzed in situ synthesis of UHMWPE/TiO 2 composites with enhanced mechanical properties and adjustable photocatalytic degradabilities. J Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 678:301-312. [PMID: 39245020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Expanding the application field of polyolefin materials through functionalization has been a research hotspot in the past three decades. Here, a TiO2-supported anilinenaphthoquinone nickel catalyst was assembled and applied for in situ ethylene polymerization with high activity (>2000 kg mol-1h-1) to produce ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/TiO2 composites with unique physicochemical performance. The UHMWPE/TiO2 composite films and fibers prepared by in-situ ethylene polymerization are superior to the samples from the blend system in issues such as TiO2 dispersibility, mechanical property, and photocatalytic degradability. The mechanical properties (strength up to 26.8 cN/dtex, modulus up to 1248.8 cN/dtex) of the obtained UHMWPE/TiO2 composite fibers are significantly improved with a very low dosage of TiO2 (as low as 1.4 wt‰). Moreover, UHMWPE/TiO2 composites obtained by coating Al2O3 and SiO2 on the surface of TiO2 not only retain the strong absorption of ultraviolet rays, but also effectively weaken the photocatalytic degradation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Junhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Lixiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Junrong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Junfen Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Mingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
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6
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DeGroot H, Speight IR, Brennessel WW, Hanusa TP. t-Butyl and Trimethylsilyl Substituents in Nickel Allyl Complexes: Similar but Not the Same. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:658-672. [PMID: 39649997 PMCID: PMC11621960 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes with t-Bu-substituted allyl ligands are relatively rare, especially compared to their conceptually similar trimethylsilyl-substituted analogs. The scarcity partially stems from the few general synthetic entry points for the t-Bu versions. This situation was studied through a modified synthesis for the allyl ligand itself and by forming several mono(allyl)nickel derivatives. After 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hepten-3-one was converted to the related 5-bromo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylhept-3-ene (A2tBr), a mixture of Ni(COD)2 and A2tBr in the presence of a neutral donor ligand such as MeCN was found to produce the dark red dimeric π-allyl complex [{A2tNiBr}2]. Both NMR and X-ray crystallographic data confirmed that the t-Bu substituents are in a syn, syn-conformation, like that in the previously described [{A'NiBr}2] (A' = 1,3-(TMS)2C3H3) complex. [{A2tNiBr}2] will form adducts with neutral donors such as PPh3 and IMes (IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene), but the resulting [A2tNi(PPh3)Br] complex is not as stable as its trimethylsilyl analog. The [A2tNi(IMes)Br] complex crystallizes from hexanes as a monomer, with an η3-coordinated [A2t] ligand, and in contrast to the starting arrangement in [{A2tNiBr}2], the t-Bu groups on the A2t ligand are in a syn, anti-relationship. This structure is paralleled in the trimethylsilyl analog [A'Ni(IMes)Br]. DFT calculations were used to compare the structures of t-Bu- and related trimethylsilyl-substituted complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry
P. DeGroot
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822 Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Isaiah R. Speight
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822 Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- X-ray
Crystallographic Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822 Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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7
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Rauf HS, Liu YS, Arslan M, Solanki SPS, Deydier E, Poli R, Grabow LC, Harth E. Benchtop-Stable Carbyl Iminopyridyl Ni II Complexes for Olefin Polymerization. ACS Catal 2024; 14:13136-13147. [PMID: 39263544 PMCID: PMC11385416 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Design of catalysts for Ni-catalyzed olefin polymerization predominantly focuses on ligand design rather than the activation process when attempting to achieve a broader scope of polyolefin micro- and macrostructures. Air-stable alkyl-or aryl-functionalized NiII precatalysts were designed which eliminate the need of in situ alkylating processes and are activated solely by halide abstraction to generate the cationic complex for olefin polymerization. These complexes represent an emerging class of olefin polymerization catalysts, enabling the study of various cocatalysts forming either inner- or outer-sphere ion pairs. It is demonstrated that an organoboron cocatalyst activation produces a well-defined ion pair, which in contrast to ill-defined organoaluminum cocatalysts, can directly activate the complex by halide abstraction to yield comparatively higher molecular weight homo/copolymers. Under high ethylene pressure, broader branching densities and the gradual incorporation of short-chain branches were achieved, circumventing the need for elaborate ligand design and copolymerization with α-olefins. The underlying chain-walking mechanism and ion pair interactions were further elucidated by DFT calculations. A phenyl group on the bridging carbon functioned as a rotational barrier, producing higher molecular weight polymers compared to methyl-substituted analogs. Here, we provide a perspective to manipulate the iminopyridyl NiII system, leveraging ion pair interactions and ligand design to govern polyolefin molecular weights and microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasaan S Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Surya Pratap S Solanki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eric Deydier
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Lars C Grabow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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8
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Ortega DE, Cortés-Arriagada D. Exploring ethylene insertion reaction mechanism in nickel complexes: a comparative study by the reaction force and reaction electronic flux in molecular and SiO 2-supported catalysts. J Mol Model 2024; 30:278. [PMID: 39034330 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT This study investigates the ethylene insertion reaction mechanism for polymerization catalysis, aiming to discern differences between Ni-α-imine ketone-type catalyst and their SiO2-supported counterpart. The reaction force analysis unveils a more intricate mechanism with SiO2 support, shedding light on unexplored factors and elucidating the observed lower catalytic activity. Furthermore, reactivity indexes suggest earlier ethylene activation in the supported catalyst, potentially enhancing overall selectivity. Finally, the reaction electronic flux analysis provides detailed insights into the electronic activity at each step of the reaction mechanism. In sum, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of the ethylene insertion reaction mechanism in both molecular and supported catalysts, underscoring the pivotal role of structural and electronic factors in catalytic processes. METHODS Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted using the ωB97XD functional and the 6-31 + G(d,p) basis sets with Gaussian16 software. Computational techniques utilized in this study encompassed the IRC method, reaction force analysis, and evaluation of electronic descriptors such as electronic chemical potential, molecular hardness, and electrophilicity reactivity indexes. Additionally, reaction electronic flux analysis was employed to investigate electronic activity along the reaction coordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Ortega
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, 8370854, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDT), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Ghana P, Xiong S, Tekpor A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Henderson BS, Agapie T. Catalyst Editing via Post-Synthetic Functionalization by Phosphonium Generation and Anion Exchange for Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18797-18803. [PMID: 38967615 PMCID: PMC11258788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Rapid, efficient development of homogeneous catalysts featuring desired performance is critical to numerous catalytic transformations but remains a key challenge. Typically, this task relies heavily on ligand design that is often based on trial and error. Herein, we demonstrate a "catalyst editing" strategy in Ni-catalyzed ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. Specifically, alkylation of a pendant phosphine followed by anion exchange provides a high yield strategy for a large number of cationic Ni phosphonium catalysts with varying electronic and steric profiles. These catalysts are highly active in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization, and their behaviors are correlated with the electrophile and the anion used in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shuoyan Xiong
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Adjeoda Tekpor
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C. Bailey
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A. Spinney
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S. Henderson
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Yue Q, Gao R, Song Z, Gou Q. Recent Advancements in the Synthesis of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene via Late Transition Metal Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1688. [PMID: 38932038 PMCID: PMC11207456 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes (UHMWPEs) are significant engineering plastics for their unique properties, such as high impact resistance, abrasion resistance, weatherability, lubricity, and chemical resistance. Consequently, developing a suitable catalyst is vital in facilitating the preparation of UHMWPE. The late transition metal catalysts have emerged as effective catalysts in producing UHMWPE due to their availability, enhanced tolerance to heteroatom groups, active polymerization characteristics, and good copolymerization ability with polar monomers. In this review, we mainly focus on the late transition metal catalysts, summarizing advancements in their application over the past decade. Four key metals (Ni, Pd, Fe, Co) for generating linear or branched UHMWPE will be primarily explored in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yue
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
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11
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Dashti A, Ahmadi M. Recent Advances in Controlled Production of Long-Chain Branched Polyolefins. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300746. [PMID: 38488683 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins, composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, dominate global polymer production. This stems from the wide range of physical and mechanical properties that various polyolefins can cover. Their versatile properties are largely tuned by chain microstructure, including molar mass distribution, comonomer content, and long-chain branching (LCB). Specifically, LCB imparts unique characteristics, notably enhances processability crucial for downstream applications. Tailoring LCB structural features has encouraged academic and industrial efforts, chronicle in this review from a chemistry standpoint. While encompassing post-reaction modification based traditional methods like peroxide grafting, ionizing beam irradiation, and coupling reactions, the main focus is given to catalyst-centric strategies and innovative polymerization schemes. The advent of single-site catalysts-metallocenes and late transition metals catalysts-amplifies interest in tailored chemical methods, but the progress in LCB formation flourishes via tandem catalytic systems and bimetallic catalysts under controlled reaction conditions. Specifically, the breakthrough in coordinative chain transfer polymerization unveils a novel avenue for controlled LCB synthesis by sequential chain propagation, transfer, liberation, and enchainment. This short review highlights recent approaches for the production of LCB polyolefins that can provide a roadmap crucial for researchers in academia and industry, steering their efforts toward further advancements in the production of tailored polyolefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Dashti
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Xiong S, Hong A, Ghana P, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Bailey H, Henderson BS, Marshall S, Agapie T. Acrylate-Induced β-H Elimination in Coordination Insertion Copolymerizaton Catalyzed by Nickel. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26463-26471. [PMID: 37992227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Polar monomer-induced β-H elimination is a key elementary step in polar polyolefin synthesis by coordination polymerization but remains underexplored. Herein, we show that a bulky neutral Ni catalyst, 1Ph, is not only a high-performance catalyst in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization (activity up to ∼37,000 kg/(mol·h) at 130 °C in a batch reactor, mol % tBA ∼ 0.3) but also a suitable platform for investigation of acrylate-induced β-H elimination. 4Ph-tBu, a novel Ni alkyl complex generated after acrylate-induced β-H elimination and subsequent acrylate insertion, was identified and characterized by crystallography. A combination of catalysis and mechanistic studies reveals effects of the acrylate monomer, bidentate ligand, and the labile ligand (e.g., pyridine) on the kinetics of β-H elimination, the role of β-H elimination in copolymerization catalysis as a chain-termination pathway, and its potential in controlling the polymer microstructure in polar polyolefin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S Henderson
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Steve Marshall
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Fu Y, Tang J, Hua J. Ultrahigh activity and broad temperature resistance of amine-imine cobalt precatalysts for butadiene polymerization. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13146-13153. [PMID: 37655753 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of amine-imine cobalt complexes (Co1-Co7) has been prepared and characterized. The complexes Co3, Co4, and Co6 have a distorted tetrahedral geometry, as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the presence of ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC), Co3 exhibited ultra-high activity toward butadiene (Bd) polymerization (up to 7813 kgpolymer mol-1 h-1). The activity is higher than any yet recorded for which yield high cis-1,4 polybutadiene by the well-defined late-transition metal catalytic system. The catalyst also exhibited excellent tolerance towards the ratio of Co/Bd and broad temperature stability. At a ratio of Bd/Co3 = 50 000, the complexes Co1-3 can afford polybutadiene with yields higher than 96% within 2 hours. At -20 °C to 100 °C, the complex Co3 afforded relatively high polymer yields at low catalyst concentrations (Bd/Co3 = 25 000). In addition, all polymers showed a relatively high molecular weight (up to 1.06 × 106 g mol-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
| | - Jing Hua
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
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14
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Lu Z, Ge Y, Dai S. Flexible Axial Shielding Strategy for Improving Ethylene (Co)polymerization with 8-Cycloalkylnaphthyl α-Diimine Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14888-14895. [PMID: 37668508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
8-aryl or alkyl-naphthyl substituents are widely used as an effective axial shielding strategy for the suppression of chain transfer in late-transition metal-catalyzed ethylene (co)polymerization to yield high molecular weight polyethylene and copolymers. In this study, two 8-cycloalkylnaphthyl acenaphthene-based α-diimine ligands and the corresponding four nickel and palladium complexes were designed and synthesized to explore the effect of axial flexible shielding on ethylene (co)polymerization. In ethylene polymerization, the nickel complexes displayed high activities (up to 1.99 × 106 g mol-1 h-1) and generated lightly branched (34-54/1000 C) polyethylenes with high molecular weights (up to Mn = 1075 kg/mol), whereas the corresponding palladium complexes exhibited moderate activities (level of 104 g mol-1 h-1), producing highly branched (111-125/1000 C) polyethylenes with high molecular weights (up to Mn = 37.6 kg/mol). Highly branched (110-123/1000 C) E-MA copolymers with moderate insertion ratios (1.97-5.56 mol %) were produced by these palladium complexes in ethylene/methyl acrylate (MA) copolymerization. In addition, the size of the 8-cycloalkyl ring in these α-diimine catalysts strongly influences the ethylene (co)polymerization. Compared to cyclopentyl groups, cyclohexyl groups are more effective in suppressing chain transfer reactions in the polymerization of ethylene and the copolymerization of ethylene and MA, leading to higher molecular weight polyethylene and E-MA copolymers. Most interestingly, compared to the reported rigid planar 8-arylnaphthyl catalysts, the flexible 8-cyclohexylnaphthyl catalysts exhibited higher activity and produced higher molecular weight polyethylene in ethylene polymerization. Moreover, in nickel-catalyzed ethylene polymerization, the cyclohexyl catalyst produced significantly reduced branched polyethylene, while in palladium-catalyzed ethylene (co)polymerization, the cyclohexyl catalyst produced more highly branched polyethylene and copolymers. In contrast to the previously reported flexible 8-butylnaphthyl nickel catalysts, the 8-cycloalkylnaphthyl catalysts reported in this work yielded polyethylene with narrow unimodal molecular weight distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lu
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - You Ge
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Shengyu Dai
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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15
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Wang YB, Nan C, Zhuo W, Zou C, Jiang H, Hao XQ, Chen C, Song MP. Amine-Imine Nickel Catalysts with Pendant O-Donor Groups for Ethylene (Co)Polymerization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5105-5113. [PMID: 36933227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a secondary interaction is an efficient strategy to modulate transition-metal-catalyzed ethylene (co)polymerization. In this contribution, O-donor groups were suspended on amine-imine ligands to synthesize a series of nickel complexes. By adjusting the interaction between the nickel metal center and the O-donor group on the ligands, these nickel complexes exhibited high activities for ethylene polymerization (up to 3.48 × 106 gPE·molNi-1·h-1) with high molecular weight up to 5.59 × 105 g·mol-1 and produced good polyethylene elastomers (strain recovery (SR) = 69-81%). In addition, these nickel complexes can catalyze the copolymerization of ethylene with vinyl acetic acid, 6-chloro-1-hexene, 10-undecylenic, 10-undecenoic acid, and 10-undecylenic alcohol to prepare the functionalized polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chenlong Nan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Weize Zhuo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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16
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Peng D, Xu M, Tan C, Chen C. Emulsion Polymerization Strategy for Heterogenization of Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Menghe Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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17
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Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution by Novel Lycopersicon esculentum Peel and Brassica botrytis Leaves Adsorbents. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work reports adsorption of Ni(II) using Brassica botrytis leaves (BBL), Brassica botrytis leaves-activated carbon (BBL-AC), Lycopersicon esculentum peel (LEP) and Lycopersicon esculentum peel-activated carbon (LEP-AC). The adsorption of Ni(II) was tested in batch experiments by varying different parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Thermodynamics and kinetics investigations were performed for Ni removal. The adsorption of Ni(II) was improved by incorporation of activated carbon to the parental Brassica botrytis leaves and Lycopersicon esculentum peel adsorbents. The studies revealed 40 min of equilibrium time for Ni(II) adsorption by different adsorbents. Adsorption of Ni was drastically declined by temperature with a minimum adsorption of 53% observed for BBL. Similarly, solution pH also played a vital role in Ni(II) adsorption by different adsorbents. A 95% adsorption of Ni was recorded in the case of LEP-AC at pH 7. The study concluded with the application of Lycopersicon esculentum peel and Brassica botrytis leaves as active adsorbents for Ni(II) adsorption from aqueous solution.
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18
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New Ni(II)-Ni(II) Dinuclear Complex, a Resting State of the (α-diimine)NiBr2/AlMe3 Catalyst System for Ethylene Polymerization. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel room-temperature stable diamagnetic nickel complex 2 was detected upon activation of Brookhart-type ethylene polymerization pre-catalyst LNiBr2 (1, L = 1,4-bis-2,4,6-trimethylphenyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diazabuta-1,3-diene) with AlMe3. Using in situ 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as DFT calculations, this species has been identified as an antiferromagnetically coupled homodinuclear complex [LNiII(μ-Me)(μ-CH2)NiIIL]+Br−. Its behavior in the reaction solution is characteristic of the resting state of nickel catalyzed ethylene polymerization.
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19
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Rational Design of Aldimine Imidazolidin-2-imine/Guanidine Nickel Catalysts for Norbornene (Co)Polymerizations with Enhanced Catalytic Performance. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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20
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‘Catalyst + X’ strategies for transition metal-catalyzed olefin-polar monomer copolymerization. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Hu X, Wang C, Jian Z. Advances on Controlled Chain Walking and Suppression of Chain Transfer in Catalytic Olefin Polymerization. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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22
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Developments in late transition metal catalysts with high thermal stability for ethylene polymerization: A crucial aspect from laboratory to industrialization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Wang Q, Wang W, Qu W, Pang W, Qasim M, Zou C. Ethylene homo and copolymerization by phosphorus‐benzoquinone based homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel catalysts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenbing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Weicheng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenmin Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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24
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Zhang R, Gao R, Gou Q, Lai J, Li X. Recent Advances in the Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Comonomers by Nickel Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3809. [PMID: 36145954 PMCID: PMC9500745 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The less-expensive and earth-abundant nickel catalyst is highly promising in the copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers and has thus attracted increasing attention in both industry and academia. Herein, we have summarized the recent advancements made in the state-of-the-art nickel catalysts with different types of ligands for ethylene copolymerization and how these modifications influence the catalyst performance, as well as new polymerization modulation strategies. With regard to α-diimine, salicylaldimine/ketoiminato, phosphino-phenolate, phosphine-sulfonate, bisphospnine monoxide, N-heterocyclic carbene and other unclassified chelates, the properties of each catalyst and fine modulation of key copolymerization parameters (activity, molecular weight, comonomer incorporation rate, etc.) are revealed in detail. Despite significant achievements, many opportunities and possibilities are yet to be fully addressed, and a brief outlook on the future development and long-standing challenges is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Zhang
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
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25
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Tran TV, Lee E, Nguyen YH, Nguyen HD, Do LH. Customizing Polymers by Controlling Cation Switching Dynamics in Non-Living Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17129-17139. [PMID: 36069706 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the chain growth process in non-living polymerization reactions is difficult because chain termination typically occurs faster than the time it takes to apply an external trigger. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a strategy to regulate non-living polymerizations by exploiting the chemical equilibria between a metal catalyst and secondary metal cations. We have prepared two nickel phenoxyphosphine-polyethylene glycol variants, one with 2-methoxyphenyl (Ni1) and another with 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl (Ni2) phosphine substituents. Ethylene polymerization studies using these complexes in the presence of alkali salts revealed that chain growth is strongly dependent on electronic effects, whereas chain termination is dependent on both steric and electronic effects. By adjusting the solvent polarity, we can favor polymerizations via non-switching or dynamic switching modes. For example, in a 100:0.2 mixture of toluene/diethyl ether, reactions of Ni1 and both Li+ and Na+ cations in the presence of ethylene yielded bimodal polymers with different relative fractions depending on the Li+/Na+ ratio used. In a 98:2 mixture of toluene/diethyl ether, reactions of Ni2 and Cs+ in the presence of ethylene generated monomodal polyethylene with dispersity <2.0 and increasing molecular weight as the amount of Cs+ added increased. Solution studies by NMR spectroscopy showed that cation exchange between the nickel complexes and alkali cations in 98:2 toluene/diethyl ether is fast on the NMR time scale, which supports our proposed dynamic switching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eryn Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yennie H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hieu D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Loi H Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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26
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Mahmood Q, Li X, Qin L, Wang L, Sun WH. Structural evolution of iminopyridine support for nickel/palladium catalysts in ethylene (oligo)polymerization. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14375-14407. [PMID: 36047748 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the late transition metal catalyst based design of new architectures of polyethylene (PE) has continuously been increasing over the last few years. The structure of these catalysts is predominantly important in controlling the morphological and architectural properties of the resulting polyethylene. Particularly, iminopyridine is a versatile bidentate support for Ni and Pd catalysts in ethylene (oligo)polymerization providing a wide variety of products ranging from volatile oligomers to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Extensive structural modifications have been induced in the iminopyridine ligand through steric and electronic substitution, tuning the catalyst behavior in terms of activity and properties of the resulting polymer. Carbocyclic-fused iminopyridine and N-oxide iminopyridine are the new state of the art iminopyridine ligand designs. In this review, we aim to summarize all the developments in mononuclear iminopyridine-nickel and -palladium catalysts for ethylene (oligo)polymerization since the first report published in 1999 to present, focusing on the correlation among the pre-catalyst, co-catalyst type, thermal stability and polymer/oligomer structure. For comparison, the structural variations in the binuclear iminopyridine-nickel catalysts are also described. The detailed comparison of the structural variations in these catalysts with respect to their polymerization performance will give deep understanding in the development of new efficient catalyst designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaiser Mahmood
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Lidong Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Luyao Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou 515031, China. .,Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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27
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LLDPE-like Polymers Accessible via Ethylene Homopolymerization Using Nitro-Appended 2-(Arylimino)pyridine-nickel Catalysts. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four examples of para-nitro substituted 2-(arylimino)pyridine-nickel(II) bromide complexes of general formula, [2-{(2,6-R-4-NO2C6H2)N=CMe}C5H4N]NiBr2, but differentiable by the steric/electronic properties displayed by the ortho-groups [R = i-Pr (Ni1), Et (Ni2), CHPh2 (Ni3), CH(4-FPh)2 (Ni4)], have been prepared in good yield. For comparative purposes, the meta-nitro complex, [2-{(2,6-i-Pr2-3-NO2-4-(4-FPh)2C6H)N=CMe}C5H4N]NiBr2 (Ni5), has also been synthesized. The molecular structures of mononuclear Ni3·xH2O (x = 2, 3) and bromide-bridged dinuclear Ni4 and Ni5 are disclosed. Upon activation with either ethylaluminum dichloride (EtAlCl2) or modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), all precatalysts displayed good catalytic performance at operating temperatures between 30 °C and 60 °C with higher activities generally seen using EtAlCl2 [up to 4.7 × 106 g PE (mol of Ni)−1 h−1]: Ni2 ~ Ni5 > Ni1 ~ Ni4 > Ni3. In terms of the resultant polyethylene (PE), Ni4/EtAlCl2 formed the highest molecular weight of the series (Mw up to 1.4 × 105 g mol−1) with dispersities (Mw/Mn) ranging from narrow to broad (Mw/Mn range: 2.2–24.4). Moreover, the melting temperatures (Tm) of the polymers generated via EtAlCl2 activation fell in a narrow range, 117.8–126.0 °C, which resembles that seen for industrial-grade linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Indeed, their 13C NMR spectra revealed significant amounts of uniformly distributed long-chain branches (LCBs), while internal vinylene groups constituted the major type of chain unsaturation [vinylene:vinyl = 5.3:1 (EtAlCl2) and 9.9:1 (MMAO)].
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28
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Sun Y, Wang Q, Pan Y, Pang W, Zou C, Chen M.
SiO
2
‐supported Ni(
II
) and Fe(
II
) Catalysts bearing Sodium ‐Sulfonate Group for Olefin Polymerization. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Quan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yao Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Wenmin Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Min Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
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29
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206637. [PMID: 35723944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The insertion copolymerization of polar olefins and ethylene remains a significant challenge in part due to catalysts' low activity and poor thermal stability. Herein we demonstrate a strategy toward addressing these obstacles through ligand design. Neutral nickel phosphine enolate catalysts with large phosphine substituents reaching the axial positions of Ni achieve activity of up to 7.7×103 kg mol-1 h-1 (efficiency >35×103 g copolymer/g Ni) at 110 °C, notable for ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. NMR analysis of resulting copolymers reveals highly linear microstructures with main-chain ester functionality. Structure-performance studies indicate a strong correlation between axial steric hindrance and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Todd D Senecal
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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30
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, Cai Z, Li M, Liu Z. Influence of Silica-Supported Alkylaluminum on Heterogeneous Zwitterionic Anilinonaphthoquinone Nickel and Palladium-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization with Polar Monomers. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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31
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Wang Y, Pang W, Zhang S, Tan C. Lewis Acids Modulation in Phosphine‐Sulfonate Palladium Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenmin Pang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
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32
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Fang L, Zhao WP, Zhang CY, Zhang XQ, Shen XD, Liu H, Kakuchi T. Highly Efficient and Thermal Robust Cobalt Complexes for 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Wang C, Kang X, Mu H, Jian Z. Positive Effect of Polar Solvents in Olefin Polymerization Catalysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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34
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Lei T, Ma Z, Liu H, Wang X, Li P, Wang F, Wu W, Zhang S, Xu G, Wang F. Preparation of highly branched polyolefins by controlled chain‐walking olefin polymerization. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Zhanshan Ma
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Hongju Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Pei Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Weitai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid surfaces Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Guoyong Xu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology Anhui University Hefei China
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35
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Fang L, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang X, Kakuchi T, Wang X, Shen X. Intra-Ligand H···F Interactions: Non-negligible Forces for Enhancing Thermostability of Cobalt Complexes in 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qing-dao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xuequan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qing-dao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qing-dao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiande Shen
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
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36
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene‐Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- California Institute of Technology Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Alexandria Hong
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry and Chemical Engineering UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | | | - Theodor Agapie
- California Institute of Technology Chemistry 1200 California BlvdMC 127-72 91106 Pasadena UNITED STATES
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37
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Chen M, Chen C. Nickel catalysts for the preparation of functionalized polyolefin materials. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Yan M, Kang X, Li S, Xu X, Luo Y, He S, Chen C. Mechanistic Studies on Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization: Ligand Effects and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Model. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meixue Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shengbao He
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Changle Chen
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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39
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Wang X, Xu M, Zhang S, Qasim M, Chen M. Fluorine Effect on α-Imino-ketone- and Phenoxyiminato Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene Homo- and Copolymerization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mengli Xu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
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40
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Cao L, Cai Z, Li M. Phosphinobenzenamine Nickel Catalyzed Efficient Copolymerization of Methyl Acrylate with Ethylene and Norbornene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
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41
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Du W, Zheng H, Li Y, Cheung CS, Li D, Gao H, Deng H, Gao H. Neutral Tridentate α-Sulfonato-β-diimine Nickel Catalyst for (Co)polymerizations of Ethylene and Acrylates. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Handou Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chi Shing Cheung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Heng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huiyun Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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42
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Zou C, Si G, Chen C. A general strategy for heterogenizing olefin polymerization catalysts and the synthesis of polyolefins and composites. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1954. [PMID: 35414067 PMCID: PMC9005542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogenization of homogeneous metal complexes on solid supports presents an efficient strategy for bridging homogeneous catalysts with industrially-preferred heterogeneous catalysts; however, a series of drawbacks restrict their implementation in olefin polymerization, particularly for copolymerization with polar comonomers. In this contribution, we report an ionic anchoring strategy that is highly versatile, generally applicable to different systems, and enables strong catalyst-support interactions while tolerating various polar functional groups. In addition to greatly enhanced polymerization properties, the supported catalysts achieved higher comonomer incorporation than their unsupported counterparts. This strategy enabled efficient polymerization at high temperatures at large scale and great control over product morphology, and the facile synthesis of polyolefin composites. More importantly, the dispersion of different fillers in the polyolefin matrix produced great material properties even at low composite loadings. It is expected that this strategy will find applications in different catalytic systems and the synthesis of advanced engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guifu Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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43
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Soshnikov IE, Semikolenova NV, Bryliakov KP, Antonov AA, Talsi EP. Ni(I) Intermediates Formed upon Activation of a Ni(II) α-Diimine Ethylene Polymerization Precatalyst with AlR 3 (R = Me, Et, and iBu), AlR 2Cl (R = Me, Et), and MMAO: A Comparative Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina V. Semikolenova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P. Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A. Antonov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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44
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Li K, Mu H, Kang X, Jian Z. Suppression of Chain Transfer and Promotion of Chain Propagation in Neutral Anilinotropone Nickel Polymerization Catalysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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45
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Chu YK, Hu XQ, Zhang Y, Liu DJ, Zhang YX, Jian ZB. Influence of Backbone and Axial Substituent of Catalyst on α-Imino-ketone Nickel Mediated Ethylene (Co)Polymerization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Syntheses of Silylene-Bridged Thiophene-Fused Cyclopentadienyl ansa-Metallocene Complexes for Preparing High-Performance Supported Catalyst. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a series of Me2Si-bridged ansa-zirconocene complexes coordinated by thiophene-fused cyclopentadienyl and fluorenyl ligands (Me2Si(2-R1-3-R2-4,5-Me2C7S)(2,7-R32C13H6))ZrMe2 (R1 = Me or H, R2 = H or Me, R3 = H, tBu, or Cl) for the subsequent preparation of supported catalysts. We determined that the fluorenyl ligand adopts an η3-binding mode in 9 (R1 = Me, R2 = H, R3 = H) by X-ray crystallography. Further, we synthesized a derivative 15 by substituting the fluorenyl ligand in 9 with a 2-methyl-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)indenyl ligand, derivatives 20 and 23 by substituting the Me2Si bridge in 12 (R1 = Me, R2 = H, R3 = tBu) and 15 with a tBuO(CH2)6(Me)Si bridge, and the dinuclear congener 26 by connecting two complexes with a –(Me)Si(CH2)6Si(Me)– spacer. The silica-supported catalysts prepared using 12, 20, and 26 demonstrated up to two times higher productivity in ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization than that prepared with conventional (THI)ZrCl2 (21–26 vs. 12 kg-PE/g-(supported catalyst)), producing polymers with comparable molecular weight (Mw, 330–370 vs. 300 kDa), at a higher 1-hexene content (1.3 vs. 1.0 mol%) but a lower bulk density of polymer particles (0.35 vs. 0.42 g/mL).
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47
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Tan C, Zou C, Chen C. Material Properties of Functional Polyethylenes from Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Ethylene–Polar Monomer Copolymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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48
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Bai J, You W. Repurposing Mitsunobu Reactions as a Generic Approach toward Polyethylene Derivatives. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:33-38. [PMID: 35574803 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Broad scope of functionality and controllable degree of functionalization are intriguing goals for the development of polar-group-functionalized polyethylene materials. Herein, we propose a generic strategy of using widely available starting materials (i.e., poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), EVA) and mild Mitsunobu functionalization conditions to prepare over 30 polyethylene derivatives. No noble transition metal catalysts (e.g., Ru, Mo, Pd, etc.) or corrosive/explosive reagents (e.g., HBr, NaN3, C2H4, H2, etc.) are used in the synthesis, while functional groups such as azide, aldehyde, norbornene, and thiol can be easily installed, with tunable content as high as 18 mol %. Using this practical method, we successfully prepared polyethylene-derivatized membranes with excellent antimicrobial and fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Liu L, Wang F, Zhang C, Liu H, Wu G, Zhang X. Thermally robust α-diimine nickel and cobalt complexes for Cis-1,4 selective 1,3-butadiene polymerizations. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Tahmouresilerd B, Xiao D, Do LH. Rigidifying Cation-Tunable Nickel Catalysts Increases Activity and Polar Monomer Incorporation in Ethylene and Methyl Acrylate Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19035-19043. [PMID: 34846888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized and characterized two nickel complexes featuring conformationally rigid bisphosphine mono-oxide ligands, where one has an o-methoxyphenyl (Ni2) and the other has an o-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl (Ni3) substituent on the P═O moiety. We performed metal binding studies using Ni3 and found that its reaction with Li+ and Na+ most likely produced 1:1 and 1:1/2:1 nickel:alkali species in solution, respectively. The nickel complexes were competent catalysts for ethylene homopolymerization and copolymerization, with activities up to 3.8 × 103 and 8.1 × 10 kg mol-1 h-1, respectively. In reactions of ethylene with methyl acrylate (1.0 M), the addition of Li+ to Ni3 led to a 5.4-fold enhancement in catalyst activity and a 1.9-fold increase in polar monomer incorporation in comparison to those by Ni3 alone under optimized conditions. A comparison with other nickel catalysts reported for ethylene and methyl acrylate copolymerization revealed that our nickel-alkali catalysts are competitive with some of the most efficient Ni-based systems developed thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Tahmouresilerd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dawei Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Loi H Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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