1
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Lipovka A, Fatkullin M, Averkiev A, Pavlova M, Adiraju A, Weheabby S, Al-Hamry A, Kanoun O, Pašti I, Lazarevic-Pasti T, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry: The Ultimate Chemical Sensing and Manipulation Combination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:110-134. [PMID: 35435777 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2063683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that the need for ultrasensitive detection systems is now more critical than ever. While sensors' sensitivity, portability, selectivity, and low cost are crucial, new ways to couple synergistic methods enable the highest performance levels. This review article critically discusses the synergetic combinations of optical and electrochemical methods. We also discuss three key application fields-energy, biomedicine, and environment. Finally, we selected the most promising approaches and examples, the open challenges in sensing, and ways to overcome them. We expect this work to set a clear reference for developing and understanding strategies, pros and cons of different combinations of electrochemical and optical sensors integrated into a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olfa Kanoun
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Igor Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lazarevic-Pasti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Vinca, Serbia
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2
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Li H, Cai Q, Li Z, Jie G, Zhou H. A spatial-potential resolved bipolar electrode electrochemiluminescence biosensor based on polarity conversion for dual-mode detection of miRNA-122 and CEA. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116258. [PMID: 38555769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a spatial-potential resolved bipolar electrode electrochemiluminescence (BPE-ECL) biosensor based on polarity conversion strategy and CuHCF electrocatalyst was constructed for dual-mode detection of miRNA-122 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). ECL technology was firstly used to systematically study the polarity conversion of BPE. It was found that changing the polarity of the driving voltage would cause the polarity change of BPE, and led to the change of the luminescent position of Ru(bpy)32+. As a "proof-of-concept application", we developed a shielded dual-channel BPE-ECL biosensor for dual-mode detection of miRNA-122 and CEA. In order to further improve the detection sensitivity, a non-precious metal electrocatalyst CuHCF with outstanding electrocatalytic reduction activity of H2O2 was firstly introduced to the BPE-ECL biosensor for signal amplification, which could generate high faradaic current under the excitation of negative potential. Based on the charge neutrality principle of BPE, the enhancement of the faradaic current resulted in the ECL signal amplification of Ru(bpy)32+. The targets in the sensing grooves caused the introduction or fall off of CuHCF, which led to the ECL signal change of Ru(bpy)32+ in the signal grooves, and realized the dual-mode detection of miRNA-122 and CEA. This work provided a deeper understanding of the polarity change of BPE. Furthermore, the introduction of non-precious metal electrocatalyst had broadened the application range of BPE-ECL sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Qianqian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Guifen Jie
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
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3
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Giagu G, Fracassa A, Fiorani A, Villani E, Paolucci F, Valenti G, Zanut A. From theory to practice: understanding the challenges in the implementation of electrogenerated chemiluminescence for analytical applications. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:359. [PMID: 38819653 PMCID: PMC11143011 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) stands out as a remarkable phenomenon of light emission at electrodes initiated by electrogenerated species in solution. Characterized by its exceptional sensitivity and minimal background optical signals, ECL finds applications across diverse domains, including biosensing, imaging, and various analytical applications. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive guide to the utilization of ECL in analytical applications. Beginning with a brief exposition on the theory at the basis of ECL generation, we elucidate the diverse systems employed to initiate ECL. Furthermore, we delineate the principal systems utilized for ECL generation in analytical contexts, elucidating both advantages and challenges inherent to their use. Additionally, we provide an overview of different electrode materials and novel ECL-based protocols tailored for analytical purposes, with a specific emphasis on biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giagu
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fracassa
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padua, 35131, Italy.
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4
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Song SS, Liu W, Bao JY, Zhu HT, Wang AJ, Song P, Yuan PX, Feng JJ. Photodynamic-Assisted Electrochemiluminescence Enhancement toward Advanced BODIPY for Precision Diagnosis of Parkinson. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8586-8593. [PMID: 38728058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, signal enhancement is imperative to increase sensitivity of advanced ECL devices for expediting their promising applications in clinic. In this work, photodynamic-assisted electrochemiluminescence (PDECL) device was constructed for precision diagnosis of Parkinson, where an advanced emitter was prepared by electrostatically linking 2,6-dimethyl-8-(3-carboxyphenyl)4,4'-difluoroboradiazene (BET) with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]). Specifically, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) can trigger the photodynamic reaction under light irradiation with a wavelength of 450 nm to generate lots of singlet oxygen (1O2), showing a 2.43-fold magnification in the ECL responses. Then, the aptamer (Apt) was assembled on the functional BET-[BMIm] for constructing a "signal off" ECL biosensor. Later on, the PPIX was embedded into the G-quadruplex (G4) of the Apt to magnify the ECL signals for bioanalysis of α-synuclein (α-syn) under light excitation. In the optimized surroundings, the resulting PDECL sensor has a broad linear range of 100.0 aM ∼ 10.0 fM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 63 aM, coupled by differentiating Parkinson patients from normal individuals according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of actual blood samples. Such research holds great promise for synthesis of other advanced luminophores, combined with achieving an early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shu Song
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing-Yi Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Hao-Tian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Pei Song
- Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Pei-Xin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiu-Ju Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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5
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Ben Trad F, Delacotte J, Lemaître F, Guille-Collignon M, Arbault S, Sojic N, Labbé E, Buriez O. Shadow electrochemiluminescence imaging of giant liposomes opening at polarized electrodes. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 38742381 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the release of giant liposome (∼100 μm in diameter) content was imaged by shadow electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. Giant unilamellar liposomes were pre-loaded with a sucrose solution and allowed to sediment at an ITO electrode surface immersed in a solution containing a luminophore ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and a sacrificial co-reactant (tri-n-propylamine). Upon polarization, the electrode exhibited illumination over its entire surface thanks to the oxidation of ECL reagents. However, as soon as liposomes reached the electrode surface, dark spots appeared and then spread over time on the surface. This observation reflected a blockage of the electrode surface at the contact point between the liposome and the electrode surface, followed by the dilution of ECL reagents after the rupture of the liposome membrane and release of its internal ECL-inactive solution. Interestingly, ECL reappeared in areas where it initially faded, indicating back-diffusion of ECL reagents towards the previously diluted area and thus confirming liposome permeabilization. The whole process was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively within the defined region of interest. Two mass transport regimes were identified: a gravity-driven spreading process when the liposome releases its content leading to ECL vanishing and a diffusive regime when ECL recovers. The reported shadow ECL microscopy should find promising applications for the imaging of transient events such as molecular species released by artificial or biological vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Trad
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, 33400 Talence, France.
| | - Eric Labbé
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
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6
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Gao H, Jia YL, Lin JB, Wang SM, Lin ZY, Ma HL, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Enhanced Aggregation-Induced Delayed Electrochemiluminescence Triggered by Spatial Perturbation of Organic Dots. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7780-7786. [PMID: 38695093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Development of highly efficient, heavy-metal-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) materials is attractive but still challenging. Herein, we report an aggregation-induced delayed ECL (AIDECL) active organic dot (OD) composed of a tert-butoxy-group-substituted benzophenone-dimethylacridine compound, which shows high ECL efficiency. The resultant ODs exhibit 2.1-fold higher ECL efficiency compared to control AIDECL-active ODs. Molecular stacking combined with theoretical calculations suggests that tert-butoxy groups effectively participate in the intermolecular interactions, further inhibiting the molecular motions in the aggregated states and thus accelerating radiative decay. On the basis of these ODs exhibiting excellent ECL performance, a proof-of-concept biosensor is constructed for the detection of miR-16 associated with Alzheimer's disease, which demonstrates excellent detection ability with the limit of detection of 1.7 fM. This work provides a new approach to improve the ECL efficiency and enriches the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Lei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Yi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hui-Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zhang Zhangjunlong Pku Edu Cn JL, Ding Z. Spectroscopy and absolute quantum efficiency of near-infrared electrochemiluminescence for a macrocyclic palladium complex. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 254:112514. [PMID: 38422586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is widely applied as a reliable tool in clinical diagnosis, including immunoassays, cancer biomarker detection, etc. Metal complexes with emission in the near-infrared (NIR) range possess distinct features such as high transmission and minimal tissue auto-absorption, making them versatile for applications in biosensing and other fields. Through ECL spectral studies of an O-linked nonaromatic benzitripyrrin (C^N^N^N) macrocyclic palladium complex (Pd1) with multiple pyrrole structures, we observed emission peaks from the Qx(0,0) and its vibronic Qx(0,1) bands during both photoluminescence (PL) and ECL. Notably, the emission from the Qx(0,1) band was significantly enhanced in the ECL spectrum, demonstrating higher selectivity for near-infrared light at 743 nm. In the ECL annihilation pathway, the appearance of ECL signals showed a strong correlation with the redox processes of the tri-pyrrin structure, revealing a cyclic tri-pyrrin ligand-centered nature with contributions from the metal center. Upon the introduction of tripropylamine (TPrA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) coreactants, the ECL signals exhibited enhancements ranging from several hundred to tens of times. Various reaction routes within different coreactant systems are extensively discussed. Additionally, the absolute quantum efficiencies of the Pd1/TPrA coreactant system were determined, showing efficiencies of 0.0032% ± 0.0005% and 0.000074% ± 0.000016% during pulsing and CV scan processes, respectively. This work addresses gaps in the study of palladacycle complexes in ECL and provides insights into the design of NIR luminescent structures that contribute to the fast screening and deep tissue penetration bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang Zhangjunlong Pku Edu Cn
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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8
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Alberoni C, Pavan G, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Critical Aspects and Challenges in the Design of Small Molecules for Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Application. Chempluschem 2024:e202400142. [PMID: 38687095 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has gained renewed interest due to the strong parallel development of luminophores in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with which this technique shares several aspects. In this perspective review we discuss the most relevant advances of the past 15 years in the study of organic and organometallic compounds as ECL emitters, by dividing them in three different classes: i) fluorescent emitters, ii) phosphorescent emitters and iii) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters; then, water-soluble organic luminophores will be also discussed. We focus on how their design, their photo- and electrochemical properties and, in particular, the nature of the emitter, affect their efficiency in ECL. Regardless of the type of luminophore or the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), the literature converges on the fact that the most determining aspect is the stability of the oxidized/reduced form of the emitter. Even if phosphorescent emitters can show outstanding efficiency, this often requires the absence of oxygen. In the case of TADFs, there is also a strong dependence of photoluminescence both in terms of PLQY and emission energy on the polarity of the media, so compounds, that appear promising in organic solvents, may be very inefficient in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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9
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Fang Y, Yang H, Hou Y, Li W, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Timescale correlation of shallow trap states increases electrochemiluminescence efficiency in carbon nitrides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3597. [PMID: 38678039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient interconversion of different types of energy plays a crucial role in both science and technology. Among them, electrochemiluminescence, an emission of light excited by electrochemical reactions, has drawn attention as a powerful tool for bioassays. Nonetheless, the large differences in timescale among diverse charge-transfer pathways from picoseconds to seconds significantly limit the electrochemiluminescence efficiency and hamper their broad applications. Here, we report a timescale coordination strategy to improve the electrochemiluminescence efficiency of carbon nitrides by engineering shallow electron trap states via Au-N bond functionalization. Quantitative electrochemiluminescence kinetics measurements and theoretic calculations jointly disclose that Au-N bonds endow shallow electron trap states, which coordinate the timescale of the fast electron transfer in the bulk emitter and the slow redox reaction of co-reagent at diffusion layers. The shallow electron trap states ultimately accelerate the rate and kinetics of emissive electron-hole recombination, setting a new cathodic electrochemiluminescence efficiency record of carbon nitrides, and empowering a visual electrochemiluminescence sensor for nitrite ion, a typical environmental contaminant, with superior detection range and limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Fang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuhua Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wang Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China.
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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10
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Rodriguez HM, Martyniuk M, Iyer KS, Ciampi S. Insulator-on-Conductor Fouling Amplifies Aqueous Electrolysis Rates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10299-10311. [PMID: 38591156 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The chemical industry is a major consumer of fossil fuels. Several chemical reactions of practical value proceed with the gain or loss of electrons, opening a path to integrate renewable electricity into chemical manufacturing. However, most organic molecules have low aqueous solubility, causing green and cheap electricity-driven reactions to suffer from intrinsically low reaction rates in industry's solvent of choice: water. Here, we show that a strategic, partial electrode fouling with hydrophobic insulators (oils and plastics) offsets kinetic limitations caused by poor reactant solubility, opening a new path for the direct integration of renewable electricity into the production of commodity chemicals. Through electrochemiluminescence microscopy, we reveal for the oxidation of organic reactants up to 6-fold reaction rate increase at the "fouled" oil-electrolyte-electrode interface relative to clean electrolyte-electrode areas. Analogously, electrodes partially masked (fouled) with plastic patterns, deposited either photolithographically (photoresists) or manually (inexpensive household glues and sealants), outperform clean electrodes. The effect is not limited to reactants of limited water solubility, and, for example, net gold electrodeposition rates are up to 22% larger at fouled than clean electrodes. In a system involving a surface-active reactant, rate augmentation is driven by the synergy between insulator-confined reactant enrichment and insulator-induced current crowding, whereas only the latter and possibly localized decrease in iR drop near the insulator are relevant in a system composed of non-surface-active species. Our counterintuitive electrode design enhances electrolysis rates despite the diminished area of intimate electrolyte-electrode contact and introduces a new path for upscaling aqueous electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Morris Rodriguez
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Martyniuk
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Killugudi Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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11
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Ma C, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Chen X, Ji Z, Zhang LN, Xu Q. Ratiometric electrochemiluminescence sensing and intracellular imaging of ClO - via resonance energy transfer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05236-6. [PMID: 38512384 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) is a versatile signal transduction strategy widely used in the fabrication of chem/biosensors. However, this technique has not yet been applied in visualized imaging analysis of intracellular species due to the insulating nature of the cell membrane. Here, we construct a ratiometric ECL-RET analytical method for hypochlorite ions (ClO-) by ECL luminophore, with a luminol derivative (L-012) as the donor and a fluorescence probe (fluorescein hydrazide) as the acceptor. L-012 can emit a strong blue ECL signal and fluorescein hydrazide has negligible absorbance and fluorescence signal in the absence of ClO-. Thus, the ECL-RET process is turned off at this time. In the presence of ClO-, however, the closed-loop hydrazide structure in fluorescein hydrazide is opened via specific recognition with ClO-, accompanied with intensified absorbance and fluorescence signal. Thanks to the spectral overlap between the ECL spectrum of L-012 and the absorption spectrum of fluorescein, the ECL-RET effect is gradually recovered with the addition of ClO-. Furthermore, the ECL-RET system has been successfully applied to image intracellular ClO-. Although the insulating nature of the cell itself can generate a shadow ECL pattern in the cellular region, extracellular ECL emission penetrates the cell membrane and excites intracellular fluorescein generated by the reactions between fluorescein hydrazide and ClO-. The cell imaging strategy via ECL-RET circumvents the blocking of the cell membrane and enables assays of intracellular species. The importance of the ECL-RET platform lies in calibrating the fluctuation from the external environment and improving the selectivity by using fluorescent probes. Therefore, this ratiometric ECL sensor has shown broad application prospects in the identification of targets in clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Yujing Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Zhichen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Zhengping Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Lu-Nan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, YangzhouJiangsu, 225002, China.
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12
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Li L, Chen W, Hu X, Tang Z, Wang C, Ju H. Coupled Poly(ethylenimine) Coreactant to Enhance Electrochemiluminescence of Polymer Dots for Array Imaging of Protein Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4308-4313. [PMID: 38418287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Traditional electrochemiluminescent (ECL) bioanalysis suffers from the demand for excessive external coreactants and the damage of reaction intermediates. In this work, a poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)-coupled ECL emitter was proposed by covalently coupling tertiary amine-rich PEI to polymer dots (Pdots). The coupled PEI might act as a highly efficient coreactant to enhance the ECL emission of Pdots through intramolecular electron transfer, reducing the electron transfer distance between emitter and coreactant intermediates and avoiding the disadvantages of traditional ECL systems. Through modification of the PEI-Pdots with tDNA, a sequence partially complementary to cDNA that was complementary to the aptamer of target protein biomarker (aDNA), tDNA-PEI-Pdots were obtained. The biosensors were produced using Au/indium tin oxide (ITO) with an aDNA/cDNA hybrid, and an ECL imaging biosensor array was constructed for ultrasensitive detection of protein biomarkers. Using vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) as a protein model, the proposed ECL imaging method containing two simple incubations with target samples and then tDNA-PEI-Pdots showed a detectable range of 1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.71 pg mL-1, as well as excellent performance such as low toxicity, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, good accuracy, and acceptable fabrication reproducibility. The PEI-coupled Pdots provide a new avenue for the design of ECL emitters and the application of ECL imaging in disease biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangfu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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13
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Zhao Y, Sépulveda B, Descamps J, Faye F, Duque M, Esteve J, Santinacci L, Sojic N, Loget G, Léger Y. Near-IR Photoinduced Electrochemiluminescence Imaging with Structured Silicon Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11722-11729. [PMID: 38393292 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) imaging devices that convert IR irradiation (invisible to the human eye) to a visible signal are based on solid-state components. Here, we introduce an alternative concept based on light-addressable electrochemistry (i.e., electrochemistry spatially confined under the action of a light stimulus) that involves the use of a liquid electrolyte. In this method, the projection of a near-IR image (λexc = 850 or 840 nm) onto a photoactive Si-based photoanode, immersed into a liquid phase, triggers locally the photoinduced electrochemiluminescence (PECL) of the efficient [Ru(bpy)3]2+-TPrA system. This leads to the local conversion of near-IR light to visible (λPECL = 632 nm) light. We demonstrate that compared to planar Si photoanodes, the use of a micropillar Si array leads to a large enhancement of local light generation and considerably improves the resolution of the PECL image by preventing photogenerated minority carriers from diffusing laterally. These results are important for the design of original light conversion devices and can lead to important applications in photothermal imaging and analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Borja Sépulveda
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Fatoumata Faye
- INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR6082, Univ Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Marcos Duque
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jaume Esteve
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Rennes 35000, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Yoan Léger
- INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR6082, Univ Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
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14
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Yang W, Xu J, Yao Q, Xu X, Chen X, Ni J, Wang Q, Lin Z. Electrophoretic deposition of Ru(bpy) 32+ in vertically-ordered silica nanochannels: A solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor for prolidase assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 247:115967. [PMID: 38147716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Prolidase (PLD) plays a crucial role as a dipeptidase in various physiological processes, specifically involved in the cleavage of proline-containing dipeptides for efficient recycling of proline. The accurate determination of PLD activity holds significant importance in clinical diagnosis. Herein, a solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was developed to address the urgent need for PLD assay. The Ru(bpy)32+ was electrophoretically deposited within the nanochannels of vertically-ordered mesoporous silica film (VMSF) on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The Ru(bpy)32+-deposited VMSF/ITO (Ru-VMSF/ITO) exhibited a remarkable ECL response towards proline, attributed to the enhanced concentration of the reactants and improved electron transfer resulting from the nanoconfinement effect. As PLD specifically enzymolyzed the Gly-Pro dipeptide to release proline, a proline-mediated biosensor was developed for PLD assay. Increased PLD activity led to enhanced release of proline into the porous solid-state ECL sensors, resulting in a more robust ECL signal. There was a linear relationship between ΔECL intensity and logarithmic concentration of PLD in the range of 10-10000 U/L, with a detection limit of 1.98 U/L. Practical tests demonstrated the reliability and convenience of the proposed bioassay, making it suitable for widespread application in PLD assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Jiajing Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Qingda Yao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Zhangzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Jiancong Ni
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China.
| | - Qingxiang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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15
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Saqib M, Zafar M, Halawa MI, Murtaza S, Kamal GM, Xu G. Nanoscale Luminescence Imaging/Detection of Single Particles: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:3-24. [PMID: 38404493 PMCID: PMC10885340 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle-level measurements, during the reaction, avoid averaging effects that are inherent limitations of conventional ensemble strategies. It allows revealing structure-activity relationships beyond averaged properties by considering crucial particle-selective descriptors including structure/morphology dynamics, intrinsic heterogeneity, and dynamic fluctuations in reactivity (kinetics, mechanisms). In recent years, numerous luminescence (optical) techniques such as chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and fluorescence (FL) microscopies have been emerging as dominant tools to achieve such measurements, owing to their diversified spectroscopy principles, noninvasive nature, higher sensitivity, and sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Correspondingly, state-of-the-art methodologies and tools are being used for probing (real-time, operando, in situ) diverse applications of single particles in sensing, medicine, and catalysis. Herein, we provide a concise and comprehensive perspective on luminescence-based detection and imaging of single particles by putting special emphasis on their basic principles, mechanistic pathways, advances, challenges, and key applications. This Perspective focuses on the development of emission intensities and imaging based individual particle detection. Moreover, several key examples in the areas of sensing, motion, catalysis, energy, materials, and emerging trends in related areas are documented. We finally conclude with the opportunities and remaining challenges to stimulate further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Zafar
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab
Emirates
| | - Shahzad Murtaza
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Guobao Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 5625 Renmin
Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School
of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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16
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Li Y, Wan Y, Fu X, Chen J, Wu W, Feng X, Man T, Huang Y, Piao Y, Zhu L, Lei J, Deng S. Sub-Second Electrochemiluminescence Imaging Assay of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Based on Reticulation of Endo-Coreactants. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38335519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The nonphotodriven electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imageology necessitates concentrated coreacting additives plus longtime exposures. Seeking biosafe and streamlined ensembles can help lower the bar for quality ECL bioimaging to which call the crystallized endo-coreaction in nanoreticula might provide a potent solution. Herein, an exo-coreactant-free ECL visualizer was fabricated out in one-pot, which densified the dyad triethylamine analogue: 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in the lamellar hive of 9,10-di(p-carboxyphenyl)anthracene (DPA)-Zn2+. This biligated non-noble metal-organic framework (m-MOF) facilitated a self-contained anodic ECL with a yield as much as 70% of Ru(bPy)32+ in blank phosphate buffered saline. Its featured two-stage emissions rendered an efficient and endurant CCD imaging at 1.0 V under mere 0.5 s swift snapshots and 0.1 s step-pulsed stimulation. Upon structural and spectral cause analyses as well as parametric set optimization, simplistic ECL-graphic immunoassay was mounted in the in situ imager to enact an ultrasensitive measurement of coronaviral N-protein in both signal-on and off modes by the privilege of straight surface amidation on m-MOFs, resulting in a wide dynamic range (10-4-10 ng/mL), a competent detection limit down to 56 fg/mL, along with nice precision and parallelism in human saliva tests. The overall work manifests a rudimentary endeavor in self-sufficient ECL visuality for brisk, biocompatible, and brilliant production of point-of-care diagnostic "Big Data".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuanyu Fu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jialiang Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weihan Wu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuyu Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tiantian Man
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yaqi Huang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuhao Piao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Longyi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianping Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Shengyuan Deng
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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17
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Descamps J, Zhao Y, Goudeau B, Manojlovic D, Loget G, Sojic N. Infrared photoinduced electrochemiluminescence microscopy of single cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2055-2061. [PMID: 38332811 PMCID: PMC10848722 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is evolving rapidly from a purely analytical technique into a powerful microscopy. Herein, we report the imaging of single cells by photoinduced ECL (PECL; λem = 620 nm) stimulated by an incident near-infrared light (λexc = 1050 nm). The cells were grown on a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) n-Si/SiOx/Ir photoanode that exhibited stable and bright PECL emission. The large anti-Stokes shift allowed for the recording of well-resolved images of cells with high sensitivity. PECL microscopy is demonstrated at a remarkably low onset potential of 0.8 V; this contrasts with classic ECL, which is blind at this potential. Two imaging modes are reported: (i) photoinduced positive ECL (PECL+), showing the cell membranes labeled with the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex; and (ii) photoinduced shadow label-free ECL (PECL-) of cell morphology, with the luminophore in the solution. Finally, by adding a new dimension with the near-infrared light stimulus, PECL microscopy should find promising applications to image and study single photoactive nanoparticles and biological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Descamps
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | - Yiran Zhao
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
| | | | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich 52425 Germany
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Site ENSMAC 33607 Pessac France
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18
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Li H, Cai Q, Xue Y, Jie G. HOF-101-based dual-mode biosensor for photoelectrochemical/electrochemiluminescence detection and imaging of oxytetracycline. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 245:115835. [PMID: 37979549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
A unique hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOF-101)-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) dual-mode biosensor using polydopamine nanoparticles (PDAs) as quencher was constructed for ultrasensitive detection and imaging of oxytetracycline (OXY). In particular, HOF-101 was a superior ECL material and can be observed with the naked eye. Furthermore, it also had outstanding PEC signal, so HOF-101 was a new dual-signal material with excellent performance, thus it was explored to realize dual-mode detection. As the main component of natural melanin, PDAs not only had good biocompatibility, but also contained rich functional groups on the surface. Additionally, PDAs had excellent light absorption ability and poor conductivity, which made it the excellent photoquencher. In this work, PDAs were introduced on the surface of HOF-101 to quench its ECL and PEC signals by using the dual-aptamer sandwich method, achieving ultrasensitive detection of antibiotic OXY. Particularly for ECL detection, HOF-101 was firstly used to visually detect OXY. The detection range can reach 0.1 pM-100 nM, and the limit of detection (LOD) can reach 0.04 pM. This work showed a great contribution to the development of new ECL-PEC materials and ECL visualization analysis, which had outstanding application potential in the fields of food safety and biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Qianqian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Yali Xue
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Guifen Jie
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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19
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Richards MC, Ferrario CA, Yan Y, McDonald NM. The Impact of Postpartum Depression on the Early Mother-Infant Relationship during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perception versus Reality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:164. [PMID: 38397655 PMCID: PMC10888393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) can interfere with the establishment of affective bonds between infant and mother, which is important for the cognitive, social-emotional, and physical development of the child. Rates of PPD have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to the added stress and limited support available to new parents. The present study examined whether parenting-related stress, perceived bonding impairments, the quality of observed mother-infant interactions, and salivary oxytocin levels differ between depressed and non-depressed mothers, along with differential impacts of COVID-19 on depressed mothers. Participants included 70 mothers (45 depressed, 25 controls) with infants aged 2-6 months. All data were collected remotely to ease participant burden during the pandemic. Depression was associated with experiences of heightened parenting-related stress and bonding difficulties. These differences were not observed during mother-infant interactions or in salivary oxytocin levels. Differences in COVID-19-related experiences were minimal, though depressed mothers rated slightly higher stress associated with returning to work and financial impacts of the pandemic. Findings highlight the importance of early intervention for PPD to mitigate long-term effects on mothers, children, and families. Additionally, they underscore the need for early intervention to support the developing mother-infant dyad relationship during this crucial time.
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20
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Fracassa A, Santo CI, Kerr E, Knežević S, Hayne DJ, Francis PS, Kanoufi F, Sojic N, Paolucci F, Valenti G. Redox-mediated electrochemiluminescence enhancement for bead-based immunoassay. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1150-1158. [PMID: 38239687 PMCID: PMC10793598 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a highly sensitive mode of detection utilised in commercialised bead-based immunoassays. Recently, the introduction of a freely diffusing water-soluble Ir(iii) complex was demonstrated to enhance the ECL emission of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels anchored to microbeads, but a comprehensive investigation of the proposed 'redox-mediated' mechanism was not carried out. In this work, we select three different water-soluble Ir(iii) complexes by virtue of their photophysical and electrochemical properties in comparison with those of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ luminophore and the TPrA co-reactant. A systematic investigation of the influence of each Ir(iii) complex on the emission of the Ru(ii) labels on single beads by ECL microscopy revealed that the heterogeneous ECL can be finely tuned and either enhanced up to 107% or lowered by 75%. The variation of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ECL emission was correlated to the properties of each Ir(iii)-based mediator, which enabled us to decipher the mechanism of interaction and define guidelines for the future design of novel Ir(iii) complexes to further enhance the ECL emission of bead-based immunoassays. Ultimately, we showcase the potential of this technology for practical sample analysis in commercial instruments by assessing the enhancement of the collective ECL intensity from a bead-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fracassa
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Claudio Ignazio Santo
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Sara Knežević
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Deakin University, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
- ICMATE-CNR Corso Stati Uniti 4 35127 Padova Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
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21
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Song SS, Zhan J, Zhu HT, Bao JY, Wang AJ, Yuan PX, Feng JJ. Palladium nanospheres-embedded metal-organic frameworks to enhance the ECL efficiency of 2,6-dimethyl-8-(3-carboxyphenyl)4,4'-difluoroboradiazene in aqueous solution for ultrasensitive Cu 2+ detection. Analyst 2024; 149:426-434. [PMID: 38099364 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, organic emitters suffer from insufficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency in aqueous solutions, and their practical applications are severely restricted in the bio-sensing field. In this work, palladium nanospheres-embedded metal-organic frameworks (Pd@MOFs) were exploited to enhance the ECL efficiency of 2,6-dimethyl-8-(3-carboxyphenyl)4,4'-difluoroboradiazene (BET) prepared by a one-pot method in aqueous environment. First, the Pd@MOFs were generated via in situ reduction of Pd nanospheres anchored onto the MOFs, and fabricated by orderly coordination of palladium chloride (PdCl2) with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine (BTA) tetrahydrochloride. Then, the influence of protons on the ECL response of BET was studied in detail to obtain stronger ECL emission using potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) as co-reactant in aqueous environment. As a result, a 1.47-fold ECL efficiency enlargement of BET/K2S2O8 was harvested at the Pd@MOFs/GCE, where Ru(bpy)32+ behaved as a standard. Based on the fact that the ECL signals of the BET-covered Pd@MOFs modified glassy carbon electrode (simplified as BET/Pd@MOFs/GCE) can be quenched by Cu2+, the as-built ECL sensor showed a wide linear range (1.0-100.0 pM) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.12 pM. Hence, such research offers huge potential to promote the development of organic emitters in ECL biosensors and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shu Song
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jiale Zhan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Hao-Tian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jing-Yi Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Pei-Xin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jiu-Ju Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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22
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Zhao Y, Descamps J, Sojic N, Loget G. All-Optical Electrochemiluminescence at Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Diodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:148-155. [PMID: 38149790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Pt/InGa/n-Si/SiOx/Pt devices were prepared by using standard chemical and sputtering processes. These systems are diodes comprising a frontside photoactive metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) n-Si/SiOx/Pt junction and a backside Pt/InGa/n-Si Ohmic contact. Pt/InGa/n-Si/SiOx/Pt was first characterized by dark-solid-state electrical and impedance measurements. Then, each side of the device was investigated by electrochemical means in the dark and under near-IR illumination at 850 nm in the luminol-H2O2 electrochemiluminescence (ECL) electrolyte. The results suggested the possibility of triggering an all-optical ECL (AO-ECL) at Pt/InGa/n-Si/SiOx/Pt. This was confirmed by studying AO-ECL at the monolithic, all-integrated Pt/InGa/n-Si/SiOx/Pt device, immersed in the ECL electrolyte. The conversion process can occur with good stability and the intensity of the visible emission (440 nm) depends on tunable parameters such as the illumination power density, O2 concentration, or the concentration of added H2O2. These results are important for the next developments of AO-ECL in sensing and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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23
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Louw CJ, de Haan P, Verpoorte E, Baker P. Efficient Electrochemiluminescence Sensing in Microfluidic Biosensors: A Review. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 52:41-62. [PMID: 38523440 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2023049565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are capable of handling 10-9 L to 10-18 L of fluids by incorporating tiny channels with dimensions of ten to hundreds of micrometers, and they can be fabricated using a wide range of materials including glass, silicon, polymers, paper, and cloth for tailored sensing applications. Microfluidic biosensors integrated with detection methods such as electrochemiluminescence (ECL) can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Coupled with ECL, these tandem devices are capable of sensing biomarkers at nanomolar to picomolar concentrations, reproducibly. Measurement at this low level of concentration makes microfluidic electrochemiluminescence (MF-ECL) devices ideal for biomarker detection in the context of early warning systems for diseases such as myocardial infarction, cancer, and others. However, the technology relies on the nature and inherent characteristics of an efficient luminophore. The luminophore typically undergoes a redox process to generate excited species which emit energy in the form of light upon relaxation to lower energy states. Therefore, in biosensor design the efficiency of the luminophore is critical. This review is focused on the integration of microfluidic devices with biosensors and using electrochemiluminescence as a detection method. We highlight the dual role of carbon quantum dots as a luminophore and co-reactant in electrochemiluminescence analysis, drawing on their unique properties that include large specific surface area, easy functionalization, and unique luminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Juliat Louw
- SensorLab, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Haan
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
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24
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Han D, Jiang D, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Kanoufi F, Chaumet PC, Fang D, Sojic N. Optics Determines the Electrochemiluminescence Signal of Bead-Based Immunoassays. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4782-4791. [PMID: 37978286 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an optical readout technique that is successfully applied for the detection of biomarkers in body fluids using microbead-based immunoassays. This technology is of utmost importance for in vitro diagnostics and thus a very active research area but is mainly focused on the quest for new dyes and coreactants, whereas the investigation of the ECL optics is extremely scarce. Herein, we report the 3D imaging of the ECL signals recorded at single microbeads decorated with the ECL labels in the sandwich immunoassay format. We show that the optical effects due to the light propagation through the bead determine mainly the spatial distribution of the recorded ECL signals. Indeed, the optical simulations based on the discrete dipole approximation compute rigorously the electromagnetic scattering of the ECL emission by the microbead and allow for reconstructing the spatial map of ECL emission. Thus, it provides a global description of the ECL chemical reactivity and the associated optics. The outcomes of this 3D imaging approach complemented by the optical modeling provide insight into the ECL optics and the unique ECL chemical mechanism operating on bead-based immunoassays. Therefore, it opens new directions for mechanistic investigations, ultrasensitive ECL bioassays, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Han
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP,Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, ICMATE-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Patrick C Chaumet
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP,Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
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25
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Yan Y, Zhou P, Ding L, Hu W, Chen W, Su B. T Cell Antigen Recognition and Discrimination by Electrochemiluminescence Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314588. [PMID: 37903724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T lymphocyte (T cell) transfer and tumour-specific peptide vaccines are innovative cancer therapies. An accurate assessment of the specific reactivity of T cell receptors (TCRs) to tumour antigens is required because of the high heterogeneity of tumour cells and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In this study, we report a label-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging approach for recognising and discriminating between TCRs and tumour-specific antigens by imaging the immune synapses of T cells. Various T cell stimuli, including agonistic antibodies, auxiliary molecules, and tumour-specific antigens, were modified on the electrode's surface to allow for their interaction with T cells bearing different TCRs. The formation of immune synapses activated by specific stimuli produced a negative (shadow) ECL image, from which T cell antigen recognition and discrimination were evaluated by analysing the spreading area and the recognition intensity of T cells. This approach provides an easy way to assess TCR-antigen specificity and screen both of them for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lurong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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26
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Lan L, Kuang X, Sun X, Wei Q, Kuang R. MOF-Enhanced Chiral ECL Recognition System: Dual-Function in Phenylalanine Enantiomer Detection and Coreaction Acceleration. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 38016920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The accurate discernment and separation of chiral isomers with high precision remain a significant challenge in various industries and biological fields. In this investigation, an electrochemiluminescent (ECL) chiral recognition platform was devised to ascertain the presence of phenylalanine (Phe). Notably, a homochiral [Ni2(l-asp)2(bipy)] (Ni-LAB) was established as a dual-function coreactant accelerator and chiral recognition substrate. Ni-LAB facilitates the reaction between the coreactant (K2S2O8) and the luminescent entity 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracar-boxylic-l-cysteine (PTCA-cys), thereby enhancing the ECL luminescence efficiency and improving the sensitivity of the chiral sensor. The chiral recognition potential of Ni-LAB was assessed to differentiate between Phe chiral isomers, and the underlying mechanism was comprehensively elucidated. This system exhibited remarkable proficiency in detecting Phe enantiomers and precisely differentiating a single Phe enantiomer within a mixture, showcasing exceptional levels of selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. This study paves the way for the development of advanced chiral recognition systems, potentially revolutionizing the field of chiral sensing and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xuan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Rui Kuang
- College of Traffic Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250023, China
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27
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Yu S, Hu X, Pan J, Lei J, Ju H. Nanoconfined Cathodic Electrochemiluminescence for Self-Sensitized Bioimaging of Membrane Protein. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16593-16599. [PMID: 37902983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) can be achieved via the confinement of coreactants and ECL emitters in a single nanostructure. This strategy has been used for the design of anodic ECL systems with amine compounds as coreactants. In this work, a novel confinement system was proposed by codoping positively charged ECL emitter tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) and negatively charged coreactant peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) in silica nanoparticles. The codoping process could be performed by introducing S2O82- in cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) to form PDDA@S2O82- and then encapsulating it and Ru(bpy)32+ in the Triton X-100 vesicle followed by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl ortosilicate, surface modification, and demulsification. The obtained RuSSNs exhibited good homogeneity, excellent monodispersity, acceptable biocompatibility, and 2.9-fold stronger ECL emission than Ru(bpy)32+-doped silica nanoparticles at an equal amount of nanoparticles in the presence of 0.1 M K2S2O8. Thus, an in situ self-sensitized cathodic ECL imaging method was designed for the monitoring of glycoprotein on living cell membranes. This work provides a new way for the modification, enhancement, and application of nano-ECL emitters in biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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28
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Zhu Z, Zeng C, Zhao Y, Ma J, Yao X, Huo S, Feng Y, Wang M, Lu X. Precise Modulation of Intramolecular Aggregation-induced Electrochemiluminescence by Tetraphenylethylene-based Supramolecular Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312692. [PMID: 37747050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The precisely modulated synthesis of programmable light-emitting materials remains a challenge. To address this challenge, we construct four tetraphenylethylene-based supramolecular architectures (SA, SB, SC, and SD), revealing that they exhibit higher electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensities and efficiencies than the tetraphenylethylene monomer and can be classified as highly efficient and precisely modulated intramolecular aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (PI-AIECL) systems. The best-performing system (SD) shows a high ECL cathodic efficiency exceeding that of the benchmark tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride in aqueous solution by nearly six-fold. The electrochemical characterization of these architectures in an organic solvent provides deeper mechanistic insights, revealing that SD features the lowest electrochemical band gap. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the band gap of the guest ligand in the SD structure is the smallest and most closely matched to that of the host scaffold. Finally, the SD system is used to realize ECL-based cysteine detection (detection limit=14.4 nM) in real samples. Thus, this study not only provides a precisely modulated supramolecular strategy allowing chromophores to be controllably regulated on a molecular scale, but also inspires the programmable synthesis of high-performance aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Huo
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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29
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Sun Q, Ning Z, Yang E, Yin F, Wu G, Zhang Y, Shen Y. Ligand-induced Assembly of Copper Nanoclusters with Enhanced Electrochemical Excitation and Radiative Transition for Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312053. [PMID: 37698462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) are emerging electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters with unique molecule-like electronic structures, high abundance, and low cost. However, the synthesis of CuNCs with high ECL efficiency and stability in a scalable manner remains challenging. Here, we report a facile gram-scale approach for preparing self-assembled CuNCs (CuNCsAssy ) induced by ligands with exceptionally boosted anodic ECL and stability. Compared to the disordered aggregates that are inactive in ECL, the CuNCsAssy shows a record anodic ECL efficiency for CuNCs (10 %, wavelength-corrected, relative to Ru(bpy)3 Cl2 /tripropylamine). Mechanism studies revealed the unusual dual functions of ligands in simultaneously facilitating electrochemical excitation and radiative transition. Moreover, the assembly addressed the limitation of poor stability of conventional CuNCs. As a proof of concept, an ECL biosensor for alkaline phosphatase detection was successfully constructed with an ultralow limit of detection of 8.1×10-6 U/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenqiang Ning
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Erli Yang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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30
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Han D, Fang D, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Kanoufi F, Jiang D, Sojic N. Dynamic Mapping of Electrochemiluminescence Reactivity in Space: Application to Bead-Based Assays. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15700-15706. [PMID: 37815364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
As an electrochemical technique offering an optical readout, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) evolved recently into a powerful microscopy technique with the visualization of a wide range of microscopic entities. However, the dynamic imaging of transient ECL events did not receive intensive attention due to the limited number of electrogenerated photons. Here, the reaction kinetics of the model ECL bioassay system was revealed by dynamic imaging of single [Ru(bpy)3]2+-functionalized beads in the presence of the efficient tripropylamine coreactant. The time profile behavior of ECL emission, the variations of the ECL layer thickness, and the position of maximum ECL intensity over time were investigated, which were not achieved by static imaging in previous studies. Moreover, the dynamics of the ECL emission were confronted with the simulation. The reported dynamic ECL imaging allows the investigation of the ECL kinetics and mechanisms operating in bioassays and cell microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Han
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | | | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
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31
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Descamps J, Zhao Y, Le-Pouliquen J, Goudeau B, Garrigue P, Tavernier K, Léger Y, Loget G, Sojic N. Local reactivity of metal-insulator-semiconductor photoanodes imaged by photoinduced electrochemiluminescence microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12262-12265. [PMID: 37753612 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Localized photoinduced electrochemiluminescence (PECL) is studied on photoanodes composed of Ir microbands deposited on n-Si/SiOx. We demonstrate that PECL microscopy precisely imaged the hole-driven heterogeneous photoelectrochemical reactivity. The method is promising for elucidating the local activity of photoelectrodes that are employed in solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France.
| | - Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Julie Le-Pouliquen
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France.
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France.
| | - Karine Tavernier
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yoan Léger
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France.
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Pavan G, Morgan L, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence from Imidazole-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301912. [PMID: 37449461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of novel thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized by a straightforward and metal-free synthesis, and structurally characterized. In this work we kept the acceptor moiety, 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile, fixed and systemically tested different donors to correlate their photophysical and electrochemical properties with their performance in electrochemiluminescence using both benzoyl peroxide as co-reactant and co-reactant free (annihilation) conditions. Some compounds exceeded the efficiency of the standard [Ru(bpy)3 ]Cl2 by up to 28 times with benzoyl peroxide and 38 times in annihilation. Interestingly, we found that the efficiency is mainly dictated by the electrochemical reversibility of the redox processes rather than by the photophysical properties in terms of photoluminescence quantum yields or excited-state lifetime. In addition, the annihilation electrochemiluminescence efficiency strongly depends on the pulse sequence. The imidazole moiety can be conveniently alkylated, thus allowing the insertion of functional groups, such a carboxylic acid, and enabling practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Sornambigai M, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kumar SS. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex as a universal reagent for the fabrication of heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence platforms and its recent analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5875-5898. [PMID: 37507465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has received enormous attention and has emerged as one of the most successful tools in the field of analytical science. Compared with homogeneous ECL, the heterogeneous (or solid-state) ECL has enhanced the rate of the electron transfer kinetics and offers rapid response time, which is highly beneficial in point-of-care and clinical applications. In ECL, the luminophore is the key element, which dictates the overall performance of the ECL-based sensors in various analytical applications. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex, Ru(bpy)32+, is a coordination compound, which is the gold-standard luminophore in ECL. It has played a key role in translating ECL from a "laboratory curiosity" to a commercial analytical instrument for diagnosis. The aim of the present review is to provide the principles of ECL and classical reaction mechanisms-particularly involving the heterogeneous Ru(bpy)32+/co-reactant ECL systems, as well as the fabrication methods and its importance over solution-phase Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. Then, we discussed the emerging technology in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL-sensing platforms and their recent potential analytical applications such as in immunoassay sensors, DNA sensors, aptasensors, bio-imaging, latent fingerprint detection, point-of-care testing, and detection of non-biomolecules. Finally, we also briefly cover the recent advances in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL coupled with the hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathavan Sornambigai
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Wang L, Zeng WJ, Yang X, Yuan R, Liang WB, Zhuo Y. Engineering Molecular Emission Centers of Carbon Dots to Boost the Electrochemiluminescence for the Detection of Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13897-13903. [PMID: 37682117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that electrochemiluminescent (ECL) performance of carbon dots (CDs) could be improved by modulating their surface defects, they are still restricted by inferior controllability and poor reproducibility. In this work, we disclosed a new approach for synthesizing luminescent groups rich in CDs (Lu-CDs) by engineering the luminol as molecular emission centers into the CDs, which exhibited an 80-fold stronger ECL intensity at an ECL onset potential of 0.6 V than the CDs without pre-implanted luminol. Different from the significant deviation between the ECL and fluorescence emission of other surface state-dominated CDs, the ECL emission of Lu-CDs was nearly consistent with its fluorescence emission at 465 nm, which was defined as the molecular emission dominated-ECL CDs herein. To prove this principle, the Lu-CDs were employed to construct an ECL biosensor for MCF-7 cell analysis based on the cell direct recognition and amplification strategy, which made the MCF-7 cells as nanomachines via specific binding with aptamer signal probes on the DNA triangular scaffold. The proposed biosensor displayed a wide detection range from 101 to 104 cell mL-1 and a low detection limit of 8.91 cells mL-1. Overall, this work not only presents a new strategy for preparing CDs with high controllability and excellent reproducibility but also provides a platform for tumor cell sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Wei-Jia Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Zhao Y, Descamps J, Al Hoda Al Bast N, Duque M, Esteve J, Sepulveda B, Loget G, Sojic N. All-Optical Electrochemiluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17420-17426. [PMID: 37498003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is widely employed for medical diagnosis and imaging. Despite its remarkable analytical performances, the technique remains intrinsically limited by the essential need for an external power supply and electrical wires for electrode connections. Here, we report an electrically autonomous solution leading to a paradigm change by designing a fully integrated all-optical wireless monolithic photoelectrochemical device based on a nanostructured Si photovoltaic junction modified with catalytic coatings. Under illumination with light ranging from visible to near-infrared, photogenerated holes induce the oxidation of the ECL reagents and thus the emission of visible ECL photons. The blue ECL emission is easily viewed with naked eyes and recorded with a smartphone. A new light emission scheme is thus introduced where the ECL emission energy (2.82 eV) is higher than the excitation energy (1.18 eV) via an intermediate electrochemical process. In addition, the mapping of the photoelectrochemical activity by optical microscopy reveals the minority carrier interfacial transfer mechanism at the nanoscale. This breakthrough provides an all-optical strategy for generalizing ECL without the need for electrochemical setups, electrodes, wiring constraints, and specific electrochemical knowledge. This simplest ECL configuration reported so far opens new opportunities to develop imaging and wireless bioanalytical systems such as portable point-of-care sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Nour Al Hoda Al Bast
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Marcos Duque
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jaume Esteve
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Borja Sepulveda
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Rennes 35000, France
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
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Yang X, Hang J, Qu W, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhou P, Ding H, Su B, Lei J, Guo W, Dai Z. Gold Microbeads Enabled Proximity Electrochemiluminescence for Highly Sensitive and Size-Encoded Multiplex Immunoassays. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16026-16036. [PMID: 37458419 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly sensitive multiplex immunoassays is urgently needed to guide medical research and improve clinical diagnosis. Here, we report the proximity electrochemiluminescence (ECL) generation enabled by gold microbeads (GMBs) for improving the detection sensitivity and multiplexing capacity of ECL immunoassays (ECLIAs). As demonstrated by microscopy and finite element simulation, GMBs can function as spherical ultramicroelectrodes for triggering ECL reactions in solutions. Employing GMBs as solid carriers in the bead-based ECLIA, the electrochemical oxidation of a coreactant can occur at both the GMB surface and the substrate electrode, allowing the coreactant radicals to diffuse only a short distance of ∼100 nm to react with ECL luminophores that are labeled on the GMB surface. The ECL generation via this proximity low oxidation potential (LOP) route results in a 21.7-fold increase in the turnover frequency of ECL generation compared with the non-conductive microbeads that rely exclusively on the conventional LOP route. Moreover, the proximity ECL generation is not restricted by the diffusion distance of short-lived coreactant radicals, which enables the simultaneous determination of multiple acute myocardial infarction biomarkers using size-encoded GMB-based multiplex ECLIAs. This work brings new insight into the understanding of ECL mechanisms and may advance the practical use of multiplex ECLIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Junmeng Hang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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Ke X, Liu W, Shen L, Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang C, Wang X. Early Screening of Colorectal Precancerous Lesions Based on Combined Measurement of Multiple Serum Tumor Markers Using Artificial Neural Network Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:685. [PMID: 37504084 PMCID: PMC10377288 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed in the advanced stage, resulting in delayed treatment and reduced survival time. It is urgent to develop accurate early screening methods for CRC. The purpose of this study is to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based artificial neural network (ANN) model using multiple protein tumor markers to assist in the early diagnosis of CRC and precancerous lesions. In this retrospective analysis, 148 cases with CRC and precancerous diseases were included. The concentrations of multiple protein tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, CA 125, CYFRA 21-1, CA 72-4, CA 242) were measured by electrochemical luminescence immunoassays. By combining these markers with an ANN algorithm, a diagnosis model (CA6) was developed to distinguish between normal healthy and abnormal subjects, with an AUC of 0.97. The prediction score derived from the CA6 model also performed well in assisting in the diagnosis of precancerous lesions and early CRC (with AUCs of 0.97 and 0.93 and cut-off values of 0.39 and 0.34, respectively), which was better than that of individual protein tumor indicators. The CA6 model established by ANN provides a new and effective method for laboratory auxiliary diagnosis, which might be utilized for early colorectal lesion screening by incorporating more tumor markers with larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenxue Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lisong Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Research Collaboration, R&D Center, Beijing Deepwise & League of PHD Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Nanning Jiuzhouyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530007, China
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Wei Y, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Washing-free electrogenerated chemiluminescence magnetic microbiosensors based on target assistant proximity hybridization for multiple protein biomarkers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:340926. [PMID: 36965986 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work reports washing-free electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) magnetic microbiosensors based on target assistant proximity hybridization (TAPH) for multiple protein biomarkers for the first time. As a principle-of-proof, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was chosen as a model analyte, and biotin-DNA1 bound streptavidin-coated magnetic microbeads (MMB@SA⋅biotin-DNA1) were designed as the universal capture MMB, while the corresponding two antibodies tagged with DNA2 or DNA3 were utilized as hybrid recognition probes, and ruthenium complex-tagged DNA4-10A was designed as a universal ECL signal probe. When the capture MMB was added into the mixture solution (containing the analyte, hybrid recognition probes, signal probe and tri-n-propylamine), biocomplexes were formed on the MMB. After the resulting MMB was efficiently brought to the surface of a magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE), ECL measurement was performed without a washing step, resulting in an increase in the ECL intensity. A model for ECL measuring the second-order rate constants of hybridization reactions on MMB was derived. It was found that the rate constants for hybridization reactions on MMB in rotating mode are 1.6-fold higher than those in shaking mode, and a suitable DNA length of the signal probe can improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The washing-free ECL method was developed for the determination of AFP with a much lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.04 ng mL-1. The developed flexible strategy has been extended to determine D-dimer with an LOD of 0.1 ng mL-1 and myoglobinglobin with an LOD of 1.1 ng mL-1. This work demonstrated that the proposed strategy of ECL TAPH on MMB at MGCE is a washing-free and flexible promising strategy, and can be extended to qualify other multiple protein biomarkers in real clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China.
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Knežević S, Kerr E, Goudeau B, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Francis PS, Kanoufi F, Sojic N. Bimodal Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7372-7378. [PMID: 37098243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy is an emerging technique with new applications such as imaging of single entities and cells. Herein, we have developed a bimodal and bicolor approach to record both positive ECL (PECL: light-emitting object on dark background) and shadow label-free ECL (SECL: nonemissive object shadowing the background luminescence) images of single cells. This bimodal approach is the result of the simultaneous emissions of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ used to label the cellular membrane (PECL) and [Ir(sppy)3]3- dissolved in solution (SECL). By spectrally resolving the ECL emission wavelengths, we recorded the images of the same cells in both PECL and SECL modes using the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (λmax = 620 nm) and [Ir(sppy)3]3- (λmax = 515 nm) luminescence, respectively. PECL shows the distribution of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels attached to the cellular membrane, whereas SECL reflects the local diffusional hindrance of the ECL reagents by each cell. The high sensitivity and surface-confined features of the reported approach are demonstrated by imaging cell-cell contacts during the mitosis process. Furthermore, the comparison of PECL and SECL images demonstrates the differential diffusion of tri-n-propylamine and [Ir(sppy)3]3- through the permeabilized cell membranes. Consequently, this dual approach enables the imaging of the morphology of the cell adhering on the surface and can significantly contribute to multimodal ECL imaging and bioassays with different luminescent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
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40
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Jia YL, Xu CH, Li XQ, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Visual analysis of Alzheimer disease biomarker via low-potential driven bipolar electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340980. [PMID: 36925305 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing a simple, economical, and accurate diagnostic method has positive practical significance for the early prevention and intervention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, combining a closed bipolar electrode (BPE) chip with multicolor electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging technology, we constructed a low-voltage driven portable visualized ECL device for the early screening of AD. By introducing parallel resistance, the total resistance of the circuit was greatly reduced. A classical mixture of Ir(ppy)3 and Ru(bpy)32+ was used as multicolor emitters of the anode with TPrA as the co-reactant. Capture of amyloid-β (Aβ) through antigen-antibody recognition, and signal amplification by electroactive covalent organic frameworks (COF) probe at the cathode of BPE caused the significantly increased faradaic current. The electrical balance of the BPE system resulted in the change of the emission color from green to red at the anode. The ECL-BPE sensor shows good reproducibility and high sensitivity with detection limit of 1 pM by naked eye. The driving voltage is 3.0 V, which means the chip could be driven by two fifth batteries. The visualized ECL-BPE sensor provides a promising point-of-care testing (POCT) tool for the screening of Alzheimer's-related diseases in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cong-Hui Xu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Wang S, Zhu S, Kang Z, Wang X, Deng Z, Hu K, Hu J, Liu X, Wang G, Zang G, Zhang Y. Particle Size-Controlled Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reaction Nanocatalysts Regulate Ru(bpy) 32+'s Dual-potential Electrochemiluminescence for Sandwich Immunoassay. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0117. [PMID: 37287888 PMCID: PMC10243198 DOI: 10.34133/research.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple signal strategies remarkably improve the accuracy and efficiency of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassays, but the lack of potential-resolved luminophore pairs and chemical cross talk hinders their development. In this study, we synthesized a series of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/reduced graphene oxide (Au/rGO) composites as adjustable oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction catalysts to promote and modulate tris(2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)'s multisignal luminescence. With the increase in the diameter of AuNPs (3 to 30 nm), their ability to promote Ru(bpy)32+'s anodic ECL was first impaired and then strengthened, and cathodic ECL was first enhanced and then weakened. Au/rGOs with medium-small and medium-large AuNP diameters remarkably increased Ru(bpy)32+'s cathodic and anodic luminescence, respectively. Notably, the stimulation effects of Au/rGOs were superior to those of most existing Ru(bpy)32+ co-reactants. Moreover, we proposed a novel ratiometric immunosensor construction strategy using Ru(bpy)32+'s luminescence promoter rather than luminophores as tags of antibodies to achieve signal resolution. This method avoids signal cross talk between luminophores and their respective co-reactants, which achieved a good linear range of 10-7 to 10-1 ng/ml and a limit of detection of 0.33 fg/ml for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen. This study addresses the previous scarcity of the macromolecular co-reactants of Ru(bpy)32+, broadening its application in biomaterial detection. Furthermore, the systematic clarification of the detailed mechanisms for converting the potential-resolved luminescence of Ru(bpy)32+ could facilitate an in-depth understanding of the ECL process and should inspire new designs of Ru(bpy)32+ luminescence enhancers or applications of Au/rGOs to other luminophores. This work removes some impediments to the development of multisignal ECL biodetection systems and provides vitality into their widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wang
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ziqi Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants,
Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kun Hu
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Pathology,
Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants,
Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants,
Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
- Department of Pathophysiology,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Institute of Life Science and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center,
Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
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42
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Fang Y, Zhou Z, Hou Y, Wang C, Cao X, Liu S, Shen Y, Zhang Y. Highly Efficient Wavelength-Resolved Electrochemiluminescence of Carbon Nitride Films for Ultrasensitive Multiplex MicroRNA Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6620-6628. [PMID: 37040595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters of different colors with high ECL efficiency (ΦECL) is appealing yet challenging for ultrasensitive multiplexed bioassays. Herein, we report the synthesis of highly efficient polymeric carbon nitride (CN) films with fine-tuned ECL emission from blue to green (410, 450, 470, and 525 nm) using the precursor crystallization method. More importantly, naked eye-observable and significantly enhanced ECL emission was achieved, and the cathodic ΦECL values were ca. 112, 394, 353, and 251 times those of the aqueous Ru(bpy)3Cl2/K2S2O8 reference. Mechanism studies showed that the density of surface-trapped electrons, the associated nonradiative decay pathways, and electron-hole recombination kinetics were crucial factors for the high ΦECL of CN. Based on high ΦECL and different colors of ECL emission, the wavelength-resolved multiplexing ECL biosensor was constructed to simultaneously detect miRNA-21 and miRNA-141 with superior low detection limits of 0.13 fM and 25.17 aM, respectively. This work provides a facile method to synthesize wavelength-resolved ECL emitters based on metal-free CN polymers with high ΦECL for multiplexed bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Fang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuhua Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xuwen Cao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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43
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Shen ZC, Yang YT, Guo YZ, Chai YQ, Liu JL, Yuan R. Zn 2+-Induced Gold Cluster Aggregation Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence for Ultrasensitive Detection of MicroRNA-21. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5568-5574. [PMID: 36946240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, Zn2+-induced gold cluster aggregation (Zn2+-GCA) as a high-efficiency electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter is first employed to construct an ECL biosensor to ultrasensitively detect microRNA-21 (miRNA-21). Impressively, Zn2+ not only can induce the aggregation of monodispersed gold clusters (Au NCs) to limit the ligand vibration of Au NCs for improving ECL emission but also can be utilized as a coreaction accelerator to catalyze the dissociation of coreactant S2O82- into sulfate radicals (SO4•-) to improve the interaction efficiency between Zn2+-GCA and S2O82-, resulting in further intense ECL emission. Compared to Au NCs stabilized by bovine serum albumin with ECL efficiency of 0.40%, Zn2+-GCA possessed high ECL efficiency of 10.54%, regarding the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/S2O82- system as a standard. Furthermore, output DNA modified with poly adenine (polyA) obtained from enzyme-free target recycling amplification can be efficiently immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to reduce the defect of special design, cumbersome operation, and low stability. Thus, an ultrasensitive ECL biosensor based on the Zn2+-GCA/S2O82- ECL system and enzyme-free target recycling amplification achieved ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-21 with the detection limit of 44.7 aM. This strategy presents a new idea to design highly efficient ECL emitters, which is expected to be used in the field of bioanalysis for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400715, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400715, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhuo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400715, PR China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400715, PR China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400715, PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400715, PR China
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44
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Wu K, Chen R, Zhou Z, Chen X, Lv Y, Ma J, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Elucidating Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Kinetics via Intermediates by Time-Dependent Electrochemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217078. [PMID: 36591995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Facile evaluation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics for electrocatalysts is critical for sustainable fuel-cell development and industrial H2 O2 production. Despite great success in ORR studies using mainstream strategies, such as the membrane electrode assembly, rotation electrodes, and advanced surface-sensitive spectroscopy, the time and spatial distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates in the diffusion layer remain unknown. Using time-dependent electrochemiluminescence (Td-ECL), we report an intermediate-oriented method for ORR kinetics analysis. Owing to multiple ultrasensitive stoichiometric reactions between ROS and the ECL emitter, except for electron transfer numbers and rate constants, the potential-dependent time and spatial distribution of ROS were successfully obtained for the first time. Such exclusively uncovered information would guide the development of electrocatalysts for fuel cells and H2 O2 production with maximized activity and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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45
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Yang X, Xu Y, Huang X, Hang J, Guo W, Dai Z. Multicolor Iridium(III) Complexes with Host-Guest Recognition Motifs for Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence and Modular Labeling. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4543-4549. [PMID: 36820622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes with high electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency and appropriate bioconjugation sites are urgently needed in ECL immunoassays (ECLIA). Herein, we report the synthesis, photophysics, electrochemistry, and ECL of six new Ir(III) complexes bearing naphthyl (nap) or adamantane phenyl (adap) substitutions, four of which emit cyan, green, or red light and display 1.7- to 7.5-fold increases in ECL intensity. In combination with DFT/TDDFT calculations, this enhancement is rationalized to the augmented radiative rate that arises from both the strengthened spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and the increased transition dipole moment. In addition, the adap-based Ir(III) complex shows high binding affinity with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) due to the strong hydrophobic interaction, which enables us to develop a modular strategy for the labeling of Ir(III) complexes with biomolecules and to use hydrophobic luminophores in the aqueous-phase detection. As demonstrated, a novel ECLIA is built up and exhibits a wide linear range from 1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL and a detection limit of 72 pg/mL for the determination of C-reactive protein (CRP). These findings provide new insights into the design, synthesis, and bio-labeling of highly emissive Ir(III) complexes and pave the way for the development of novel ECLIA based on host-guest recognition motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Junmeng Hang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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46
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Wei Y, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Qi H, Zhang C. Performance enhancement of electrochemiluminescence magnetic microbiosensors by using double magnetic field actuation for cancer biomarkers and exosomes. Talanta 2023; 259:124485. [PMID: 37019008 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the performance enhancement strategies on magnetic beads (MBs)-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platforms by using double magnetic field actuation of the ECL magnetic microbiosensors (MMbiosensors) for highly sensitive determination of cancer biomarker and exosomes. To obtain the high sensitivity and reproducibility of the ECL MMbiosensors, a series of strategies have been developed including replacing a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT) with a diamagnetic PMT, replacing the stacked ring-disc magnets with circular-disc magnets lain-in glassy carbon electrode, adding a pre-concentration process of MBs using external magnet actuation. For fundamental research, the ECL MBs taken as the substitute of ECL MMbiosensors were prepared by binding biotinylated DNA tagged with Ru(bpy)32+ derivative (Ru1) to streptavidin-coated MB(MB@SA) were which showed that the developed strategies can enhance 45-fold sensitivity. Importantly, the developed MBs-based ECL platform was estimated by determination of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and exosomes. For PSA, MB@SA•biotin-Ab1(PSA) was taken as the capture probe and Ru1-labeled Ab2 (PSA) was done as ECL probe, while for exosomes, MB@SA•biotin-aptamer (CD63) was taken as the capture probe and Ru1-labeled Ab (CD9) was done as the ECL probe. The experiment results showed that the developed strategies can enhance 33-fold sensitivity of ECL MMbiosensors for PSA and exosomes. The detection limit is 0.28 ng mL-1 for PSA and 4.9 × 102 particle mL-1 for exosomes. This work demonstrated that a series of proposed magnetic field actuation strategies greatly increase the sensitivity of the ECL MMbiosensors. The developed strategies can be expanded to MBs-based ECL and electrochemical biosensors for clinical analysis with greater sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China.
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47
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Wang D, Gao X, Ren X, Zhang B, Zou G. Surface-Defect-Involved and Eye-Visible Electrochemiluminescence of Unary Copper Nanoclusters for Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4155-4161. [PMID: 36781377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A single-stabilizer-capped strategy is proposed for achieving highly efficient and surface-defect-involved electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from unary copper nanoclusters (NCs) via employing l-cysteine (Cys) as a capping agent of luminophore. The Cys-capped CuNCs (Cys-CuNCs) can be electrochemically injected with valence band (VB) holes and exhibit eye-touchable ECL processes around +0.95 and +1.15 V upon employing TPrA as a coreactant. Both accumulated ECL spectra and spooling ECL spectra demonstrated that the two ECL processes are of the same single waveband and spectrally identical to each other with the same maximum emission wavelength of 640 nm. Promisingly, ECL of the Cys-CuNCs/TPrA system is obviously red-shifted for ∼150 nm to PL of Cys-CuNCs, indicating that the bandgap-engineered routes for ECLs of Cys-CuNCs are completely blocked. The oxidative-reduction ECL process of the Cys-CuNCs/TPrA system is a kind of highly efficient, eye-visible, and single-color emission in surface-defect-involved route. The capping agent of Cys can enable the CuNCs/TPrA system with a stronger ECL than other thiol capping agents, so that Cys-CuNCs are utilized as ECL tags for sensitive and selective immunoassays, which exhibit a wide linear response range from 0.05 pg/mL to 0.5 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.01 pg/mL (S/N = 3) with carcinoembryonic antigen as the analyte. Moreover, both the luminophore Cys-CuNCs and conjugates Ab2-CuNCs can be safely stored in aqueous media without any protector, which is promising for the evolution and clinic application of metal NC ECL in the surface-defect-involved route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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48
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Kerr E, Knezevic S, Francis PS, Hogan CF, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Kanoufi F, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence Amplification in Bead-Based Assays Induced by a Freely Diffusing Iridium(III) Complex. ACS Sens 2023; 8:933-939. [PMID: 36701204 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays employing tri-n-propylamine as a co-reactant and a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) derivative as an emissive label are integral to the majority of academic and commercial applications of ECL sensing. This model system is an active research area and constitutes the basis of successfully commercialized bead-based ECL immunoassays. Herein, we propose a novel approach to the enhancement of such conventional ECL assays via the incorporation of a second metal coordination complex, [Ir(sppy)3]3- (where sppy = 5'-sulfo-2-phenylpyridinato-C2,N), to the experimental system. By employing ECL microscopy, we are able to map the spatial distribution of ECL emission at the surface of the bead, from [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels, and solution-phase emission, from [Ir(sppy)3]3-. The developed [Ir(sppy)3]3--mediated enhancement approach elicited a significant improvement (70.9-fold at 0.9 V and 2.9-fold at 1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl) of the ECL signal from [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels immobilized on the surface of a polystyrene bead. This dramatic enhancement in ECL signal, particularly at low oxidation potentials, has important implications for the improvement of existing heterogeneous ECL assays and ECL-based microscopy, by amplifying the signal, opening new bioanalytical detection schemes, and reducing both electrode surface passivation and deleterious side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Sara Knezevic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Scie nces Moléculaires, UMR 5255, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology Centre, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Scie nces Moléculaires, UMR 5255, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
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49
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is by definition a biosensor. However, not all immuno-biosensors involve the use of enzymes, while other biosensors incorporate ELISA as a key signaling component. In this chapter, we review the role of ELISA in signal amplification, integration with microfluidic systems, digital labeling, and electrochemical detection.
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50
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Wang Y, Ding J, Zhou P, Liu J, Qiao Z, Yu K, Jiang J, Su B. Electrochemiluminescence Distance and Reactivity of Coreactants Determine the Sensitivity of Bead-Based Immunoassays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216525. [PMID: 36812044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the study of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) generation by tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (Ru(bpy)3 2+ ) and five tertiary amine coreactants. The ECL distance and lifetime of coreactant radical cations were measured by ECL self-interference spectroscopy. And the reactivity of coreactants was quantitatively evaluated in terms of integrated ECL intensity. By statistical analysis of ECL images of single Ru(bpy)3 2+ -labeled microbeads, we propose that ECL distance and reactivity of coreactant codetermine the emission intensity and thus the sensitivity of immunoassay. 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol (BIS-TRIS) can well balance ECL distance-reactivity trade-off and enhance the sensitivity by 236 % compared with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) in the bead-based immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. The study brings an insightful understanding of ECL generation in bead-based immunoassay and a way of maximizing the analytical sensitivity from the aspect of coreactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jialian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jilin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qiao
- School of Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 150090, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 150090, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,School of Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 150090, China.,State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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