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Shook AJ, Varga E, Boettcher I, Davis JP. Surface State Dissipation in Confined ^{3}He-A. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:156001. [PMID: 38682961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.156001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We have studied the power dependence of superfluid Helmholtz resonators in flat (750 and 1800 nm) rectangular channels. In the A phase of superfluid ^{3}He, we observe a nonlinear response for velocities larger than a critical value. The small size of the channels stabilizes a static uniform texture that eliminates dissipative processes produced by changes in the texture. For such a static texture, the lowest velocity dissipative process is due to the pumping of surface bound states into the bulk liquid. We show that the temperature dependence of the critical velocity observed in our devices is consistent with this surface-state dissipation. Characterization of the force-velocity curves of our devices may provide a platform for studying the physics of exotic surface bound states in superfluid ^{3}He.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Shook
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Emil Varga
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Igor Boettcher
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - John P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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2
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Autti S, Haley RP, Jennings A, Pickett GR, Poole M, Schanen R, Soldatov AA, Tsepelin V, Vonka J, Zavjalov VV, Zmeev DE. Transport of bound quasiparticle states in a two-dimensional boundary superfluid. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6819. [PMID: 37919295 PMCID: PMC10622538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The B phase of superfluid 3He can be cooled into the pure superfluid regime, where the thermal quasiparticle density is negligible. The bulk superfluid is surrounded by a quantum well at the boundaries of the container, confining a sea of quasiparticles with energies below that of those in the bulk. We can create a non-equilibrium distribution of these states within the quantum well and observe the dynamics of their motion indirectly. Here we show that the induced quasiparticle currents flow diffusively in the two-dimensional system. Combining this with a direct measurement of energy conservation, we conclude that the bulk superfluid 3He is effectively surrounded by an independent two-dimensional superfluid, which is isolated from the bulk superfluid but which readily interacts with mechanical probes. Our work shows that this two-dimensional quantum condensate and the dynamics of the surface bound states are experimentally accessible, opening the possibility of engineering two-dimensional quantum condensates of arbitrary topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Autti
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Richard P Haley
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Asher Jennings
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - George R Pickett
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Malcolm Poole
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Roch Schanen
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Arkady A Soldatov
- P.L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of RAS, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor Tsepelin
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Jakub Vonka
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Dmitry E Zmeev
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
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3
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Baten RN, Tian Y, Smith EN, Mueller EJ, Parpia JM. Observation of suppressed viscosity in the normal state of 3He due to superfluid fluctuations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5834. [PMID: 37730714 PMCID: PMC10511454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of fluctuations in transport have long been predicted in 3He. They are expected to contribute only within 100μK of Tc and play a vital role in the theoretical modeling of ordering; they encode details about the Fermi liquid parameters, pairing symmetry, and scattering phase shifts. It is expected that they will be of crucial importance for transport probes of the topologically nontrivial features of superfluid 3He under strong confinement. Here we characterize the temperature and pressure dependence of the fluctuation signature, by monitoring the quality factor of a quartz tuning fork oscillator. We have observed a fluctuation-driven reduction in the viscosity of bulk 3He, finding data collapse consistent with the predicted theoretical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakin N Baten
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yefan Tian
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric N Smith
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Erich J Mueller
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeevak M Parpia
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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4
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Scott JW, Nguyen MD, Park D, Halperin WP. Magnetic Susceptibility of Andreev Bound States in Superfluid ^{3}He-B. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:046001. [PMID: 37566829 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of superfluid ^{3}He imbibed in anisotropic aerogel reveal anomalous behavior at low temperatures. Although the frequency shift clearly identifies a low-temperature phase as the B phase, the magnetic susceptibility does not display the expected decrease associated with the formation of the opposite-spin Cooper pairs. This susceptibility anomaly appears to be the predicted high-field behavior corresponding to the Ising-like magnetic character of surface Andreev bound states within the planar aerogel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Scott
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - M D Nguyen
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - D Park
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - W P Halperin
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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5
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Barresi A, Boulet A, Magierski P, Wlazłowski G. Dissipative Dynamics of Quantum Vortices in Fermionic Superfluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:043001. [PMID: 36763425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In a recent article, Kwon et al. [Nature (London) 600, 64 (2021)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-021-04047-4] revealed nonuniversal dissipative dynamics of quantum vortices in a fermionic superfluid. The enhancement of the dissipative process is pronounced for the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer interaction regime, and it was suggested that the effect is due to the presence of quasiparticles localized inside the vortex core. We test this hypothesis through numerical simulations with time-dependent density-functional theory: a fully microscopic framework with fermionic degrees of freedom. The results of fully microscopic calculations expose the impact of the vortex-bound states on dissipative dynamics in a fermionic superfluid. Their contribution is too weak to explain the experimental measurements, and we identify that thermal effects, giving rise to mutual friction between superfluid and the normal component, dominate the observed dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barresi
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Ulica Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antoine Boulet
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Ulica Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Magierski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Ulica Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gabriel Wlazłowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Ulica Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
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6
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Abstract
A time crystal is a macroscopic quantum system in periodic motion in its ground state. In our experiments, two coupled time crystals consisting of spin-wave quasiparticles (magnons) form a macroscopic two-level system. The two levels evolve in time as determined intrinsically by a nonlinear feedback, allowing us to construct spontaneous two-level dynamics. In the course of a level crossing, magnons move from the ground level to the excited level driven by the Landau-Zener effect, combined with Rabi population oscillations. We demonstrate that magnon time crystals allow access to every aspect and detail of quantum-coherent interactions in a single run of the experiment. Our work opens an outlook for the detection of surface-bound Majorana fermions in the underlying superfluid system, and invites technological exploitation of coherent magnon phenomena – potentially even at room temperature. Recent work has reported a realization of a time crystal in the form of the Bose-Einstein condensate of magnons in superfluid 3He. Here, the authors study the dynamics of a pair of such quantum time crystals and show that it closely resembles the evolution of a two-level system, modified by nonlinear feedback.
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7
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Arrayás M, Trueba JL, Uriarte C, Zmeev DE. Design of a system for controlling a levitating sphere in superfluid 3He at extremely low temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20069. [PMID: 34625585 PMCID: PMC8501055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new mechanical probe to study the properties of superfluid 3He at microkelvin temperatures down to 100 μK. The setup consists of a set of coils for levitating a superconducting sphere and controlling its motion in a wide variety of regimes. In particular, the realisation of motion of a levitating body at a uniform velocity presents both an experimental challenge and a promising direction into the study of the edge states in topological superfluid 3He-B. We include the theoretical study of the device stability and simulations to illustrate the capabilities of the control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Arrayás
- Área de Electromagnetismo, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José L Trueba
- Área de Electromagnetismo, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Uriarte
- Área de Electromagnetismo, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry E Zmeev
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
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Lotnyk D, Eyal A, Zhelev N, Abhilash TS, Smith EN, Terilli M, Wilson J, Mueller E, Einzel D, Saunders J, Parpia JM. Thermal transport of helium-3 in a strongly confining channel. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4843. [PMID: 32973182 PMCID: PMC7515880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of transport properties in normal liquid helium-3 and its topological superfluid phases provides insights into related phenomena in electron fluids, topological materials, and putative topological superconductors. It relies on the measurement of mass, heat, and spin currents, due to system neutrality. Of particular interest is transport in strongly confining channels of height approaching the superfluid coherence length, to enhance the relative contribution of surface excitations, and suppress hydrodynamic counterflow. Here we report on the thermal conduction of helium-3 in a 1.1 μm high channel. In the normal state we observe a diffusive thermal conductivity that is approximately temperature independent, consistent with interference of bulk and boundary scattering. In the superfluid, the thermal conductivity is only weakly temperature dependent, requiring detailed theoretical analysis. An anomalous thermal response is detected in the superfluid which we propose arises from the emission of a flux of surface excitations from the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lotnyk
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - A Eyal
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Physics Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - N Zhelev
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - T S Abhilash
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - E N Smith
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - M Terilli
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - J Wilson
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY, 14454, USA
| | - E Mueller
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - D Einzel
- Walther Meissner Institut, Garching, Germany
| | - J Saunders
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - J M Parpia
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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