1
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Riba M, Sala C, Culhane AC, Flobak Å, Patocs A, Boye K, Plevova K, Pospíšilová Š, Gandolfi G, Morelli MJ, Bucci G, Edsjö A, Lassen U, Al-Shahrour F, Lopez-Bigas N, Hovland R, Cuppen E, Valencia A, Poirel HA, Rosenquist R, Scollen S, Arenas Marquez J, Belien J, De Nicolo A, De Maria R, Torrents D, Tonon G. The 1+Million Genomes Minimal Dataset for Cancer. Nat Genet 2024; 56:733-736. [PMID: 38702538 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Riba
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aedin C Culhane
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Åsmund Flobak
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Cancer Clinic, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Attila Patocs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kjetil Boye
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karla Plevova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pospíšilová
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Giorgia Gandolfi
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco J Morelli
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bucci
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anders Edsjö
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fátima Al-Shahrour
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Randi Hovland
- Section of Cancer Genomics Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Hartwig Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serena Scollen
- ELIXIR Hub, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jeroen Belien
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arcangela De Nicolo
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - David Torrents
- Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Senkin S, Moody S, Díaz-Gay M, Abedi-Ardekani B, Cattiaux T, Ferreiro-Iglesias A, Wang J, Fitzgerald S, Kazachkova M, Vangara R, Le AP, Bergstrom EN, Khandekar A, Otlu B, Cheema S, Latimer C, Thomas E, Atkins JR, Smith-Byrne K, Cortez Cardoso Penha R, Carreira C, Chopard P, Gaborieau V, Keski-Rahkonen P, Jones D, Teague JW, Ferlicot S, Asgari M, Sangkhathat S, Attawettayanon W, Świątkowska B, Jarmalaite S, Sabaliauskaite R, Shibata T, Fukagawa A, Mates D, Jinga V, Rascu S, Mijuskovic M, Savic S, Milosavljevic S, Bartlett JMS, Albert M, Phouthavongsy L, Ashton-Prolla P, Botton MR, Silva Neto B, Bezerra SM, Curado MP, Zequi SDC, Reis RM, Faria EF, de Menezes NS, Ferrari RS, Banks RE, Vasudev NS, Zaridze D, Mukeriya A, Shangina O, Matveev V, Foretova L, Navratilova M, Holcatova I, Hornakova A, Janout V, Purdue MP, Rothman N, Chanock SJ, Ueland PM, Johansson M, McKay J, Scelo G, Chanudet E, Humphreys L, de Carvalho AC, Perdomo S, Alexandrov LB, Stratton MR, Brennan P. Geographic variation of mutagenic exposures in kidney cancer genomes. Nature 2024; 629:910-918. [PMID: 38693263 PMCID: PMC11111402 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
International differences in the incidence of many cancer types indicate the existence of carcinogen exposures that have not yet been identified by conventional epidemiology make a substantial contribution to cancer burden1. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, obesity, hypertension and tobacco smoking are risk factors, but they do not explain the geographical variation in its incidence2. Underlying causes can be inferred by sequencing the genomes of cancers from populations with different incidence rates and detecting differences in patterns of somatic mutations. Here we sequenced 962 clear cell renal cell carcinomas from 11 countries with varying incidence. The somatic mutation profiles differed between countries. In Romania, Serbia and Thailand, mutational signatures characteristic of aristolochic acid compounds were present in most cases, but these were rare elsewhere. In Japan, a mutational signature of unknown cause was found in more than 70% of cases but in less than 2% elsewhere. A further mutational signature of unknown cause was ubiquitous but exhibited higher mutation loads in countries with higher incidence rates of kidney cancer. Known signatures of tobacco smoking correlated with tobacco consumption, but no signature was associated with obesity or hypertension, suggesting that non-mutagenic mechanisms of action underlie these risk factors. The results of this study indicate the existence of multiple, geographically variable, mutagenic exposures that potentially affect tens of millions of people and illustrate the opportunities for new insights into cancer causation through large-scale global cancer genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Senkin
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Moody
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcos Díaz-Gay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Behnoush Abedi-Ardekani
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Cattiaux
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Aida Ferreiro-Iglesias
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Fitzgerald
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mariya Kazachkova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raviteja Vangara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anh Phuong Le
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik N Bergstrom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Azhar Khandekar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Burçak Otlu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saamin Cheema
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Calli Latimer
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Thomas
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua Ronald Atkins
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, The Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Smith-Byrne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, The Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Christine Carreira
- Evidence Synthesis and Classification Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Priscilia Chopard
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Gaborieau
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - David Jones
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Ferlicot
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Univeristé Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mojgan Asgari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Worapat Attawettayanon
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sonata Jarmalaite
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Sabaliauskaite
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Akihiko Fukagawa
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Dana Mates
- Occupational Health and Toxicology Department, National Center for Environmental Risk Monitoring, National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Urology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan Rascu
- Urology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirjana Mijuskovic
- Clinic of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavisa Savic
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Dr D. Misovic Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Milosavljevic
- International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - John M S Bartlett
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Monique Albert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Tumour Bank, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larry Phouthavongsy
- Ontario Tumour Bank, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Experimental Research Center, Genomic Medicine Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Botton
- Transplant Immunology and Personalized Medicine Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Brasil Silva Neto
- Service of Urology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Surgical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Paula Curado
- Department of Epidemiology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stênio de Cássio Zequi
- Department of Urology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Latin American Renal Cancer Group (LARCG), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Sao Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Minho University, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eliney Ferreira Faria
- Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Urology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Naveen S Vasudev
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anush Mukeriya
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Shangina
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Matveev
- Department of Urology, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Hornakova
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Mattias Johansson
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - James McKay
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Estelle Chanudet
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Humphreys
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Perdomo
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genomic Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France.
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5
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Gao Q, Zeng Q, Wang Z, Li C, Xu Y, Cui P, Zhu X, Lu H, Wang G, Cai S, Wang J, Fan J. Start of an era: circulating cell-free DNA for early detection of cancers. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100259. [PMID: 35647572 PMCID: PMC9133648 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective screening modalities are currently available for only a small subset of cancers, and they generally have suboptimal performance with complicated procedures. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop simple, accurate, and non-invasive methods for early detection of cancers. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in plasma circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) have shown the potential to revolutionize methods of early detection of cancers and facilitate subsequent diagnosis to improve survival of patients. The medical interest in cfDNA assays has been inspired by emerging single- and multi-early detection of cancers studies. This review summarizes current technological and clinical advances, in the hopes of providing insights into the development and applications of cfDNA assays in various cancers and clinical scenarios. The key phases of clinical development of biomarkers are highlighted, and the future developments of cfDNA-based liquid biopsies in early detection of cancers are outlined. It is hoped that this study can boost the potential integration of cfDNA-based early detection of cancers into the current clinical workflow. Liquid biopsy, characterized by minimal invasiveness and user friendliness, can identify multiple cancers at the early stage and localize the tissue of origin The state-of-the-art technology facilitates the application of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) assays in the early detection of cancers cfDNA assays are expected to be integrated into the clinical workflow after technological refinement and clinical trial validation The development and application strategies of cfDNA assays in various cancers and clinical scenarios can vary, and the harm-and-benefit should be balanced carefully
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
| | | | - Yu Xu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Huafei Lu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | | | - Shangli Cai
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou 510320, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
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