1
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Li F, Li E, Samanta K, Zheng Z, Wu L, Chen AD, Farha OK, Staples RJ, Niu J, Schmidt-Rohr K, Ke C. Ortho-Alkoxy-benzamide Directed Formation of a Single Crystalline Hydrogen-bonded Crosslinked Organic Framework and Its Boron Trifluoride Uptake and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311601. [PMID: 37870901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Boron trifluoride (BF3 ) is a highly corrosive gas widely used in industry. Confining BF3 in porous materials ensures safe and convenient handling and prevents its degradation. Hence, it is highly desired to develop porous materials with high adsorption capacity, high stability, and resistance to BF3 corrosion. Herein, we designed and synthesized a Lewis basic single-crystalline hydrogen-bond crosslinked organic framework (HC OF-50) for BF3 storage and its application in catalysis. Specifically, we introduced self-complementary ortho-alkoxy-benzamide hydrogen-bonding moieties to direct the formation of highly organized hydrogen-bonded networks, which were subsequently photo-crosslinked to generate HC OFs. The HC OF-50 features Lewis basic thioether linkages and electron-rich pore surfaces for BF3 uptake. As a result, HC OF-50 shows a record-high 14.2 mmol/g BF3 uptake capacity. The BF3 uptake in HC OF-50 is reversible, leading to the slow release of BF3 . We leveraged this property to reduce the undesirable chain transfer and termination in the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers. Polymers with higher molecular weights and lower polydispersity were generated compared to those synthesized using BF3 ⋅ Et2 O. The elucidation of the structure-property relationship, as provided by the single-crystal X-ray structures, combined with the high BF3 uptake capacity and controlled sorption, highlights the molecular understanding of framework-guest interactions in addressing contemporary challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Errui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Krishanu Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lianqian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Albert D Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lancing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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2
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Tang H, Duan L, Jiang J. Leveraging Machine Learning for Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Perspective. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15849-15863. [PMID: 37922472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted tremendous interest because of their tunable structures, functionalities, and physiochemical properties. The nearly infinite combinations of metal nodes and organic linkers have led to the synthesis of over 100,000 experimental MOFs and the construction of millions of hypothetical counterparts. It is intractable to identify the best candidates in the immense chemical space of MOFs for applications via conventional trial-to-error experiments or brute-force simulations. Over the past several years, machine learning (ML) has substantially transformed the way of MOF discovery, design, and synthesis. Driven by the abundant data from experiments or simulations, ML can not only efficiently and accurately predict MOF properties but also quantitatively derive structure-property relationships for rational design and screening. In this Perspective, we summarize recent achievements in leveraging ML for MOFs from the aspects of data acquisition, featurization, model training, and applications. Then, current challenges and new opportunities are discussed for the future exploration of ML to accelerate the development of new MOFs in this vibrant field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore
| | - Lunbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore
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3
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Shields CE, Wang X, Fellowes T, Clowes R, Chen L, Day GM, Slater AG, Ward JW, Little MA, Cooper AI. Experimental Confirmation of a Predicted Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303167. [PMID: 37021635 PMCID: PMC10952618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with low densities and high porosities are rare and challenging to design because most molecules have a strong energetic preference for close packing. Crystal structure prediction (CSP) can rank the crystal packings available to an organic molecule based on their relative lattice energies. This has become a powerful tool for the a priori design of porous molecular crystals. Previously, we combined CSP with structure-property predictions to generate energy-structure-function (ESF) maps for a series of triptycene-based molecules with quinoxaline groups. From these ESF maps, triptycene trisquinoxalinedione (TH5) was predicted to form a previously unknown low-energy HOF (TH5-A) with a remarkably low density of 0.374 g cm-3 and three-dimensional (3D) pores. Here, we demonstrate the reliability of those ESF maps by discovering this TH5-A polymorph experimentally. This material has a high accessible surface area of 3,284 m2 g-1 , as measured by nitrogen adsorption, making it one of the most porous HOFs reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Shields
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Xue Wang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Thomas Fellowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and School of Computer SciencesUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton B27, East Highfield Campus, University RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - John W. Ward
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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4
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Hanna SL, Farha OK. Energy-structure-property relationships in uranium metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4219-4229. [PMID: 37123191 PMCID: PMC10132172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00788j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Located at the foot of the periodic table, uranium is a relatively underexplored element possessing rich chemistry. In addition to its high relevance to nuclear power, uranium shows promise for small molecule activation and photocatalysis, among many other powerful functions. Researchers have used metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to harness uranium's properties, and in their quest to do so, have discovered remarkable structures and unique properties unobserved in traditional transition metal MOFs. More recently, (e.g. the last 8-10 years), theoretical calculations of framework energetics have supplemented structure-property studies in uranium MOFs (U-MOFs). In this Perspective, we summarize how these budding energy-structure-property relationships in U-MOFs enable a deeper understanding of chemical phenomena, enlarge chemical space, and elevate the field to targeted, rather than exploratory, discovery. Importantly, this Perspective encourages interdisciplinary connections between experimentalists and theorists by demonstrating how these collaborations have elevated the entire U-MOF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Hanna
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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5
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Xia T, Yang Y, Song Q, Luo M, Xue M, Ostrikov KK, Zhao Y, Li F. In situ characterisation for nanoscale structure-performance studies in electrocatalysis. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:146-157. [PMID: 36512394 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electrocatalytic reactions involving oxygen, nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide have been developed to substitute conventional chemical processes, with the aim of producing clean energy, fuels and chemicals. A deepened understanding of catalyst structures, active sites and reaction mechanisms plays a critical role in improving the performance of these reactions. To this end, in situ/operando characterisations can be used to visualise the dynamic evolution of nanoscale materials and reaction intermediates under electrolysis conditions, thus enhancing our understanding of heterogeneous electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, we summarise the state-of-the-art in situ characterisation techniques used in electrocatalysis. We categorise them into three sections based on different working principles: microscopy, spectroscopy, and other characterisation techniques. The capacities and limits of the in situ characterisation techniques are discussed in each section to highlight the present-day horizons and guide further advances in the field, primarily aiming at the users of these techniques. Finally, we look at challenges and possible strategies for further development of in situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlai Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Qiang Song
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- CSIRO Energy, Mayfield West, NSW 2304, Australia
| | - Fengwang Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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6
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Lin ZJ, Mahammed SAR, Liu TF, Cao R. Multifunctional Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1589-1608. [PMID: 36589879 PMCID: PMC9801510 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), self-assembled from organic or metalated organic building blocks (also termed as tectons) by hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and other intermolecular interactions, have become an emerging class of multifunctional porous materials. So far, a library of HOFs with high porosity has been synthesized based on versatile tectons and supramolecular synthons. Benefiting from the flexibility and reversibility of H-bonds, HOFs feature high structural flexibility, mild synthetic reaction, excellent solution processability, facile healing, easy regeneration, and good recyclability. However, the flexible and reversible nature of H-bonds makes most HOFs suffer from poor structural designability and low framework stability. In this Outlook, we first describe the development and structural features of HOFs and summarize the design principles of HOFs and strategies to enhance their stability. Second, we highlight the state-of-the-art development of HOFs for diverse applications, including gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, biological applications, sensing, proton conduction, and other applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Jin Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- College
of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Shaheer A. R. Mahammed
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Fu Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian
Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic
Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Rong Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Fujian
Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic
Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
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7
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Wolpert EH, Jelfs KE. Coarse-grained modelling to predict the packing of porous organic cages. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13588-13599. [PMID: 36507173 PMCID: PMC9683088 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04511g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How molecules pack has vital ramifications for their applications as functional molecular materials. Small changes in a molecule's functionality can lead to large, non-intuitive, changes in their global solid-state packing, resulting in difficulty in targeted design. Predicting the crystal structure of organic molecules from only their molecular structure is a well-known problem plaguing crystal engineering. Although relevant to the properties of many organic molecules, the packing behaviour of modular porous materials, such as porous organic cages (POCs), greatly impacts the properties of the material. We present a novel way of predicting the solid-state phase behaviour of POCs by using a simplistic model containing the dominant degrees of freedom driving crystalline phase formation. We employ coarse-grained simulations to systematically study how chemical functionality of pseudo-octahedral cages can be used to manipulate the solid-state phase formation of POCs. Our results support those of experimentally reported structures, showing that for cages which pack via their windows forming a porous network, only one phase is formed, whereas when cages pack via their windows and arenes, the phase behaviour is more complex. While presenting a lower computational cost route for predicting molecular crystal packing, coarse-grained models also allow for the development of design rules which we start to formulate through our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK+44 (0)20759 43438
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK+44 (0)20759 43438
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8
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A data-driven and topological mapping approach for the a priori prediction of stable molecular crystalline hydrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204414119. [PMID: 36252020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204414119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictions of the structures of stoichiometric, fractional, or nonstoichiometric hydrates of organic molecular crystals are immensely challenging due to the extensive search space of different water contents, host molecular placements throughout the crystal, and internal molecular conformations. However, the dry frameworks of these hydrates, especially for nonstoichiometric or isostructural dehydrates, can often be predicted from a standard anhydrous crystal structure prediction (CSP) protocol. Inspired by developments in the field of drug binding, we introduce an efficient data-driven and topologically aware approach for predicting organic molecular crystal hydrate structures through a mapping of water positions within the crystal structure. The method does not require a priori specification of water content and can, therefore, predict stoichiometric, fractional, and nonstoichiometric hydrate structures. This approach, which we term a mapping approach for crystal hydrates (MACH), establishes a set of rules for systematic determination of favorable positions for water insertion within predicted or experimental crystal structures based on considerations of the chemical features of local environments and void regions. The proposed approach is tested on hydrates of three pharmaceutically relevant compounds that exhibit diverse crystal packing motifs and void environments characteristic of hydrate structures. Overall, we show that our mapping approach introduces an advance in the efficient performance of hydrate CSP through generation of stable hydrate stoichiometries at low cost and should be considered an integral component for CSP workflows.
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9
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Wu X, Che Y, Chen L, Amigues EJ, Wang R, He J, Dong H, Ding L. Mapping the Porous and Chemical Structure-Function Relationships of Trace CH 3I Capture by Metal-Organic Frameworks using Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47209-47221. [PMID: 36197758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale computational screening has become an indispensable tool for functional materials discovery. It, however, remains a challenge to adequately interrogate the large amount of data generated by a screening study. Here, we computationally screened 1087 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), from the CoRE MOF 2014 database, for capturing trace amounts (300 ppmv) of methyl iodide (CH3I); as a primary representative of organic iodides, CH3129I is one of the most difficult radioactive contaminants to separate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simple and general approach for mapping and interrogating the high-dimensional structure-function data obtained by high-throughput screening; this involves learning two-dimensional embeddings of the high-dimensional data by applying unsupervised learning to encoded structural and chemical features of MOFs. The resulting various porous and chemical structure-function maps are human-interpretable, revealing not only top-performing MOFs but also complex structure-function correlations that are hidden when inspecting individual MOF features. These maps also alleviate the need of laborious visual inspection of a large number of MOFs by clustering similar MOFs, per the encoding features, into defined regions on the map. We also show that these structure-function maps are amenable to supervised classification of the performances of MOFs for trace CH3I capture. We further show that the machine-learning models trained on the 1087 CoRE MOFs can be used to predict an unseen set of 250 MOFs randomly selected from a different MOF database, achieving high prediction accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Che
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Linjiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Jean Amigues
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Huilong Dong
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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10
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Global analysis of the energy landscapes of molecular crystal structures by applying the threshold algorithm. Commun Chem 2022; 5:86. [PMID: 36697680 PMCID: PMC9814927 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism in molecular crystals has important consequences for the control of materials properties and our understanding of crystallization. Computational methods, including crystal structure prediction, have provided important insight into polymorphism, but have usually been limited to assessing the relative energies of structures. We describe the implementation of the Monte Carlo threshold algorithm as a method to provide an estimate of the energy barriers separating crystal structures. By sampling the local energy minima accessible from multiple starting structures, the simulations yield a global picture of the crystal energy landscapes and provide valuable information on the depth of the energy minima associated with crystal structures. We present results from applying the threshold algorithm to four polymorphic organic molecular crystals, examine the influence of applying space group symmetry constraints during the simulations, and discuss the relationship between the structure of the energy landscape and the intermolecular interactions present in the crystals.
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11
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Wang J, Xiang F, Chen L, Wei F, Xiang S, Chen B, Zhang Z. An Ultramicroporous Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Exhibiting High C
2
H
2
/CO
2
Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207579. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Jia‐Qi Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Fahui Xiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Liangji Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Fangfang Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249–0698 USA
| | - Zhangjing Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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12
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Wang JQ, Xiang F, Chen L, Wei F, Xiang S, Chen B, Zhang Z. An Ultramicroporous Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Exhibiting High C2H2/CO2 Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Yang
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Fahui Xiang
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Liangji Chen
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Fangfang Wei
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science CHINA
| | - Banglin Chen
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhangjing Zhang
- Fujian Normal University College of Chemistry and Materials Science No.8 Shangsan Road, Cangshan District 350007 Fuzhou CHINA
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13
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Zhang Z, Cheng M, Xiao X, Bi K, Song T, Hu KQ, Dai Y, Zhou L, Liu C, Ji X, Shi WQ. Machine-Learning-Guided Identification of Coordination Polymer Ligands for Crystallizing Separation of Cs/Sr. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:33076-33084. [PMID: 35801670 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Separation of Cs/Sr is one of many coordination-chemistry-centered processes in the grand scheme of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, a critical link for a sustainable nuclear energy industry. To deploy a crystallizing Cs/Sr separation technology, we planned to systematically screen and identify candidate ligands that can efficiently and selectively bind to Sr2+ and form coordination polymers. Therefore, we mined the Cambridge Structural Database for characteristic structural information and developed a machine-learning-guided methodology for ligand evaluation. The optimized machine-learning model, correlating the molecular structures of the ligands with the predicted coordinative properties, generated a ranking list of potential compounds for Cs/Sr selective crystallization. The Sr2+ sequestration capability and selectivity over Cs+ of the promising ligands identified (squaric acid and chloranilic acid) were subsequently confirmed experimentally, with commendable performances, corroborating the artificial-intelligence-guided strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kong-Qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lerma-Berlanga B, Castells-Gil J, Ganivet CR, Almora-Barrios N, González-Platas J, Fabelo O, Padial NM, Martí-Gastaldo C. Permanent Porosity in Hydroxamate Titanium-Organic Polyhedra. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21195-21199. [PMID: 34877864 PMCID: PMC9157491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following the synthesis of hydroxamate titanium-organic frameworks, we now extend these siderophore-type linkers to the assembly of the first titanium-organic polyhedra displaying permanent porosity. Mixed-linker versions of this molecular cage (cMUV-11) are also used to demonstrate the effect of pore chemistry in accessing high surface areas of near 1200 m2·g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Lerma-Berlanga
- Functional Inorganic Materials Team, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Javier Castells-Gil
- Functional Inorganic Materials Team, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Carolina R Ganivet
- Functional Inorganic Materials Team, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Neyvis Almora-Barrios
- Functional Inorganic Materials Team, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Javier González-Platas
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Atómica, Molecular y Fotónica (IUDEA), MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38204 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Fabelo
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Natalia M Padial
- Functional Inorganic Materials Team, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Functional Inorganic Materials Team, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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15
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Eckstein BJ, Brown LC, Noll BC, Moghadasnia MP, Balaich GJ, McGuirk CM. A Porous Chalcogen-Bonded Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20207-20215. [PMID: 34818002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The manner of bonding between constituent atoms or molecules invariably influences the properties of materials. Perhaps no material family is more emblematic of this than porous frameworks, wherein the namesake modes of connectivity give rise to discrete subclasses with unique collections of properties. However, established framework classes often display offsetting advantages and disadvantages for a given application. Thus, there exists no universally applicable material, and the discovery of alternative modes of framework connectivity is highly desirable. Here we show that chalcogen bonding, a subclass of σ-hole bonding, is a viable mode of connectivity in low-density porous frameworks. Crystallization studies with the triptycene tris(1,2,5-selenadiazole) molecular tecton reveal how chalcogen bonding can template high-energy lattice structures and how solvent conditions can be rationalized to obtain molecularly programmed porous chalcogen-bonded organic frameworks (ChOFs). These results provide the first evidence that σ-hole bonding can be used to advance the diversity of porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Eckstein
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Loren C Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Bruce C Noll
- Bruker AXS Inc., 5465 East Cheryl Parkway, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Michael P Moghadasnia
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Gary J Balaich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - C Michael McGuirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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16
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Tang H, Xu Q, Wang M, Jiang J. Rapid Screening of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Propane/Propylene Separation by Synergizing Molecular Simulation and Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53454-53467. [PMID: 34665615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At present, 100 000+ metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized, and it is challenging to identity the best candidate for a specific application. In this study, MOFs are rapidly screened via a hierarchical approach for propane/propylene (C3H8/C3H6) separation. First, the adsorption capacity and selectivity of C3H8/C3H6 mixture in "Computation-Ready, Experimental" (CoRE) MOFs are predicted via a molecular simulation (MS) method. The relationships between separation metrics and structural factors are established, and top-performing CoRE MOFs are identified. Then, machine learning (ML) models are trained and developed upon the CoRE MOFs using pore size, pore geometry, and framework chemistry as feature descriptors. By introducing binned pore size distributions and geometric descriptors, the accuracy of ML models is substantially improved. The feature importance of the descriptors is physically interpreted by the Gini impurities and Shapley Additive Explanations. Subsequently, the ML models are used to rapidly screen experimental "Cambridge Structural Database" (CSD) MOFs and hypothetical MOFs for C3H8/C3H6 separation. In the CSD MOFs, the out-of-sample predictions are found to agree well with simulation results, demonstrating the excellent transferability of the ML models from the CoRE to CSD MOFs. Moreover, nine CSD MOFs are identified to possess separation performance superior to top-performing CoRE MOFs. Finally, the similarity and diversity among experimental and hypothetical MOFs are visualized and compared by the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) feature projections. Remarkably, the CoRE and CSD MOFs are revealed to share a close similarity in both chemical and geometric feature spaces. By synergizing MS and ML, the hierarchical approach developed in this study would advance the rapid screening of MOFs across different databases toward industrially important separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Qisong Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Mao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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17
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Nicholas T, Alexandrov EV, Blatov VA, Shevchenko AP, Proserpio DM, Goodwin AL, Deringer VL. Visualization and Quantification of Geometric Diversity in Metal-Organic Frameworks. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:8289-8300. [PMID: 35966284 PMCID: PMC9367000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With ever-growing numbers of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials being reported, new computational approaches are required for a quantitative understanding of structure-property correlations in MOFs. Here, we show how structural coarse-graining and embedding ("unsupervised learning") schemes can together give new insights into the geometric diversity of MOF structures. Based on a curated data set of 1262 reported experimental structures, we automatically generate coarse-grained and rescaled representations which we couple to a kernel-based similarity metric and to widely used embedding schemes. This approach allows us to visualize the breadth of geometric diversity within individual topologies and to quantify the distributions of local and global similarities across the structural space of MOFs. The methodology is implemented in an openly available Python package and is expected to be useful in future high-throughput studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
C. Nicholas
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Eugeny V. Alexandrov
- Samara
Center for Theoretical Material Science (SCTMS) Samara State Technical
University, Molodogvardeyskaya Street 244, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
- Samara
University, Ac. Pavlov Street 1, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
- Samara
Branch of P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of
Science, Novo-Sadovaya
Street 221, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav A. Blatov
- Samara
Center for Theoretical Material Science (SCTMS) Samara State Technical
University, Molodogvardeyskaya Street 244, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
- Samara
University, Ac. Pavlov Street 1, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander P. Shevchenko
- Samara
Center for Theoretical Material Science (SCTMS) Samara State Technical
University, Molodogvardeyskaya Street 244, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
- Samara
Branch of P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of
Science, Novo-Sadovaya
Street 221, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Samara
Center for Theoretical Material Science (SCTMS) Samara State Technical
University, Molodogvardeyskaya Street 244, Samara 443100, Russian Federation
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università Degli Studi
di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrew L. Goodwin
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Volker L. Deringer
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
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18
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Gao J, Cai Y, Qian X, Liu P, Wu H, Zhou W, Liu D, Li L, Lin R, Chen B. A Microporous Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework for the Efficient Capture and Purification of Propylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junkuo Gao
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Youlie Cai
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Puxu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Hui Wu
- NST Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899-6102 USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- NST Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899-6102 USA
| | - De‐Xuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Libo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Rui‐Biao Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA circle San Antonio TX 78249-0689 USA
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19
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Gao J, Cai Y, Qian X, Liu P, Wu H, Zhou W, Liu DX, Li L, Lin RB, Chen B. A Microporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for the Efficient Capture and Purification of Propylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20400-20406. [PMID: 34219344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adsorptive separation of propylene/propane (C3 H6 /C3 H8 ) mixture is desired for its potential energy saving on replacing currently deployed and energy-intensive cryogenic distillation. Realizing efficient C3 H6 /C3 H8 separation in the emerging hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is very challenging owing to the lack of functional sites for preferential gas binding. By virtue of crystal engineering, we herein report a functionalized HOF (HOF-16) with free -COOH sites for the efficient separation of C3 H6 /C3 H8 mixtures. Under ambient conditions, HOF-16 shows a significant C3 H6 /C3 H8 uptake difference (by 76 %) and selectivity (5.4) in contrast to other carboxylic acid-based HOFs. Modeling studies indicate that free -COOH groups together with the suitable pore confinement facilitate the recognition and high-density packing of gas molecules. The separation performance of HOF-16 was validated by breakthrough experiments. HOF-16 is stable towards strong acidity and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkuo Gao
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Youlie Cai
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- Institute of Functional Porous Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Puxu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Hui Wu
- NST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- NST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-6102, USA
| | - De-Xuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Libo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Rui-Biao Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0689, USA
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20
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Zhao C, Chen L, Che Y, Pang Z, Wu X, Lu Y, Liu H, Day GM, Cooper AI. Digital navigation of energy-structure-function maps for hydrogen-bonded porous molecular crystals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:817. [PMID: 33547307 PMCID: PMC7865007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy-structure-function (ESF) maps can aid the targeted discovery of porous molecular crystals by predicting the stable crystalline arrangements along with their functions of interest. Here, we compute ESF maps for a series of rigid molecules that comprise either a triptycene or a spiro-biphenyl core, functionalized with six different hydrogen-bonding moieties. We show that the positioning of the hydrogen-bonding sites, as well as their number, has a profound influence on the shape of the resulting ESF maps, revealing promising structure-function spaces for future experiments. We also demonstrate a simple and general approach to representing and inspecting the high-dimensional data of an ESF map, enabling an efficient navigation of the ESF data to identify 'landmark' structures that are energetically favourable or functionally interesting. This is a step toward the automated analysis of ESF maps, an important goal for closed-loop, autonomous searches for molecular crystals with useful functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Che
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zhongfu Pang
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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