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Ripepe M, Lacanna G. Volcano generated tsunami recorded in the near source. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1802. [PMID: 38413592 PMCID: PMC10899579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Volcano sector collapse and pyroclastic density currents are common phenomena on active volcanoes and potentially a fatal source of tsunami waves which constitute a serious hazard for local as well as distant coastal population. Several examples in recent history, warn us on the urgent need to improve our mitigation counter-actions when tsunamis have volcanic origin. However, instrumental record of tsunami generated by mass movement along a volcano flank are still rare and not well understood yet. Small tsunamis (≤1 m) induced by pyroclastic density currents associated to violent explosions of Stromboli volcano were recorded in near-source conditions (<1.6 km). We show how tsunami waveform remains unaltered regardless of the two orders of variability in the landslide volume and dynamics. This unprecedented record is also providing the lesson to develop unconventional warning strategies necessary when the tsunamigenic source is expected to be very close (<10 minutes) to densely populated coasts and with a limited time to issue an alert based on simulation of wave propagation and inundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ripepe
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, 50121, Florence, Italy.
| | - G Lacanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, 50121, Florence, Italy
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2
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Magma recharge and mush rejuvenation drive paroxysmal activity at Stromboli volcano. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7717. [PMID: 36513645 PMCID: PMC9746564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Open-conduit basaltic volcanoes can be characterised by sudden large explosive events (paroxysms) that interrupt normal effusive and mild explosive activity. In June-August 2019, one major explosion and two paroxysms occurred at Stromboli volcano (Italy) within only 64 days. Here, via a multifaceted approach using clinopyroxene, we show arrival of mafic recharges up to a few days before the onset of these events and their effects on the eruption pattern at Stromboli, as a prime example of a persistently active, open-conduit basaltic volcano. Our data indicate a rejuvenated Stromboli plumbing system where the extant crystal mush is efficiently permeated by recharge magmas with minimum remobilisation promoting a direct linkage between the deeper and the shallow reservoirs that sustains the currently observed larger variability of eruptive behaviour. Our approach provides vital insights into magma dynamics and their effects on monitoring signals demonstrating the power of petrological studies in interpreting patterns of surficial activity.
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3
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The electrical signature of mafic explosive eruptions at Stromboli volcano, Italy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9049. [PMID: 35641571 PMCID: PMC9156681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Volcanic lightning is commonly observed in explosive volcanic eruptions of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) > 2 and can be detected remotely providing real-time volcano monitoring information. However, little is known about the electrical activity accompanying the lower-magnitude spectrum of explosive eruptions, often involving mafic magmas. We narrow this gap in knowledge by presenting the electrical signature of the explosive activity (VEI ≤ 1) of Stromboli volcano (Italy) recorded by an electrostatic thunderstorm detector. The persistent eruptive activity of mild Strombolian explosions is occasionally interrupted by larger-scale major explosions and paroxysmal events.Here, we present electrical observations of three major explosions and unprecedented measurements of the 3 July 2019 paroxysm. The electrical signals of the major explosions show apparent similarities, with movements of charge and tens of electrical discharges, arising the question of whether these observations could be used to supplement the classification scheme of explosions on Stromboli. The electrical signals from the 3 July 2019 paroxysm exceed those from the major explosions in amplitude, discharge rate and complexity, showing characteristic variations during different phases of the eruption.These results show that also impulsive lower-magnitude explosions generate detectable electrical activity, which holds promise for monitoring low VEI activity at mafic volcanoes.
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Ripepe M, Delle Donne D, Legrand D, Valade S, Lacanna G. Magma pressure discharge induces very long period seismicity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20065. [PMID: 34625619 PMCID: PMC8501111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Volcano seismicity is one of the key parameters to understand magma dynamics of erupting volcanoes. However, the physical process at the origin of the resulting complex and broadband seismic signals remains unclear. Syn-eruptive very long period (VLP) seismic signals have been explained in terms of the sudden expansion of gas pockets rising in the liquid melt. Their origin is linked to a magma dynamics which triggers the explosive process occurring before the explosive onset. We provide evidence based on acoustic, thermal, and ground deformation data to demonstrate that VLP signals at Stromboli are generated at the top of the magma column mainly after the explosion onset. We show that VLP amplitude and duration scale with the eruptive flux which induces a decompression of 103-104 Pa involving the uppermost ~ 250 m of the feeding conduit. The seismic VLP source represents the final stage of a ~ 200 s long charge and discharge mechanism the magma column has to release excess gas accumulated at the base of a denser and degassed magma mush. The position of the VLP seismic source coincides with the centroid of the shallow mush plug and tracks elevation changes of the magma free surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ripepe
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Earth Science, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - D. Delle Donne
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy
| | - D. Legrand
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Department of Volcanology, Universitad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S. Valade
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Department of Volcanology, Universitad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G. Lacanna
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Earth Science, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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5
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Niu J, Song TRA. Episodic transport of discrete magma batches beneath Aso volcano. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5555. [PMID: 34548495 PMCID: PMC8455576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magma ascent, storage, and discharge in the trans-crustal magmatic system are keys to long-term volcanic output and short-term eruption dynamics. How a distinct magma batch transports from a deep reservoir(s) to a pre-eruptive storage pool with eruptible magma remains elusive. Here we show that repetitive very-long-period signals (VLPs) beneath the Aso volcano are preceded by a short-lived (~50-100 s), synchronous deformation event ~3 km apart from the VLP source. Source mechanism of a major volumetric component (~50-440 m3 per event) and a minor low-angle normal-fault component, together with petrological evidence, suggests episodic transport of discrete magma batches from an over-pressured chamber roof to a pre-eruptive storage pool near the brittle-ductile transition regime. Magma ascent velocity, decompression rate, and cumulative magma output deduced from recurrent deformation events before recent 2014 and 2016 eruptions reconcile retrospective observations of the eruption style, tephra fallouts, and plume heights, promising real-time evaluation of upcoming eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Niu
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Seismological Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Teh-Ru Alex Song
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Seismological Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
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6
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Aiuppa A, Bitetto M, Delle Donne D, La Monica FP, Tamburello G, Coppola D, Della Schiava M, Innocenti L, Lacanna G, Laiolo M, Massimetti F, Pistolesi M, Silengo MC, Ripepe M. Volcanic CO 2 tracks the incubation period of basaltic paroxysms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh0191. [PMID: 34533982 PMCID: PMC8448455 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ordinarily benign activity of basaltic volcanoes is periodically interrupted by violent paroxysmal explosions ranging in size from Hawaiian to Plinian in the most extreme examples. These paroxysms often occur suddenly and with limited or no precursors, leaving their causal mechanisms still incompletely understood. Two such events took place in summer 2019 at Stromboli, a volcano otherwise known for its persistent mild open-vent activity, resulting in one fatality and damage to infrastructure. Here, we use a post hoc analysis and reinterpretation of volcanic gas compositions and fluxes acquired at Stromboli to show that the two paroxysms were preceded by detectable escalations in volcanic plume CO2 degassing weeks to months beforehand. Our results demonstrate that volcanic gas CO2 is a key driver of explosions and that the preparatory periods ahead of explosions in basaltic systems can be captured by precursory CO2 leakage from deeply stored mafic magma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Aiuppa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Bitetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Delle Donne
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Monica
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Tamburello
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Coppola
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Della Schiava
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Innocenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lacanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Laiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pistolesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ripepe
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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7
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Using dense seismo-acoustic network to provide timely warning of the 2019 paroxysmal Stromboli eruptions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14464. [PMID: 34262124 PMCID: PMC8280234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromboli Volcano is well known for its persistent explosive activity. On July 3rd and August 28th 2019, two paroxysmal explosions occurred, generating an eruptive column that quickly rose up to 5 km above sea level. Both events were detected by advanced local monitoring networks operated by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and Laboratorio di Geofisica Sperimentale of the University of Firenze (LGS-UNIFI). Signals were also recorded by the Italian national seismic network at a range of hundreds of kilometres and by infrasonic arrays up to distances of 3700 km. Using state-of-the-art propagation modeling, we identify the various seismic and infrasound phases that are used for precise timing of the eruptions. We highlight the advantage of dense regional seismo-acoustic networks to enhance volcanic signal detection in poorly monitored regions, to provide timely warning of eruptions and reliable source amplitude estimate to Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAAC).
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Andronico D, Del Bello E, D'Oriano C, Landi P, Pardini F, Scarlato P, De' Michieli Vitturi M, Taddeucci J, Cristaldi A, Ciancitto F, Pennacchia F, Ricci T, Valentini F. Uncovering the eruptive patterns of the 2019 double paroxysm eruption crisis of Stromboli volcano. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4213. [PMID: 34244521 PMCID: PMC8270928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, Stromboli volcano experienced one of the most violent eruptive crises in the last hundred years. Two paroxysmal explosions interrupted the ‘normal’ mild explosive activity during the tourist season. Here we integrate visual and field observations, textural and chemical data of eruptive products, and numerical simulations to analyze the eruptive patterns leading to the paroxysmal explosions. Heralded by 24 days of intensified normal activity and 45 min of lava outpouring, on 3 July a paroxysm ejected ~6 × 107 kg of bombs, lapilli and ash up to 6 km high, damaging the monitoring network and falling towards SW on the inhabited areas. Intensified activity continued until the less energetic, 28 August paroxysm, which dispersed tephra mainly towards NE. We argue that all paroxysms at Stromboli share a common pre-eruptive weeks-to months-long unrest phase, marking the perturbation of the magmatic system. Our analysis points to an urgent implementation of volcanic monitoring at Stromboli to detect such long-term precursors. Integrated field and laboratory investigations, and numerical simulations of the 2019 paroxysmal explosions at Stromboli volcano revealed that they were anticipated by a week-to-month-long destabilization in the normal volcanic activity, a pattern common to all paroxysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Andronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Del Bello
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia D'Oriano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Landi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Pardini
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mattia De' Michieli Vitturi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jacopo Taddeucci
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonino Cristaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciancitto
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Tullio Ricci
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy
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