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Meisenheimer P, Zhang H, Raftrey D, Chen X, Shao YT, Chan YT, Yalisove R, Chen R, Yao J, Scott MC, Wu W, Muller DA, Fischer P, Birgeneau RJ, Ramesh R. Ordering of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in a polar van der Waals magnet. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3744. [PMID: 37353526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and understanding of ensembles of skyrmions is important for realization of future technologies. In particular, the order-disorder transition associated with the 2D lattice of magnetic skyrmions can have significant implications for transport and other dynamic functionalities. To date, skyrmion ensembles have been primarily studied in bulk crystals, or as isolated skyrmions in thin film devices. Here, we investigate the condensation of the skyrmion phase at room temperature and zero field in a polar, van der Waals magnet. We demonstrate that we can engineer an ordered skyrmion crystal through structural confinement on the μm scale, showing control over this order-disorder transition on scales relevant for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - David Raftrey
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Ting Chan
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Reed Yalisove
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Weida Wu
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Birgeneau
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Kolincio KK, Hirschberger M, Masell J, Arima TH, Nagaosa N, Tokura Y. Kagome Lattice Promotes Chiral Spin Fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:136701. [PMID: 37067304 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.136701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical spin fluctuations in magnets can be endowed with a slight bent toward left- or right-handed chirality by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions. However, little is known about the crucial role of lattice geometry on these chiral spin fluctuations and on fluctuation-related transport anomalies driven by the quantum-mechanical (Berry) phase of conduction electrons. Via thermoelectric Nernst effect and electric Hall effect experiments, we detect chiral spin fluctuations in the paramagnetic regime of a kagome lattice magnet; these signals are largely absent in a comparable triangular lattice magnet. Supported by Monte Carlo calculations, we identify lattices with at least two dissimilar plaquettes as most promising for Berry phase phenomena driven by thermal fluctuations in paramagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil K Kolincio
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Max Hirschberger
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jan Masell
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Taka-Hisa Arima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagaosa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Tokyo College, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Qi J, Zhao Y, Huang H, Zhang Y, Lyu H, Yang G, Zhang J, Shao B, Jin K, Zhang Y, Wei H, Shen B, Wang S. Tailoring of the Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in Perpendicularly Magnetized Epitaxial Multilayers by Crystal Engineering. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:637-644. [PMID: 36634038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between the interfacial crystalline structure and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) was investigated by Fe insertion in epitaxial Pt/Co/Ir perpendicular magnetized multilayers. The experimental results with the support of first-principles calculation indicate that the Fe/Ir interface exhibits a positive interfacial DMI (iDMI) originating from the fcc crystalline structure inserted by 2 monolayers (ML) Fe, while a negative one from the structure with a layer shifting of 1-ML Fe insertion. The total iDMI of the multilayers increases (decreases) due to the additive enhancement (competitive counteraction) between the iDMI of Fe/Ir and Pt/Co interfaces. Comparing the iDMI of single-crystalline and textured multilayers, the iDMI of multilayers is found to be particularly sensitive to the crystallinity nearby the heterointerfaces. This work is of vital importance to reveal a deeper insight into the physical mechanism of the iDMI and provides a viable strategy for tailoring the iDMI of the multilayers by crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
| | - Yunchi Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
| | - Haochang Lyu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
| | - Bokai Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
| | - Kui Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, China
| | - Hongxiang Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Baogen Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei230601, China
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4
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Zhang C, Liu C, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Wen Y, Li Y, Zheng D, Zhang Q, Hou Z, Yin G, Liu K, Peng Y, Zhang XX. Room-Temperature Magnetic Skyrmions and Large Topological Hall Effect in Chromium Telluride Engineered by Self-Intercalation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205967. [PMID: 36245330 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature magnetic skyrmion materials exhibiting robust topological Hall effect (THE) are crucial for novel nano-spintronic devices. However, such skyrmion-hosting materials are rare in nature. In this study, a self-intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide Cr1+ x Te2 with a layered crystal structure that hosts room-temperature skyrmions and exhibits large THE is reported. By tuning the self-intercalate concentration, a monotonic control of Curie temperature from 169 to 333 K and a magnetic anisotropy transition from out-of-plane to the in-plane configuration are achieved. Based on the intercalation engineering, room-temperature skyrmions are successfully created in Cr1.53 Te2 with a Curie temperature of 295 K and a relatively weak perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Remarkably, a skyrmion-induced topological Hall resistivity as large as ≈106 nΩ cm is observed at 290 K. Moreover, a sign reversal of THE is also found at low temperatures, which can be ascribed to other topological spin textures having an opposite topological charge to that of the skyrmions. Therefore, chromium telluride can be a new paradigm of the skyrmion material family with promising prospects for future device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junwei Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Youyou Yuan
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Wen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dongxing Zheng
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gen Yin
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yong Peng
- School of Materials and Energy and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Tai L, Dai B, Li J, Huang H, Chong SK, Wong KL, Zhang H, Zhang P, Deng P, Eckberg C, Qiu G, He H, Wu D, Xu S, Davydov A, Wu R, Wang KL. Distinguishing the Two-Component Anomalous Hall Effect from the Topological Hall Effect. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17336-17346. [PMID: 36126321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In transport, the topological Hall effect (THE) presents itself as nonmonotonic features (or humps and dips) in the Hall signal and is widely interpreted as a sign of chiral spin textures, like magnetic skyrmions. However, when the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is also present, the coexistence of two AHEs could give rise to similar artifacts, making it difficult to distinguish between genuine THE with AHE and two-component AHE. Here, we confirm genuine THE with AHE by means of transport and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy, in which magnetic skyrmions are directly observed, and find that genuine THE occurs in the transition region of the AHE. In sharp contrast, the artifact "THE" or two-component AHE occurs well beyond the saturation of the "AHE component" (under the false assumption of THE + AHE). Furthermore, we distinguish artifact "THE" from genuine THE by three methods: (1) minor loops, (2) temperature dependence, and (3) gate dependence. Minor loops of genuine THE with AHE are always within the full loop, while minor loops of the artifact "THE" may reveal a single loop that cannot fit into the "AHE component". In addition, the temperature or gate dependence of the artifact "THE" may also be accompanied by a polarity change of the "AHE component", as the nonmonotonic features vanish, while the temperature dependence of genuine THE with AHE reveals no such change. Our work may help future researchers to exercise caution and use these methods for careful examination in order to ascertain the genuine THE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Tai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bingqian Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hanshen Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Su Kong Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kin L Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huairuo Zhang
- Theiss Research, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher Eckberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Fibertek, Inc., Herndon, Virginia 20171, United States
- US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
- US Army Research Laboratory, Playa Vista, California 90094, United States
| | - Gang Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Haoran He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shijie Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure and Pohl Institute of Solid State Physics and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Albert Davydov
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Liu L, Chen W, Zheng Y. Flexoresponses of Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Systems Hosting Skyrmions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:257201. [PMID: 35802441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.257201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While strain gradients break lattice centrosymmetry, ferromagnetism is a time-reversal symmetry breaking product. Flexomagnetic effect in ferromagnets is usually indirect and weak. In this Letter, we reveal a topologically enhanced flexomagnetic effect in synthetic antiferromagnetic systems based on Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and the large deformability of skyrmion. Moreover, the synthetic antiferromagnetic skyrmion exhibits an unexpected Hall effect under strain gradient. We propose that this flexo-Hall effect originates from a geometric Magnus force related to the asymmetric deformation of skyrmion. Our results shed new insights into the flexoresponses in systems hosting topological structures and may open up a new field-"flexoskyrmionics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
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7
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Zhang H, Raftrey D, Chan YT, Shao YT, Chen R, Chen X, Huang X, Reichanadter JT, Dong K, Susarla S, Caretta L, Chen Z, Yao J, Fischer P, Neaton JB, Wu W, Muller DA, Birgeneau RJ, Ramesh R. Room-temperature skyrmion lattice in a layered magnet (Fe 0.5Co 0.5) 5GeTe 2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7103. [PMID: 35319983 PMCID: PMC8942374 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel magnetic ground states have been stabilized in two-dimensional (2D) magnets such as skyrmions, with the potential next-generation information technology. Here, we report the experimental observation of a Néel-type skyrmion lattice at room temperature in a single-phase, layered 2D magnet, specifically a 50% Co-doped Fe5GeTe2 (FCGT) system. The thickness-dependent magnetic domain size follows Kittel's law. The static spin textures and spin dynamics in FCGT nanoflakes were studied by Lorentz electron microscopy, variable-temperature magnetic force microscopy, micromagnetic simulations, and magnetotransport measurements. Current-induced skyrmion lattice motion was observed at room temperature, with a threshold current density, jth = 1 × 106 A/cm2. This discovery of a skyrmion lattice at room temperature in a noncentrosymmetric material opens the way for layered device applications and provides an ideal platform for studies of topological and quantum effects in 2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Raftrey
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ying-Ting Chan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Reichanadter
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Weida Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Birgeneau
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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