1
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Morrison K, Melhado G, Bose APH, Eastment R, Lagisz M, Manera JL, Michelangeli M, Ozeki S, Wong BBM, Yang Y, Nakagawa S. The impacts of pesticide exposure on fish conspecific interactions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 376:126353. [PMID: 40339887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2025] [Revised: 04/29/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
The production of chemical pesticides poses a critical threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide, with sub-lethal impacts evident at even relatively low concentrations. Historically, ecotoxicologists have ignored an organism's social context when investigating the effects of pesticide exposure and, instead, have tended to focus on individual-level impacts. Recently, however, there has been a growing interest in understanding the impacts of pesticide exposure on social behaviour. Despite this shift, a holistic understanding of how pesticides impact conspecific interactions (i.e., social behaviour towards individuals of the same species) is lacking due to the multitude of behaviours, pesticides and species currently investigated. In this meta-analysis, we examine the effects of pesticide exposure on conspecific interactions in fish by using data collected from 37 studies on 31 pesticides and 11 species. Our results indicate that pesticide exposure generally reduces the expression of conspecific interactions, but it does not affect the variability of responses between individuals. Courtship behaviour was the most impaired, suggesting that pesticide exposure could weaken how matings are partitioned among individuals in a population. Triazoles and organochlorines were the most impactful pesticide classes for mean differences in behaviour, while triazoles and organophosphates had the greatest effects on response variability. These findings indicate that endocrine-disrupting and neurotoxic pesticides can impact fish conspecific interactions, regardless of their chemical class. Unfortunately, there is a large taxonomic bias in the literature, with most studies using zebrafish as a model, which, in turn, provides scope for studies using a broader range of fish species. We found little statistical evidence of publication biases in our dataset and our results were validated by sensitivity analyses. Overall, our synthesis suggests that pesticides broadly reduce the expression of social behaviours, though effects vary across behaviours, pesticide types, and fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Morrison
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Gabriel Melhado
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aneesh P H Bose
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rhiannon Eastment
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, 6, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jack L Manera
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Shiho Ozeki
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, 6, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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Pollo P, Lagisz M, Macedo-Rego RC, Mizuno A, Yang Y, Nakagawa S. Reliability of meta-analyses in ecology and evolution: (mostly) good news from a case study on sexual signals. Proc Biol Sci 2025; 292:20242782. [PMID: 40393480 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses are powerful synthesis tools that are popular in ecology and evolution owing to the rapidly growing literature of this field. Although the usefulness of meta-analyses depends on their reliability, such as the precision of individual and mean effect sizes, attempts to reproduce meta-analyses' results remain rare in ecology and evolution. Here, we assess the reliability of 41 meta-analyses on sexual signals by evaluating the reproducibility and replicability of their results. We attempted to: (i) reproduce meta-analyses' mean effect sizes using the datasets they provided; (ii) reproduce meta-analyses' effect sizes by re-extracting 5703 effect sizes from 246 primary studies they used as sources; (iii) assess the extent of relevant data missed by original meta-analyses; and (iv) replicate meta-analyses' mean effect sizes after incorporating re-extracted and relevant missing data. We found many discrepancies between meta-analyses' reported results and those generated by our analyses for all reproducibility and replicability attempts. Nonetheless, we argue that the meta-analyses we evaluated are largely reproducible and replicable because the differences we found were small in magnitude, leaving the original interpretation of these meta-analyses' results unchanged. Still, we highlight issues we observed in these meta-analyses that affected their reliability, providing recommendations to ameliorate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Pollo
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renato C Macedo-Rego
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ayumi Mizuno
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Martin JM, Michelangeli M, Bertram MG, Blanchfield PJ, Brand JA, Brodin T, Brooks BW, Cerveny D, Fergusson KN, Lagisz M, Lovin LM, Ligocki IY, Nakagawa S, Ozeki S, Sandoval-Herrera N, Scarlett KR, Sundin J, Tan H, Thoré ESJ, Wong BBM, McCallum ES. Evidence of the impacts of pharmaceuticals on aquatic animal behaviour (EIPAAB): a systematic map and open access database. ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE 2025; 14:4. [PMID: 40108717 PMCID: PMC11924672 DOI: 10.1186/s13750-025-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a pressing environmental issue. Recent years have also seen a surge in scientific interest in the use of behavioural endpoints in chemical risk assessment and regulatory activities, underscoring their importance for fitness and survival. In this respect, data on how pharmaceuticals alter the behaviour of aquatic animals appears to have grown rapidly. Despite this, there has been a notable absence of systematic efforts to consolidate and summarise this field of study. To address this, our objectives were twofold: (1) to systematically identify, catalogue, and synthesise primary research articles on the effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic animal behaviour; and (2) to organise this information into a comprehensive open-access database for scientists, policymakers, and environmental managers. METHODS We systematically searched two electronic databases (Web of Science and Scopus) and supplemented these with additional article sources. The search string followed a Population-Exposure-Comparison-Outcome framework to capture articles that used an aquatic organism (population) to test the effects of a pharmaceutical (exposure) on behaviour (outcome). Articles were screened in two stages: title and abstract, followed by full-text screening alongside data extraction. Decision trees were designed a priori to appraise eligibility at both stages. Information on study validity was collected but not used as a basis for inclusion. Data synthesis focused on species, compounds, behaviour, and quality themes and was enhanced with additional sources of metadata from online databases (e.g. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Taxonomy, PubChem, and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). REVIEW FINDINGS We screened 5,988 articles, of which 901 were included in the final database, representing 1,739 unique species-by-compound combinations. The database includes data collected over 48 years (1974-2022), with most articles having an environmental focus (510) and fewer relating to medical and basic research topics (233 and 158, respectively). The database includes 173 species (8 phyla and 21 classes). Ray-finned fishes were by far the most common clade (75% of the evidence base), and most studies focused on freshwater compared to marine species (80.4% versus 19.6%). The database includes 426 pharmaceutical compounds; the most common groups were antidepressants (28%), antiepileptics (11%), and anxiolytics (10%). Evidence for the impacts on locomotion and boldness/anxiety behaviours were most commonly assessed. Almost all behaviours were scored in a laboratory setting, with only 0.5% measured under field conditions. Generally, we detected poor reporting and/or compliance with several of our study validity criteria. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic map revealed a rapid increase in this research area over the past 15 years. We highlight multiple areas now suitable for quantitative synthesis and areas where evidence is lacking. We also highlight some pitfalls in method reporting and practice. More detailed reporting would facilitate the use of behavioural endpoints in aquatic toxicology studies, chemical risk assessment, regulatory management activities, and improve replicability. The EIPAAB database can be used as a tool for closing these knowledge and methodological gaps in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Martin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul J Blanchfield
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jack A Brand
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Cerveny
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Bioaffiliationersity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Kate N Fergusson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lea M Lovin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Isaac Y Ligocki
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shiho Ozeki
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia Sandoval-Herrera
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kendall R Scarlett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Environment Protection Agency, EPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, USA
| | - Josefin Sundin
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eli S J Thoré
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- TRANSfarm - Science, Engineering, & Technology Group, KU Leuven, Lovenjoel, Belgium
- Laboratory of Adaptive Biodynamics, Research Unit of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin S McCallum
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
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4
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Pottier P, Kearney MR, Wu NC, Gunderson AR, Rej JE, Rivera-Villanueva AN, Pollo P, Burke S, Drobniak SM, Nakagawa S. Vulnerability of amphibians to global warming. Nature 2025; 639:954-961. [PMID: 40044855 PMCID: PMC11946914 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025]
Abstract
Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrates, yet their resilience to rising temperatures remains poorly understood1,2. This is primarily because knowledge of thermal tolerance is taxonomically and geographically biased3, compromising global climate vulnerability assessments. Here we used a phylogenetically informed data-imputation approach to predict the heat tolerance of 60% of amphibian species and assessed their vulnerability to daily temperature variations in thermal refugia. We found that 104 out of 5,203 species (2%) are currently exposed to overheating events in shaded terrestrial conditions. Despite accounting for heat-tolerance plasticity, a 4 °C global temperature increase would create a step change in impact severity, pushing 7.5% of species beyond their physiological limits. In the Southern Hemisphere, tropical species encounter disproportionally more overheating events, while non-tropical species are more susceptible in the Northern Hemisphere. These findings challenge evidence for a general latitudinal gradient in overheating risk4-6 and underscore the importance of considering climatic variability in vulnerability assessments. We provide conservative estimates assuming access to cool shaded microenvironments. Thus, the impacts of global warming will probably exceed our projections. Our microclimate-explicit analyses demonstrate that vegetation and water bodies are critical in buffering amphibians during heat waves. Immediate action is needed to preserve and manage these microhabitat features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Pottier
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Michael R Kearney
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex R Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Julie E Rej
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A Nayelli Rivera-Villanueva
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Conservación y Desarrollo Sostenible de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Pietro Pollo
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Burke
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Nakagawa S, Armitage DW, Froese T, Yang Y, Lagisz M. Poor hypotheses and research waste in biology: learning from a theory crisis in psychology. BMC Biol 2025; 23:33. [PMID: 39901226 PMCID: PMC11792729 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-025-02134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/05/2025] Open
Abstract
While psychologists have extensively discussed the notion of a "theory crisis" arising from vague and incorrect hypotheses, there has been no debate about such a crisis in biology. However, biologists have long discussed communication failures between theoreticians and empiricists. We argue such failure is one aspect of a theory crisis because misapplied and misunderstood theories lead to poor hypotheses and research waste. We review its solutions and compare them with methodology-focused solutions proposed for replication crises. We conclude by discussing how promoting inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility (IDEA) in theoretical biology could contribute to ameliorating breakdowns in the theory-empirical cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program (TSVP), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
- Evolution & Ecology Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - David W Armitage
- Integrative Community Ecology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tom Froese
- Embodied Cognitive Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program (TSVP), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami District, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan
- Evolution & Ecology Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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6
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Ghai S, Thériault R, Forscher P, Shoda Y, Syed M, Puthillam A, Peng HC, Basnight-Brown D, Majid A, Azevedo F, Singh L. A manifesto for a globally diverse, equitable, and inclusive open science. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2025; 3:16. [PMID: 39880926 PMCID: PMC11779813 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
The field of psychology has rapidly transformed its open science practices in recent years. Yet there has been limited progress in integrating principles of diversity, equity and inclusion. In this Perspective, we raise the spectre of Questionable Generalisability Practices and the issue of MASKing (Making Assumptions based on Skewed Knowledge), calling for more responsible practices in generalising study findings and co-authorship to promote global equity in knowledge production. To drive change, researchers must target all four key components of the research process: design, reporting, generalisation, and evaluation. Additionally, macro-level geopolitical factors must be considered to move towards a robust behavioural science that is truly inclusive, representing the voices and experiences of the majority world (i.e., low-and-middle-income countries).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Ghai
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
| | - Rémi Thériault
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Yuichi Shoda
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Moin Syed
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
| | - Arathy Puthillam
- Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Hu Chuan Peng
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- Department of Psychology, United States International University-Africa, Nariobi, Kenya
| | - Asifa Majid
- Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Flavio Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leher Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, USA
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7
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Coté LE, Van Doren S, Zamora AN, Jaramillo Salcido J, Law EW, Munoz GO, Manocha A, Flood CL, Baranger AM. "When I talk about it, my eyes light up!" Impacts of a national laboratory internship on community college student success. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0317403. [PMID: 39808676 PMCID: PMC11731745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Participation in technical/research internships may improve undergraduate graduation rates and persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), yet little is known about the benefits of these activities a) for community college students, b) when hosted by national laboratories, and c) beyond the first few years after the internship. We applied Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) to investigate alumni perspectives about how CCI at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) impacted their academic/career activities. We learned that alumni had low confidence and expectations of success in STEM as community college students. Participation in CCI increased their professional networks, expectations of success, and STEM skills, identity, and self-efficacy/confidence. Hispanic/Latinx alumni recalled the positive impact of mentors who prioritized personal connections, and women valued "warm" social environments. We propose several additions to the SCCT model, to better reflect the supports and barriers to STEM persistence for community college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh E. Coté
- Workforce Development & Education, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Graduate Group in Science & Mathematics Education (SESAME), University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Seth Van Doren
- School of Education, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Astrid N. Zamora
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Julio Jaramillo Salcido
- Workforce Development & Education, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Esther W. Law
- Milliman, Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Otero Munoz
- Department of Physics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aparna Manocha
- School of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Colette L. Flood
- Workforce Development & Education, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Baranger
- Graduate Group in Science & Mathematics Education (SESAME), University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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8
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Pollo P, Lagisz M, Yang Y, Culina A, Nakagawa S. Synthesis of sexual selection: a systematic map of meta-analyses with bibliometric analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:2134-2175. [PMID: 38982618 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Sexual selection has been a popular subject within evolutionary biology because of its central role in explaining odd and counterintuitive traits observed in nature. Consequently, the literature associated with this field of study became vast. Meta-analytical studies attempting to draw inferences from this literature have now accumulated, varying in scope and quality, thus calling for a synthesis of these syntheses. We conducted a systematic literature search to create a systematic map with a report appraisal of meta-analyses on topics associated with sexual selection, aiming to identify the conceptual and methodological gaps in this secondary literature. We also conducted bibliometric analyses to explore whether these gaps are associated with the gender and origin of the authors of these meta-analyses. We included 152 meta-analytical studies in our systematic map. We found that most meta-analyses focused on males and on certain animal groups (e.g. birds), indicating severe sex and taxonomic biases. The topics in these studies varied greatly, from proximate (e.g. relationship of ornaments with other traits) to ultimate questions (e.g. formal estimates of sexual selection strength), although the former were more common. We also observed several common methodological issues in these studies, such as lack of detailed information regarding searches, screening, and analyses, which ultimately impairs the reliability of many of these meta-analyses. In addition, most of the meta-analyses' authors were men affiliated to institutions from developed countries, pointing to both gender and geographical authorship biases. Most importantly, we found that certain authorship aspects were associated with conceptual and methodological issues in meta-analytical studies. Many of our findings might simply reflect patterns in the current state of the primary literature and academia, suggesting that our study can serve as an indicator of issues within the field of sexual selection at large. Based on our findings, we provide both conceptual and analytical recommendations to improve future studies in the field of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Pollo
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Gate 9 High St., Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Gate 9 High St., Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Gate 9 High St., Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Antica Culina
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Gate 9 High St., Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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9
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Lin Z. Modernizing authorship criteria and transparency practices to facilitate open and equitable team science. Account Res 2024:1-24. [PMID: 39369685 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2024.2405041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Background: The rapid acceleration of authorship inflation-increasing numbers of authors per publication in collaborative research-has rendered the traditional "substantial contributions" criterion for authorship and the lack of transparency in author contributions increasingly problematic.Methods and results: To address these challenges, a revamped approach to authorship is proposed, replacing the rigid requirement of "substantial contributions" with a more flexible, project-specific criterion of "sufficient contributions," as determined and justified by the authors for each project. This change more accurately reflects and accommodates the proliferation of scientific collaboration ("team science" or "group science"). It broadens the scope and granularity of roles deserving of authorship by integrating the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) and Method Reporting with Initials for Transparency (MeRIT) systems. It mandates in-text documentation of who did what (e.g., who collected what data) and moves beyond the typical binary (all-or-none) classification by assigning a gradated contribution level to each author for each role. Contributions can be denoted using an ordinal scale-either coarse (e.g., lead, equal, and supporting) or fine-grained (e.g., minimal, slight, moderate, substantial, extensive, and full). To support the implementation of the revamped approach, an authorship policy template is provided.Conclusions: Adopting proportional, role-specific credit allocation and explicit documentation of contributions fosters a more transparent, equitable, and trustworthy scientific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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10
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Ricolfi L, Vendl C, Bräunig J, Taylor MD, Hesselson D, Gregory Neely G, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. A research synthesis of humans, animals, and environmental compartments exposed to PFAS: A systematic evidence map and bibliometric analysis of secondary literature. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108860. [PMID: 38968830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of widely used anthropogenic chemicals. Concerns regarding their persistence and potential adverse effects have led to multiple secondary research publications. Here, we aim to assess the resulting evidence base in the systematic secondary literature by examining research gaps, evaluating the quality of reviews, and exploring interdisciplinary connections. METHODS This study employed a systematic evidence-mapping approach to assess the secondary literature on the biological, environmental, and medical aspects of exposure to 35 fluorinated compounds. The inclusion criteria encompassed systematic reviews published in peer-reviewed journals, pre-prints, and theses. Comprehensive searches across electronic databases and grey literature identified relevant reviews. Data extraction and synthesis involved mapping literature content and narrative descriptions. We employed a modified version of the AMSTAR2 checklist to evaluate the methodological rigour of the reviews. A bibliometric data analysis uncovered patterns and trends in the academic literature. A research protocol for this study was previously pre-registered (osf.io/2tpn8) and published (Vendl et al., Environment International 158 (2022) 106973). The database is freely accessible through the interactive and user-friendly web application of this systematic evidence map at https://hi-this-is-lorenzo.shinyapps.io/PFAS_SEM_Shiny_App/. RESULTS Our map includes a total of 175 systematic reviews. Over the years, there has been a steady increase in the annual number of publications, with a notable surge in 2021. Most reviews focused on human exposure, whereas environmental and animal-related reviews were fewer and often lacked a rigorous systematic approach to literature search and screening. Review outcomes were predominantly associated with human health, particularly with reproductive and children's developmental health. Animal reviews primarily focused on studies conducted in controlled laboratory settings, and wildlife reviews were characterised by an over-representation of birds and fish species. Recent reviews increasingly incorporated quantitative synthesis methodologies. The methodological strengths of the reviews included detailed descriptions of study selection processes and disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. However, weaknesses were observed in the critical lack of detail in reporting methods. A bibliometric analysis revealed that the most productive authors collaborate within their own country, leading to limited and clustered international collaborations. CONCLUSIONS In this overview of the available systematic secondary literature, we map literature content, assess reviews' methodological quality, highlight data gaps, and draw research network clusters. We aim to facilitate literature reviews, guide future research initiatives, and enhance opportunities for cross-country collaboration. Furthermore, we discuss how this systematic evidence map and its publicly available database benefit scientists, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders by providing access to current systematic secondary literature on PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricolfi
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Catharina Vendl
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Al, USA.
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Environment Protection Science Branch, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Matthew D Taylor
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Nelson Bay, Australia.
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan.
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11
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Ricolfi L, Taylor MD, Yang Y, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. Maternal transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wild birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142346. [PMID: 38759804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer products. PFAS can accumulate in animal tissues, resulting in biomagnification and adverse effects on wildlife, such as reproductive impairment. In bird species, PFAS are transferred from mothers to eggs along with essential nutrients and may affect embryo development. However, the extent of maternal PFAS transfer across different species and compounds remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify maternal PFAS transfer in wild birds and investigate potential sources of variation. We tested the moderating effects of compounds' physicochemical properties and biological traits of studied birds. The dataset included 505 measurements of PFAS concentration and 371 effect sizes derived from 13 studies on 16 bird species and 25 compounds. Overall, across all studies and species, we found a 41% higher concentration of PFAS in offspring than in mothers. Specifically, contaminants were concentrated in the yolk, longer and heavier compounds showed preferential transfer, larger clutch size was associated with decreased PFAS transfer and a higher transfer rate was shown in species with piscivorous and opportunistic/diverse diets. A validation assessment showed good robustness of the overall meta-analytic result. Given the crucial role of birds in maintaining ecological balance, this research article has relevant implications for modelling the impacts of PFAS on wildlife, ecosystems, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricolfi
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Matthew D Taylor
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Nelson Bay, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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12
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Nakagawa S, Lagisz M. Blindingly transparent - anonymity in an era of openness: a reply to Cardini. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:702. [PMID: 39019731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada; Evolution & Ecology Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Pottier P, Lagisz M, Burke S, Drobniak SM, Downing PA, Macartney EL, Martinig AR, Mizuno A, Morrison K, Pollo P, Ricolfi L, Tam J, Williams C, Yang Y, Nakagawa S. Title, abstract and keywords: a practical guide to maximize the visibility and impact of academic papers. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241222. [PMID: 39079668 PMCID: PMC11288685 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In a growing digital landscape, enhancing the discoverability and resonance of scientific articles is essential. Here, we offer 10 recommendations to amplify the discoverability of studies in search engines and databases. Particularly, we argue that the strategic use and placement of key terms in the title, abstract and keyword sections can boost indexing and appeal. By surveying 230 journals in ecology and evolutionary biology, we found that current author guidelines may unintentionally limit article findability. Our survey of 5323 studies revealed that authors frequently exhaust abstract word limits-particularly those capped under 250 words. This suggests that current guidelines may be overly restrictive and not optimized to increase the dissemination and discoverability of digital publications. Additionally, 92% of studies used redundant keywords in the title or abstract, undermining optimal indexing in databases. We encourage adopting structured abstracts to maximize the incorporation of key terms in titles, abstracts and keywords. In addition, we encourage the relaxation of abstract and keyword limitations in journals with strict guidelines, and the inclusion of multilingual abstracts to broaden global accessibility. These recommendations to editors are designed to improve article engagement and facilitate evidence synthesis, thereby aligning scientific publishing with the modern needs of academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Pottier
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna904-0495, Japan
| | - Samantha Burke
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Szymon M. Drobniak
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Philip A. Downing
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erin L. Macartney
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - April Robin Martinig
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ayumi Mizuno
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0810, Japan
| | - Kyle Morrison
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pietro Pollo
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Ricolfi
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jesse Tam
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Coralie Williams
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna904-0495, Japan
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14
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Morrison K, Yang Y, Santana M, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. A systematic evidence map and bibliometric analysis of the behavioural impacts of pesticide exposure on zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123630. [PMID: 38423273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are indispensable in agriculture and have become ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Pesticides in natural environments can cause many negative impacts on aquatic species, ranging from mortality to sub-lethal physiological and behavioural changes. The complex sub-lethal impacts of pesticides are routinely tested on model species, with zebrafish (Danio rerio) being regularly used as a behavioural model. Although behavioural ecotoxicology research using zebrafish is increasing rapidly, we lack quantitative evidence to support which pesticides have been tested and how study designs are carried out. This shortcoming not only limits the deliberate planning for future primary studies to fill the knowledge gaps but also hinders evidence synthesis. To provide quantitative evidence of what pesticides are currently studied and what study designs are used, we combined a systematic evidence map approach and bibliometric analysis. This novel method has been coined research weaving and allows us to elicit gaps and clusters in our evidence base, whilst showing connections between authors and institutions. The methodology can be summarised in five primary steps: literature searching, screening, extraction, data analysis and bibliometric analysis. We identified four areas where research on the sub-lethal effects of pesticide exposure on zebrafish is lacking. First, some widely used pesticides, such as neonicotinoids, are understudied. Second, most studies do not report important elements of the study design, namely the sex and the life-stage of the zebrafish. Third, some behaviours, such as impacts of pesticide exposure on zebrafish cognition, are underexplored. And last, we revealed through the bibliometric analysis that most of the research is conducted in developed countries and there is limited cross country co-authorships. Upon identifying these gaps, we offer solutions for each limitation, emphasizing the importance of diverse global research output and cross-country co-authorships. Our systematic evidence map and bibliometric analysis provide valuable insights for helping to guide future research, which can be used to help support evidence-based policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Morrison
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuela Santana
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Centre for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
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15
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Macartney EL, Morrison K, Snook RR, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. Intra-specific correlations between ejaculate traits and competitive fertilization success: a meta-analysis across species and fertilization modes. Evolution 2024; 78:497-510. [PMID: 38146674 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of how selection can act on traits that improve competitiveness and subsequent paternity has advanced, including the idea that internal and external fertilization presents different environments that may select differentially on ejaculate traits. However, no studies have quantitatively synthesized the intra-specific relationships between these traits and paternity. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis across 52 papers to determine which ejaculate traits positively correlate with paternity share and how these correlations vary with fertilization mode. Overall, most ejaculate traits were positively associated with paternity, with the notable exception of sperm length. Sub-analyses on sperm number, sperm length, and sperm velocity revealed no statistical differences between fertilization modes in the relationship between traits and paternity when all effect sizes across species were combined. However, in a sub-analysis on fish species only, we found evidence that sperm velocity may be more important in external fertilizers. We also observed differences in the importance of phylogenetic relatedness and some species-specific differences. Our results suggest that while most ejaculate traits should be under positive directional selection in both internal and external fertilizers, sperm length may be subject to more nuanced selection pressures. Overall, we highlight important patterns of intra-specific relationships between ejaculate traits and competitive fertilization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Macartney
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kyle Morrison
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rhonda R Snook
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
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16
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Fredston AL, Lowndes JSS. Welcoming More Participation in Open Data Science for the Oceans. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:537-549. [PMID: 37418835 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041723-094741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Open science is a global movement happening across all research fields. Enabled by technology and the open web, it builds on years of efforts by individuals, grassroots organizations, institutions, and agencies. The goal is to share knowledge and broaden participation in science, from early ideation to making research outputs openly accessible to all (open access). With an emphasis on transparency and collaboration, the open science movement dovetails with efforts to increase diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in science and society. The US Biden-Harris Administration and many other US government agencies have declared 2023 the Year of Open Science, providing a great opportunity to boost participation in open science for the oceans. For researchers day-to-day, open science is a critical piece of modern analytical workflows with increasing amounts of data. Therefore, we focus this article on open data science-the tooling and people enabling reproducible, transparent, inclusive practices for data-intensive research-and its intersection with the marine sciences. We discuss the state of various dimensions of open science and argue that technical advancements have outpaced our field's culture change to incorporate them. Increasing inclusivity and technical skill building are interlinked and must be prioritized within the marine science community to find collaborative solutions for responding to climate change and other threats to marine biodiversity and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa L Fredston
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA;
| | - Julia S Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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17
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Nakagawa S, Lagisz M, Yang Y, Drobniak SM. Finding the right power balance: Better study design and collaboration can reduce dependence on statistical power. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002423. [PMID: 38190355 PMCID: PMC10773938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Power analysis currently dominates sample size determination for experiments, particularly in grant and ethics applications. Yet, this focus could paradoxically result in suboptimal study design because publication biases towards studies with the largest effects can lead to the overestimation of effect sizes. In this Essay, we propose a paradigm shift towards better study designs that focus less on statistical power. We also advocate for (pre)registration and obligatory reporting of all results (regardless of statistical significance), better facilitation of team science and multi-institutional collaboration that incorporates heterogenization, and the use of prospective and living meta-analyses to generate generalizable results. Such changes could make science more effective and, potentially, more equitable, helping to cultivate better collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Szymon M. Drobniak
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Stransky N, Ganser K, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Naumann U, Eckert F, Koch P, Huber SM, Ruth P. Efficacy of combined tumor irradiation and K Ca3.1-targeting with TRAM-34 in a syngeneic glioma mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20604. [PMID: 37996600 PMCID: PMC10667541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 has been proposed to be a new potential target for glioblastoma treatment. This study analyzed the effect of combined irradiation and KCa3.1-targeting with TRAM-34 in the syngeneic, immune-competent orthotopic SMA-560/VM/Dk glioma mouse model. Whereas neither irradiation nor TRAM-34 treatment alone meaningfully prolonged the survival of the animals, the combination significantly prolonged the survival of the mice. We found an irradiation-induced hyperinvasion of glioma cells into the brain, which was inhibited by concomitant TRAM-34 treatment. Interestingly, TRAM-34 did neither radiosensitize nor impair SMA-560's intrinsic migratory capacities in vitro. Exploratory findings hint at increased TGF-β1 signaling after irradiation. On top, we found a marginal upregulation of MMP9 mRNA, which was inhibited by TRAM-34. Last, infiltration of CD3+, CD8+ or FoxP3+ T cells was not impacted by either irradiation or KCa3.1 targeting and we found no evidence of adverse events of the combined treatment. We conclude that concomitant irradiation and TRAM-34 treatment is efficacious in this preclinical glioma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Stransky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ganser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Molecular Neurooncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine University, Gene and RNA Therapy Center (GRTC), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, AKH, Wien, Austria
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Kohrs FE, Auer S, Bannach-Brown A, Fiedler S, Haven TL, Heise V, Holman C, Azevedo F, Bernard R, Bleier A, Bössel N, Cahill BP, Castro LJ, Ehrenhofer A, Eichel K, Frank M, Frick C, Friese M, Gärtner A, Gierend K, Grüning DJ, Hahn L, Hülsemann M, Ihle M, Illius S, König L, König M, Kulke L, Kutlin A, Lammers F, Mehler DMA, Miehl C, Müller-Alcazar A, Neuendorf C, Niemeyer H, Pargent F, Peikert A, Pfeuffer CU, Reinecke R, Röer JP, Rohmann JL, Sánchez-Tójar A, Scherbaum S, Sixtus E, Spitzer L, Straßburger VM, Weber M, Whitmire CJ, Zerna J, Zorbek D, Zumstein P, Weissgerber TL. Eleven strategies for making reproducible research and open science training the norm at research institutions. eLife 2023; 12:e89736. [PMID: 37994903 PMCID: PMC10666927 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproducible research and open science practices have the potential to accelerate scientific progress by allowing others to reuse research outputs, and by promoting rigorous research that is more likely to yield trustworthy results. However, these practices are uncommon in many fields, so there is a clear need for training that helps and encourages researchers to integrate reproducible research and open science practices into their daily work. Here, we outline eleven strategies for making training in these practices the norm at research institutions. The strategies, which emerged from a virtual brainstorming event organized in collaboration with the German Reproducibility Network, are concentrated in three areas: (i) adapting research assessment criteria and program requirements; (ii) training; (iii) building communities. We provide a brief overview of each strategy, offer tips for implementation, and provide links to resources. We also highlight the importance of allocating resources and monitoring impact. Our goal is to encourage researchers - in their roles as scientists, supervisors, mentors, instructors, and members of curriculum, hiring or evaluation committees - to think creatively about the many ways they can promote reproducible research and open science practices in their institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike E Kohrs
- QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Susann Auer
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Alexandra Bannach-Brown
- QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Department Strategy & Innovation, Vienna University of Economics and BusinessViennaAustria
| | - Tamarinde Laura Haven
- Danish Centre for Studies in Research & Research Policy, Department of Political Science, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Constance Holman
- QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Flavio Azevedo
- Saxony Center for Criminological ResearchChemnitzGermany
- University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - René Bernard
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Arnim Bleier
- Department for Computational Social Sciences, GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social SciencesCologneGermany
| | - Nicole Bössel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | | | | | - Adrian Ehrenhofer
- Institute of Solid Mechanics & Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Kristina Eichel
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Claudia Frick
- Institute of Information Science, Technische Hochschule KölnKölnGermany
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Kerstin Gierend
- Department of Biomedical Informatics at the Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - David Joachim Grüning
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Survey Development and Methodology, GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social SciencesMannheimGermany
| | - Lena Hahn
- Department of Social Psychology, Universität TrierTrierGermany
| | - Maren Hülsemann
- QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Malika Ihle
- LMU Open Science Center, Department of Psychology, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Sabrina Illius
- ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Laura König
- Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Matthias König
- Institute for Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Louisa Kulke
- Developmental Psychology with Educational Psychology, University of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Anton Kutlin
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Fritjof Lammers
- Division of Regulatory Genomics and Cancer Evolution, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - David MA Mehler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Christoph Miehl
- Computation in Neural Circuits, Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
| | - Anett Müller-Alcazar
- ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Claudia Neuendorf
- Hector-Institute for Education Sciences and Psychology, Eberhard Karls, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Helen Niemeyer
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Aaron Peikert
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Christina U Pfeuffer
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-IngolstadtEichstättGermany
| | - Robert Reinecke
- Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Jan Philipp Röer
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke UniversityWittenGermany
| | - Jessica L Rohmann
- Scientific Directorate, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
| | | | - Stefan Scherbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Elena Sixtus
- Empirical Childhood Research, University of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Vera Maren Straßburger
- Department of Psychology, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Gender in Medicine (GiM)BerlinGermany
| | - Marcel Weber
- Department of Psychology, Saarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
| | - Clarissa J Whitmire
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Josephine Zerna
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Dilara Zorbek
- International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Tracey L Weissgerber
- QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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20
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Geis L, d’Errico F, Jordan FM, Brenet M, Queffelec A. Multiproxy analysis of Upper Palaeolithic lustrous gravels supports their anthropogenic use. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291552. [PMID: 37910580 PMCID: PMC10619837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper Palaeolithic sites in southwestern France attributed to the Upper Gravettian and the Solutrean yielded sub spherical gravels with a highly shiny appearance that have intrigued researchers since the 1930s. In this work, we analyze specimens from five sites, including the recently excavated Solutrean site of Landry, to establish whether their presence in archaeological layers and peculiar aspect are due to natural processes or human agency. We study the spatial distribution of gravels at Landry and submit archaeological gravels from the five sites, natural formations, Landry sediment sieving, and polishing experiments with a rotary tumbling machine to morphometric, colorimetric, microscopic, and textural analyses. Our results indicate the lustrous gravels found at the five sites result from deliberate selection and suggest their shiny appearance is the consequence of human agency, possibly resulting from prolonged contact with a soft material such as animal skin. Ethnographic accounts indicate that these gravels may have been used for magico-religious ritual purposes (charms, sorcery, divination etc.), in games, as elements of musical instruments, and as items serving other social and personal purposes. We argue that these objects reflect a cultural innovation emerged during the Gravettian and continued into the Solutrean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Geis
- CNRS, UMR5199, Pacea, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- CNRS, UMR5199, Pacea, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fiona M. Jordan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Michel Brenet
- CNRS, UMR5199, Pacea, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Inrap Nouvelle-Aquitaine Outre-mer, Pôle mixte de Recherches Archéologiques, Campagne, France
| | - Alain Queffelec
- CNRS, UMR5199, Pacea, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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21
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Ivimey-Cook ER, Pick JL, Bairos-Novak KR, Culina A, Gould E, Grainger M, Marshall BM, Moreau D, Paquet M, Royauté R, Sánchez-Tójar A, Silva I, Windecker SM. Implementing code review in the scientific workflow: Insights from ecology and evolutionary biology. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1347-1356. [PMID: 37812156 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Code review increases reliability and improves reproducibility of research. As such, code review is an inevitable step in software development and is common in fields such as computer science. However, despite its importance, code review is noticeably lacking in ecology and evolutionary biology. This is problematic as it facilitates the propagation of coding errors and a reduction in reproducibility and reliability of published results. To address this, we provide a detailed commentary on how to effectively review code, how to set up your project to enable this form of review and detail its possible implementation at several stages throughout the research process. This guide serves as a primer for code review, and adoption of the principles and advice here will go a long way in promoting more open, reliable, and transparent ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Ivimey-Cook
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joel L Pick
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin R Bairos-Novak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antica Culina
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elliot Gould
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin M Marshall
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthieu Paquet
- Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Raphaël Royauté
- Université ParisSaclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Inês Silva
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Görlitz, Germany
| | - Saras M Windecker
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Kiermer V. Authorship practices must evolve to support collaboration and open science. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002364. [PMID: 37831717 PMCID: PMC10599500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Journal authorship practices have not sufficiently evolved to reflect the way research is now done. Improvements to support teams, collaboration, and open science are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Kiermer
- Public Library of Science, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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