The Oncology Biomarker Discovery framework reveals cetuximab and bevacizumab response patterns in metastatic colorectal cancer

FOLFIRI with cetuximab or bevacizumab in RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: Refining first-line treatment selection by combining clinical parameters: A post hoc analysis of the randomized open-label phase III trial FIRE-3/AIO KRK0306

BACKGROUND

Primary tumor sidedness (PTS) with discrimination of left-sided (LC) and right-sided tumors (RC) guides patient selection for targeted first-line therapy in RAS wild-type (RAS-WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This study assessed the hypothesis whether considering PTS with additional clinical parameters better predicts the treatment benefit of targeted first-line treatment.

METHODS

In FIRE-3, first-line treatment with folinic acid, fluorouracil and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) plus cetuximab (FOLFIRI/Cet) was compared to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (FOLFIRI/Bev) in patients with RAS-WT mCRC and unresectable metastasis. We evaluated whether combining PTS with number of metastatic sites (NOM), liver-limited disease status (LLD), age, sex, or carcinoembryonic antigen level (CEA) better predicts treatment benefit regarding overall survival (OS). Here, Cox regression models with second-order interactions were applied. Further, the results were validated by policy learning and Lasso regression analysis.

FINDINGS

Among 400 RAS-WT mCRC patients, combining PTS with LLD status in a Cox regression model outperformed PTS alone for predicted treatment benefit (P = 0·005; c‑index=0·603). Significant OS benefit from FOLFIRI/Cet over FOLFIRI/Bev was observed in LC/non-LLD patients (HR=0·62; 95 %-confidence interval [CI]=0·46-0·82; P = 0·002), but mitigated in LC/LLD patients (HR=0·83; 95 %-CI=0·53-1·29; P = 0·400). In RC/non-LLD patients, FOLFIRI/Bev demonstrated a significant OS advantage over FOLFIRI/Cet (HR=2·09; 95 %‑CI=1·20-3·63; P = 0·010). However, RC/LLD patients showed potential benefit from FOLFIRI/Cet, though not statistically significant (HR=0·59; 95 %-CI=0·25-1·39; P = 0·218).

INTERPRETATION

Incorporating PTS and LLD status might improve selection of targeted first-line treatment in RAS-WT mCRC patients. FOLFIRI/Cet appears to be particularly beneficial for LC/non-LLD patients with mitigated benefit in patients with LC/LLD. In contrast, FOLFIRI/Bev is significantly favoured over FOLFIRI/Cet in patients with RC/non-LLD. Notably, RC/LLD patients may still benefit from anti-EGFR therapy despite right-sided primary tumor. These results are hypothesis-generating and warrant further validation.

Drug combinations of camptothecin derivatives promote the antitumor properties

Camptothecin (CPT) derivatives are widely used as small molecule chemotherapeutic agents and have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of diverse solid tumors. A variety of derivatives have been developed to resolve the drawbacks of poor water solubility, high toxicity and rapid hydrolysis in vivo. However, the obstacles, such as acquired resistance and toxicity, still exist. The utilization of rational drug combinations has the potential to enhance the efficacy and mitigate the toxicity of CPT derivatives. This paper provides an overview of CPT derivatives in combination with other drugs, with a particular focus on cell cycle inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, anti-metastatic drugs and immunotherapy agents. Concurrently, the mechanisms of antitumor activity of combinations of different classes of drugs and CPT derivatives are elucidated. While the various combination strategies have yielded more favorable therapeutic outcomes, the efficacy and toxicity of the drug combinations are influenced by the inherent properties of the drugs involved. Moreover, a summary of the drug conjugates of CPT derivatives was provided, accompanied by an analysis of the structural activity relationship (SAR). This paves the way for the subsequent developments in drug combinations and delivery modes.

A low-cost digital first aid tool to reduce psychological distress in refugees: A multi-country randomized controlled trial of self-help online in the first months after the invasion of Ukraine

Armed conflicts increase distress levels among affected populations, particularly impacting refugees who often face barriers to accessing psychological support. We evaluate an online version of a previously tested in-person and endorsed for online adaptation by the WHO Self-Help Plus (SH+) program among Ukrainian refugees dispersed across 17 countries, internally displaced and not displaced Ukrainians. This is the first randomized controlled trial to test an online psychological intervention simultaneously on refugees, internally displaced, and non-displaced conflict-affected populations. This study is an online two-arm, individually randomized controlled trial among participants above 18 years old in Ukraine or EU countries who were randomly assigned to receive either the Self-Help Online (SHO) intervention and passive informational resource or the passive informational resource alone. We recruited 652 participants starting the program on July 7th, 2022. The analysis focused on 292 participants who completed the final survey one week after the end of the program. Results indicated significant distress reduction among refugees (β -2.16, 95% CI -4.17 to -0.16; p = 0.03; d -0.47) but not among internally displaced in Ukraine (β 0.56, 95% CI -1.1 to 2.99; p = 0.17; d 0.2) or non-displaced participants in Ukraine (β 0.2, 95% CI -0.95 to 1.35; p = 0.73; d 0.08). The effect size in stress reduction for refugees was comparable to other similar interventions but with lower average costs. The average cost per participant was €11, with €46.16 for each benefiting (refugee) participant, suggesting cost-effectiveness for scale-up. These findings suggest that Self-Help Online is an effective psychological intervention for reducing stress among geographically dispersed refugees at a low cost. We also find that the online delivery format of psychological interventions is feasible for internally displaced and non-displaced conflict-affected populations.

The ncRNA-TGF-β axis: Unveiling new frontiers in colorectal cancer research

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a substantial global challenge, necessitating a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings governing its onset and progression. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) network has been a well-recognized cornerstone in advancing CRC. Nevertheless, a recent study has highlighted the growing importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this context. This comprehensive review aims to present an extensive examination of the interaction between ncRNAs and TGF-signaling. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), encompassing circular RNAs (circRNAs), long-ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), have surfaced as pivotal modulators governing various aspects of TGF-β signaling. MiRNAs have been discovered to target elements within the TGF-β signaling, either enhancing or inhibiting signaling, depending on the context. LncRNAs have been associated with CRC progression, functioning as miRNA sponges or directly influencing TGF-β pathway elements. Even circRNAs, a relatively recent addition to the ncRNA family, have impacted CRC, affecting TGF-β signaling through diverse mechanisms. This review encompasses recent progress in comprehending specific ncRNAs involved in TGF-β signaling, their functional roles, and their clinical relevance in CRC. We investigate the possibility of ncRNAs as targets for detection, prognosis, and therapy. Additionally, we explore the interaction of TGF-β and other pathways in CRC and the role of ncRNAs within this intricate network. As we unveil the intricate regulatory function of ncRNAs in the TGF-β signaling in CRC, we gain valuable insights into the disease's pathogenesis. Incorporating these discoveries into clinical settings holds promise for more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapeutic approaches, ultimately enhancing the care of CRC patients. This comprehensive review underscores the ever-evolving landscape of ncRNA research in CRC and the potential for novel interventions in the battle against this formidable disease.

Biomarker-Guided Tailored Therapy in Major Depression

This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of a broad range of biomarkers used for the diagnosis and prediction of treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder (MDD). Genetic, epigenetic, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuroimaging biomarkers are analyzed in depth, as well as the integration of new technologies such as digital phenotyping and machine learning. The intricate interplay between biological and psychological elements is emphasized as essential for tailoring MDD management strategies. In addition, the evolving link between psychotherapy and biomarkers is explored to uncover potential associations that shed light on treatment response. This analysis underscores the importance of individualized approaches in the treatment of MDD that integrate advanced biological insights into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.

Unraveling temporal and spatial biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer: insights into the crucial role of immunosuppressive cells

The occurrence and progression of tumors can be established through a complex interplay among tumor cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasive factors and immune cells. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatially resolved transcriptomics (ST) to evaluate the pseudotime trajectory and spatial interactive relationship between EMT-invasive malignant tumors and immune cells in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues at different stages (stage I/II and stage III with tumor deposit). Our research characterized the spatiotemporal relationship among different invasive tumor programs by constructing pseudotime endpoint-EMT-invasion tumor programs (EMTPs) located at the edge of ST, utilizing evolution trajectory analysis integrated with EMT-invasion genes. Strikingly, the invasive and expansive process of tumors undergoes remarkable spatial reprogramming of regulatory and immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Treg), and exhausted T cells (Tex). These EMTP-adjacent cell are linked to EMT-related invasion genes, especially the C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXCL8 genes that are important for CRC prognosis. Interestingly, the EMTPs in stage I mainly produce an inflammatory margin invasive niche, while the EMTPs in stage III tissues likely produce a hypoxic pre-invasive niche. Our data demonstrate the crucial role of regulatory and immunosuppressive cells in tumor formation and progression of CRC. This study provides a framework to delineate the spatiotemporal invasive niche in CRC samples.

Colitis-associated carcinogenesis: crosstalk between tumors, immune cells and gut microbiota

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. One of the main causes of colorectal cancer is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), intestinal mesenchymal cells (IMCs), immune cells, and gut microbiota construct the main body of the colon and maintain colon homeostasis. In the development of colitis and colitis-associated carcinogenesis, the damage, disorder or excessive recruitment of different cells such as IECs, IMCs, immune cells and intestinal microbiota play different roles during these processes. This review aims to discuss the various roles of different cells and the crosstalk of these cells in transforming intestinal inflammation to cancer, which provides new therapeutic methods for chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and microbial therapy.