1
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Delesalle C, Vert G, Fujita S. The cell surface is the place to be for brassinosteroid perception and responses. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:206-218. [PMID: 38388723 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adjusting the microenvironment around the cell surface is critical to responding to external cues or endogenous signals and to maintaining cell activities. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is covered by the cell wall and scaffolded with cytoskeletal networks, which altogether compose the cell surface. It has long been known that these structures mutually interact, but the mechanisms that integrate the whole system are still obscure. Here we spotlight the brassinosteroid (BR) plant hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) since it represents an outstanding model for understanding cell surface signalling and regulation. We summarize how BRI1 activity and dynamics are controlled by plasma membrane components and their associated factors to fine-tune signalling. The downstream signals, in turn, manipulate cell surface structures by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Moreover, the changes in these architectures impact BR signalling, resulting in a feedback loop formation. This Review discusses how BRI1 and BR signalling function as central hubs to integrate cell surface regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delesalle
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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2
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Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Yun N, Mody TA, Vaddepalli P, Schneitz K. Arabidopsis MCTP family member QUIRKY regulates the formation of the STRUBBELIG receptor kinase complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2538-2554. [PMID: 37668394 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays a central role in organogenesis. Tissue morphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) requires signaling mediated by a cell surface complex containing the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) and the multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region protein QUIRKY (QKY). QKY is required to stabilize SUB at the plasma membrane. However, it is unclear what the in vivo architecture of the QKY/SUB signaling complex is, how it is controlled, and how it relates to the maintenance of SUB at the cell surface. We addressed these questions using a combination of genetics, yeast 2-hybrid assays, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)/fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in epidermal cells of seedling roots. We found that QKY promotes the formation of SUB homooligomers in vivo. Homooligomerization of SUB appeared to involve its extracellular domain. We also showed that QKY and SUB physically interact and form a complex at the cell surface in vivo. In addition, the data showed that the N-terminal C2A-B region of QKY interacts with the intracellular domain of SUB. They further revealed that this interaction is essential to maintain SUB levels at the cell surface. Finally, we provided evidence that QKY forms homomultimers in vivo in a SUB-independent manner. We suggest a model in which the physical interaction of QKY with SUB mediates the oligomerization of SUB and attenuates its internalization, thereby maintaining sufficiently high levels of SUB at the cell surface required for the control of tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Nicole Yun
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Tejasvinee Atul Mody
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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3
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Huang L, Yuan Y, Lewis C, Kud J, Kuhl JC, Caplan A, Dandurand LM, Zasada I, Xiao F. NILR1 perceives a nematode ascaroside triggering immune signaling and resistance. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3992-3997.e3. [PMID: 37643618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive conserved molecular patterns derived from pathogens and pests, thereby activating a sequential set of rapid cellular immune responses, including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), transcriptional reprogramming (particularly the induction of defense-related genes), ion fluxes, and production of reactive oxygen species.1 Plant PRRs belong to the multi-membered protein families of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs). RLKs consist of a ligand-binding ectodomain, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and an intracellular kinase domain, while RLPs possess the same functional domains, except for the intracellular kinase domain.2 The most abundant nematode ascaroside, Ascr18, is a nematode-associated molecular pattern (NAMP) that induces immune signaling and enhances resistance to pathogens and pests in various plant species.3 In this study, we found that the Arabidopsis NEMATODE-INDUCED LRR-RLK1 (NILR1) protein4 physically interacts with the Ascr18 elicitor, as indicated by a specific direct interaction between NILR1 and Ascr18, and NILR1 is genetically required for Ascr18-triggered immune signaling and resistance to both bacterium and nematode, as manifested by the abolishment of these immune responses in the nilr1 mutant. These results suggest that NILR1 is the immune receptor of the nematode NAMP Ascr18, mediating Ascr18-triggered immune signaling and resistance to pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Yulin Yuan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Chloe Lewis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Joanna Kud
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Joseph C Kuhl
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Allan Caplan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Louise-Marie Dandurand
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Inga Zasada
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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4
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Chen L, Torii KU. Signaling in plant development and immunity through the lens of the stomata. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R733-R742. [PMID: 37433278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The proper development and function of stomata - turgor-driven valves for efficient gas-exchange and water control - impact plant survival and productivity. It has become apparent that various receptor kinases regulate stomatal development and immunity. Although stomatal development and immunity occur over different cellular time scales, their signaling components and regulatory modules are strikingly similar, and often shared. In this review, we survey the current knowledge of stomatal development and immunity signaling components, and provide a synthesis and perspectives on the key concepts to further understand the conservation and specificity of these two signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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5
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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Neubus Claus LA, Liu D, Hohmann U, Vukašinović N, Pleskot R, Liu J, Schiffner A, Jaillais Y, Wu G, Wolf S, Van Damme D, Hothorn M, Russinova E. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 internalization can occur independent of ligand binding. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:65-76. [PMID: 36617237 PMCID: PMC10152650 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The brassinosteroid (BR) hormone and its plasma membrane (PM) receptor BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) are one of the best-studied receptor-ligand pairs for understanding the interplay between receptor endocytosis and signaling in plants. BR signaling is mainly determined by the PM pool of BRI1, whereas BRI1 endocytosis ensures signal attenuation. As BRs are ubiquitously distributed in the plant, the tools available to study the BRI1 function without interference from endogenous BRs are limited. Here, we designed a BR binding-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant based on protein sequence-structure analysis and homology modeling of members of the BRI1 family. This tool allowed us to re-examine the BRI1 endocytosis and signal attenuation model. We showed that despite impaired phosphorylation and ubiquitination, BR binding-deficient BRI1 internalizes similarly to the wild type form. Our data indicate that BRI1 internalization relies on different endocytic machineries. In addition, the BR binding-deficient mutant provides opportunities to study non-canonical ligand-independent BRI1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alves Neubus Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Derui Liu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nemanja Vukašinović
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062 Shaanxi, China
| | - Alexei Schiffner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Lyon, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062 Shaanxi, China
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Label-free biosensing of lignans for therapeutics using engineered model surfaces. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123528. [PMID: 36736979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The label-free interaction analysis of macromolecules and small molecules has increasing importance nowadays, both in diagnostics and therapeutics. In the blood vascular system, human serum albumin (HSA) is a vital globular transport protein with potential multiple ligand binding sites. Characterizing the binding affinity of compounds to HSA is essential in pharmaceutics and in developing new compounds for clinical application. Aryltetralin lignans from the roots of Anthriscus sylvestris are potential antitumor therapeutic candidates, but their molecular scale interactions with specific biomolecules are unrevealed. Here, we applied the label-free grating-coupled interferometry (GCI) biosensing method with a polycarboxylate-based hydrogel layer with immobilized HSA on top of it. With this engineered model surface, we could determine the binding parameters of two novel aryltetralin lignans, deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT), and angeloyl podophyllotoxin (APT) to HSA. Exploiting the multi-channel referencing ability, the unique surface sensitivity, and the throughput of GCI, we first revealed the specific biomolecular interactions. Traditional label-free kinetic measurements were also compared with a novel, fast way of measuring affinity kinetics using less sample material (repeated analyte pulses of increasing duration (RAPID)). Experiments with well-characterized molecular interactions (furosemide to carbonic-anhydrase (CAII) and warfarin, norfloxacin to HSA) were performed to prove the reliability of the RAPID method. In all investigated cases, the RAPID and traditional measurement gave similar affinity values. In the case of DPT, the measurements and relevant modeling suggested two binding sites on HSA, with dissociation constant values of Kd1 = 1.8 ± 0.01 μM, Kd2 = 3 ± 0.02 μM. In the case of APT, the experiments resulted in Kd1 = 9 ± 1.7 μM, Kd2 = 28 ± 0.3 μM. The obtained binding values might suggest the potential medical application of DPT and APT without further optimization of their binding affinity to HSA. These results could be also adapted to other biomolecules and applications where sample consumption and the rapidity of the measurements are critical.
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8
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Soltabayeva A, Dauletova N, Serik S, Sandybek M, Omondi JO, Kurmanbayeva A, Srivastava S. Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in Response of Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192660. [PMID: 36235526 PMCID: PMC9572924 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Soltabayeva
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Nurbanu Dauletova
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Symbat Serik
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Margulan Sandybek
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - John Okoth Omondi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe P.O. Box 30258, Malawi
| | - Assylay Kurmanbayeva
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- NCS-TCP, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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10
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Ngou BPM, Jones JDG, Ding P. Plant immune networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:255-273. [PMID: 34548213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self- and non-self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular pathogen-/damage-derived molecules or apoplastic pathogen-derived effectors. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors. Activation of both PRRs and NLRs elevates defense gene expression and accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which results in SA-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. These receptors, together with their coreceptors, form networks to mediate downstream immune responses. In addition, cell-surface and intracellular immune systems are interdependent and function synergistically to provide robust resistance against pathogens. Here, we summarize the interactions between these immune systems and attempt to provide a holistic picture of plant immune networks. We highlight current challenges and discuss potential new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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11
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Saftics A, Kurunczi S, Peter B, Szekacs I, Ramsden JJ, Horvath R. Data evaluation for surface-sensitive label-free methods to obtain real-time kinetic and structural information of thin films: A practical review with related software packages. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102431. [PMID: 34330074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial layers are important in a wide range of applications in biomedicine, biosensing, analytical chemistry and the maritime industries. Given the growing number of applications, analysis of such layers and understanding their behavior is becoming crucial. Label-free surface sensitive methods are excellent for monitoring the formation kinetics, structure and its evolution of thin layers, even at the nanoscale. In this paper, we review existing and commercially available label-free techniques and demonstrate how the experimentally obtained data can be utilized to extract kinetic and structural information during and after formation, and any subsequent adsorption/desorption processes. We outline techniques, some traditional and some novel, based on the principles of optical and mechanical transduction. Our special focus is the current possibilities of combining label-free methods, which is a powerful approach to extend the range of detected and deduced parameters. We summarize the most important theoretical considerations for obtaining reliable information from measurements taking place in liquid environments and, hence, with layers in a hydrated state. A thorough treamtmaent of the various kinetic and structural quantities obtained from evaluation of the raw label-free data are provided. Such quantities include layer thickness, refractive index, optical anisotropy (and molecular orientation derived therefrom), degree of hydration, viscoelasticity, as well as association and dissociation rate constants and occupied area of subsequently adsorbed species. To demonstrate the effect of variations in model conditions on the observed data, simulations of kinetic curves at various model settings are also included. Based on our own extensive experience with optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), we have developed dedicated software packages for data analysis, which are made available to the scientific community alongside this paper.
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12
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Song W, Forderer A, Yu D, Chai J. Structural biology of plant defence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:692-711. [PMID: 32880948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ the innate immune system to discriminate between self and invaders through two types of immune receptors, one on the plasma membrane and the other in the intracellular space. The immune receptors on the plasma membrane are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can perceive pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Particular pathogens are capable of overcoming PTI by secreting specific effectors into plant cells to perturb different components of PTI signalling through various mechanisms. Most of the immune receptors from the intracellular space are the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), which specifically recognize pathogen-secreted effectors to mediate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In this review, we will summarize recent progress in structural studies of PRRs, NLRs, and effectors, and discuss how these studies shed light on ligand recognition and activation mechanisms of the two types of immune receptors and the diversified mechanisms used by effectors to manipulate plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Alexander Forderer
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Dongli Yu
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Jijie Chai
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
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13
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Jankovics H, Kovacs B, Saftics A, Gerecsei T, Tóth É, Szekacs I, Vonderviszt F, Horvath R. Grating-coupled interferometry reveals binding kinetics and affinities of Ni ions to genetically engineered protein layers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22253. [PMID: 33335217 PMCID: PMC7746762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable measurement of the binding kinetics of low molecular weight analytes to their targets is still a challenging task. Often, the introduction of labels is simply impossible in such measurements, and the application of label-free methods is the only reliable choice. By measuring the binding kinetics of Ni(II) ions to genetically modified flagellin layers, we demonstrate that: (1) Grating-Coupled Interferometry (GCI) is well suited to resolve the binding of ions, even at very low protein immobilization levels; (2) it supplies high quality kinetic data from which the number and strength of available binding sites can be determined, and (3) the rate constants of the binding events can also be obtained with high accuracy. Experiments were performed using a flagellin variant incorporating the C-terminal domain of the nickel-responsive transcription factor NikR. GCI results were compared to affinity data from titration calorimetry. We found that besides the low-affinity binding sites characterized by a micromolar dissociation constant (Kd), tetrameric FliC-NikRC molecules possess high-affinity binding sites with Kd values in the nanomolar range. GCI enabled us to obtain real-time kinetic data for the specific binding of an analyte with molar mass as low as 59 Da, even at signals lower than 1 pg/mm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Jankovics
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Boglarka Kovacs
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Saftics
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Gerecsei
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Tóth
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Inna Szekacs
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Vonderviszt
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, Hungary
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Bentham AR, De la Concepcion JC, Mukhi N, Zdrzałek R, Draeger M, Gorenkin D, Hughes RK, Banfield MJ. A molecular roadmap to the plant immune system. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14916-14935. [PMID: 32816993 PMCID: PMC7606695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security. Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (e.g. application of pesticides) have significant agricultural, economic, and societal impacts. Therefore, it is essential that we understand the molecular mechanisms of the plant immune system, a system that allows plants to resist attack from a wide variety of organisms ranging from viruses to insects. Here, we provide a roadmap to plant immunity, with a focus on cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. We describe how these receptors perceive signatures of pathogens and pests and initiate immune pathways. We merge existing concepts with new insights gained from recent breakthroughs on the structure and function of plant immune receptors, which have generated a shift in our understanding of cell-surface and intracellular immunity and the interplay between the two. Finally, we use our current understanding of plant immunity as context to discuss the potential of engineering the plant immune system with the aim of bolstering plant defenses against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Bentham
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rafał Zdrzałek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Draeger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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15
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Galindo-Trigo S, Blümke P, Simon R, Butenko MA. Emerging mechanisms to fine-tune receptor kinase signaling specificity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:41-51. [PMID: 32623322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms need to constantly inform their cellular machinery about the biochemical and physical status of their surroundings to adapt and thrive. While some external signals are also sensed intracellularly, a considerable share of external information is registered already at the plasma membrane (PM). Receptor kinases (RKs) are crucial for plant cells to integrate such cues from the environment, from microbes, or from other cells to coordinate their physiological response and their development. Early studies on RK signaling depicted the path from external signal to internal response in a linear fashion, but recent findings show that these cellular information highways are highly interconnected and pass signals through molecular intersections. In this review, we first discuss how individual RKs simultaneously contribute to the transduction and deconvolution of a multitude of signals by controlled assembly into diverse RK complexes, exemplified by FERONIA signaling versatility. We then elaborate on how cells can exert highly localized control over the assembly, interaction and composition of such complexes in order to attain essential cellular output specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galindo-Trigo
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick Blümke
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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16
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DROOPY LEAF1 controls leaf architecture by orchestrating early brassinosteroid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21766-21774. [PMID: 32817516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002278117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf architecture directly determines canopy structure, and thus, grain yield in crops. Leaf droopiness is an agronomic trait primarily affecting the cereal leaf architecture but the genetic basis and underlying molecular mechanism of this trait remain unclear. Here, we report that DROOPY LEAF1 (DPY1), an LRR receptor-like kinase, plays a crucial role in determining leaf droopiness by controlling the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling output in Setaria, an emerging model for Panicoideae grasses. Loss-of-function mutation in DPY1 led to malformation of vascular sclerenchyma and low lignin content in leaves, and thus, an extremely droopy leaf phenotype, consistent with its preferential expression in leaf vascular tissues. DPY1 interacts with and competes for SiBAK1 and as a result, causes a sequential reduction in SiBRI1-SiBAK1 interaction, SiBRI1 phosphorylation, and downstream BR signaling. Conversely, DPY1 accumulation and affinity of the DPY1-SiBAK1 interaction are enhanced under BR treatment, thus preventing SiBRI1 from overactivation. As such, those findings reveal a negative feedback mechanism that represses leaf droopiness by preventing an overresponse of early BR signaling to excess BRs. Notably, plants overexpressing DPY1 have more upright leaves, thicker stems, and bigger panicles, suggesting potential utilization for yield improvement. The maize ortholog of DPY1 rescues the droopy leaves in dpy1, suggesting its conserved function in Panicoideae. Together, our study provides insights into how BR signaling is scrutinized by DPY1 to ensure the upward leaf architecture.
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17
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Mao J, Li J. Regulation of Three Key Kinases of Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4340. [PMID: 32570783 PMCID: PMC7352359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Batkhishig D, Enkhbayar P, Kretsinger RH, Matsushima N. A strong correlation between consensus sequences and unique super secondary structures in leucine rich repeats. Proteins 2020; 88:840-852. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dashdavaa Batkhishig
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesNational University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Natural SciencesMongolian National University of Education Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Purevjav Enkhbayar
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesNational University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | - Norio Matsushima
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Tandem Repeats Noboribetsu Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University Sapporo Japan
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19
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Wolf S. Deviating from the Beaten Track: New Twists in Brassinosteroid Receptor Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051561. [PMID: 32106564 PMCID: PMC7084826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of plants is their plastic development tailored to the environmental conditions. To integrate environmental signals with genetic growth regulatory programs, plants rely on a number of hormonal pathways, which are intimately connected at multiple levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of plant sterol hormones, are perceived by cell surface receptors and trigger responses instrumental in tailoring developmental programs to environmental cues. Arguably, BR signalling is one of the best-characterized plant signalling pathways, and the molecular composition of the core signal transduction cascade seems clear. However, BR research continues to reveal new twists to re-shape our view on this key signalling circuit. Here, exciting novel findings pointing to the plasma membrane as a key site for BR signalling modulation and integration with other pathways are reviewed and new inputs into the BR signalling pathway and emerging “non-canonical” functions of the BR receptor complex are highlighted. Together, this new evidence underscores the complexity of plant signalling integration and serves as a reminder that highly-interconnected signalling pathways frequently comprise non-linear aspects which are difficult to convey in classical conceptual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Peter B, Saftics A, Kovacs B, Kurunczi S, Horvath R. Oxidization increases the binding of EGCG to serum albumin revealed by kinetic data from label-free optical biosensor with reference channel. Analyst 2020; 145:588-595. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01779h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schematic illustration of the biosensor to measure the EGCG–BSA interaction and the concentration dependent bound amount of EGCG and oxidized EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Peter
- Nanobiosensorics Group
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- H-1121 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Andras Saftics
- Nanobiosensorics Group
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- H-1121 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Boglarka Kovacs
- Nanobiosensorics Group
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- H-1121 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Sandor Kurunczi
- Nanobiosensorics Group
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- H-1121 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Group
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- H-1121 Budapest
- Hungary
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21
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Moussu S, Santiago J. Structural biology of cell surface receptor-ligand interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:38-45. [PMID: 31419709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved unique membrane receptors that interpret native and foreign cues to coordinate plant life and adaptation. This large family of receptor proteins have evolved very diverse ectodomains, acquiring the capacity to sense ligands of very different chemical nature. A mechanistic understanding on how these signaling systems work will help to comprehend and unveil key cell biology questions. This review aims to focus on the latest receptor-ligands interactions and regulatory mechanism that have been structurally characterized, as well as new receptor folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Moussu
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Wan WL, Fröhlich K, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Zhang L. Plant cell surface immune receptor complex signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:18-28. [PMID: 30878771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors are key to microbe sensing and activation of immunity to microbial invasion. Plants employ several types of such receptors that differ mainly in the structure of their ectodomains and the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic protein kinase domain. Plant immune receptors do not function as single entities, but form larger complexes which undergo compositional changes in a ligand-dependent manner. Here, we highlight current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying receptor complex dynamics and regulation, and cover early signaling networks implicated in the activation of generic plant immune responses. We further discuss how an increasingly comprehensive set of immune receptors may be employed to engineer crop plants with enhanced, durable resistance to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Hohmann U, Hothorn M. Crystal structure of the leucine-rich repeat ectodomain of the plant immune receptor kinase SOBIR1. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:488-497. [PMID: 31063151 PMCID: PMC6503760 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-unique membrane receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domains are key regulators of development and immune responses. Here, the 1.55 Å resolution crystal structure of the immune receptor kinase SOBIR1 from Arabidopsis is presented. The ectodomain structure reveals the presence of five LRRs sandwiched between noncanonical capping domains. The disulfide-bond-stabilized N-terminal cap harbours an unusual β-hairpin structure. The C-terminal cap features a highly positively charged linear motif which was found to be largely disordered in this structure. Size-exclusion chromatography and right-angle light-scattering experiments suggest that SOBIR1 is a monomer in solution. The protruding β-hairpin, a set of highly conserved basic residues at the inner surface of the SOBIR LRR domain and the presence of a genetic missense allele in LRR2 together suggest that the SOBIR1 ectodomain may mediate protein-protein interaction in plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Basu S, Finke A, Vera L, Wang M, Olieric V. Making routine native SAD a reality: lessons from beamline X06DA at the Swiss Light Source. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:262-271. [PMID: 30950397 PMCID: PMC6450063 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Native single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) is the most attractive de novo phasing method in macromolecular crystallography, as it directly utilizes intrinsic anomalous scattering from native crystals. However, the success of such an experiment depends on accurate measurements of the reflection intensities and therefore on careful data-collection protocols. Here, the low-dose, multiple-orientation data-collection protocol for native SAD phasing developed at beamline X06DA (PXIII) at the Swiss Light Source is reviewed, and its usage over the last four years on conventional crystals (>50 µm) is reported. Being experimentally very simple and fast, this method has gained popularity and has delivered 45 de novo structures to date (13 of which have been published). Native SAD is currently the primary choice for experimental phasing among X06DA users. The method can address challenging cases: here, native SAD phasing performed on a streptavidin-biotin crystal with P21 symmetry and a low Bijvoet ratio of 0.6% is highlighted. The use of intrinsic anomalous signals as sequence markers for model building and the assignment of ions is also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibom Basu
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Finke
- MacCHESS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Laura Vera
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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25
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Xi L, Wu XN, Gilbert M, Schulze WX. Classification and Interactions of LRR Receptors and Co-receptors Within the Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane - An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 31057579 PMCID: PMC6477698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RK) constitute the largest protein kinase family in plants. In particular, members of the leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are involved in the perception of various signals at the plasma membrane. Experimental evidence over the past years revealed a conserved activation mechanism through ligand-inducible heterodimer formation: a ligand is recognized by a receptor kinase with a large extracellular domain (ECD). This ligand binding receptor directly interacts with a so-called co-receptor with a small ECD for ligand fixation and kinase activation. A large proportion of LRR-RKs is functionally still uncharacterized and the dynamic complexity of the plasma membrane makes it difficult to precisely define receptor kinase heterodimer pairs and their functions. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of LRR receptor and co-receptor functions. We use ECD lengths to classify the LRR receptor kinase family and describe different interaction properties of ligand-binding receptors and their respective co-receptor from a network perspective.
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