1
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhao D, Tang Z, Zhang T, Zhang K, Dong J, Zhang H. Genetic regulation of lateral root development. Plant Signal Behav 2023; 18:2081397. [PMID: 35642513 PMCID: PMC10761116 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2081397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are an important part of plant root systems. In dicots, for example, after plants adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments, filamentous pseudorhizae evolved to allow nutrient absorption. A typical plant root system comprises a primary root, LRs, root hairs, and a root cap. Classical plant roots exhibit geotropism (the tendency to grow downward into the ground) and can synthesize plant hormones and other essential substances. Root vascular bundles and complex spatial structures enable plants to absorb water and nutrients to meet their nutrient quotas and grow. The primary root carries out most functions during early growth stages but is later overtaken by LRs, underscoring the importance of LR development water and mineral uptake and the soil fixation capacity of the root. LR development is modulated by endogenous plant hormones and external environmental factors, and its underlying mechanisms have been dissected in great detail in Arabidopsis, thanks to its simple root anatomy and the ease of obtaining mutants. This review comprehensively and systematically summarizes past research (largely in Arabidopsis) on LR basic structure, development stages, and molecular mechanisms regulated by different factors, as well as future prospects in LR research, to provide broad background knowledge for root researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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2
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Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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3
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Hardtke CS. Phloem development. New Phytol 2023. [PMID: 37243530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the plant vascular system is a key process in Earth history because it enabled plants to conquer land and transform the terrestrial surface. Among the vascular tissues, the phloem is particularly intriguing because of its complex functionality. In angiosperms, its principal components are the sieve elements, which transport phloem sap, and their neighboring companion cells. Together, they form a functional unit that sustains sap loading, transport, and unloading. The developmental trajectory of sieve elements is unique among plant cell types because it entails selective organelle degradation including enucleation. Meticulous analyses of primary, so-called protophloem in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem have revealed key steps in protophloem sieve element formation at single-cell resolution. A transcription factor cascade connects specification with differentiation and also orchestrates phloem pole patterning via noncell-autonomous action of sieve element-derived effectors. Reminiscent of vascular tissue patterning in secondary growth, these involve receptor kinase pathways, whose antagonists guide the progression of sieve element differentiation. Receptor kinase pathways may also safeguard phloem formation by maintaining the developmental plasticity of neighboring cell files. Our current understanding of protophloem development in the A. thaliana root has reached sufficient detail to instruct molecular-level investigation of phloem formation in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Hurst CH, Turnbull D, Xhelilaj K, Myles S, Pflughaupt RL, Kopischke M, Davies P, Jones S, Robatzek S, Zipfel C, Gronnier J, Hemsley PA. S-acylation stabilizes ligand-induced receptor kinase complex formation during plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1588-1596.e6. [PMID: 36924767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases are key transducers of extracellular stimuli, such as the presence of beneficial or pathogenic microbes or secreted signaling molecules. Receptor kinases are regulated by numerous post-translational modifications.1,2,3 Here, using the immune receptor kinases FLS24 and EFR,5 we show that S-acylation at a cysteine conserved in all plant receptor kinases is crucial for function. S-acylation involves the addition of long-chain fatty acids to cysteine residues within proteins, altering their biochemical properties and behavior within the membrane environment.6 We observe S-acylation of FLS2 at C-terminal kinase domain cysteine residues within minutes following the perception of its ligand, flg22, in a BAK1 co-receptor and PUB12/13 ubiquitin ligase-dependent manner. We demonstrate that S-acylation is essential for FLS2-mediated immune signaling and resistance to bacterial infection. Similarly, mutating the corresponding conserved cysteine residue in EFR suppressed elf18-triggered signaling. Analysis of unstimulated and activated FLS2-containing complexes using microscopy, detergents, and native membrane DIBMA nanodiscs indicates that S-acylation stabilizes, and promotes retention of, activated receptor kinase complexes at the plasma membrane to increase signaling efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Hurst
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kaltra Xhelilaj
- ZMBP Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sally Myles
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Robin L Pflughaupt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Susan Jones
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Gronnier
- ZMBP Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piers A Hemsley
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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5
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Wang L, Xu F, Yu F. Two environmental signal-driven RNA metabolic processes: Alternative splicing and translation. Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:718-732. [PMID: 36609800 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants live in fixed locations and have evolved adaptation mechanisms that integrate multiple responses to various environmental signals. Among the different components of these response pathways, receptors/sensors represent nodes that recognise environmental signals. Additionally, RNA metabolism plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis. With the development of RNA biotechnology, recent advances have been made in determining the roles of RNA metabolism in response to different environmental signals-especially the roles of alternative splicing and translation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in research on how the environmental adaptation mechanisms in plants are affected at the posttranscriptional level. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism through which plants adapt to environmental changes by regulating the posttranscriptional level and are conducive for breeding stress-tolerant plants to cope with dynamic and rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
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6
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Walker PL, Girard IJ, Becker MG, Giesbrecht S, Whyard S, Fernando WGD, de Kievit TR, Belmonte MF. Tissue-specific mRNA profiling of the Brassica napus-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction uncovers novel regulators of plant immunity. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:6697-6710. [PMID: 35961003 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
White mold is caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and leads to rapid and significant loss in plant yield. Among its many brassicaceous hosts, including Brassica napus (canola) and Arabidopsis, the response of individual tissue layers directly at the site of infection has yet to be explored. Using laser microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing, we profiled the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular leaf tissue layers of B. napus in response to S. sclerotiorum. High-throughput tissue-specific mRNA sequencing increased the total number of detected transcripts compared with whole-leaf assessments and provided novel insight into the conserved and specific roles of ontogenetically distinct leaf tissue layers in response to infection. When subjected to pathogen infection, the epidermis, mesophyll, and vasculature activate both specific and shared gene sets. Putative defense genes identified through transcription factor network analysis were then screened for susceptibility against necrotrophic, hemi-biotrophic, and biotrophic pathogens. Arabidopsis deficient in PR5-like RECEPTOR KINASE (PR5K) mRNA levels were universally susceptible to all pathogens tested and were further characterized to identify putative interacting partners involved in the PR5K signaling pathway. Together, these data provide insight into the complexity of the plant defense response directly at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shayna Giesbrecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Steve Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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8
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Wang J, Xi L, Wu XN, König S, Rohr L, Neumann T, Weber J, Harter K, Schulze WX. PEP7 acts as a peptide ligand for the receptor kinase SIRK1 to regulate aquaporin-mediated water influx and lateral root growth. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1615-1631. [PMID: 36131543 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptors constitute a large protein family that regulates various aspects of development and responses to external cues. Functional characterization of this protein family and the identification of their ligands remain major challenges in plant biology. Previously, we identified plasma membrane-intrinsic sucrose-induced receptor kinase 1 (SIRK1) and Qian Shou kinase 1 (QSK1) as receptor/co-receptor pair involved in the regulation of aquaporins in response to osmotic conditions induced by sucrose. In this study, we identified a member of the elicitor peptide (PEP) family, namely PEP7, as the specific ligand of th receptor kinase SIRK1. PEP7 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRK1 with a binding constant of 1.44 ± 0.79 μM and is secreted to the apoplasm specifically in response to sucrose treatment. Stabilization of a signaling complex involving SIRK1, QSK1, and aquaporins as substrates is mediated by alterations in the external sucrose concentration or by PEP7 application. Moreover, the presence of PEP7 induces the phosphorylation of aquaporins in vivo and enhances water influx into protoplasts. Disturbed water influx, in turn, led to delayed lateral root development in the pep7 mutant. The loss-of-function mutant of SIRK1 is not responsive to external PEP7 treatment regarding kinase activity, aquaporin phosphorylation, water influx activity, and lateral root development. Taken together, our data indicate that the PEP7/SIRK1/QSK1 complex represents a crucial perception and response module that mediates sucrose-controlled water flux in plants and lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lin Xi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xu Na Wu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; School of Life Science, Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefanie König
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresia Neumann
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Weber
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Gronnier J, Franck CM, Stegmann M, DeFalco TA, Abarca A, von Arx M, Dünser K, Lin W, Yang Z, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C, Zipfel C. Regulation of immune receptor kinase plasma membrane nanoscale organization by a plant peptide hormone and its receptors. eLife 2022; 11:74162. [PMID: 34989334 PMCID: PMC8791635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial partitioning is a propensity of biological systems orchestrating cell activities in space and time. The dynamic regulation of plasma membrane nano-environments has recently emerged as a key fundamental aspect of plant signaling, but the molecular components governing it are still mostly unclear. The receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) controls ligand-induced complex formation of the immune receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) with its co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and perception of the endogenous peptide hormone RAPID ALKALANIZATION FACTOR 23 (RALF23) by FER inhibits immunity. Here, we show that FER regulates the plasma membrane nanoscale organization of FLS2 and BAK1. Our study demonstrates that akin to FER, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extensin proteins (LRXs) contribute to RALF23 responsiveness and regulate BAK1 nanoscale organization and immune signaling. Furthermore, RALF23 perception leads to rapid modification of FLS2 and BAK1 nanoscale organization, and its inhibitory activity on immune signaling relies on FER kinase activity. Our results suggest that perception of RALF peptides by FER and LRXs actively modulates plasma membrane nanoscale organization to regulate cell surface signaling by other ligand-binding receptor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gronnier
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Franck
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Abarca
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle von Arx
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenwei Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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10
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Bender KW, Couto D, Kadota Y, Macho AP, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Bjornson M, DeFalco TA, Petriello A, Font Farre M, Schwessinger B, Ntoukakis V, Stransfeld L, Jones AME, Menke FLH, Zipfel C. Activation loop phosphorylaton of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108242118. [PMID: 34531323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108242118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are fundamental for extracellular sensing and regulate development and stress responses across kingdoms. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are primarily peptide receptors that regulate responses to myriad internal and external stimuli. Phosphorylation of LRR-RK cytoplasmic domains is among the earliest responses following ligand perception, and reciprocal transphosphorylation between a receptor and its coreceptor is thought to activate the receptor complex. Originally proposed based on characterization of the brassinosteroid receptor, the prevalence of complex activation via reciprocal transphosphorylation across the plant RK family has not been tested. Using the LRR-RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we set out to understand the steps critical for activating RK complexes. While the EFR cytoplasmic domain is an active protein kinase in vitro and is phosphorylated in a ligand-dependent manner in vivo, catalytically deficient EFR variants are functional in antibacterial immunity. These results reveal a noncatalytic role for EFR in triggering immune signaling and indicate that reciprocal transphoshorylation is not a ubiquitous requirement for LRR-RK complex activation. Rather, our analysis of EFR along with a detailed survey of the literature suggests a distinction between LRR-RKs with RD- versus non-RD protein kinase domains. Based on newly identified phosphorylation sites that regulate the activation state of the EFR complex in vivo, we propose that LRR-RK complexes containing a non-RD protein kinase may be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the ligand-binding receptor, which could initiate signaling either allosterically or through driving the dissociation of negative regulators of the complex.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomata are adjustable pores on the surface of plant shoots for efficient gas exchange and water control. The presence of stomata is essential for plant growth and survival, and the evolution of stomata is considered as a key developmental innovation of the land plants, allowing colonization on land from aquatic environments some 450 million years ago. In the past two decades, molecular genetic studies using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana identified key genes and signalling modules that regulate stomatal development: master regulatory transcription factors that orchestrate cell state transitions and peptide-receptor signal transduction pathways, which, together, enforce proper patterning of stomata within the epidermis. Studies in diverse plant species, ranging from bryophytes to angiosperm grasses, have begun to unravel the conservation and uniqueness of the core modules in stomatal development. SCOPE Here, I review the mechanisms of stomatal development in the context of epidermal tissue patterning. First, I introduce the core regulatory mechanisms of stomatal patterning and differentiation in the model species A. thaliana. Subsequently, experimental evidence is presented supporting the idea that different cell types within the leaf epidermis, namely stomata, hydathodes pores, pavement cells and trichomes, either share developmental origins or mutually influence each other's gene regulatory circuits during development. Emphasis is placed on extrinsic and intrinsic signals regulating the balance between stomata and pavement cells, specifically by controlling the fate of stomatal-lineage ground cells (SLGCs) to remain within the stomatal cell lineage or differentiate into pavement cells. Finally, I discuss the influence of intertissue layer communication between the epidermis and underlying mesophyll/vascular tissues on stomatal differentiation. Understanding the dynamic behaviours of stomatal precursor cells and their differentiation in the broader context of tissue and organ development may help design plants tailored for optimal growth and productivity in specific agricultural applications and a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, AustinTX, USA
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- For correspondence: E-mail
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12
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Hou S, Zhang J, He P. Stress-induced activation of receptor signaling by protease-mediated cleavage. Biochem J 2021; 478:1847-1852. [PMID: 34003253 PMCID: PMC9059214 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants encode a large number of proteases in activating intracellular signaling through proteolytic cleavages of various protein substrates. One type of the substrates is proligands, including peptide hormones, which are perceived by cell surface-resident receptors. The peptide hormones are usually first synthesized as propeptides, and then cleaved by specific proteases for activation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the protease-mediated cleavage of proligands can be triggered by environmental stresses and subsequently activates plant stress signaling. In this perspective, we highlight several recent publications and provide an update about stress-induced cleavage of propeptides and receptor-associated components by proteases in the activation of cell surface-resident receptor signaling in plants. We also discuss some questions and future challenges in the research of protease functions in plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
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13
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Planas-Riverola A, Markaide E, Caño-Delgado AI. New Role for LRR- Receptor Kinase in Sensing of Reactive Oxygen Species. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:102-104. [PMID: 33309457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how reactive oxygen species (ROS) are sensed could help engineer plants with better stress responses that are relying on the production of ROS. Here, we summarize the latest research in ROS signaling with focus on the discovery by Wu et al. of a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) as a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoa Planas-Riverola
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Enara Markaide
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
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14
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Crook AD, Willoughby AC, Hazak O, Okuda S, VanDerMolen KR, Soyars CL, Cattaneo P, Clark NM, Sozzani R, Hothorn M, Hardtke CS, Nimchuk ZL. BAM1/2 receptor kinase signaling drives CLE peptide-mediated formative cell divisions in Arabidopsis roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32750-6. [PMID: 33288706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018565117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper elaboration of the plant body plan requires that cell division patterns are coordinated during development in complex tissues. Activation of cell cycle machinery is critical for this process, but it is not clear how or if this links to cell-to-cell communication networks that are important during development. Here we show that key cell divisions that generate the plant root are controlled by cell-to-cell signaling peptides which act through plant-specific receptor kinases to control expression of a specific cyclinD cell cycle regulatory gene. We show that cyclinD gene expression depends on both receptor signaling and the SHORT-ROOT transcription factor to ensure timely and robust cell division patterns. Cell division is often regulated by extracellular signaling networks to ensure correct patterning during development. In Arabidopsis, the SHORT-ROOT (SHR)/SCARECROW (SCR) transcription factor dimer activates CYCLIND6;1 (CYCD6;1) to drive formative divisions during root ground tissue development. Here, we show plasma-membrane-localized BARELY ANY MERISTEM1/2 (BAM1/2) family receptor kinases are required for SHR-dependent formative divisions and CYCD6;1 expression, but not SHR-dependent ground tissue specification. Root-enriched CLE ligands bind the BAM1 extracellular domain and are necessary and sufficient to activate SHR-mediated divisions and CYCD6;1 expression. Correspondingly, BAM-CLE signaling contributes to the restriction of formative divisions to the distal root region. Additionally, genetic analysis reveals that BAM-CLE and SHR converge to regulate additional cell divisions outside of the ground tissues. Our work identifies an extracellular signaling pathway regulating formative root divisions and provides a framework to explore this pathway in patterning and evolution.
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15
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Gjetting SK, Mahmood K, Shabala L, Kristensen A, Shabala S, Palmgren M, Fuglsang AT. Evidence for multiple receptors mediating RALF-triggered Ca 2+ signaling and proton pump inhibition. Plant J 2020; 104:433-446. [PMID: 32713048 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acidification of the apoplastic space facilitates cell wall loosening and is therefore a key step in cell expansion. PSY1 is a growth-promoting secreted tyrosine-sulfated glycopeptide whose receptor directly phosphorylates and activates the plasma membrane H+ -ATPase, which results in acidification and initiates cellular expansion. Although the mechanism is not clear, the Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) family of small, secreted peptides inhibits the plasma membrane H+ -ATPase, leading to alkalinization of the apoplastic space and reduced growth. Here we show that treating Arabidopsis thaliana roots with PSY1 induced the transcription of genes encoding the RALF peptides RALF33 and RALFL36. A rapid burst of intracellular Ca2+ preceded apoplastic alkalinization in roots triggered by RALFs, with peptide-specific signatures. Ca2+ channel blockers abolished RALF-induced alkalinization, indicating that the Ca2+ signal is an obligatory part of the response and that it precedes alkalinization. As expected, fer mutants deficient in the RALF receptor FERONIA did not respond to RALF33. However, we detected both Ca2+ and H+ signatures in fer mutants upon treatment with RALFL36. Our results suggest that different RALF peptides induce extracellular alkalinization by distinct mechanisms that may involve different receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse K Gjetting
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lana Shabala
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Astrid Kristensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja T Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Qi X, Yoshinari A, Bai P, Maes M, Zeng SM, Torii KU. The manifold actions of signaling peptides on subcellular dynamics of a receptor specify stomatal cell fate. eLife 2020; 9:58097. [PMID: 32795387 PMCID: PMC7470842 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor endocytosis is important for signal activation, transduction, and deactivation. However, how a receptor interprets conflicting signals to adjust cellular output is not clearly understood. Using genetic, cell biological, and pharmacological approaches, we report here that ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1), the major receptor restricting plant stomatal differentiation, undergoes dynamic subcellular behaviors in response to different EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides. Activation of ERL1 by EPF1 induces rapid ERL1 internalization via multivesicular bodies/late endosomes to vacuolar degradation, whereas ERL1 constitutively internalizes in the absence of EPF1. The co-receptor, TOO MANY MOUTHS is essential for ERL1 internalization induced by EPF1 but not by EPFL6. The peptide antagonist, Stomagen, triggers retention of ERL1 in the endoplasmic reticulum, likely coupled with reduced endocytosis. In contrast, the dominant-negative ERL1 remained dysfunctional in ligand-induced subcellular trafficking. Our study elucidates that multiple related yet unique peptides specify cell fate by deploying the differential subcellular dynamics of a single receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Michal Maes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Scott M Zeng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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17
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Stoeber M, Jullié D, Li J, Chakraborty S, Majumdar S, Lambert NA, Manglik A, von Zastrow M. Agonist-selective recruitment of engineered protein probes and of GRK2 by opioid receptors in living cells. eLife 2020; 9:54208. [PMID: 32096468 PMCID: PMC7041944 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal through allostery, and it is increasingly clear that chemically distinct agonists can produce different receptor-based effects. It has been proposed that agonists selectively promote receptors to recruit one cellular interacting partner over another, introducing allosteric ‘bias’ into the signaling system. However, the underlying hypothesis - that different agonists drive GPCRs to engage different cytoplasmic proteins in living cells - remains untested due to the complexity of readouts through which receptor-proximal interactions are typically inferred. We describe a cell-based assay to overcome this challenge, based on GPCR-interacting biosensors that are disconnected from endogenous transduction mechanisms. Focusing on opioid receptors, we directly demonstrate differences between biosensor recruitment produced by chemically distinct opioid ligands in living cells. We then show that selective recruitment applies to GRK2, a biologically relevant GPCR regulator, through discrete interactions of GRK2 with receptors or with G protein beta-gamma subunits which are differentially promoted by agonists. About a third of all drugs work by targeting a group of proteins known as G-protein coupled receptors, or GPCRs for short. These receptors are found on the surface of cells and transmit messages across the cell’s outer barrier. When a signaling molecule, like a hormone, is released in the body, it binds to a GPCR and changes the receptor’s shape. The change in structure affects how the GPCR interacts and binds to other proteins on the inside of the cell, triggering a series of reactions that alter the cell’s activity. Scientists have previously seen that a GPCR can trigger different responses depending on which signaling molecule is binding on the surface of the cell. However, the mechanism for this is unknown. One hypothesis is that different signaling molecules change the GPCR’s preference for binding to different proteins on the inside of the cell. The challenge has been to observe this happening without interfering with the process. Stoeber et al. have now tested this idea by attaching fluorescent tags to proteins that bind to activated GPCRs directly and without binding other signaling proteins. This meant these proteins could be tracked under a microscope as they made their way to bind to the GPCRs. Stoeber et al. focused on one particular GPCR, known as the opioid receptor, and tested the binding of two different opioid signaling molecules, etorphine and Dynorphin A. The experiments revealed that the different opioids did affect which of the engineered proteins would preferentially bind to the opioid receptor. This was followed by a similar experiment, where the engineered proteins were replaced with another protein called GRK2, which binds to the opioid receptor under normal conditions in the cell. This showed that GRK2 binds much more strongly to the opioid receptor when Dynorphin A is added compared to adding etorphine. These findings show that GPCRs can not only communicate that a signaling molecule is binding but can respond differently to convey what molecule it is more specifically. This could be important in developing drugs, particularly to specifically trigger the desired response and reduce side effects. Stoeber et al. suggest that an important next step for research is to understand how the GPCRs preferentially bind to different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Damien Jullié
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joy Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Soumen Chakraborty
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,St Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,St Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, United States
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, United States
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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18
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Galindo‐Trigo S, Blanco‐Touriñán N, DeFalco TA, Wells ES, Gray JE, Zipfel C, Smith LM. CrRLK1L receptor-like kinases HERK1 and ANJEA are female determinants of pollen tube reception. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48466. [PMID: 31867824 PMCID: PMC7001495 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between the gametophytes is vital for angiosperm fertilisation. Multiple CrRLK1L-type receptor kinases prevent premature pollen tube burst, while another CrRLK1L protein, FERONIA (FER), is required for pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte. We report here the identification of two additional CrRLK1L homologues, HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (HERK1) and ANJEA (ANJ), which act redundantly to promote pollen tube growth arrest at the synergid cells. HERK1 and ANJ localise to the filiform apparatus of the synergid cells in unfertilised ovules, and in herk1 anj mutants, a majority of ovules remain unfertilised due to pollen tube overgrowth, together indicating that HERK1 and ANJ act as female determinants for fertilisation. As in fer mutants, the synergid cell-specific, endomembrane protein NORTIA (NTA) is not relocalised after pollen tube reception; however, unlike fer mutants, reactive oxygen species levels are unaffected in herk1 anj double mutants. Both ANJ and HERK1 associate with FER and its proposed co-receptor LORELEI (LRE) in planta. Together, our data indicate that HERK1 and ANJ act with FER to mediate female-male gametophyte interactions during plant fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galindo‐Trigo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and the Plant Production and Protection CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Noel Blanco‐Touriñán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Plant PhysiologyZurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Eloise S Wells
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and the Plant Production and Protection CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Plant PhysiologyZurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lisa M Smith
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and the Plant Production and Protection CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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19
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Okuda S, Fujita S, Moretti A, Hohmann U, Doblas VG, Ma Y, Pfister A, Brandt B, Geldner N, Hothorn M. Molecular mechanism for the recognition of sequence-divergent CIF peptides by the plant receptor kinases GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2693-703. [PMID: 31964818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911553117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved unique membrane receptor kinases with extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains that regulate diverse developmental processes and that form the first layer of the plant immune system. Here it is shown that 2 sequence-related receptor kinases and their shape-complementary coreceptors selectively sense members of a small family of secreted peptide hormones to control formation of an important diffusion barrier in the plant root. Plants use leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) to sense sequence diverse peptide hormones at the cell surface. A 3.0-Å crystal structure of the LRR-RK GSO1/SGN3 regulating Casparian strip formation in the endodermis reveals a large spiral-shaped ectodomain. The domain provides a binding platform for 21 amino acid CIF peptide ligands, which are tyrosine sulfated by the tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase TPST/SGN2. GSO1/SGN3 harbors a binding pocket for sulfotyrosine and makes extended backbone interactions with CIF2. Quantitative biochemical comparisons reveal that GSO1/SGN3–CIF2 represents one of the strongest receptor–ligand pairs known in plants. Multiple missense mutations are required to block CIF2 binding in vitro and GSO1/SGN3 function in vivo. Using structure-guided sequence analysis we uncover previously uncharacterized CIF peptides conserved among higher plants. Quantitative binding assays with known and novel CIFs suggest that the homologous LRR-RKs GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2 have evolved unique peptide binding properties to control different developmental processes. A quantitative biochemical interaction screen, a CIF peptide antagonist and genetic analyses together implicate SERK proteins as essential coreceptor kinases required for GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2 receptor activation. Our work provides a mechanistic framework for the recognition of sequence-divergent peptide hormones in plants.
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20
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Yu X, Xu G, Li B, de Souza Vespoli L, Liu H, Moeder W, Chen S, de Oliveira MVV, Ariádina de Souza S, Shao W, Rodrigues B, Ma Y, Chhajed S, Xue S, Berkowitz GA, Yoshioka K, He P, Shan L. The Receptor Kinases BAK1/SERK4 Regulate Ca 2+ Channel-Mediated Cellular Homeostasis for Cell Death Containment. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3778-3790.e8. [PMID: 31679931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a vital and ubiquitous process that is tightly controlled in all organisms. However, the mechanisms underlying precise cell death control remain fragmented. As an important shared module in plant growth, development, and immunity, Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (SERK4) redundantly and negatively regulate plant cell death. By deploying an RNAi-based genetic screen for bak1/serk4 cell death suppressors, we revealed that cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 20 (CNGC20) functions as a hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+-permeable channel specifically regulating bak1/serk4 cell death. BAK1 directly interacts with and phosphorylates CNGC20 at specific sites in the C-terminal cytosolic domain, which in turn regulates CNGC20 stability. CNGC19, the closest homolog of CNGC20 with a low abundance compared with CNGC20, makes a quantitative genetic contribution to bak1/serk4 cell death only in the absence of CNGC20, supporting the biochemical data showing homo- and heteromeric assembly of the CNGC20 and CNGC19 channel complexes. Transcripts of CNGC20 and CNGC19 are elevated in bak1/serk4 compared with wild-type plants, further substantiating a critical role of homeostasis of CNGC20 and CNGC19 in cell death control. Our studies not only uncover a unique regulation of ion channel stability by cell-surface-resident receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation but also provide evidence for fine-tuning Ca2+ channel functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis by the formation of homo- and heterotetrameric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Luciano de Souza Vespoli
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Suzane Ariádina de Souza
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wenyong Shao
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bárbara Rodrigues
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P. R. China
| | - Gerald A Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
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21
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Yamamoto M, Nishimura K, Kitashiba H, Sakamoto W, Nishio T. High temperature causes breakdown of S haplotype-dependent stigmatic self-incompatibility in self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:5745-5751. [PMID: 31328225 PMCID: PMC6812698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Commercial seeds of Brassicaceae vegetable crops are mostly F1 hybrids, the production of which depends on self-incompatibility during pollination. Self-incompatibility is known to be weakened by exposure to elevated temperatures, which may compromise future breeding and seed production. In the Brassicaceae, self-incompatibility is controlled by two genes, SRK and SCR, which function as female and male determinants of recognition specificity, respectively. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-incompatibility under high temperature are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the self-incompatibility phenotypes of self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana SRK-SCR transformants under normal (23 °C) and elevated (29 °C) temperatures. Exposure to elevated temperature caused defects in the stigmatic, but not the pollen, self-incompatibility response. In addition, differences in the response to elevated temperature were observed among different S haplotypes. Subcellular localization revealed that high temperature disrupted the targeting of SRK to the plasma membrane. SRK localization in plants transformed with different S haplotypes corresponded to their self-incompatibility phenotypes, further indicating that defects in SRK localization were responsible for the breakdown in the self-incompatibility response at high temperature. Our results provide new insights into the causes of instability in self-incompatibility phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishimura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kitashiba
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishio
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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22
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Chakraborty S, Nguyen B, Wasti SD, Xu G. Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019. [PMID: 31450667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Syed Danyal Wasti
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guozhou Xu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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23
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Chakraborty S, Nguyen B, Wasti SD, Xu G. Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019; 24:E3081. [PMID: 31450667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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24
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Gao J, Chaudhary A, Vaddepalli P, Nagel MK, Isono E, Schneitz K. The Arabidopsis receptor kinase STRUBBELIG undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:3881-3894. [PMID: 31107531 PMCID: PMC6685663 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Signaling mediated by cell surface receptor kinases is central to the coordination of growth patterns during organogenesis. Receptor kinase signaling is in part controlled through endocytosis and subcellular distribution of the respective receptor kinase. For the majority of plant cell surface receptors, the underlying trafficking mechanisms are not characterized. In Arabidopsis, tissue morphogenesis requires the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Here, we studied the endocytic mechanism of SUB. Our data revealed that a functional SUB-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion is ubiquitinated in vivo. We further showed that plasma membrane-bound SUB:EGFP becomes internalized in a clathrin-dependent fashion. We also found that SUB:EGFP associates with the trans-Golgi network and accumulates in multivesicular bodies and the vacuole. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that SUB:EGFP and clathrin are present within the same protein complex. Our genetic analysis showed that SUB and CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAIN (CHC) 2 regulate root hair patterning. By contrast, genetic reduction of CHC activity ameliorates the floral defects of sub mutants. Taken together, the data indicate that SUB undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, that this process does not rely on stimulation of SUB signaling by an exogenous agent, and that SUB genetically interacts with clathrin-dependent pathways in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ajeet Chaudhary
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Present address: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Kristin Nagel
- Department of Biology, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Biology, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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25
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Hohmann U, Hothorn M. Crystal structure of the leucine-rich repeat ectodomain of the plant immune receptor kinase SOBIR1. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:488-497. [PMID: 31063151 PMCID: PMC6503760 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-unique membrane receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domains are key regulators of development and immune responses. Here, the 1.55 Å resolution crystal structure of the immune receptor kinase SOBIR1 from Arabidopsis is presented. The ectodomain structure reveals the presence of five LRRs sandwiched between noncanonical capping domains. The disulfide-bond-stabilized N-terminal cap harbours an unusual β-hairpin structure. The C-terminal cap features a highly positively charged linear motif which was found to be largely disordered in this structure. Size-exclusion chromatography and right-angle light-scattering experiments suggest that SOBIR1 is a monomer in solution. The protruding β-hairpin, a set of highly conserved basic residues at the inner surface of the SOBIR LRR domain and the presence of a genetic missense allele in LRR2 together suggest that the SOBIR1 ectodomain may mediate protein-protein interaction in plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Csanaky K, Hess MW, Klimaschewski L. Membrane-Associated, Not Cytoplasmic or Nuclear, FGFR1 Induces Neuronal Differentiation. Cells 2019; 8:E243. [PMID: 30875802 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular transport of receptor tyrosine kinases results in the differential activation of various signaling pathways. In this study, optogenetic stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor type 1 (FGFR1) was performed to study the effects of subcellular targeting of receptor kinases on signaling and neurite outgrowth. The catalytic domain of FGFR1 fused to the algal light-oxygen-voltage-sensing (LOV) domain was directed to different cellular compartments (plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus) in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Blue light stimulation elevated the pERK and pPLCγ1 levels in membrane-opto-FGFR1-transfected cells similarly to ligand-induced receptor activation; however, no changes in pAKT levels were observed. PC12 cells transfected with membrane-opto-FGFR1 exhibited significantly longer neurites after light stimulation than after growth factor treatment, and significantly more neurites extended from their cell bodies. The activation of cytoplasmic FGFR1 kinase enhanced ERK signaling in HEK293 cells but not in PC12 cells and did not induce neuronal differentiation. The stimulation of FGFR1 kinase in the nucleus also did not result in signaling changes or neurite outgrowth. We conclude that FGFR1 kinase needs to be associated with membranes to induce the differentiation of PC12 cells mainly via ERK activation.
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27
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Wan W, Zhang L, Pruitt R, Zaidem M, Brugman R, Ma X, Krol E, Perraki A, Kilian J, Grossmann G, Stahl M, Shan L, Zipfel C, van Kan JAL, Hedrich R, Weigel D, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. Comparing Arabidopsis receptor kinase and receptor protein-mediated immune signaling reveals BIK1-dependent differences. New Phytol 2019; 221:2080-2095. [PMID: 30252144 PMCID: PMC6367016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense microbial patterns and activate innate immunity against attempted microbial invasions. The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RK) FLS2 and EFR, and the LRR receptor protein (LRR-RP) receptors RLP23 and RLP42, respectively, represent prototypical members of these two prominent and closely related PRR families. We conducted a survey of Arabidopsis thaliana immune signaling mediated by these receptors to address the question of commonalities and differences between LRR-RK and LRR-RP signaling. Quantitative differences in timing and amplitude were observed for several early immune responses, with RP-mediated responses typically being slower and more prolonged than those mediated by RKs. Activation of RLP23, but not FLS2, induced the production of camalexin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that RLP23-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially expressed upon FLS2 activation. Several positive and negative regulators of FLS2-signaling play similar roles in RLP23 signaling. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic receptor kinase BIK1, a positive regulator of RK signaling, acts as a negative regulator of RP-type immune receptors in a manner dependent on BIK1 kinase activity. Our study unveiled unexpected differences in two closely related receptor systems and reports a new negative role of BIK1 in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Lin Wan
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Rory Pruitt
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University12 Waverly PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Elzbieta Krol
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
- Department of BiophysicsInstitute of BiologyMaria Curie‐Skłodowska UniversityAkademicka 1920‐033LublinPoland
| | - Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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28
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Guo H, Nolan TM, Song G, Liu S, Xie Z, Chen J, Schnable PS, Walley JW, Yin Y. FERONIA Receptor Kinase Contributes to Plant Immunity by Suppressing Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3316-3324.e6. [PMID: 30270181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use effectors and phytotoxins to facilitate infection of host plants. Coronatine (COR) is one of the phytotoxins produced in bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (pst DC3000). COR structurally and functionally mimics the active form of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and can hijack the host JA-signaling pathway to achieve host disease susceptibility [1]. COR utilizes the transcription factor MYC2, a master regulator of JA signaling, to activate NAC transcription factors, which functions to inhibit accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and thus compromise host immunity [2]. It has been demonstrated that SA can antagonize JA signaling through NONEXPRESSOR of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 (NPR1) [3] and downstream transcription factors TGAs [4] and WRKYs [5, 6]. However, the detailed mechanism by which host plants counteract COR-mediated susceptibility is largely unknown. Here, we show that the receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) functions to inhibit JA and COR signaling by phosphorylating and destabilizing MYC2, thereby positively regulating immunity. Conversely, the peptide ligand RALF23 acts through FER to stabilize MYC2 and elevate JA signaling, negatively contributing to plant immunity. Our results establish the RALF23-FER-MYC2 signaling module and provide a previously unknown mechanism by which host plants utilize FER signaling to counteract COR-mediated host disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Trevor M Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Data2Bio, Ames, IA 50011-3650, USA
| | - Zhouli Xie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jiani Chen
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick S Schnable
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Data2Bio, Ames, IA 50011-3650, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Among the insect olfactory receptors the odorant receptors (ORs) evolved in parallel to the onset of insect flight. A special property of this receptor type is the capability to adjust sensitivity of odor detection according to previous odor contacts. This article presents a current view on regulatory processes affecting the performance of ORs and proposes a model of mechanisms contributing to OR sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wicher
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG), Jena, Germany
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30
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Kwezi L, Wheeler JI, Marondedze C, Gehring C, Irving HR. Intramolecular crosstalk between catalytic activities of receptor kinases. Plant Signal Behav 2018; 13:e1430544. [PMID: 29355445 PMCID: PMC5846547 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1430544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Signal modulation is important for the growth and development of plants and this process is mediated by a number of factors including physiological growth regulators and their associated signal transduction pathways. Protein kinases play a central role in signaling, including those involving pathogen response mechanisms. We previously demonstrated an active guanylate cyclase (GC) catalytic center in the brassinosteroid insensitive receptor (AtBRI1) within an active intracellular kinase domain resulting in dual enzymatic activity. Here we propose a novel type of receptor architecture that is characterized by a functional GC catalytic center nested in the cytosolic kinase domain enabling intramolecular crosstalk. This may be through a cGMP-AtBRI1 complex forming that may induce a negative feedback mechanism leading to desensitisation of the receptor, regulated through the cGMP production pathway. We further argue that the comparatively low but highly localized cGMP generated by the GC in response to a ligand is sufficient to modulate the kinase activity. This type of receptor therefore provides a molecular switch that directly and/or indirectly affects ligand dependent phosphorylation of downstream signaling cascades and suggests that subsequent signal transduction and modulation works in conjunction with the kinase in downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusisizwe Kwezi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Biosciences, Council For Scientific and Industrial Research, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janet I. Wheeler
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR1417, CNRS UMR5168, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Umbria, Italy
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Pharmacy & Applied Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo VIC, Australia
- CONTACT Helen R. Irving La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, PO Box 199, Bendigo VIC 3552,Australia
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31
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Zoulias N, Harrison EL, Casson SA, Gray JE. Molecular control of stomatal development. Biochem J 2018; 475:441-54. [PMID: 29386377 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20170413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved developmental plasticity which allows the up- or down-regulation of photosynthetic and water loss capacities as new leaves emerge. This developmental plasticity enables plants to maximise fitness and to survive under differing environments. Stomata play a pivotal role in this adaptive process. These microscopic pores in the epidermis of leaves control gas exchange between the plant and its surrounding environment. Stomatal development involves regulated cell fate decisions that ensure optimal stomatal density and spacing, enabling efficient gas exchange. The cellular patterning process is regulated by a complex signalling pathway involving extracellular ligand–receptor interactions, which, in turn, modulate the activity of three master transcription factors essential for the formation of stomata. Here, we review the current understanding of the biochemical interactions between the epidermal patterning factor ligands and the ERECTA family of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. We discuss how this leads to activation of a kinase cascade, regulation of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS and its relatives, and ultimately alters stomatal production.
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32
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Chiu CH, Choi J, Paszkowski U. Independent signalling cues underpin arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and large lateral root induction in rice. New Phytol 2018; 217:552-557. [PMID: 29194644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perception of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) triggers distinct plant signalling responses for parallel establishment of symbiosis and induction of lateral root formation. Rice receptor kinase CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (CERK1) and α/β-fold hydrolase DWARF14-LIKE (D14L) are involved in pre-symbiotic fungal perception. After 6 wk post-inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, root developmental responses, fungal colonization and transcriptional responses were monitored in two independent cerk1 null mutants; a deletion mutant lacking D14L, and with D14L complemented as well as their respective wild-type cultivars (cv Nipponbare and Nihonmasari). Here we show that although essential for symbiosis, D14L is dispensable for AMF-induced root architectural modulation, which conversely relies on CERK1. Our results demonstrate uncoupling of symbiosis and the symbiotic root developmental signalling during pre-symbiosis with CERK1 required for AMF-induced root architectural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Hao Chiu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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33
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Singh V, Perraki A, Kim SY, Shrivastava S, Lee JH, Zhao Y, Schwessinger B, Oh MH, Marshall-Colon A, Zipfel C, Huber SC. Tyrosine-610 in the Receptor Kinase BAK1 Does Not Play a Major Role in Brassinosteroid Signaling or Innate Immunity. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1273. [PMID: 28824659 PMCID: PMC5539094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane-localized BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) functions as a co-receptor with several receptor kinases including the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which is involved in growth, and the receptors for bacterial flagellin and EF-Tu, FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), respectively, which are involved in immunity. BAK1 is a dual specificity protein kinase that can autophosphorylate on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. It was previously reported that phosphorylation of Tyr-610 in the carboxy-terminal domain of BAK1 is required for its function in BR signaling and immunity. However, the functional role of Tyr-610 in vivo has recently come under scrutiny. Therefore, we have generated new BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic plants for functional studies. We first produced transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag in the homozygous bak1-4 bkk1-1 double null background. In a complementary approach, we expressed untagged BAK1 and BAK1 (Y610F) in the bak1-4 null mutant. Neither BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic line had any obvious growth phenotype when compared to wild-type BAK1 expressed in the same background. In addition, the BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag plants responded similarly to plants expressing BAK1-Flag in terms of brassinolide (BL) inhibition of root elongation, and there were only minor changes in gene expression between the two transgenic lines as monitored by microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. In terms of plant immunity, there were no significant differences between plants expressing BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag and BAK1-Flag in the growth of the non-pathogenic hrpA- mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Furthermore, untagged BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic plants were as responsive as plants expressing BAK1 (in the bak1-4 background) and wild-type Col-0 plants toward treatment with the EF-Tu- and flagellin-derived peptide epitopes elf18- and flg22, respectively, as measured by reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and seedling growth inhibition. These new results do not support any involvement of Tyr-610 phosphorylation in either BR or immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayata Singh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sang Y. Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Stuti Shrivastava
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Jae H. Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | | | - Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Biological Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Amy Marshall-Colon
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. Huber
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUrbana, IL, United States
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Jung SR, Kushmerick C, Seo JB, Koh DS, Hille B. Muscarinic receptor regulates extracellular signal regulated kinase by two modes of arrestin binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5579-88. [PMID: 28652372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700331114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of agonists to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activates heterotrimeric G proteins and downstream signaling. Agonist-bound GPCRs are then phosphorylated by protein kinases and bound by arrestin to trigger desensitization and endocytosis. Arrestin plays another important signaling function. It recruits and regulates activity of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. However, molecular details and timing of ERK activation remain fundamental unanswered questions that limit understanding of how arrestin-dependent GPCR signaling controls cell functions. Here we validate and model a system that tracks the dynamics of interactions of arrestin with receptors and of ERK activation using optical reporters. Our intermolecular FRET measurements in living cells are consistent with β-arrestin binding to M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1Rs) in two different binding modes, transient and stable. The stable mode persists for minutes after agonist removal. The choice of mode is governed by phosphorylation on key residues in the third intracellular loop of the receptor. We detect a similar intramolecular conformational change in arrestin in either binding mode. It develops within seconds of arrestin binding to the M1 receptor, and it reverses within seconds of arrestin unbinding from the transient binding mode. Furthermore, we observed that, when stably bound to phosphorylated M1R, β-arrestin scaffolds and activates MEK-dependent ERK. In contrast, when transiently bound, β-arrestin reduces ERK activity via recruitment of a protein phosphatase. All this ERK signaling develops at the plasma membrane. In this scaffolding hypothesis, a shifting balance between the two arrestin binding modes determines the degree of ERK activation at the membrane.
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Hazak O, Brandt B, Cattaneo P, Santiago J, Rodriguez-Villalon A, Hothorn M, Hardtke CS. Perception of root-active CLE peptides requires CORYNE function in the phloem vasculature. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1367-1381. [PMID: 28607033 PMCID: PMC5538625 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis root development is orchestrated by signaling pathways that consist of different CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide ligands and their cognate CLAVATA (CLV) and BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM) receptors. How and where different CLE peptides trigger specific morphological or physiological changes in the root is poorly understood. Here, we report that the receptor‐like protein CLAVATA 2 (CLV2) and the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN) are necessary to fully sense root‐active CLE peptides. We uncover BAM3 as the CLE45 receptor in the root and biochemically map its peptide binding surface. In contrast to other plant peptide receptors, we found no evidence that SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) proteins act as co‐receptor kinases in CLE45 perception. CRN stabilizes BAM3 expression and thus is required for BAM3‐mediated CLE45 signaling. Moreover, protophloem‐specific CRN expression complements resistance of the crn mutant to root‐active CLE peptides, suggesting that protophloem is their principal site of action. Our work defines a genetic framework for dissecting CLE peptide signaling and CLV/BAM receptor activation in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Qi X, Han SK, Dang JH, Garrick JM, Ito M, Hofstetter AK, Torii KU. Autocrine regulation of stomatal differentiation potential by EPF1 and ERECTA-LIKE1 ligand-receptor signaling. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28266915 PMCID: PMC5358980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of stomata, valves on the plant epidermis for optimal gas exchange and water control, is fine-tuned by multiple signaling peptides with unique, overlapping, or antagonistic activities. EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1) is a founding member of the secreted peptide ligands enforcing stomatal patterning. Yet, its exact role remains unclear. Here, we report that EPF1 and its primary receptor ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) target MUTE, a transcription factor specifying the proliferation-to-differentiation switch within the stomatal cell lineages. In turn, MUTE directly induces ERL1. The absolute co-expression of ERL1 and MUTE, with the co-presence of EPF1, triggers autocrine inhibition of stomatal fate. During normal stomatal development, this autocrine inhibition prevents extra symmetric divisions of stomatal precursors likely owing to excessive MUTE activity. Our study reveals the unexpected role of self-inhibition as a mechanism for ensuring proper stomatal development and suggests an intricate signal buffering mechanism underlying plant tissue patterning. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24102.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Soon-Ki Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jonathan H Dang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Garrick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences/Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alex K Hofstetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences/Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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37
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28262094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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38
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Bücherl CA, Jarsch IK, Schudoma C, Segonzac C, Mbengue M, Robatzek S, MacLean D, Ott T, Zipfel C. Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling components but localise to distinct plasma membrane nanodomains. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28262094 PMCID: PMC5383397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors govern a multitude of signalling pathways in multicellular organisms. In plants, prominent examples are the receptor kinases FLS2 and BRI1, which activate immunity and steroid-mediated growth, respectively. Intriguingly, despite inducing distinct signalling outputs, both receptors employ common downstream signalling components, which exist in plasma membrane (PM)-localised protein complexes. An important question is thus how these receptor complexes maintain signalling specificity. Live-cell imaging revealed that FLS2 and BRI1 form PM nanoclusters. Using single-particle tracking we could discriminate both cluster populations and we observed spatiotemporal separation between immune and growth signalling platforms. This finding was confirmed by visualising FLS2 and BRI1 within distinct PM nanodomains marked by specific remorin proteins and differential co-localisation with the cytoskeleton. Our results thus suggest that signalling specificity between these pathways may be explained by the spatial separation of FLS2 and BRI1 with their associated signalling components within dedicated PM nanodomains. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25114.001 Unlike most animals, plants cannot move away if their environment changes for the worse. Instead, a plant must sense these changes and respond appropriately, for example by changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (similar receptors are found in animals too). When a receptor protein recognises one such microbial molecule, it becomes activated and forms a complex with other proteins referred to as co-receptors. The protein complex then sends a signal into the cell to trigger an immune response. Plants also use similar receptor proteins to sense their own signalling molecules and regulate their growth and development. These growth-related receptors rely on many of the same co-receptors and signalling components as the immunity-related receptors. This posed the question: how can plant cells use the same proteins to trigger different responses to different signals? Bücherl et al. have now used high-resolution microscopy and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to show that the plant’s immune receptors and growth receptors are found in separate clusters at the plant cell’s surface membrane. These clusters are only a few hundred nanometres wide, and they also contained other signalling components that are needed to quickly relay the signals into the plant cell. Bücherl et al. suggest that, by organizing their receptors into these physically distinct clusters, plant cells can use similar proteins to sense different signals and respond in then different ways. This idea will need to be tested in future studies. Further work is also needed to understand how these clusters of signalling proteins are assembled and inserted at specific locations within the surface membrane of a plant cell. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25114.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris K Jarsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schudoma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ott
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Institute of Genetics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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39
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Kosentka PZ, Zhang L, Simon YA, Satpathy B, Maradiaga R, Mitoubsi O, Shpak ED. Identification of critical functional residues of receptor-like kinase ERECTA. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:1507-1518. [PMID: 28207053 PMCID: PMC5441908 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, extracellular signals are primarily sensed by plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs). ERECTA is a leucine-rich repeat RLK that together with its paralogs ERECTA-like 1 (ERL1) and ERL2 regulates multiple aspects of plant development. ERECTA forms complexes with a range of co-receptors and senses secreted cysteine-rich small proteins from the EPF/EPFL family. Currently the mechanism of the cytoplasmic domain activation and transmission of the signal by ERECTA is unclear. To gain a better understanding we performed a structure-function analysis by introducing altered ERECTA genes into erecta and erecta erl1 erl2 mutants. These experiments indicated that ERECTA's ability to phosphorylate is functionally significant, and that while the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane domain is important for ERECTA function, the C-terminal tail is not. An analysis of multiple putative phosphorylation sites identified four amino acids in the activation segment of the kinase domain as functionally important. Homology of those residues to functionally significant amino acids in multiple other plant RLKs emphasizes similarities in RLK function. Specifically, our data predicts Thr812 as a primary site of phosphor-activation and potential inhibitory phosphorylation of Tyr815 and Tyr820. In addition, our experiments suggest that there are differences in the molecular mechanism of ERECTA function during regulation of stomata development and in elongation of above-ground organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Z Kosentka
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yonas A Simon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Binita Satpathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Richard Maradiaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Omar Mitoubsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Elena D Shpak
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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40
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Oehlenschlæger CB, Gersby LBA, Ahsan N, Pedersen JT, Kristensen A, Solakova TV, Thelen JJ, Fuglsang AT. Activation of the LRR Receptor-Like Kinase PSY1R Requires Transphosphorylation of Residues in the Activation Loop. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:2005. [PMID: 29230231 PMCID: PMC5712095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PSY1R is a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinase (RLK) previously shown to act as receptor for the plant peptide hormone PSY1 (peptide containing sulfated tyrosine 1) and to regulate cell expansion. PSY1R phosphorylates and thereby regulates the activity of plasma membrane-localized H+-ATPases. While this mechanism has been studied in detail, little is known about how PSY1R itself is activated. Here we studied the activation mechanism of PSY1R. We show that full-length PSY1R interacts with members of the SERK co-receptor family in planta. We identified seven in vitro autophosphorylation sites on serine and threonine residues within the kinase domain of PSY1R using mass spectrometry. We furthermore show that PSY1R autophosphorylation occurs in trans and that the initial transphosphorylation takes place within the activation loop at residues Ser951, Thr959, and Thr963. While Thr959 and Thr963 are conserved among other related plant LRR RLKs, Ser951 is unique to PSY1R. Based on homology modeling we propose that phosphorylation of Ser951 stabilize the inactive conformation of PSY1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. Oehlenschlæger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte B. A. Gersby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jesper T. Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Kristensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tsvetelina V. Solakova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Anja T. Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Anja T. Fuglsang,
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Tameshige T, Okamoto S, Tasaka M, Torii KU, Uchida N. Impact of erecta mutation on leaf serration differs between Arabidopsis accessions. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1261231. [PMID: 27854158 PMCID: PMC5225933 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1261231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serrations or teeth of plant leaves are a morphological trait regulated genetically and environmentally. Very recently, it has been reported that the receptor kinases encoded by three ERECTA (ER)-family genes, ER, ER-LIKE1 (ERL1) and ERL2, redundantly play a role in tooth growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the report, Columbia (Col) accession was used for analyses, where none of the signal mutant of the ER-family genes exhibited serration defects. The toothless, smooth leaf margin phenotype was evident only when two out of the three ER-family genes were lost. Interestingly, it has been widely recognized that the Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta (L.er), which carries a loss-of-function mutation in ER, develops round leaves with smaller leaf teeth. Here, we show that the functional ER transgene promotes the tooth growth in L.er to the level of Col, indicating that the er mutation in L.er is likely responsible for the reduced growth of leaf teeth. This suggests that er single mutation affects tooth growth in a different manner between Col and L.er backgrounds, though the molecular basis for this background-dependent effect remains to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tameshige
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
Plants are exposed to numerous potential pathogenic microbes. To counter the threat, plants have evolved diverse patternrecognition receptors (PRRs), which are receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) specialized to detect conserved pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs). Although only a handful of RKs and RPs are known PRRs, they belong to the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and receptor-like protein (RLP) superfamilies that undergo lineagespecific expansion, suggesting that many of these RLKs and RLPs are potential PRRs. Analyses of existing PRRs have uncovered ligand-induced RLK-RK or RLK-RP oligomerization as a common mechanism for immune activation. PRRs can recruit additional components to form dynamic receptor complexes, which mediate specific cellular responses. Detailed analyses of these components are shedding light on molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PRR activity and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yufei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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43
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Lee JS, De Smet I. Fine-Tuning Development Through Antagonistic Peptides: An Emerging Theme. Trends Plant Sci 2016; 21:991-993. [PMID: 27769751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide ligand-receptor kinase interactions have emerged as a key component of plant growth and development. Now, highly related small signaling peptides have been shown to act antagonistically on the same receptor kinase, providing new insights into how plants optimize developmental processes using competitive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Suk Lee
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Shi G, Zhang Z, Friesen TL, Raats D, Fahima T, Brueggeman RS, Lu S, Trick HN, Liu Z, Chao W, Frenkel Z, Xu SS, Rasmussen JB, Faris JD. The hijacking of a receptor kinase-driven pathway by a wheat fungal pathogen leads to disease. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1600822. [PMID: 27819043 PMCID: PMC5091353 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens live and feed on dying tissue, but their interactions with plants are not well understood compared to biotrophic pathogens. The wheat Snn1 gene confers susceptibility to strains of the necrotrophic pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum that produce the SnTox1 protein. We report the positional cloning of Snn1, a member of the wall-associated kinase class of receptors, which are known to drive pathways for biotrophic pathogen resistance. Recognition of SnTox1 by Snn1 activates programmed cell death, which allows this necrotroph to gain nutrients and sporulate. These results demonstrate that necrotrophic pathogens such as P. nodorum hijack host molecular pathways that are typically involved in resistance to biotrophic pathogens, revealing the complex nature of susceptibility and resistance in necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogen interactions with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Zengcui Zhang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Dina Raats
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Robert S. Brueggeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Shunwen Lu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Harold N. Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Wun Chao
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Zeev Frenkel
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Steven S. Xu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Jack B. Rasmussen
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Justin D. Faris
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Czyzewicz N, Nikonorova N, Meyer MR, Sandal P, Shah S, Vu LD, Gevaert K, Rao AG, De Smet I. The growing story of (ARABIDOPSIS) CRINKLY 4. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:4835-4847. [PMID: 27208540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases play important roles in plant growth and development, but only few of them have been functionally characterized in depth. Over the past decade CRINKLY 4 (CR4)-related research has peaked as a result of a newly discovered role of ARABIDOPSIS CR4 (ACR4) in the root. Here, we comprehensively review the available (A)CR4 literature and describe its role in embryo, seed, shoot, and root development, but we also flag an unexpected role in plant defence. In addition, we discuss ACR4 domains and protein structure, describe known ACR4-interacting proteins and substrates, and elaborate on the transcriptional regulation of ACR4 Finally, we address the missing knowledge in our understanding of ACR4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Czyzewicz
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent University, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew R Meyer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Priyanka Sandal
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Shweta Shah
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent University, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Gururaj Rao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent University, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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46
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Roberts I, Smith S, Stes E, De Rybel B, Staes A, van de Cotte B, Njo MF, Dedeyne L, Demol H, Lavenus J, Audenaert D, Gevaert K, Beeckman T, De Smet I. CEP5 and XIP1/CEPR1 regulate lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:4889-99. [PMID: 27296247 PMCID: PMC4983111 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots explore the soil for water and nutrients through the continuous production of lateral roots. Lateral roots are formed at regular distances in a steadily elongating organ, but how future sites for lateral root formation become established is not yet understood. Here, we identified C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE 5 (CEP5) as a novel, auxin-repressed and phloem pole-expressed signal assisting in the formation of lateral roots. In addition, based on genetic and expression data, we found evidence for the involvement of its proposed receptor, XYLEM INTERMIXED WITH PHLOEM 1 (XIP1)/CEP RECEPTOR 1 (CEPR1), during the process of lateral root initiation. In conclusion, we report here on the existence of a peptide ligand-receptor kinase interaction that impacts lateral root initiation. Our results represent an important step towards the understanding of the cellular communication implicated in the early phases of lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianto Roberts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Fransiska Njo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lise Dedeyne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Demol
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julien Lavenus
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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47
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Santiago J, Brandt B, Wildhagen M, Hohmann U, Hothorn LA, Butenko MA, Hothorn M. Mechanistic insight into a peptide hormone signaling complex mediating floral organ abscission. eLife 2016; 5:e15075. [PMID: 27058169 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15075.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants constantly renew during their life cycle and thus require to shed senescent and damaged organs. Floral abscission is controlled by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) HAESA and the peptide hormone IDA. It is unknown how expression of IDA in the abscission zone leads to HAESA activation. Here we show that IDA is sensed directly by the HAESA ectodomain. Crystal structures of HAESA in complex with IDA reveal a hormone binding pocket that accommodates an active dodecamer peptide. A central hydroxyproline residue anchors IDA to the receptor. The HAESA co-receptor SERK1, a positive regulator of the floral abscission pathway, allows for high-affinity sensing of the peptide hormone by binding to an Arg-His-Asn motif in IDA. This sequence pattern is conserved among diverse plant peptides, suggesting that plant peptide hormone receptors may share a common ligand binding mode and activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santiago
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mari Wildhagen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig A Hothorn
- Institute of Biostatistics, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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48
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Santiago J, Brandt B, Wildhagen M, Hohmann U, Hothorn LA, Butenko MA, Hothorn M. Mechanistic insight into a peptide hormone signaling complex mediating floral organ abscission. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27058169 PMCID: PMC4848090 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants constantly renew during their life cycle and thus require to shed senescent and damaged organs. Floral abscission is controlled by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) HAESA and the peptide hormone IDA. It is unknown how expression of IDA in the abscission zone leads to HAESA activation. Here we show that IDA is sensed directly by the HAESA ectodomain. Crystal structures of HAESA in complex with IDA reveal a hormone binding pocket that accommodates an active dodecamer peptide. A central hydroxyproline residue anchors IDA to the receptor. The HAESA co-receptor SERK1, a positive regulator of the floral abscission pathway, allows for high-affinity sensing of the peptide hormone by binding to an Arg-His-Asn motif in IDA. This sequence pattern is conserved among diverse plant peptides, suggesting that plant peptide hormone receptors may share a common ligand binding mode and activation mechanism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15075.001 Plants can shed their leaves, flowers or other organs when they no longer need them. But how does a leaf or a flower know when to let go? A receptor protein called HAESA is found on the surface of the cells that surround a future break point on the plant. When its time to shed an organ, a hormone called IDA instructs HAESA to trigger the shedding process. However, the molecular details of how IDA triggers organ shedding are not clear. The shedding of floral organs (or leaves) can be easily studied in a model plant called Arabidopsis. Santiago et al. used protein biochemistry, structural biology and genetics to uncover how the IDA hormone activates HAESA. The experiments show that IDA binds directly to a canyon shaped pocket in HAESA that extends out from the surface of the cell. IDA binding to HAESA allows another receptor protein called SERK1 to bind to HAESA, which results in the release of signals inside the cell that trigger the shedding of organs. The next step following on from this work is to understand what signals are produced when IDA activates HAESA. Another challenge will be to find out where IDA is produced in the plant and what causes it to accumulate in specific places in preparation for organ shedding. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15075.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santiago
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mari Wildhagen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig A Hothorn
- Institute of Biostatistics, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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Li W, Liu Y, Wang J, He M, Zhou X, Yang C, Yuan C, Wang J, Chern M, Yin J, Chen W, Ma B, Wang Y, Qin P, Li S, Ronald P, Chen X. The durably resistant rice cultivar Digu activates defence gene expression before the full maturation of Magnaporthe oryzae appressorium. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:354-68. [PMID: 26095454 PMCID: PMC6638526 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases worldwide. Although the rice-M. oryzae interaction has been studied extensively, the early molecular events that occur in rice before full maturation of the appressorium during M. oryzae invasion are unknown. Here, we report a comparative transcriptomics analysis of the durably resistant rice variety Digu and the susceptible rice variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) in response to infection by M. oryzae (5, 10 and 20 h post-inoculation, prior to full development of the appressorium). We found that the transcriptional responses differed significantly between these two rice varieties. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed that many biological processes, including extracellular recognition and biosynthesis of antioxidants, terpenes and hormones, were specifically activated in Digu shortly after infection. Forty-eight genes encoding receptor kinases (RKs) were significantly differentially regulated by M. oryzae infection in Digu. One of these genes, LOC_Os08g10300, encoding a leucine-rich repeat RK from the LRR VIII-2 subfamily, conferred enhanced resistance to M. oryzae when overexpressed in rice. Our study reveals that a multitude of molecular events occur in the durably resistant rice Digu before the full maturation of the appressorium after M. oryzae infection and that membrane-associated RKs play important roles in the early response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Min He
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Can Yuan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Junjie Yin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xuewei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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50
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Mitra SK, Chen R, Dhandaydham M, Wang X, Blackburn RK, Kota U, Goshe MB, Schwartz D, Huber SC, Clouse SD. An autophosphorylation site database for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2015; 82:1042-1060. [PMID: 25912465 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR RLKs) form a large family of plant signaling proteins consisting of an extracellular domain connected by a single-pass transmembrane sequence to a cytoplasmic kinase domain. Autophosphorylation on specific Ser and/or Thr residues in the cytoplasmic domain is often critical for the activation of several LRR RLK family members with proven functional roles in plant growth regulation, morphogenesis, disease resistance, and stress responses. While identification and functional characterization of in vivo phosphorylation sites is ultimately required for a full understanding of LRR RLK biology and function, bacterial expression of recombinant LRR RLK cytoplasmic catalytic domains for identification of in vitro autophosphorylation sites provides a useful resource for further targeted identification and functional analysis of in vivo sites. In this study we employed high-throughput cloning and a variety of mass spectrometry approaches to generate an autophosphorylation site database representative of more than 30% of the approximately 223 LRR RLKs in Arabidopsis thaliana. We used His-tagged constructs of complete cytoplasmic domains to identify a total of 592 phosphorylation events across 73 LRR RLKs, with 497 sites uniquely assigned to specific Ser (268 sites) or Thr (229 sites) residues in 68 LRR RLKs. Multiple autophosphorylation sites per LRR RLK were the norm, with an average of seven sites per cytoplasmic domain, while some proteins showed more than 20 unique autophosphorylation sites. The database was used to analyze trends in the localization of phosphorylation sites across cytoplasmic kinase subdomains and to derive a statistically significant sequence motif for phospho-Ser autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijeet K Mitra
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ruiqiang Chen
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Murali Dhandaydham
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert Kevin Blackburn
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Uma Kota
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Michael B Goshe
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Daniel Schwartz
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Steven C Huber
- USDA/ARS, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven D Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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