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Hoenigl M, Arastehfar A, Arendrup MC, Brüggemann R, Carvalho A, Chiller T, Chen S, Egger M, Feys S, Gangneux JP, Gold JAW, Groll AH, Heylen J, Jenks JD, Krause R, Lagrou K, Lamoth F, Prattes J, Sedik S, Wauters J, Wiederhold NP, Thompson GR. Novel antifungals and treatment approaches to tackle resistance and improve outcomes of invasive fungal disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0007423. [PMID: 38602408 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00074-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFungal infections are on the rise, driven by a growing population at risk and climate change. Currently available antifungals include only five classes, and their utility and efficacy in antifungal treatment are limited by one or more of innate or acquired resistance in some fungi, poor penetration into "sequestered" sites, and agent-specific side effect which require frequent patient reassessment and monitoring. Agents with novel mechanisms, favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles including good oral bioavailability, and fungicidal mechanism(s) are urgently needed. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of novel antifungal agents, with both improved known mechanisms of actions and new antifungal classes, currently in clinical development for treating invasive yeast, mold (filamentous fungi), Pneumocystis jirovecii infections, and dimorphic fungi (endemic mycoses). We further focus on inhaled antifungals and the role of immunotherapy in tackling fungal infections, and the specific PK/pharmacodynamic profiles, tissue distributions as well as drug-drug interactions of novel antifungals. Finally, we review antifungal resistance mechanisms, the role of use of antifungal pesticides in agriculture as drivers of drug resistance, and detail detection methods for antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hoenigl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BiotechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amir Arastehfar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maiken Cavling Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Brüggemann
- Department of Pharmacy and Radboudumc Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise in Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthias Egger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Feys
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Centre National de Référence des Mycoses et Antifongiques LA-AspC Aspergilloses chroniques, European Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM EC), Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Jeremy A W Gold
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andreas H Groll
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jannes Heylen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey D Jenks
- Department of Public Health, Durham County, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Krause
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BiotechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lamoth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Prattes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BiotechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Sedik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joost Wauters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Semenova V, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Wolking RM, Choi EA. Facial and systemic mucormycosis caused by Lichtheimia corymbifera in a goat: case report and literature review of fungal infections in goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241236751. [PMID: 38465904 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241236751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-y-old Pygora doe was presented to the University of California-Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital because of non-healing facial swelling of 2-wk duration. The lesion grew despite medical treatment, causing discomfort masticating, little-to-no airflow from the right nasal passage, and led to euthanasia. On gross examination, a large facial mass with a draining tract through the skin and hard palate was identified. On section, the mass was brown-pink, homogeneous, and friable. Abscess-like masses were identified in the lungs and kidney. Histopathology of the face, including oral and nasal cavities, salivary glands, and lymph nodes, as well as the lung and kidney lesions, revealed large areas of necrosis with numerous wide ribbon-like, mostly aseptate, fungal hyphae consistent with zygomycetes. PCR for fungal organisms performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from the face identified Lichtheimia corymbifera (formerly Absidia corymbifera) of the order Mucorales and an Aspergillus sp. The lesion was suspected to have started either as a fungal rhinitis or dental feed impaction, subsequently spreading to the face and systemically to the lungs and kidney. We describe here the lesions associated with facial mucormycosis in a goat and present a literature review of L. corymbifera infection in veterinary species and fungal infections in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Semenova
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca M Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Eunju April Choi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Delmas CEL, Bancal MO, Leyronas C, Robin MH, Vidal T, Launay M. Monitoring the phenology of plant pathogenic fungi: why and how? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38287495 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Phenology is a key adaptive trait of organisms, shaping biotic interactions in response to the environment. It has emerged as a critical topic with implications for societal and economic concerns due to the effects of climate change on species' phenological patterns. Fungi play essential roles in ecosystems, and plant pathogenic fungi have significant impacts on global food security. However, the phenology of plant pathogenic fungi, which form a huge and diverse clade of organisms, has received limited attention in the literature. This diversity may have limited the use of a common language for comparisons and the integration of phenological data for these taxonomic groups. Here, we delve into the concept of 'phenology' as applied to plant pathogenic fungi and explore the potential drivers of their phenology, including environmental factors and the host plant. We present the PhenoFun scale, a phenological scoring system suitable for use with all fungi and fungus-like plant pathogens. It offers a standardised and common tool for scientists studying the presence, absence, or predominance of a particular phase, the speed of phenological phase succession, and the synchronism shift between pathogenic fungi and their host plants, across a wide range of environments and ecosystems. The application of the concept of 'phenology' to plant pathogenic fungi and the use of a phenological scoring system involves focusing on the interacting processes between the pathogenic fungi, their hosts, and their biological, physical, and chemical environment, occurring during the life cycle of the pathogen. The goal is to deconstruct the processes involved according to a pattern orchestrated by the fungus's phenology. Such an approach will improve our understanding of the ecology and evolution of such organisms, help to understand and anticipate plant disease epidemics and their future evolution, and make it possible to optimise management models, and to encourage the adoption of cropping practices designed from this phenological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Odile Bancal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Ecosys, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | | | - Marie-Hélène Robin
- INRAE, INPT, ENSAT, EI Purpan, University of Toulouse, UMR AGIR, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Tiphaine Vidal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR Bioger, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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Liu YM, Zhong S, Wang R, Wei JH, Qiao X, Ding WL, Li Y. First Report of Sclerotinia Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Artemisia capillaris in China. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 38037199 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1748-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia capillaris (Asteraceae) is an annual herb found in ˃10 provinces in China. It is cultivated on ˃670 ha, with annual production around 2,500 tons. Its shoot is used in traditional Chinese medicine (Liu et al. 2021). From April to May 2023, Sclerotinia rot symptoms were seen at the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (40.04°N, 116.28°E), Beijing, China. Disease incidence was up to 10% in the field through investigation of 300 plants. Initial symptoms were irregular tan-brown lesions (0.5 to 5.0 mm) that expended to circumferential necrosis on the roots and basal stem, aerial mycelia and sclerotia were developed on them. The leaves and stem tips were withered and droopy in severe cases. Twelve symptomatic primary roots of 12 plants from two sites were cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 5% NaClO for 60 s, rinsed with distilled water for three times, dried with sterile filter paper, put on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 2 days. Two Sclerotinia-like isolates were obtained using the hyphaltip method. White aerial mycelia were sparse and appressed for isolate YC1-3 and dense for isolate YC1-7. After incubated at 25°C in the dark for 15 days, 10 to 25 sclerotia were developed near the colony margin. Sclerotia of isolate YC1-3 were 1.0 to 3.9 × 1.2 to 4.5 (mean 1.8 × 2.2) mm (n = 60), ovoid or arc-shaped. Sclerotia of isolate YC1-7 were 1.5 to 3.4 × 2.7 to 9.2 (mean 2.3 × 4.3) mm (n = 60), ovoid, dumbbell shaped or curved. The isolates were identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum based on morphology (Maas 1998). To further identify the pathogens, molecular identification was performed with isolates YC1-3 and YC1-7. DNA of the two isolates were extracted by the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Polymerase chain reaction was performed with primers ITS1/ITS4 for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Choi et al. 2020; White et al. 1990) and primers G3PDHfor/G3PDHrev for the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) gene (Garfinkel. 2021). BLAST search analysis revealed that the ITS sequence (GenBank OR229758 and OR229762) was ≥99% similar to S. sclerotiorum (MN099281, MZ379265, KX781301, etc.), and the G3PDH sequence (OR778388 and OR761975) was too (MZ493894, JQ036048, OQ790148, etc.). Phylogenetic trees were computed with ITS and G3PDH sequences using the Maximum Likelihood in MEGA 11. Nine two-month-old seedlings of A. capillaris were used to test pathogenicity. The epidermis layer of each primary root was slightly wounded (2 × 2 mm, 1 mm deep) using a sterile dissecting blade. Three plants were inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) of YC1-3 and YC1-7 that cultured on PDA for 7 days. Control plants were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. All seedlings were then incubated at 25oC and 90% relative humidity. After isolate YC1-7 inoculation 3 days and isolate YC1-3 inoculation 5 days, inoculated roots had symptoms like those in the field, controls had no symptoms. S. sclerotiorum was consistently re-isolated from diseased roots, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum have been reported threatens several important economical crops (Marin and Peres 2020; Guan et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causes Sclerotinia rot on A. capillaris. To avoid of significant economic losses, it is urgent to establish an effective disease-management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Min Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, The Institute of Medicinal Plant Develpoment, Malianwa North Road No. 151, Beijing, Beijing, China, 100193;
| | - Shan Zhong
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Beijing, China, 100193;
| | | | - Jian-He Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, yuanmingyuan west road #151,haidian district, beijing, Beijing, China, 100193;
| | | | - Wan-Long Ding
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, Beijing, China;
| | - Yong Li
- Malianwa North road No.151Beijing, China, 100193;
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Fernandes DA, Resende MR, da Silva ACM, Schenka AA, Barreto I, Reis F. When the adrenals alert us to a systemic fungal disease. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13008. [PMID: 37614116 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a patient referred for investigation of adrenal insufficiency, confirmed due to disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), with abdominal and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Establishing the pathogenesis and immunological processes involved in chronic or latent infections by PCM has been challenging. Medical doctors caring for patients with immunodeficiencies should learn about these fungal infections to properly guide travel planning and have this possibility in the diagnostic arsenal when the patient returns from endemic areas. After 13 months of treatment, the patient showed good clinical evolution, and we repeated imaging exams, showing partial improvement of the preview lesions. Diagnosis and treatment can prevent catastrophic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alvarenga Fernandes
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Ribeiro Resende
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Almeida Schenka
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Icléia Barreto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Reis
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Grotta G, Couppie P, Demar M, Drak Alsibai K, Blaizot R. Fungal Density in Lobomycosis in French Guiana: A Proposal for a New Clinico-Histological and Therapeutic Classification. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1005. [PMID: 37888260 PMCID: PMC10608060 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lobomycosis is a rare cutaneous tropical neglected disease caused by the fungal agent Lacazia loboi, recently renamed Paracoccidioides lobogeorgii. Our objectives were to present all cases of lobomycosis diagnosed in French Guiana, to offer a precise description of their histopathological features and to propose a new clinico-histological prognostic classification. METHODS All cases of lobomycosis diagnosed in French Guiana between 1959 and 2022 were included. We looked for associations between the occurrence of relapses and the clinic-histological form. RESULTS 31 patients diagnosed with lobomycosis were included. An epidemiological shift was observed in the 2000s as Brazilian patients became the most important ethnic group. Gold mining, forestry and fishing/sailing were reported as professional exposures. New histological features, such as inflammatory "rosettes" formations were described. We describe two clinic-histological patterns: a major form (high fungal density and/or multifocal lesions) and a minor form (low fungal density, unifocal lesions, association with fewer relapses). CONCLUSIONS The changing epidemiology of lobomycosis in French Guiana is characterized by a shift towards Brazilian patients, mostly gold miners. Minor forms should be treated with surgery, major forms with a combination of surgery followed by nultiple drug therapy (MDT) or posaconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Grotta
- Dermatology Department, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana; (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Pierre Couppie
- Dermatology Department, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana; (G.G.); (P.C.)
- UMR TBIP Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne 97300, French Guiana;
| | - Magalie Demar
- UMR TBIP Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne 97300, French Guiana;
- Parasitology Department, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Histopathology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana;
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Dermatology Department, Cayenne Hospital, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana; (G.G.); (P.C.)
- UMR TBIP Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne 97300, French Guiana;
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De Rosso M, Panighel A, Migliaro D, Possamai T, De Marchi F, Velasco R, Flamini R. The pivotal role of high-resolution mass spectrometry in the study of grape glycosidic volatile precursors for the selection of grapevines resistant to mildews. J Mass Spectrom 2023; 58:e4961. [PMID: 37461255 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
A breeding program to produce new grape varieties tolerant to main vine fungal pathogens (Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator) is carrying out by crossing Vitis vinifera cv. "Glera" with resistant genotypes such as "Solaris," "Bronner," and "Kunleany." Firstly, resistance gene-based markers analyses allowed the identification of five genotypes, which have inherited the resistance loci against mildews. To select those that also inherited the phenotype as close as possible to 'Glera' suitable to be introduced in the Prosecco wine production protocols, the grape glycosidic derivatives were studied by UHPLC/QTOF mass spectrometry. Targeted identification of the metabolites was performed using a database expressly constructed by including the glycosidic volatile precursors previously identified in grape and wine. A total of 77 glycosidic derivatives including many aroma precursors and some variety markers, were identified. Original resistant genotypes had distinct metabolomic profiles and different to 'Glera', while the crossings showed varying similarity degrees to V. vinifera parent. Findings demonstrated the Glera × Bronner and Glera × Solaris crossings are more suitable to produce high-sustainable Prosecco wines. Coupling of glycosidic volatile precursors profiling to multivariate statistical analysis was effective for phenotypic characterization of grapes and to evaluate their enological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko De Rosso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
| | - Annarita Panighel
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
| | - Daniele Migliaro
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
| | - Tyrone Possamai
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
| | - Riccardo Flamini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), Chemistry & Metabolomics Lab, Treviso, Italy
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Wang H, Yin X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Guo J, Li M. Evaluation of 0.01% Hypochlorous Acid Eye Drops Combined with Conventional Treatment in the Management of Fungal Corneal Ulcers: Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:887-893. [PMID: 37493085 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2226374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hypochlorous acid (HOCI) eye drops in the treatment of fungal keratitis. METHODS A total of 96 patients (96 eyes) with fungal keratitis were randomly divided into two groups: group Ι (conventional treatment + topical HOCI eye drops); The group II (conventional treatment). According to its severity, those patients were divided into grade Ι or grade II. Use of fungal scraping and culture to identify the type of fungal infection, slit lamp examination, and corneal fluorescein staining to observe regression, and confocal corneal microscopy to assess fungal mycelial changes. The main outcome measures were the success rate, healing time, visual recovery, and complications. The Kaplan-Meier curve method was used to analysis of the survival function of days to cure between the two groups. RESULTS There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of general condition, medical history, and grading. Corneal scraping results showed that all patients had filamentous fungi. For grade Ι patients, all patients were cured, and the patients in Group I showed faster healing speed than that in Group II (t = -3.665, p < .01). For grade II patients, the recovery time (t = -4.121, p < .01) and the disappearance of hypopyon (t = -4.291, p < .01) were significantly faster in the combination group. In grade Ι and II patients, the final visual acuity and the incidence of complications such as corneal neovascularization, cataract, and hyphema showed no differences in both groups. The survival curve showed that the healing rate of ulcers in the combination treatment group was faster than that in the conventional treatment group (χ2 = 14.332, p = .001). CONCLUSION HOCI can accelerate the healing of fungal keratitis without obvious complications, indicating a promising future in the field of keratitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yin
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Liu YM, Zhong S, Wang R, Ding WL, Li Y. First Report of Corynespora cassiicola Causing Septoria Leaf Spot on Scutellaria baicalensis in China. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 37610369 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1140-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae family, with a distribution in more than 10 provinces in China. At the current time, the cultivation area of S. baicalensis in China exceeds 58,000 hectares, with annual production approaching 28,000 tons. As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, the root of S. baicalensis has many applications, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, and is effective in treatment of colitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, respiratory infections, and allergic diseases. (Jang et al. 2023; Liu et al. 2023). From August to September 2022, septoria leaf spot symptoms were observed at the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (40.04°N, 116.28°E), Beijing, China, and the incidence of this disease was up to 20% in the field through more than two weeks of continuous investigation. Initial symptoms on leaves were observed as small, dark-brown spots (0.5 to 2.0 mm), which then expanded to irregular lesions with a pale gray center surrounded by a black ring with a dark-brown edge and light brown halo (Fig. 1A1-A3). Plants were defoliated and withered in severe cases. Thirty-six symptomatic leaves of 12 diseased plants from three experimental sites were cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces, and surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s followed by 5% NaClO solution for 45 s, rinsed with sterile water three times, dried with sterile filter paper, and subsequently placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 25°C in dark for two days. Isolates were purified by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates and incubated at 25°C in dark. Finally, eight isolates (A1, B3, D1, F2, E2, a4, e4 and f1) with similar colonial morphological characteristics were obtained. Colonies on PDA exhibited dense, downy, and white to grayish-green aerial mycelia and the reverse of colonies showed dark-brown in the center and grayish on the edge (Fig. 1D, E). Conidia were solitary or catenate, pale brown, obclavate to cylindrical, apex obtuse (Fig. 1B, C). The isolates were divided into two categories by examining 100 conidia (50 of each isolate), represented by isolates D1 and e4. Conidia of D1 measured 5.4 to 75.8 μm × 2.1 to 6.8 μm, mean 26.9 × 4.4 μm, had 0 to 6 pseudosepta, with 0 to 3 pseudosepta observed in 88% of conidia. Conidia of e4 measured 20.3 to 103.4 μm × 2.0 to 7.9 μm, mean 41.9 × 4.8 μm, had 0 to 6 pseudosepta, with 2 to 5 pseudosepta observed in 90% of conidia. These isolates were identified as Corynespora cassiicola based on morphology (Ellis 1971). DNA of the two isolates (D1 and e4) was extracted by the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1-α), and beta-tubulin (TUB2) gene were amplified, using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (Bandi et al. 2022), EF1-728F/EF-986R (Wang et al. 2021), and Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. Sequences of ITS OQ991339 (524 bp) and OR044050 (533 bp) shared 99.8% identity to C. cassiicola, with a 99% coverage to MT228951 (536 bp) and OQ991340 (546 bp) in GenBank. Sequences of TEF1-α OR047441 (304 bp) and OR047443 (306 bp) shared 99.3% identity to C. cassiicola, with a 98% and 99% coverage to ON381927 (300 bp) and ON381933 (301 bp) in GenBank, respectively. Sequences of TUB2 OR047449 (427 bp) and OR047451 (427 bp) shared 99.53% identity to C. cassiicola, with a 99% and 98% coverage to MN604075 (442 bp) in GenBank, respectively. Phylogenetic trees were computed with ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB2 sequences in MEGA 11 using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method (Fig. 2). The results showed that the two isolates were C. cassiicola with more than 90% bootstrap support (1000 replicates). Nine 2-year-old seedlings of S. baicalensis were used for the pathogenicity assay. Three leaves from each plant were punctured with flame-sterilized needles, and inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) of D1 and e4. Plants inoculated with sterile PDA plugs were used as control. All the inoculated seedlings were incubated at 25 oC and 90% relative humidity. About 3 to 4 days after inoculation, similar symptoms to those observed in the field were present on leaves inoculated with D1 and e4, while no symptoms were observed in the uninoculated control seedlings (Supplementary Fig. 1). Isolates with vigorous, downy, and white to grayish-green aerial mycelia were reisolated from the diseased leaves inoculated with D1 and e4 and identified as C. cassiicola by DNA sequencing, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on morphological and multilocus phylogenetic results, these isolates were identified as C. cassiicola, a pathogen that threatens several important crops (Dixon et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2018; Xie et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cassiicola as the causal pathogen of septoria leaf spot on S. baicalensis in China, which poses a potential threat to the production of S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Min Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
| | - Shan Zhong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
| | - Rong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
| | - Wan-Long Ding
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
| | - Yong Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 198148, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
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Nehela Y, Atallah O, Xuan TD, Elzaawely AA. Editorial: Exploring metabolic-based host-pathogen interactions. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1247913. [PMID: 37670867 PMCID: PMC10476098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1247913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The International Development and Cooperation (IDEC) Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Abdelnaser A Elzaawely
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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11
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Allkja J, Roudbary M, Alves AMV, Černáková L, Rodrigues CF. Biomaterials with antifungal strategies to fight oral infections. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37587010 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2236784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Oral fungal infections pose a threat to human health and increase the economic burden of oral diseases by prolonging and complicating treatment. A cost-effective strategy is to try to prevent these infections from happening in the first place. With this purpose, biomaterials with antifungal properties are a crucial element to overcome fungal infections in the oral cavity. In this review, we go through different kinds of biomaterials and coatings that can be used to functionalize them. We also review their potential as a therapeutic approach in addition to prophylaxis, by going through traditional and alternative antifungal compounds, e.g., essential oils, that could be incorporated in them, to enhance their efficacy against fungal pathogens. We aim to highlight the potential of these technologies and propose questions that need to be addressed in prospective research. Finally, we intend to concatenate the key aspects and technologies on the use of biomaterials in oral health, to create an easy to find summary of the current state-of-the-art for researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jontana Allkja
- Faculty of Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Sydney Infectious Disease Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anelise Maria Vasconcelos Alves
- Faculty of Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, Brazil
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- Faculty of Engineering, LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário - CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal
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12
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Gupta RK, Agrawal M, Keche A, Ganguly S. Morphological Diagnosis of Blastomycosis Clinically Presenting as Mycetoma in a Young Immunocompetent Indian Patient; A Diagnostic Dilemma. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:446-449. [PMID: 37822386 PMCID: PMC10564219 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_100_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous blastomycosis is very rare in non-endemic regions like India. Only few cases have been reported from India. Herein, we are reporting a rare case of chronic cutaneous blastomycosis in a young immunocompetent male presenting as mycetoma with multiple discharging sinuses in the anterior abdominal wall with no significant travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Gupta
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mousmi Agrawal
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Archana Keche
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Satyaki Ganguly
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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13
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Petrović E, Vrandečić K, Ivić D, Ćosić J, Godena S. First Report of Olive Branch Dieback in Croatia Caused by Cytospora pruinosa Défago. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1679. [PMID: 37512852 PMCID: PMC10384268 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a very important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Olive branch and fruit dieback symptoms were observed in two olive orchards in Istria, Croatia. The samples from symptomatic trees were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Based on their morphological characterization, isolated fungi were identified as Cytospora sp. Two representative isolates (one per orchard) were taken for molecular analysis, and based on DNA sequence data of the ITS and TUB gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, the isolates were identified as Cytospora pruinosa Défago. To determine pathogenicity, pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and two-year-old olive trees in the greenhouse. This is the first report of C. pruinosa causing olive branch and fruit dieback in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Petrović
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Karolina Vrandečić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dario Ivić
- Centre for Plant Protection, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Gorice 68b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Ćosić
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sara Godena
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
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14
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Luo X, Qu J, Ren M. Complete Genome Sequence Data of Novel Streptomyces angustmyceticus Strain CQUSa03, a Potential Biological Control Agent for Potato Oomycete and Fungal Diseases. Plant Dis 2023:PDIS08221927A. [PMID: 36428256 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1927-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces angustmyceticus CQUSa03 was recently isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a potato resistant variety, which showed strong biocontrol activity against potato late blight and other fungal diseases. To elucidate the biocontrol mechanism, the whole genome of CQUSa03 was sequenced using second-generation Illumina and third-generation Nanopore sequencing technologies. The assembled genome of CQUSa03 was 8,107,672 bp, containing one chromosome and three plasmids, with an average GC content of 72.29%, 6,914 protein-coding genes, 21 rRNA, and 68 tRNA. In addition, 29 important secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were identified in the CQUSa03 genome. The related genes of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase, which can degrade the cell wall of fungal pathogens, were also found. CQUSa03 is predicted to have great potential in agriculture by producing a variety of antagonistic active compounds, cell wall hydrolases, and bacteriostatic peptides to control diseases. The genome sequence provided a theoretical basis for analyzing the biocontrol mechanism of S. angustmyceticus CQUSa03 and laid a foundation for the development and industrialization of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Jingtao Qu
- CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center, Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
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15
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Woods M, McAlister JA, Geddes-McAlister J. A One Health approach to overcoming fungal disease and antifungal resistance. WIREs Mech Dis 2023:e1610. [PMID: 37102189 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of fungal disease poses a substantial threat to human, animal, and environmental health, endangering both human and livestock populations and creating vulnerabilities to food supplies world-wide. Antifungal drugs provide essential therapies to humans and animals against infections, while fungicides provide protection in agriculture. However, a limited arsenal of antifungal agents results in cross-use between agriculture and health, promoting the development of resistance, and drastically reducing our defenses against disease. Critically, antifungal resistant strains found ubiquitously within the natural environment demonstrate resistance to the same classes of antifungals used to treat human and animal infections, hindering effective treatment within the clinic. This interconnectivity supports the need for a One Health approach to combat fungal diseases and overcome antifungal resistance, ensuring that treatment and protection of a defined group does not inadvertently endanger or sacrifice other plants, animals, or humans. In this review, we present sources of antifungal resistance and discuss the integration of environmental and clinical resources to manage disease. Moreover, we explore opportunities for drug synergy and repurposing strategies, highlight fungal targets being investigated to overcome resistance, and propose technologies for the discovery of novel fungal targets. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woods
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason A McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Gago S, Gresnigt MS, Zelante T. Editorial: Exploring novel experimental systems to study the mechanistic basis of fungal infections. Front Fungal Biol 2023; 4:1195041. [PMID: 37746126 PMCID: PMC10512381 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1195041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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17
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Kailing MJ, Hoyt JR, White JP, Kaarakka HM, Redell JA, Leon AE, Rocke TE, DePue JE, Scullon WH, Parise KL, Foster JT, Kilpatrick AM, Langwig KE. Sex-biased infections scale to population impacts for an emerging wildlife disease. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230040. [PMID: 36946110 PMCID: PMC10031401 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Demographic factors are fundamental in shaping infectious disease dynamics. Aspects of populations that create structure, like age and sex, can affect patterns of transmission, infection intensity and population outcomes. However, studies rarely link these processes from individual to population-scale effects. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying demographic differences in disease are frequently unclear. Here, we explore sex-biased infections for a multi-host fungal disease of bats, white-nose syndrome, and link disease-associated mortality between sexes, the distortion of sex ratios and the potential mechanisms underlying sex differences in infection. We collected data on host traits, infection intensity and survival of five bat species at 42 sites across seven years. We found females were more infected than males for all five species. Females also had lower apparent survival over winter and accounted for a smaller proportion of populations over time. Notably, female-biased infections were evident by early hibernation and likely driven by sex-based differences in autumn mating behaviour. Male bats were more active during autumn which likely reduced replication of the cool-growing fungus. Higher disease impacts in female bats may have cascading effects on bat populations beyond the hibernation season by limiting recruitment and increasing the risk of Allee effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy J Kailing
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joseph R Hoyt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J Paul White
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53707, USA
| | | | | | - Ariel E Leon
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Tonie E Rocke
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - John E DePue
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Baraga, MI 49908, USA
| | | | - Katy L Parise
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Kate E Langwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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18
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Li Q, Xian L, Yuan L, Lin Z, Chen X, Wang J, Li T. The use of selenium for controlling plant fungal diseases and insect pests. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1102594. [PMID: 36909414 PMCID: PMC9992213 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The selenium (Se) applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental health have become great research interest in recent decades. As an essential nutrient for humans and animals, beneficial effects of Se on human health have been well documented. Although Se is not an essential element for plants, it does play important roles in improving plants' resistances to a broad of biotic and abiotic stresses. This review is focused on recent findings from studies on effects and mechanisms of Se on plant fungal diseases and insect pests. Se affects the plant resistance to fungal diseases by preventing the invasion of fungal pathogen through positively affecting plant defense to pathogens; and through negative effects on pathogen by destroying the cell membrane and cellular extensions of pathogen inside plant tissues after invasion; and changing the soil microbial community to safeguard plant cells against invading fungi. Plants, grown under Se enriched soils or treated with Se through foliar and soil applications, can metabolize Se into dimethyl selenide or dimethyl diselenide, which acts as an insect repellent compound to deter foraging and landing pests, thus providing plant mediated resistance to insect pests; moreover, Se can also lead to poisoning to some pests if toxic amounts of Se are fed, resulting in steady pest mortality, lower reproduction rate, negative effects on growth and development, thus shortening the life span of many insect pests. In present manuscript, reports are reviewed on Se-mediated plant resistance to fungal pathogens and insect pests. The future perspective of Se is also discussed on preventing the disease and pest control to protect plants from economic injuries and damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, and College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Limei Xian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, and College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Linxi Yuan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Xiaoren Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, and College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Nuangmek W, Kumla J, Khuna S, Lumyong S, Suwannarach N. Identification and Characterization of Fusarium Species Causing Watermelon Fruit Rot in Northern Thailand. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:956. [PMID: 36840303 PMCID: PMC9962979 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit rot caused by phytopathogenic fungi is one of the major diseases affecting watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) around the world, which can result in unmarketable fruits and significant economic losses. Fruit rot was observed on watermelons throughout the postharvest storage periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand in 2022. For the present study, a total of ten fungal isolates were isolated from the rot lesions of watermelons. All obtained fungal isolates were then characterized in terms of their pathogenicity. The results indicated that only four fungal isolates caused rot disease with similar symptoms during the postharvest storage period. Based on their morphological characteristics, these four fungal isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium. Using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses with a combination of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1), calmodulin (cam), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, the fungal isolates were subsequently identified as Fusarium compactum and F. paranaense. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that F. compactum and F. paranaense cause fruit rot disease in watermelons. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report F. compactum and F. paranaense as novel pathogens of watermelon fruit rot both in Thailand and elsewhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipornpan Nuangmek
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Surapong Khuna
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Miyasato EM, Cardinale BJ. Impacts of Fungal Disease on Algal Biofuel Systems: Using Life Cycle Assessment to Compare Control Strategies. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:2602-2610. [PMID: 36734469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While climate change has incentivized attention on sustainable fuel sources, algae has positioned itself as a both promising and problematic biofuel feedstock. Diseases such as fungal pathogens cause costly algal feedstock crashes, but the life cycle assessments (LCAs) used to analyze the viability of algal feedstocks for biofuel have yet to consider the impact of disease on life cycle metrics. Here, we incorporate a disease model into a well-documented LCA for algal biorefineries to compare two sustainability metrics, energy return on investment (EROI) and global warming potential (GWP). We begin by showing that failure to consider disease leads to overly optimistic LCA metric outputs. Then, we compare two leading control strategies of disease─chemical and biological. Our analyses show that biological engineering of a multispecies consortium of algae has a greater positive impact on LCA metrics than chemical control of the fungal pathogen using a fungicide. We expand how and when bi-cultures might advantageously exhibit the "dilution effect" whereby differentially susceptible species exhibit compensatory dynamics that stabilize feedstock production. Our results emphasize the impact of disease and suggest that multispecies consortia of algae can be biologically engineered to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the economic viability of biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley J Cardinale
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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Lee RC, Grime CR, O'Driscoll K, Khentry Y, Farfan-Caceres LM, Tahghighi H, Kamphuis LG. Field Pea ( Pisum sativum) Germplasm Screening for Seedling Ascochyta Blight Resistance and Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Loci Associated with Resistance to Peyronellaea pinodes and Ascochyta koolunga. Phytopathology 2023; 113:265-276. [PMID: 35984372 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0051-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ascochyta blight is a damaging disease that affects the stems, leaves, and pods of field pea (Pisum sativum) and impacts yield and grain quality. In Australia, field pea Ascochyta blight is primarily caused by the necrotrophic fungal species Peyronellaea pinodes and Ascochyta koolunga. In this study, we screened 1,276 Pisum spp. germplasm accessions in seedling disease assays with a mix of three isolates of P. pinodes and 641 accessions with three mixed isolates of A. koolunga (513 accessions were screened with both species). A selection of three P. sativum accessions with low disease scores for either pathogen, or in some cases both, were crossed with Australian field pea varieties PBA Gunyah and PBA Oura, and recombinant inbred line populations were made. Populations at the F3:4 and F4:5 generation were phenotyped for their disease response to P. pinodes and A. koolunga, and genotypes were determined using the diversity arrays technology genotyping method. Marker-trait associations were identified using a genome-wide association study approach. Trait-associated loci were mapped to the published P. sativum genome assembly, and candidate resistance gene analogues were identified in the corresponding genomic regions. One locus on chromosome 2 (LG1) was associated with resistance to P. pinodes, and the 8 Mb genomic region contains 156 genes, two of which are serine/threonine protein kinases, putatively contributing to the resistance trait. A second locus on chromosome 5 (LG3) was associated with resistance to A. koolunga, and the 35 Mb region contains 488 genes, of which five are potential candidate resistance genes, including protein kinases, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, and an ethylene-responsive protein kinase homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Lee
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
| | - Christina R Grime
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
| | - Kane O'Driscoll
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
| | - Lina M Farfan-Caceres
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
| | - Hediyeh Tahghighi
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102 Australia
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Garg A, Urs A, Augustine J, Sharma P, Khurana N. Oral Localized Lesion on the Tongue in an Immunocompetent Individual: A Report of a Rare Case With a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e33469. [PMID: 36751234 PMCID: PMC9900046 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis (HP) is a sporadic deep fungal disease that rarely shows oral lesions in various clinical forms. It is usually associated with immunocompromised states, but oral HP has also been reported in many immunocompetent individuals. An unusual case of focal oral HP in a 65-year-old immunocompetent male is reported from New Delhi, India (non-endemic region) presenting with oral ulcerative lesions on the floor of the mouth and lateral surface of the tongue. This case report highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis for the success of the treatment of oral HP along with a thorough review of the literature on HP in immunocompetent patients with oral manifestations. The average age of immunocompetent patients with oral HP is 49.65 years with a marked male predilection. The most common intraoral site is the tongue, followed by the gingiva. Also, five intraosseous cases of HP in immunocompetent patients are reported, among which four are seen in patients from Africa and in a much younger age group (mean: 17.25 years).
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Constancio N, Higgins D, Hausbeck M, Szendrei Z. Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Host Plant Preference and Performance are Mediated by a Facultative Plant Pathogen of Onion. Environ Entomol 2022; 51:1158-1165. [PMID: 36351053 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insect vector and phytopathogen interactions are mediated by host plants. Insects interact with pathogens directly or indirectly and they may prefer host plants based on infection status. Performance on infected hosts varies depending on the type of pathogen involved. Species specific studies of economically important insects and phytopathogens are needed to understand how these interactions impact crop yields. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an economically devastating insect pest of onions (Allium cepa L., Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae) worldwide and it co-occurs simultaneously with many different pathogens. Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr) (Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae) is a generalist fungal pathogen that attacks onion foliage, causing tan lesions and decreasing yield. Onion thrips and C. coccodes represent two important pests of onions, but the relationship between onion thrips and C. coccodes infected onions has not been studied, and it is unclear if onion thrips contribute to the spread of C. coccodes in onion fields. A four-choice test with control, artificially injured, artificially injured + symptomatic, and inoculated-symptomatic onion suggests that onion thrips distinguish between hosts based on health status. Furthermore, a two-choice test with control, inoculated-asymptomatic, and inoculated-symptomatic onion pairings revealed that onion thrips distinguish between hosts based on infection status and prefer inoculated-symptomatic hosts. In a no-choice test, onion thrips numbers increased on inoculated-symptomatic plants compared to control or inoculated-asymptomatic plants. Overall, we found that onion thrips preferred and performed best on C. coccodes infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Constancio
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Doug Higgins
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mary Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zsofia Szendrei
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Lafuente MT, González-Candelas L. The Role of ABA in the Interaction between Citrus Fruit and Penicillium digitatum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415796. [PMID: 36555436 PMCID: PMC9779756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) protects citrus fruit against Penicillium digitatum infection. The global mechanisms involved in the role of ABA in the P. digitatum-citrus fruit interaction are unknown. Here, we determine the transcriptome differences between the Navelate (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) orange and its ABA-deficient mutant Pinalate, which is less resistant to infection. Low ABA levels may affect both the constitutive mechanisms that protect citrus fruit against P. digitatum and early responses to infection. The repression of terpenoid, phenylpropanoid and glutation metabolism; of oxidation-reduction processes; and of processes related to the defense response to fungus and plant hormone signal transduction may be one part of the constitutive defense reduced in the mutant against P. digitatum. Our results also provide potential targets for developing P. digitatum-citrus fruit-resistant varieties. Of those up-regulated by ABA, a thaumatin protein and a bifunctional inhibitor/LTP, which are relevant in plant immunity, were particularly remarkable. It is also worth highlighting chlorophyllase 1 (CLH1), induced by infection in Pinalate, and the OXS3 gene, which was down-regulated by ABA, because the absence of OXS3 activates ABA-responsive genes in plants.
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Zhang S, Sun H, Wang J, Shen J, He F, Chen D, Wang Y. The Regulatory Mechanisms and Control Technologies of Chilling Injury and Fungal Diseases of Postharvest Loquat Fruit. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3472. [PMID: 36559584 PMCID: PMC9784782 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Loquat is a popular fruit widely cultivated all over the world. It is rich in minerals and carotenoids and has high commercial value. At room temperature, loquat fruit is impressionable to water and nutritional losses, physical damage, and microbial decay, resulting in a short postharvest life. Low-temperature storage is routinely used to prolong the shelf life of loquat fruit; however, cold storage can also lead to lignification of flesh tissue, which is one of the major symptoms of chilling injury (CI), reducing the quality and economic value of the fruit. In addition, fruit decay caused by microbial infection is another important reason for postharvest losses of loquat. To reduce quality deterioration and optimize the postharvest storage strategies of loquat fruit, considerable progress has been made in the physiological and molecular biological studies of CI, microbial decay, and preservation technologies of loquat fruit during the postharvest phase in recent decades. This review summarizes the current research progress and provides a reference for the improvement of loquat fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Wang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
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Zhao X, Li K, Zheng S, Yang J, Chen C, Zheng X, Wang Y, Ye W. Diaporthe Diversity and Pathogenicity Revealed from a Broad Survey of Soybean Stem Blight in China. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2892-2903. [PMID: 35412334 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2785-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many species in the fungal Diaporthe (anamorph Phomopsis) genus have become a group of the most important pathogens that cause seed decay, stem and pot blight, and stem canker in soybean production worldwide, resulting in significant yield loss. Due to increased disease prevalence but a lack of research, we performed an extensive field survey to isolate and identify the Diaporthe species associated with soybean stem blight in six provinces of China between 2019 and 2020. A total of 92 Diaporthe isolates were identified based on morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analysis and classified into six species: D. longicolla, D. unshiuensis, D. sojae, D. caulivora, D. tectonigena, and an unknown Diaporthe sp. The most frequently identified species was D. longicolla with 57 isolates. High genetic diversity was observed for the D. longicolla isolates, and haplotype network analysis revealed a mixed structure among the population in the six provinces. In comparative pathogenicity assays, different virulence levels were observed among the 92 Diaporthe isolates. The results of this study provide new insights into the Diaporthe spp. associated with soybean stem blight in China and can help in the development of effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Kainan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Sujiao Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Khuna S, Kumla J, Thitla T, Nuangmek W, Lumyong S, Suwannarach N. Morphology, Molecular Identification, and Pathogenicity of Two Novel Fusarium Species Associated with Postharvest Fruit Rot of Cucurbits in Northern Thailand. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1135. [PMID: 36354902 PMCID: PMC9695044 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit rot of cucurbits caused by several pathogenic fungi has become an important postharvest disease worldwide. In 2022, fruit rot on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) was observed during the postharvest storage phase in the Chiang Mai and Phitsanulok Provinces of northern Thailand. These diseases can lead to significant economic losses. This present study was conducted to isolate the causal agent of fungi in lesions of fruit rot. A total of four fungal isolates were obtained, of which two isolates (SDBR-CMU422 and SDBR-CMU423) were obtained from rot lesions of watermelons, while the remaining isolates (SDBR-CMU424 and SDBR-CMU425) were obtained from rot lesions of muskmelons. All fungal isolates were identified using both morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. Morphologically, all isolated fungal isolates were classified into the genus Fusarium. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of a combination of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1), calmodulin (cam), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) genes reveled that four fungal isolates belonged to the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex and were distinct from all other known species. Thus, we have described them as two new species, namely F. citrullicola (SDBR-CMU422 and SDBR-CMU423) and F. melonis (SDBR-CMU424 and SDBR-CMU425). A full description, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree indicating the position of both new species have been provided. Moreover, pathogenicity tests were subsequently performed and the results showed that F. citrullicola and F. melonis caused symptoms of fruit rot on inoculated watermelon and muskmelon fruits, respectively. Notably, this outcome was indicative of the symptoms that appeared during the postharvest storage phase. To our knowledge, two new pathogenic fungi, F. citrullicola and F. melonis, are new causal agents of watermelon and muskmelon fruit rot, respectively. Importantly, these findings provide valuable information for the development of effective strategies for the monitoring and prevention of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapong Khuna
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tanapol Thitla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wipornpan Nuangmek
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Muang Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Shi X, Liu D, He X, Liu W, Yu F. Epidemic Identification of Fungal Diseases in Morchella Cultivation across China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1107. [PMID: 36294672 PMCID: PMC9604896 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) are world-renowned edible mushrooms (ascocarps) that are widely demanded in international markets. Morchella has been successfully artificially cultivated since 2012 in China and is rapidly becoming a new edible mushroom industry occupying up to 16,466 hectares in the 2021-2022 season. However, nearly 25% of the total cultivation area has annually suffered from fungal diseases. While a variety of morel pathogenic fungi have been reported their epidemic characteristics are unknown, particularly in regional or national scales. In this paper, ITS amplicon sequencing and microscopic examination were concurrently performed on the morel ascocarp lesions from 32 sites in 18 provinces across China. Results showed that Diploöspora longispora (75.48%), Clonostachys solani (5.04%), Mortierella gamsii (0.83%), Mortierella amoeboidea (0.37%) and Penicillium kongii (0.15%) were the putative pathogenic fungi. The long, oval, septate conidia of D. longispora was observed on all ascocarps. Oval asexual spores and sporogenic structures, such as those of Clonostachys, were also detected in C. solani infected samples with high ITS read abundance. Seven isolates of D. longispora were isolated from seven selected ascocarps lesions. The microscopic characteristics of pure cultures of these isolates were consistent with the morphological characteristics of ascocarps lesions. Diploöspora longispora had the highest amplification abundance in 93.75% of the samples, while C. solani had the highest amplification abundance in six biological samples (6.25%) of the remaining two sampling sites. The results demonstrate that D. longispora is a major culprit of morel fungal diseases. Other low-abundance non-host fungi appear to be saprophytic fungi infecting after D. longispora. This study provides data supporting the morphological and molecular identification and prevention of fungal diseases of morel ascocarps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shi
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Guizhou Kangqunyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liupanshui 553600, China
| | - Dong Liu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinhua He
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fuqiang Yu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Massi F, Marcianò D, Russo G, Stuknytė M, Arioli S, Mora D, Toffolatti SL. Evaluation of the Characteristics and Infectivity of the Secondary Inoculum Produced by Plasmopara viticola on Grapevine Leaves by Means of Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022;:e0101022. [PMID: 36250698 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the oomycete causing grapevine downy mildew, is one of the most important pathogens in viticulture. P. viticola is a polycyclic pathogen, able to carry out numerous secondary cycles of infection during a single vegetative grapevine season, by producing asexual spores (zoospores) within sporangia. The extent of these infections is strongly influenced by both the quantity (density) and quality (infectivity) of the inoculum produced by the pathogen. To date, the protocols for evaluating all these characteristics are quite limited and time-consuming and do not allow all the information to be obtained in a single run. In this study, a protocol combining flow cytometry (FCM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was developed to investigate the composition, the infection efficiency and the dynamics of the inoculum produced by P. viticola for secondary infection cycles. In our analyses, we identified different structures within the inoculum, including degenerated and intact sporangia. The latter have been sorted, and single sporangia were directly inoculated on grapevine leaf discs, thus allowing a thorough investigation of the infection dynamics and efficiency. In detail, we determined that, in our conditions, 8% of sporangia were able to infect the leaves and that on a susceptible variety, the time required by the pathogen to reach 50% of total infection is about 10 days. The analytical approach developed in this study could open a new perspective to shed light on the biology and epidemiology of this important pathogen. IMPORTANCE P. viticola secondary infections contribute significantly to the epidemiology of this important plant pathogen. However, the infection dynamics of asexual spores produced by this organism are still poorly investigated. The main challenges in dissecting the grapevine-P. viticola interaction in vitro are attributable to the biotrophic adaptation of the pathogen. This work provides new insights into the infection efficiency and dynamics imputable to P. viticola sporangia, contributing useful information on grapevine downy mildew epidemiology. Moreover, future applications of the sorting protocol developed in this work could yield a significant and positive impact in the study of P. viticola, providing unmatched resolution, precision, and accuracy compared with the traditional techniques.
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Raouani NEH, Claverie E, Randoux B, Chaveriat L, Yaseen Y, Yada B, Martin P, Cabrera JC, Jacques P, Reignault P, Magnin-Robert M, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A. Bio-Inspired Rhamnolipids, Cyclic Lipopeptides and a Chito-Oligosaccharide Confer Protection against Wheat Powdery Mildew and Inhibit Conidia Germination. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196672. [PMID: 36235207 PMCID: PMC9571057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant protection is mainly based on the application of synthetic pesticides to limit yield losses resulting from diseases. However, the use of more eco-friendly strategies for sustainable plant protection has become a necessity that could contribute to controlling pathogens through a direct antimicrobial effect and/or an induction of plant resistance. Three different families of natural or bioinspired compounds originated from bacterial or fungal strains have been evaluated to protect wheat against powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt). Thus, three bio-inspired mono-rhamnolipids (smRLs), three cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs, mycosubtilin (M), fengycin (F), surfactin (S)) applied individually and in mixtures (M + F and M + F + S), as well as a chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) BioA187 were tested against Bgt, in planta and in vitro. Only the three smRLs (Rh-Eth-C12, Rh-Est-C12 and Rh-Succ-C12), the two CLP mixtures and the BioA187 led to a partial protection of wheat against Bgt. The higher inhibitor effects on the germination of Bgt spores in vitro were observed from smRLs Rh-Eth-C12 and Rh-Succ-C12, mycosubtilin and the two CLP mixtures. Taking together, these results revealed that such molecules could constitute promising tools for a more eco-friendly agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Houda Raouani
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d’Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Elodie Claverie
- Materia Nova ASBL, Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d’Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Ludovic Chaveriat
- ULR 7519—Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Université d’Artois, UnilaSalle, CEDEX CS 20819, 62408 Béthune, France
| | - Yazen Yaseen
- Lipofabrik, Parc d’Activités du Mélantois, 917 Rue des Saules, 59810 Lesquin, France
| | - Bopha Yada
- Materia Nova ASBL, Avenue du Champ de Mars 6, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Martin
- ULR 7519—Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Université d’Artois, UnilaSalle, CEDEX CS 20819, 62408 Béthune, France
| | | | - Philippe Jacques
- JUNIA, Joint Research Unit UMRt 1158-INRAE, BioEcoAgro, Équipe Métabolites Spécialisés d’Origine Végétale, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, University Artois, ULCO, 48, Boulevard Vauban, CEDEX BP 41290, 59014 Lille, France
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Équipe Métabolites Spécialisés d’Origine Végétale, Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d’Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d’Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France
- Correspondence: (M.M.-R.); (A.L.-H.S.)
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université Littoral Côte d’Opale, CEDEX CS 80699, 62228 Calais, France
- Correspondence: (M.M.-R.); (A.L.-H.S.)
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Meng J, Zhang D, Pan J, Wang X, Zeng C, Zhu K, Wang F, Liu J, Li G. High-Quality Genome Sequence Resource of Lasiodiplodia theobromae JMB122, a Fungal Pathogen Causing Peach Gummosis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:938-940. [PMID: 36176215 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-22-0013-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chunfa Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangxi Oil-tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guohuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology-Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China
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Hepler SA, Kaufeld KA, Benedict K, Toda M, Jackson BR, Liu X, Kline D. Integrating Public Health Surveillance and Environmental Data to Model Presence of Histoplasma in the United States. Epidemiology 2022; 33:654-659. [PMID: 35545229 PMCID: PMC9345522 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the true geographic distribution of the environmental fungus Histoplasma capsulatum remains poorly understood but appears to have changed since it was first characterized. Histoplasmosis is caused by inhalation of the fungus and can range in severity from asymptomatic to life threatening. Due to limited public health surveillance and under detection of infections, it is challenging to directly use reported case data to characterize spatial risk. METHODS Using monthly and yearly county-level public health surveillance data and various environmental and socioeconomic characteristics, we use a spatio-temporal occupancy model to estimate latent, or unobserved, presence of H. capsulatum , accounting for imperfect detection of histoplasmosis cases. RESULTS We estimate areas with higher probabilities of the presence of H. capsulatum in the East North Central states around the Great Lakes, reflecting a shift of the endemic region to the north from previous estimates. The presence of H. capsulatum was strongly associated with higher soil nitrogen levels. CONCLUSIONS In this investigation, we were able to mitigate challenges related to reporting and illustrate a shift in the endemic region from historical estimates. This work aims to help inform future surveillance needs, clinical awareness, and testing decisions for histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci A. Hepler
- From the Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | | | - Mitsuru Toda
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Xiaonan Liu
- From the Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - David Kline
- Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Alam ST, Sarowar S, Mondal HA, Makandar R, Chowdhury Z, Louis J, Shah J. Opposing effects of MYZUS PERSICAE-INDUCED LIPASE 1 and jasmonic acid influence the outcome of Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium graminearum interaction. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:1141-1153. [PMID: 35396792 PMCID: PMC9276950 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is an important fungal pathogen of small grain cereals that can also infect Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, jasmonic acid (JA) signalling involving JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 (JAR1), which synthesizes JA-isoleucine, a signalling form of JA, promotes susceptibility to Fg. Here we show that Arabidopsis MYZUS PERSICAE-INDUCED LIPASE 1 (MPL1), via its influence on limiting JA accumulation, restricts Fg infection. MPL1 expression was up-regulated in response to Fg infection, and MPL1-OE plants, which overexpress MPL1, exhibited enhanced resistance against Fg. In comparison, disease severity was higher on the mpl1 mutant than the wild type. JA content was lower in MPL1-OE and higher in mpl1 than in the wild type, indicating that MPL1 limits JA accumulation. Pharmacological experiments confirmed the importance of MPL1-determined restriction of JA accumulation on curtailment of Fg infection. Methyl-JA application attenuated the MPL1-OE-conferred resistance, while the JA biosynthesis inhibitor ibuprofen enhanced resistance in mpl1. Also, the JA biosynthesis-defective opr3 mutant was epistatic to mpl1, resulting in enhanced resistance in mpl1 opr3 plants. In comparison, JAR1 was not essential for the mpl1-conferred susceptibility to Fg. Considering that methyl-JA promotes Fg growth in culture, we suggest that in part MPL1 curtails disease by limiting the availability of a plant-derived Fg growth-promoting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda T. Alam
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Sujon Sarowar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Present address:
Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceChatsworthNew JerseyUSA
| | - Hossain A. Mondal
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- College of Postgraduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences (CPGS‐AS)under Central Agricultural UniversityImphalIndia
| | - Ragiba Makandar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of HyderabadGachibowliIndia
| | - Zulkarnain Chowdhury
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Department of Entomology and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
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Labanska M, van Amsterdam S, Jenkins S, Clarkson JP, Covington JA. Preliminary Studies on Detection of Fusarium Basal Rot Infection in Onions and Shallots Using Electronic Nose. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22145453. [PMID: 35891126 PMCID: PMC9315870 DOI: 10.3390/s22145453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of crop health status and early disease detection are critical for implementing a fast response to a pathogen attack, managing crop infection, and minimizing the risk of disease spreading. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, which causes fusarium basal rot disease, is considered one of the most harmful pathogens of onion and accounts for considerable crop losses annually. In this work, the capability of the PEN 3 electronic nose system to detect onion and shallot bulbs infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae, to track the progression of fungal infection, and to discriminate between the varying proportions of infected onion bulbs was evaluated. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report on successful application of an electronic nose to detect fungal infections in post-harvest onion and shallot bulbs. Sensor array responses combined with PCA provided a clear discrimination between non-infected and infected onion and shallot bulbs as well as differentiation between samples with varying proportions of infected bulbs. Classification models based on LDA, SVM, and k-NN algorithms successfully differentiate among various rates of infected bulbs in the samples with accuracy up to 96.9%. Therefore, the electronic nose was proved to be a potentially useful tool for rapid, non-destructive monitoring of the post-harvest crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Labanska
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - Sarah van Amsterdam
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK; (S.v.A.); (S.J.); (J.P.C.)
| | - Sascha Jenkins
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK; (S.v.A.); (S.J.); (J.P.C.)
| | - John P. Clarkson
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK; (S.v.A.); (S.J.); (J.P.C.)
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Kassaza K, Wasswa F, Nielsen K, Bazira J. Cryptococcus neoformans Genotypic Diversity and Disease Outcome among HIV Patients in Africa. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070734. [PMID: 35887489 PMCID: PMC9325144 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, a disease with poor patient outcomes, remains the most prevalent invasive fungal infection worldwide, accounting for approximately 180,000 deaths each year. In several areas of sub-Saharan Africa with the highest HIV prevalence, cryptococcal meningitis is the leading cause of community-acquired meningitis, with a high mortality among HIV-infected individuals. Recent studies show that patient disease outcomes are impacted by the genetics of the infecting isolate. Yet, there is still limited knowledge of how these genotypic variations contribute to clinical disease outcome. Further, it is unclear how the genetic heterogeneity of C. neoformans and the extensive phenotypic variation observed between and within isolates affects infection and disease. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of how various genotypes impact disease progression and patient outcome in HIV-positive populations in sub-Saharan African, a setting with a high burden of cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Kassaza
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda; (K.K.); (F.W.)
| | - Fredrickson Wasswa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda; (K.K.); (F.W.)
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Joel Bazira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda; (K.K.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (J.B.)
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Liu BC, Chen JY, Zhang WJ, Huang YZ, Zhao YQ. First Report of Corynespora cassiicola Causing Leaf spot of Strobilanthes cusia in China. Plant Dis 2022; 107:561. [PMID: 35802128 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-22-0635-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze is a vital medicinal and industrial herb, planted extensively in southern China (Hu, et al. 2011.). In July and August of 2021, leaf spot incidence on >60% plants and reduced yields >20% for fresh leaves were observed in S. cusia cultivar 'Malan No.1' across the Shufeng whole Township, Xianyou County, Fujian province. Initial symptoms on leaves were observed as small, dark-brown, spots surrounded by a yellow halo, expanding irregularly or into semicircular spots. As symptoms developed, the spots became dark brown, thin and fragile, forming small holes. In severe cases plants were defoliated. The pathogen was isolated from the margin of 60 symptomatic leaf lesions, surfacesterilized with 75% ethanol for 45 s, rinsed three times with sterile water, air dried, and cultured on PDA at 25°C in the dark. Pure cultures were obtained by single-spore isolation after subculture. Ten representative single-spore isolates (MY-1 to MY-10) from 154 pathogens in 10 sampling points were selected for morphological characterization and identification. After 7 days, mycelial colonies were gray to dark gray with few aerial hyphae. Conidia (32.3 to 132.8 × 5.8 to 8.4 μm, average 81.4 × 6.3 μm, n=50) were pale to brown, erect or curved, solitary or in chains, with 0 to 15 pseudosepta. Based on morphological characteristics, the isolates were preliminarily identified as Corynespora cassiicola. Genomic DNA of isolate MY-2 (randomly selected from 10 isolates as representative) was extracted from mycelia using the Ezup DNA extraction kit (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China). The ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of rDNA, TEF1-α (translation elongation factor 1 alpha) and TUB2 (beta-tubulin) genes were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS4/ITS5, EF1-728F/EF-986R (Wang et al. 2021) and Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass et al. 1995), respectively. BLASTN sequence analyses of ITS (538 bp), TEF1-α (302 bp) and TUB2 (436 bp) of isolate MY-2 (GenBank accessions OK355515, OM339443, OM339442) showed 100%, 97.6%, 100% identity with C. cassiicola in GenBank (Accession numbers JX908713, MW961421, AB539228). A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and TEF1-α sequences using MEGA7 showed that MY-2 clustered in the same clade with C. cassiicola. For pathogenicity tests, five S. cusia plants were inoculated onto the adaxial surface of leaves with mycelial plugs from ten isolates of 8-day-oldcultures on PDA. Five leaves per plant were inoculated, covered with wet cotton, and kept in a controlled greenhouse (26~33 °C, RH 80% ~ 90%). Leaves inoculated with sterile PDA plugs served as a negative control. At 3-5 days post inoculation, all 25 inoculated leaves of each isolate showed leaf spot lesions similar to those observed in the field, and control leaves were symptomless. C. cassiicola was successfully reisolated from the diseased leaves. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times under the same conditions and similar results were observed. In view of morphology, pathogenicity and sequence results, the isolates were identified as C. cassiicola, a pathogen reported from many important crops (Lu et al. 2021). This is the first report of C. cassiicola as a pathogen in China which poses a potential threat to leaf production and S. cusia processing. References: Glass, N. L., et al. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microb. 61:1323 Hu, J.Q., et al. 2011. Flora of China. Science Press, Beijing, China. Volume 19: 407 Li, Q.L., et al. 2013. Plant Dis. 97 (5): 690 Lu, P. et al. 2021. Plant Dis. 105:3753 Wang S. H., et al. 2021.Forest Pathology, 51(2):1 Keywords: fungal disease, Strobilanthes cusia, medicinal plants, etiology, leaf spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Cai Liu
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 107629, Agricultural Bioresource Institute, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, 350003;
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Gonçalves SM, Ferreira AV, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Targeting immunometabolism in host-directed therapies to fungal disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:158-166. [PMID: 35641161 PMCID: PMC9188340 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections affect over a billion people and are responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths each year. Despite progress in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, the management of severe fungal infections remains a challenge. Recently, the reprogramming of cellular metabolism has emerged as a central mechanism through which the effector functions of immune cells are supported to promote antifungal activity. An improved understanding of the immunometabolic signatures that orchestrate antifungal immunity, together with the dissection of the mechanisms that underlie heterogeneity in individual immune responses, may therefore unveil new targets amenable to adjunctive host-directed therapies. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the metabolic regulation of host-fungus interactions and antifungal immune responses, and outline targetable pathways and mechanisms with promising therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Anaísa V Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
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Romero F, Cazzato S, Walder F, Vogelgsang S, Bender SF, van der Heijden MGA. Humidity and high temperature are important for predicting fungal disease outbreaks worldwide. New Phytol 2022; 234:1553-1556. [PMID: 33713447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Romero
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Cazzato
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Florian Walder
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - S Franz Bender
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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Abbasi M, Aime MC, Yadav B, Brar GS. First report of Uromyces rumicis on Rumex crispus in Canada. Plant Dis 2022; 107:224. [PMID: 35640948 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0846-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rumex crispus L. (curled dock) is a noxious weed in both grasslands (mainly pastures) and arable lands, but is also an early colonizer of many disturbed areas in lowland and upland regions. Rumex crispus is of agricultural significance because it competes with sown or native pasture and crops species and occupies areas that could be utilized by more palatable crop species. Rumex crispus can grow on almost all soil types but less often on peat and acidic soils. The range of altitude to which the species has become adapted varies from sea level to 3,500 m (Zaller 2004). This plant species has Eurasian origin and is widely distributed through temperate regions of North America as an introduced species. There is no previous rust report on R. crispus in Canada. On other Rumex species two Puccinia species viz. Puccinia acetosae (Schumach.) Körn., and P. ornata Arthur & Holw., have been previously reported from Canada (Farr & Rossman 2022). During the recent field survey from southern British Columbia, Langley, heavily rust infected leaves of R. crispus were observed. Uredinia and telia were present on both sides of the leaf mainly on the lower side. Uredinia early exposed, brown, and pulverulent. Urediniospores were obovoid, ellipsoid or oblong, measuring 20-28 × 17-23 µm. Urediniospore walls are yellowish brown to brown, 1.5-2 µm thick; covered in evenly distributed echinulae, spaced 2 to 3 μm apart, with smooth (non-echinulate) patches at the equator of the urediniospores. Urediniospores with 2- (mostly 3 and less often 2) germ pores, usually supraequatorial (at the upper part of the spore), or distributed irregularly (scattered), or 2 germ pores supraequatorial, one equatorial or all germ pores equatorial, germ pores covered with flat papilla. Telia similar to the uredinia, dark brown. Teliospores more or less globoid, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, obovoid or oblong, 25--36 × 15-23 µm, brownish yellow to brown, smooth, 2-3 um thick, with apical or sup-apical germ pore, covered with a hemispherical, yellowish papilla, pedicels colorless, short. The above-mentioned characters fit Majewski's (1977) description for Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter. To confirm identity, the first 903 bp of the 5' end of the 28S rDNA of the above specimen was amplified following protocols of Aime (2006) and Aime et al. (2018) (GenBank accession no. ON166844). BLAST queries of the sequence shared 99.56% identity (900/903) with U. rumicis (GenBank accession no. KY764197). To our knowledge this is the first report of U. rumicis from Canada (Farr and Rossma 2022). There is only one previous published report of this rust species in North America made by French (1989) who reported U. rumicis on R. crispus from California. Uromyces rumicis is quite common on Rumex species including R. crispus in Eurasia and has also been reported on this host from Africa (Farr and Rossman 2022). It appears that the above rust fungus species may have been introduced to the North America by accompanying its host plant. A voucher specimen of infected R. crispus with U. rumicis was deposited at Arthur Fungarium (PUR) under the accession number PUR N24014. Uromyces rumicis is a heteromacrocyclic rust with aecial state on Ranunculaceae members especially Ranunculus ficaria L. This species is another introduced plant in North America. However, there is no report of the aecial state of this rust in North America to date. Existence of only two reports of U. rumicis in California and British Columbia, making it likely that U. rumicis became established in the West Coast of North America probably no earlier than the second half of the 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Abbasi
- The University of British Columbia Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 117198, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Mary Catherine Aime
- Purdue University, 311308, Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States;
| | - Bharat Yadav
- The University of British Columbia Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 117198, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Gurcharn Singh Brar
- The University of British Columbia, 8166, Plant Sciences, 231-2357 Main Mall, H.R. MacMillan Building, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4;
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Perfect JR, Krysan DJ, Del Poeta M, Selmecki AM, Brown JCS, Cowen LE. Editorial: Antifungal Pipeline: Build It Strong; Build It Better! Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:881272. [PMID: 35372097 PMCID: PMC8965832 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.881272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: John R. Perfect,
| | - Damian J. Krysan
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
| | - Anna M. Selmecki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jessica C. S. Brown
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lan YH, Shaw DC, Lee EH, Beedlow PA. Distribution of a Foliage Disease Fungus Within Canopies of Mature Douglas-Fir in Western Oregon. Front For Glob Change 2022; 5:1-15. [PMID: 36278245 PMCID: PMC9580348 DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2022.743039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii is a common native, endophytic fungus of Douglas-fir foliage, which causes Swiss needle cast, an important foliage disease that is considered a threat to Douglas-fir plantations in Oregon. Disease expression is influenced by fungal fruiting bodies (pseudothecia), which plug the stomata and inhibit gas exchange. Trees are impacted when pseudothecia plug stomates on 1-year-old and older needles resulting in early needle abscission. Mature (100 years+) trees appear to be less impacted from disease, and we hypothesize this is due to the greater emergence of pseudothecia on older than younger needles, which allows for more needle retention. We measured the density of pseudothecia occluding stomates across 2- to 5-year-old needles from upper, middle, and lower canopy positions of mature trees at three sites in the Oregon Coast Range and two sites in the western Oregon Cascade Mountains. Binomial generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to test for the effects of canopy position (upper, middle, and lower), sites, needle age (2-5 years old), and years (2016 and 2017), and their interactions on the pseudothecia density. Pseudothecia density varied annually depending on sites, needle age and canopy positions. Pseudothecia density peaked on 3-, and 4-year-old needles, however, needles emerging from the same year, like 2-year-old needles in 2016 and 3-year-old needles in 2017 both emerged in 2014, had consistently similar patterns of pseudothecia density for both years, across site and canopy positions. Canopy position was important for 3-, and 4-year-old needles, showing less pseudothecia in the lower canopy. This research confirms that N. gaeumannii pseudothecia density is greatest in 3- and 4-year old needles in mature trees in contrast to plantations where pseudothecia density usually peaks on 2-year-old needles, and that pseudothecia density (disease severity) is generally lower in mature trees. Something about mature forest canopies and foliage appears to increase the time it takes for pseudothecia to emerge from the needles, in contrast to younger plantations, thus allowing the mature trees to have greater needle retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiang Lan
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Correspondence: Yung-Hsiang Lan,
| | - David C. Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - E. Henry Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Peter A. Beedlow
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Suwannarach N, Khuna S, Kumla J, Cheewangkoon R, Suttiprapan P, Lumyong S. Morphology Characterization, Molecular Identification, and Pathogenicity of Fungal Pathogen Causing Kaffir Lime Leaf Blight in Northern Thailand. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:273. [PMID: 35161253 PMCID: PMC8838810 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thailand is known to be the largest producer of kaffir lime leaf products in the global market. In 2021, leaf blight was found on kaffir lime plants (Citrus hystrix DC.) in Lamphun Province of northern Thailand. This disease has been associated with significant economic losses. However, there have been no prior reports of leaf blight on kaffir lime plants in Thailand or anywhere else in the world. In this study, causal fungi were isolated from lesions of kaffir lime plants and a total of three fungal isolates were obtained. All causal fungi were identified as Lasiodiplodia chinensis based on morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analysis of combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1), β-tubulin (tub), and RNA polymerase II subunit (rbp2) genes. Pathogenicity tests were conducted and the results revealed that all isolated fungi caused symptoms of leaf blight on inoculated leaves. This outcome was similar to symptoms that naturally occur and have been observed in the field. This is the first report on kaffir lime leaf blight caused by L. chinensis. Our study will provide information of high value for the development of effective strategies for the monitoring and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.K.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Surapong Khuna
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.K.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.K.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.K.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Suttiprapan
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.K.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.K.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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Rayens E, Norris KA. Prevalence and Healthcare Burden of Fungal Infections in the United States, 2018. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofab593. [PMID: 35036461 PMCID: PMC8754384 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal infections are responsible for >1.5 million deaths globally per year, primarily in those with compromised immune function. This is concerning as the number of immunocompromised patients, especially in those without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has risen in the past decade. The purpose of this analysis was to provide the current prevalence and impact of fungal disease in the United States. Methods We analyzed hospital discharge data from the most recent (2018) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, and outpatient visit data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Costs are presented in 2018 United States (US) dollars. Results In the 35.5 million inpatient visits documented in 2018 in the US, approximately 666 235 fungal infections were diagnosed, with an estimated attributable cost of $6.7 billion. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Candida infections accounted for 76.3% of fungal infections diagnosed, and 81.1% of associated costs. Most fungal disease occurred in patients with elevated risk of infection. The visit costs, lengths of stay, and risks of mortality in this population were more than twice that of those without fungal diagnoses. A further 6.6 million fungal infections were diagnosed during outpatient visits. Conclusions Fungal disease is a serious clinical concern with substantial healthcare costs and significant increases in morbidity and mortality, particularly among predisposed patients. Increased surveillance, standardized treatment guidelines, and improvement in diagnostics and therapeutics are needed to support the rising numbers of at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rayens
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen A Norris
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Yvon C, Abdulla D, Watson S, Bagwan I, Mclean C. Frontal sinus infection leading to sino-orbital aspergillosis: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:95. [PMID: 34909083 PMCID: PMC8607949 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.95.28261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sino-orbital aspergillosis is an uncommon but aggressive infection. It rarely originates from the frontal sinus due to the complex anatomy of the frontal recess and anteromedial position of its ostium. An 87-year-old man of Nigerian heritage with a history of multiple myeloma, chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, presented to the eye clinic with a right tense swollen eyelid and proptosis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed a right superomedial mass communicating with the frontal sinus and biopsy confirmed an orbital aspergilloma. The patient was successfully treated with debulking surgery and anti-fungal treatment despite developing side effects to the drugs. To improve prognosis, ophthalmologists should be aware of this distinct entity and use a multi-disciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Yvon
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Didar Abdulla
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Watson
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Izhar Bagwan
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Engebretsen SR, Srikantha L, Bathula SS. Rapidly Progressive Orbital Apex Syndrome Due to Scedosporium apiospermum Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Cureus 2021; 13:e18541. [PMID: 34754687 PMCID: PMC8570618 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Scedosporium apiospermum is a ubiquitous, highly resistant opportunistic fungus found in sewage and polluted waters and may infect the paranasal sinuses. Orbital Apex Syndrome may occur following trauma, surgery, or infection. An 80-year-old male with diabetes mellitus and mild dementia underwent uncomplicated, bilateral functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis with polyposis. Initial pathology was reported as non-invasive bacterial and fungal species. On postoperative day 4, he had sudden right vision loss and abducens nerve palsy. Imaging noted violation of the lamina papyracea and inflammation of the optic nerve without compression. Medical therapy was begun and the patient developed sudden vision loss of the left eye. The patient then underwent emergent surgical decompression of both optic nerves. A final culture from the original surgery of S. apiospermum was made on postoperative day 10. Aggressive medical therapy was continued and the patient ultimately expired from complications of medical therapy and other underlying conditions. Trauma to the delicate bony walls of the orbit during sinus surgery in an immunocompromised patient who is unknowingly colonized with S. apiospermum can lead to the rapid spread of this highly neurotoxic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Engebretsen
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Detroit Medical Center, Michigan State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Luxman Srikantha
- Otolaryngology, Detroit Medical Center, Michigan State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Samba Siva Bathula
- Otolaryngology, Detroit Medical Center, Michigan State University, Detroit, USA
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Xiao L, Yu M, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhang R, Wang J, Guo H, Zhang H, Guo X, Deng T, Lv S, Li X, Huang J, Fan G. Chromosome-scale assembly reveals asymmetric paleo-subgenome evolution and targets for the acceleration of fungal resistance breeding in the nut crop, pecan. Plant Commun 2021; 2:100247. [PMID: 34778752 PMCID: PMC8577110 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a tree nut crop of worldwide economic importance that is rich in health-promoting factors. However, pecan production and nut quality are greatly challenged by environmental stresses such as the outbreak of severe fungal diseases. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly of the controlled-cross pecan cultivar 'Pawnee' constructed by integrating Nanopore sequencing and Hi-C technologies. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses reveal two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events and two paleo-subgenomes in pecan and walnut. Time estimates suggest that the recent WGD event and considerable genome rearrangements in pecan and walnut account for expansions in genome size and chromosome number after the divergence from bayberry. The two paleo-subgenomes differ in size and protein-coding gene sets. They exhibit uneven ancient gene loss, asymmetrical distribution of transposable elements (especially LTR/Copia and LTR/Gypsy), and expansions in transcription factor families (such as the extreme pecan-specific expansion in the far-red impaired response 1 family), which are likely to reflect the long evolutionary history of species in the Juglandaceae. A whole-genome scan of resequencing data from 86 pecan scab-associated core accessions identified 47 chromosome regions containing 185 putative candidate genes. Significant changes were detected in the expression of candidate genes associated with the chitin response pathway under chitin treatment in the scab-resistant and scab-susceptible cultivars 'Excell' and 'Pawnee'. These findings enable us to identify key genes that may be important susceptibility factors for fungal diseases in pecan. The high-quality sequences are valuable resources for pecan breeders and will provide a foundation for the production and quality improvement of tree nut crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St. Lin'an District, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Mengjun Yu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St. Lin'an District, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jie Hu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St. Lin'an District, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haobing Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
| | | | - Saibin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St. Lin'an District, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St. Lin'an District, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu St. Lin'an District, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 2 Hengyunshan Rd. Huangdao District, Qingdao 266555, China
- Corresponding author
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Abstract
Mucormycosis is an aggressive and potentially fatal invasive fungal infection. The most common form of mucormycosis is rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). While it is commonly seen in immunocompromised patients, it is also known to affect healthy individuals. The global disease burden of ROCM has increased significantly following the surge in cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Endoscopic sinus debridement, systemic antifungal therapy, and control of the underlying immunosuppressive condition are essential for the management of ROCM. Orbital involvement, however, presents a challenge to clinicians. Intervention strategies that have been described to treat orbital disease include orbital exenteration, conservative orbital debridement with or without irrigation with amphotericin B and transcutaneous retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B (TRAMB). Currently, there is a lack of clarity regarding the indications and outcomes of TRAMB as a treatment modality. In this review, the drug formulations used, the complications, and outcomes of previously described cases that have used TRAMB in cases of ROCM are discussed. Favorable outcomes following TRAMB depend on appropriate patient selection and radiological evidence of the orbital burden of the disease. This review aims to familiarize clinicians with objective parameters for patient selection for TRAMB, namely the extent of the disease, the clinical features, and radiological findings; viz. the clinical interpretation of areas of contrast uptake and those of necrosis. TRAMB can be considered as a viable option in select cases of orbital mucormycosis where exenteration or debridement are not indicated, or when there is limited orbital disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Gopinathan Nair
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and Ocular Oncology Services, Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Advanced Eye Hospital & Institute, Navi Mumbai, India.,Department of Ophthalmology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and Ocular Oncology Services, R. Jhunjhunwala Sankara Eye Hospital, Panvel, India
| | - Tarjani Vivek Dave
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Bauer I, Graessle S. Fungal Lysine Deacetylases in Virulence, Resistance, and Production of Small Bioactive Compounds. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1470. [PMID: 34680865 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of immunocompromised patients begs for efficient therapy strategies against invasive fungal infections. As conventional antifungal treatment is increasingly hampered by resistance to commonly used antifungals, development of novel therapy regimens is required. On the other hand, numerous fungal species are industrially exploited as cell factories of enzymes and chemicals or as producers of medically relevant pharmaceuticals. Consequently, there is immense interest in tapping the almost inexhaustible fungal portfolio of natural products for potential medical and industrial applications. Both the pathogenicity and production of those small metabolites are significantly dependent on the acetylation status of distinct regulatory proteins. Thus, classical lysine deacetylases (KDACs) are crucial virulence determinants and important regulators of natural products of fungi. In this review, we present an overview of the members of classical KDACs and their complexes in filamentous fungi. Further, we discuss the impact of the genetic manipulation of KDACs on the pathogenicity and production of bioactive molecules. Special consideration is given to inhibitors of these enzymes and their role as potential new antifungals and emerging tools for the discovery of novel pharmaceutical drugs and antibiotics in fungal producer strains.
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Lafuente MT, Romero P, González-Candelas L. Albedo- and Flavedo-Specific Transcriptome Profiling Related to Penicillium digitatum Infection in Citrus Fruit. Foods 2021; 10:2196. [PMID: 34574307 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit. Although the inner fruit peel part (albedo) is less resistant than the outer part (flavedo) to P. digitatum, the global mechanisms involved in their different susceptibility remain unknown. Here, we examine transcriptome differences between both tissues at fruit harvest and in their early responses to infection. At harvest, not only was secondary metabolism, involving phenylpropanoids, waxes, and terpenoids, generally induced in flavedo vs. albedo, but also energy metabolism, transcription factors (TFs), and biotic stress-related hormones and proteins too. Flavedo-specific induced responses to infection might be regulated in part by ERF1 TF, and are related to structural plant cell wall reinforcement. Other induced responses may be related to H2O2, the synthesis of phenylpropanoids, and the stress-related proteins required to maintain basal defense responses against virulent pathogens, whereas P. digitatum represses some hydrolase-encoding genes that play different functions and auxin-responsive genes in this peel tissue. In infected albedo, the repression of transport and signal transduction prevail, as does the induction of not only the processes related to the synthesis of flavonoids, indole glucosinolates, cutin, and oxylipins, but also the specific genes that elicit plant immunity against pathogens.
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50
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Pépin N, Hebert FO, Joly DL. Genome-Wide Characterization of the MLO Gene Family in Cannabis sativa Reveals Two Genes as Strong Candidates for Powdery Mildew Susceptibility. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:729261. [PMID: 34589104 PMCID: PMC8475652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.729261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is increasingly being grown around the world for medicinal, industrial, and recreational purposes. As in all cultivated plants, cannabis is exposed to a wide range of pathogens, including powdery mildew (PM). This fungal disease stresses cannabis plants and reduces flower bud quality, resulting in significant economic losses for licensed producers. The Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family encodes plant-specific proteins distributed among conserved clades, of which clades IV and V are known to be involved in susceptibility to PM in monocots and dicots, respectively. In several studies, the inactivation of those genes resulted in durable resistance to the disease. In this study, we identified and characterized the MLO gene family members in five different cannabis genomes. Fifteen Cannabis sativa MLO (CsMLO) genes were manually curated in cannabis, with numbers varying between 14, 17, 19, 18, and 18 for CBDRx, Jamaican Lion female, Jamaican Lion male, Purple Kush, and Finola, respectively (when considering paralogs and incomplete genes). Further analysis of the CsMLO genes and their deduced protein sequences revealed that many characteristics of the gene family, such as the presence of seven transmembrane domains, the MLO functional domain, and particular amino acid positions, were present and well conserved. Phylogenetic analysis of the MLO protein sequences from all five cannabis genomes and other plant species indicated seven distinct clades (I through VII), as reported in other crops. Expression analysis revealed that the CsMLOs from clade V, CsMLO1 and CsMLO4, were significantly upregulated following Golovinomyces ambrosiae infection, providing preliminary evidence that they could be involved in PM susceptibility. Finally, the examination of variation within CsMLO1 and CsMLO4 in 32 cannabis cultivars revealed several amino acid changes, which could affect their function. Altogether, cannabis MLO genes were identified and characterized, among which candidates potentially involved in PM susceptibility were noted. The results of this study will lay the foundation for further investigations, such as the functional characterization of clade V MLOs as well as the potential impact of the amino acid changes reported. Those will be useful for breeding purposes in order to develop resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Pépin
- Centre d’Innovation et de Recherche sur le Cannabis, Université de Moncton, Département de biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Francois Olivier Hebert
- Centre d’Innovation et de Recherche sur le Cannabis, Université de Moncton, Département de biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Institut National des Cannabinoïdes, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David L. Joly
- Centre d’Innovation et de Recherche sur le Cannabis, Université de Moncton, Département de biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada
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