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Massarutto A. Monetary evaluation in LCA of WM: Everything engineers always wanted to know about it (but were afraid to ask). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:12-25. [PMID: 38367296 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
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2
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Pironon S, Ondo I, Diazgranados M, Allkin R, Baquero AC, Cámara-Leret R, Canteiro C, Dennehy-Carr Z, Govaerts R, Hargreaves S, Hudson AJ, Lemmens R, Milliken W, Nesbitt M, Patmore K, Schmelzer G, Turner RM, van Andel TR, Ulian T, Antonelli A, Willis KJ. The global distribution of plants used by humans. Science 2024; 383:293-297. [PMID: 38236975 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants sustain human life. Understanding geographic patterns of the diversity of species used by people is thus essential for the sustainable management of plant resources. Here, we investigate the global distribution of 35,687 utilized plant species spanning 10 use categories (e.g., food, medicine, material). Our findings indicate general concordance between utilized and total plant diversity, supporting the potential for simultaneously conserving species diversity and its contributions to people. Although Indigenous lands across Mesoamerica, the Horn of Africa, and Southern Asia harbor a disproportionate diversity of utilized plants, the incidence of protected areas is negatively correlated with utilized species richness. Finding mechanisms to preserve areas containing concentrations of utilized plants and traditional knowledge must become a priority for the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - I Ondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - M Diazgranados
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- International Plant Science Center, New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Allkin
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A C Baquero
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - R Cámara-Leret
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Canteiro
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Z Dennehy-Carr
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
| | - R Govaerts
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - S Hargreaves
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A J Hudson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | - R Lemmens
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - W Milliken
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
| | - M Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Patmore
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - G Schmelzer
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - R M Turner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - T R van Andel
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - T Ulian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K J Willis
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Neugarten RA, Chaplin-Kramer R, Sharp RP, Schuster R, Strimas-Mackey M, Roehrdanz PR, Mulligan M, van Soesbergen A, Hole D, Kennedy CM, Oakleaf JR, Johnson JA, Kiesecker J, Polasky S, Hanson JO, Rodewald AD. Mapping the planet's critical areas for biodiversity and nature's contributions to people. Nat Commun 2024; 15:261. [PMID: 38199986 PMCID: PMC10781687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Meeting global commitments to conservation, climate, and sustainable development requires consideration of synergies and tradeoffs among targets. We evaluate the spatial congruence of ecosystems providing globally high levels of nature's contributions to people, biodiversity, and areas with high development potential across several sectors. We find that conserving approximately half of global land area through protection or sustainable management could provide 90% of the current levels of ten of nature's contributions to people and meet minimum representation targets for 26,709 terrestrial vertebrate species. This finding supports recent commitments by national governments under the Global Biodiversity Framework to conserve at least 30% of global lands and waters, and proposals to conserve half of the Earth. More than one-third of areas required for conserving nature's contributions to people and species are also highly suitable for agriculture, renewable energy, oil and gas, mining, or urban expansion. This indicates potential conflicts among conservation, climate and development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Neugarten
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Conservation International, 2100 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA.
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Global Science, WWF, 131 Steuart St, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 1954 Buford Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Richard P Sharp
- Global Science, WWF, 131 Steuart St, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- SPRING, 5455 Shafter Ave, Oakland, CA, 94618, USA
| | - Richard Schuster
- Nature Conservancy of Canada, 245 Eglinton Ave East, Suite 410, Toronto, ON, M4P 3J1, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Strimas-Mackey
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Patrick R Roehrdanz
- Conservation International, 2100 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Mark Mulligan
- Department of Geography, King's College London, Bush House, North East Wing, 40 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, UK
| | - Arnout van Soesbergen
- Department of Geography, King's College London, Bush House, North East Wing, 40 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4BG, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK
| | - David Hole
- Conservation International, 2100 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | | | - James R Oakleaf
- Global Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Justin A Johnson
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Joseph Kiesecker
- Global Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | - Amanda D Rodewald
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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4
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Liu H, Liu S, Wang F, Zhao Y, Dong Y. How to synergize ecological restoration to co-benefit the beneficial contributions of nature to people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119267. [PMID: 37862896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the magnitude and spatial distribution of ecological restoration requires a precise assessment of the beneficial contributions of nature to people. However, where the restoration areas should be located and whether the natural contribution of a compensation area can satisfy people's needs in the context of ecological degradation remain unclear. To address these issues, we selected the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the study areas, utilizing the offset portfolio analyzer and locator model to identify the compensation sites that offset the losses of ecosystem services and biodiversity resulting from ecological degradation. These compensation sites were developed through two offset types: restoration and protection. Then, based on the offset sites, we assessed nature's contribution to people (NCP) under the current status and future scenarios in terms of various aspects, including the habitat (NCP1), climate change (NCP4), and water quantity and flow regulation (NCP6). This study found that the area impacted by agricultural development was 7.15 × 105 ha, and the required compensation area was 5.5 × 106 ha under the current status. The ratio of the impacted area to the required area was approximately 7.0 in the future scenarios. The average habitat qualities were 0.14 and 0.30, while the mean NCP1 values were 2.69 and 0.51 in the protection and restoration offset sites, respectively. Moreover, based on the offset sites, the high-value contributions in NCP4 accounted for 18.64%-22.69% and 38.87%-46.17% of the total offset sites in terms of the restoration and protection offset types, respectively. Additionally, the estimated high-value contributions in NCP6 accounted for 58.35%-59.02% and 84.40%-95.86% of the total offset sites in the restoration and protection offset types, respectively. Our findings highlighted the significance of ecological restoration in showcasing the role of NCPs. These results could aid conservation managers in developing more targeted ecological strategies to enhance human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
| | - Fangfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Dong
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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5
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Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Stevens N, Berenguer E. Valuing the functionality of tropical ecosystems beyond carbon. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1109-1111. [PMID: 37798181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Land-based carbon sequestration projects, such as tree planting, are a prominent strategy to offset carbon emissions. However, we risk reducing natural ecosystems to one metric - carbon. Emphasis on restoring ecosystems to balance ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration is a more appropriate strategy to protect their functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QY, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QY, UK.
| | - Nicola Stevens
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QY, UK; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2000, South Africa
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QY, UK; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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6
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Venier-Cambron C, Malek Ž, Verburg PH. Avoiding an unjust transition to sustainability: An equity metric for spatial conservation planning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216693120. [PMID: 37844239 PMCID: PMC10614950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216693120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for rapid and ambitious conservation and restoration is widely acknowledged, yet concern exists that the widespread reallocation of land to nature would disproportionately affect the world's poor. Conservation and restoration may limit nutrition and livelihood options and thus negatively affect social development objectives. Although much research looks into global-scale scenarios and planning of conservation and restoration, spatial evaluations of these trade-offs in terms of equity remain limited. We fill this gap by identifying areas where conservation or restoration under different future scenarios and prioritization maps expand nature into landscapes that likely support land-dependent communities in their local food security. By contrasting the expansion of nature into areas supporting land-dependent communities vs. places where the food system is supported by regional to global markets, we highlight the need for disaggregated indicators that reflect the diversity of human land-use needs in order to identify more equitable pathways. Conservation prioritizations were found to result in more equitable land-use outcomes than the land-use outcomes of widely used socioeconomic scenarios. Accounting for differentiated social impacts in model-based conservation and restoration planning and global scale scenario assessment can help achieve a more inclusive transition to sustainability as well as reduce barriers to meaningful change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Venier-Cambron
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Žiga Malek
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Verburg
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Johnson JA, Baldos UL, Corong E, Hertel T, Polasky S, Cervigni R, Roxburgh T, Ruta G, Salemi C, Thakrar S. Investing in nature can improve equity and economic returns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220401120. [PMID: 37364118 PMCID: PMC10318957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220401120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable development requires jointly achieving economic development to raise standards of living and environmental sustainability to secure these gains for the long run. Here, we develop a local-to-global, and global-to-local, earth-economy model that integrates the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP)-computable general equilibrium model of the economy with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model of fine-scale, spatially explicit ecosystem services. The integrated model, GTAP-InVEST, jointly determines land use, environmental conditions, ecosystem services, market prices, supply and demand across economic sectors, trade across regions, and aggregate performance metrics like GDP. We use the integrated model to analyze the contribution of investing in nature for economic prosperity, accounting for the impact of four important ecosystem services (pollination, timber provision, marine fisheries, and carbon sequestration). We show that investments in nature result in large improvements relative to a business-as-usual path, accruing annual gains of $100 to $350 billion (2014 USD) with the largest percentage gains in the lowest-income countries. Our estimates include only a small subset of ecosystem services and could be far higher with inclusion of more ecosystem services, incorporation of ecological tipping points, and reduction in substitutability that limits economic adjustments to declines in natural capital. Our analysis highlights the need for improved environmental-economic modeling and the vital importance of integrating environmental information firmly into economic analysis and policy. The benefits of doing so are potentially very large, with the greatest percentage benefits accruing to inhabitants of the poorest countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uris Lantz Baldos
- Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907-2056
| | - Erwin Corong
- Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907-2056
| | - Thomas Hertel
- Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907-2056
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | | | - Toby Roxburgh
- Independent Consultant, BristolBS7 8E, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Ruta
- Global Program on Sustainability, The World Bank, WashingtonDC20006
| | - Colette Salemi
- Department of Economics, University of Victoria, BCV8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sumil Thakrar
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
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8
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Pörtner HO, Scholes RJ, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Burrows MT, Diamond SE, Duarte CM, Kiessling W, Leadley P, Managi S, McElwee P, Midgley G, Ngo HT, Obura D, Pascual U, Sankaran M, Shin YJ, Val AL. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts. Science 2023; 380:eabl4881. [PMID: 37079687 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat loss, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, and society and develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C and effectively conserving and restoring functional ecosystems on 30 to 50% of land, freshwater, and ocean "scapes." We envision a mosaic of interconnected protected and shared spaces, including intensively used spaces, to strengthen self-sustaining biodiversity, the capacity of people and nature to adapt to and mitigate climate change, and nature's contributions to people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, and planetary health for a livable future urgently requires bold implementation of transformative policy interventions through interconnected institutions, governance, and social systems from local to global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - R J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - D K A Barnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - M T Burrows
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, UK
| | - S E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Centre (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Kiessling
- Geozentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Leadley
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - S Managi
- Urban Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - P McElwee
- Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - G Midgley
- Global Change Biology Group, Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - H T Ngo
- Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - D Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development-Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Global Climate Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - U Pascual
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), Bilbao, Spain
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Sankaran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y J Shin
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Montpellier, Insititut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - A L Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, 69080-971 Manaus, Brazil
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9
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Sandbrook C, Albury-Smith S, Allan JR, Bhola N, Bingham HC, Brockington D, Byaruhanga AB, Fajardo J, Fitzsimons J, Franks P, Fleischman F, Frechette A, Kakuyo K, Kaptoyo E, Kuemmerle T, Kalunda PN, Nuvunga M, O'Donnell B, Onyai F, Pfeifer M, Pritchard R, Ramos A, Rao M, Ryan CM, Shyamsundar P, Tauli J, Tumusiime DM, Vilaça M, Watmough GR, Worsdell T, Zaehringer JG. Social considerations are crucial to success in implementing the 30×30 global conservation target. Nat Ecol Evol 2023:10.1038/s41559-023-02048-2. [PMID: 37046146 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sandbrook
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | - Nina Bhola
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heather C Bingham
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Brockington
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Javier Fajardo
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Fitzsimons
- The Nature Conservancy, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phil Franks
- International Institute for Environment and Development, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Forrest Fleischman
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrated Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Fred Onyai
- National Environment Management Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Rose Pritchard
- Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ameyali Ramos
- IUCN Commission on Environment, Economic and Social Policy, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Madhu Rao
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Casey M Ryan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Josefa Tauli
- Global Youth Biodiversity Network, Baguio City, Philippines
| | - David Mwesigye Tumusiime
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal City, Uganda
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mônica Vilaça
- The Nature Conservancy, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Doctorate Program in Sociology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gary R Watmough
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Novel Data Ecosystems for Sustainability, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Worsdell
- IUCN Commission on Environment, Economic and Social Policy, Gland, Switzerland
- Amazon Frontlines, Nuava Loja, Ecuador
| | - Julie G Zaehringer
- Wyss Academy for Nature, Centre for Development and Environment & Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Willcock S, Hooftman DA, Neugarten RA, Chaplin-Kramer R, Barredo JI, Hickler T, Kindermann G, Lewis AR, Lindeskog M, Martínez-López J, Bullock JM. Model ensembles of ecosystem services fill global certainty and capacity gaps. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5492. [PMID: 37027474 PMCID: PMC10081842 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustaining ecosystem services (ES) critical to human well-being is hindered by many practitioners lacking access to ES models ("the capacity gap") or knowledge of the accuracy of available models ("the certainty gap"), especially in the world's poorer regions. We developed ensembles of multiple models at an unprecedented global scale for five ES of high policy relevance. Ensembles were 2 to 14% more accurate than individual models. Ensemble accuracy was not correlated with proxies for research capacity, indicating that accuracy is distributed equitably across the globe and that countries less able to research ES suffer no accuracy penalty. By making these ES ensembles and associated accuracy estimates freely available, we provide globally consistent ES information that can support policy and decision-making in regions with low data availability or low capacity for implementing complex ES models. Thus, we hope to reduce the capacity and certainty gaps impeding local- to global-scale movement toward ES sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Willcock
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwenydd LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Danny A. P. Hooftman
- Lactuca: Environmental Data Analyses and Modelling, Diemen, Netherlands
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Rachel A. Neugarten
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Conservation International, 2100 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Global Science, Word Wildlife Fund, 131 Steuart Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 1954 Buford Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, 327 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hickler
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe-University, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Kindermann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Amy R. Lewis
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwenydd LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Mats Lindeskog
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Javier Martínez-López
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Avda. del Mediterráneo s/n, E-18006 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Mediterráneo s/n, E-18006 Granada, Spain
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Fajardo J, Lessmann J, Devenish C, Bonaccorso E, Felicísimo ÁM, Rojas-Runjaic FJM, Rojas H, Lentino M, Muñoz J, Mateo RG. The performance of protected-area expansions in representing tropical Andean species: past trends and climate change prospects. Sci Rep 2023; 13:966. [PMID: 36653418 PMCID: PMC9849396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protected area (PA) extent has increased significantly over the last 150 years globally, but it is yet unclear whether progress in expanding coverage has been accompanied by improved performance in ecological representation. Here, we explore temporal trends in the performance of PA networks in representing > 16,000 vertebrate and plant species in tropical Andean countries based on species bioclimatic niche modelling. We use a randomization analysis to assess whether representation gains over time (1937-2015) are the expected consequence of increasing the overall area of the network or the result of better designed networks. We also explore the impact of climate change on protected-area representation based on projected species distributions in 2070. We found that PAs added in the last three to four decades were better at representing species diversity than random additions overall. Threatened species, amphibians and reptiles are the exception. Species representation is projected to decrease across PAs under climate change, although PA expansions over the last decade (2006-2015) better represented species' future bioclimatic niches than did sites selected at random for most evaluated groups. These findings indicate an unbalanced representation across taxa, and raises concern over under-represented groups, including threatened species, and species' representation under climate change scenarios. However, they also suggest that decisions related to locating protected areas have become more strategic in recent decades and illustrate that indicators tracking representativeness of networks are crucial in PA monitoring frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fajardo
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, Santa Teresa de Jornet 38, 06800, Mérida, Spain. .,Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, Madrid, Spain. .,UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.
| | - Janeth Lessmann
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.,Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Devenish
- NatureMetrics, 1 Occam Court, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, GU2 7HJ, UK.,Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Elisa Bonaccorso
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto Biósfera y Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ángel M Felicísimo
- Centro Universitario de Mérida, Universidad de Extremadura, Santa Teresa de Jornet 38, 06800, Mérida, Spain
| | - Fernando J M Rojas-Runjaic
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.,Museo de Historia Natural la Salle, Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas, 1050, Venezuela
| | - Haidy Rojas
- Laboratorio de Biología de Organismos, Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, 20632, Caracas, 1020, Venezuela
| | - Miguel Lentino
- Colección Ornitológica Phelps, Bello Monte Caracas 1060, Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Muñoz
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén G Mateo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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