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Zada S, Khan M, Su Z, Sajjad W, Rafiq M. Cryosphere: a frozen home of microbes and a potential source for drug discovery. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:196. [PMID: 38546887 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The world is concerned about the emergence of pathogens and the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogens. Drug development requires time to combat these issues. Consequently, drug development from natural sources is unavoidable. Cryosphere represents a gigantic source of microbes that could be the bioprospecting source of natural products with unique scaffolds as molecules or drug templates. This review focuses on the novel source of drug discovery and cryospheric environments as a potential source for microbial metabolites having potential medicinal applications. Furthermore, the problems encountered in discovering metabolites from cold-adapted microbes and their resolutions are discussed. By adopting modern practical approaches, the discovery of bioactive compounds might fulfill the demand for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University Athens, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Zheng Su
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87650, Pakistan.
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Theuretzbacher U, Blasco B, Duffey M, Piddock LJV. Unrealized targets in the discovery of antibiotics for Gram-negative bacterial infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:957-975. [PMID: 37833553 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in areas that include genomics, systems biology, protein structure determination and artificial intelligence provide new opportunities for target-based antibacterial drug discovery. The selection of a 'good' new target for direct-acting antibacterial compounds is the first decision, for which multiple criteria must be explored, integrated and re-evaluated as drug discovery programmes progress. Criteria include essentiality of the target for bacterial survival, its conservation across different strains of the same species, bacterial species and growth conditions (which determines the spectrum of activity of a potential antibiotic) and the level of homology with human genes (which influences the potential for selective inhibition). Additionally, a bacterial target should have the potential to bind to drug-like molecules, and its subcellular location will govern the need for inhibitors to penetrate one or two bacterial membranes, which is a key challenge in targeting Gram-negative bacteria. The risk of the emergence of target-based drug resistance for drugs with single targets also requires consideration. This Review describes promising but as-yet-unrealized targets for antibacterial drugs against Gram-negative bacteria and examples of cognate inhibitors, and highlights lessons learned from past drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Blasco
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maëlle Duffey
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Nazarov PA, Khrulnova SA, Kessenikh AG, Novoyatlova US, Kuznetsova SB, Bazhenov SV, Sorochkina AI, Karakozova MV, Manukhov IV. Observation of Cytotoxicity of Phosphonium Derivatives Is Explained: Metabolism Inhibition and Adhesion Alteration. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040720. [PMID: 37107081 PMCID: PMC10135132 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new antibiotics, substances that kill prokaryotic cells and do not kill eukaryotic cells, is an urgent need for modern medicine. Among the most promising are derivatives of triphenylphosphonium, which can protect the infected organs of mammals and heal damaged cells as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. In addition to the antioxidant action, triphenylphosphonium derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity. It has recently been reported that triphenylphosphonium derivatives cause either cytotoxic effects or inhibition of cellular metabolism at submicromolar concentrations. In this work, we analyzed the MTT data using microscopy and compared them with data on changes in the luminescence of bacteria. We have shown that, at submicromolar concentrations, only metabolism is inhibited, while an increase in alkyltriphenylphosphonium (CnTPP) concentration leads to adhesion alteration. Thus, our data on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells confirm a decrease in the metabolic activity of cells by CnTPPs but do not confirm a cytocidal effect of TPPs at submicromolar concentrations. This allows us to consider CnTPP as a non-toxic antibacterial drug at low concentrations and a relatively safe vector for delivering other antibacterial substances into bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Nazarov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Khrulnova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- National Research Center for Hematology, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew G Kessenikh
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | - Uliana S Novoyatlova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Bazhenov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Sorochkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Karakozova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Manukhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
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Zhu M, Li Y, Chen DP, Li CP, Ouyang GP, Wang ZC. Allicin-inspired disulfide derivatives containing quinazolin-4(3H)-one as a bacteriostat against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:537-547. [PMID: 36193761 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant bacterial diseases have seriously affected the yield and quality of crops, among which rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae has seriously affected the yield of rice. As plant-pathogenic bacteria gradually become resistant to existing bactericides, it is necessary to find effective bactericides with novel structures. RESULTS Herein, a series of compounds containing quinazolin-4(3H)-one and disulfide moieties were designed and synthesized using a facile synthetic method. The bioassay results revealed that most target compounds possessed noticeable antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Particularly, compound 2-(butyldisulfanyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (1) exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity with the half effective concentration (EC50 ) of 0.52 μg mL-1 . Additionally, compound 1 was confirmed to inhibit the growth of the bacteria, change the bacterial morphology, and increase the level of reactive oxygen species. Proteomics, and RT-qPCR analysis results indicated that compound 1 could downregulate the expression of Pil-Chp histidine kinase chpA encoded by the pilL gene, and the potting experiments proved that compound 1 exhibits significant protective activity against BLB. CONCLUSIONS Compound 1 may weaken the pathogenicity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by inhibiting the bacterial growth and blocking the pili-mediated twitching motility without inducing the bacterial apoptosis. This study indicates that such derivatives could be a promising scaffold to develop a bacteriostat to control BLB. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan-Ping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gui-Ping Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhen-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Qu S, Han Y, Liu Y, Zhu J, Acaroz U, Shen J, Zhu K. Milk Exosomes Facilitate Oral Delivery of Drugs against Intestinal Bacterial Infections. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16069-16079. [PMID: 36515136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and IV drugs exhibit low solubility and suffer a limitation in oral administration. Exosomes have attracted intensive attention in the efficient delivery of such compounds. However, low gastrointestinal stability and high production cost of exosomes hinder their development as drug carriers. Here, milk exosomes are functionalized with phosphatidylserine and are capable of improving the solubility of BCS class II and IV drugs, resulting in facilitating the oral delivery of the drugs. A natural flavonoid, α-mangostin, is loaded into exosomes (AExo) to enhance the antibacterial efficiency, demonstrated by clearing 99% of bacteria in macrophages. Furthermore, AExo exhibits high mucus penetrability and shows a significant therapeutic efficacy in two animal infection models. Collectively, this work expands the application of exosomes from bovine milk with simple operation and low cost, shedding light on the potential of milk exosomes in improving the solubility of drugs to enhance the efficacy of oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiming Han
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ulas Acaroz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar 03200, Turkey
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Lipin DV, Denisova EI, Shipilovskikh DA, Makhmudov RR, Igidov NM, Shipilovskikh SA. Synthesis, Intramolecular Cyclization, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Substituted 2-[2-(4-R-Benzoyl)hydrazinylidene]-4-oxobutanoic Acids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022120041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Antibacterial Activity of Allicin-Inspired Disulfide Derivatives against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911947. [PMID: 36233251 PMCID: PMC9569821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) belongs to the Gram-negative species, causing citrus canker that seriously affects the fruit yield and quality of many rutaceae plants. Herein, we found that compound 2-(butyldisulfanyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one exhibited remarkable anti-Xac activity in vitro with a half effective concentration (EC50) of 2.6 μg/mL, while the positive controls thiodiazole-copper with 57 μg/mL and bismerthiazol with 68 μg/mL and this compound showed great anti-citrus canker activity in vivo. This active compound also was confirmed to reduce biofilm formation, increase the level of reactive oxygen species, damage the morphological structure of the bacteria, and cause bacterial death. Proteomics and RT-qPCR analysis results indicated that this compound down-regulated the expression of enzymes in the MEP (2-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) pathway and might achieve destructive ability of Xac. Overall, this study indicates that such derivatives could be a promising scaffold to develop novel bactericides to control citrus canker.
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Zada S, Sajjad W, Rafiq M, Ali S, Hu Z, Wang H, Cai R. Cave Microbes as a Potential Source of Drugs Development in the Modern Era. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:676-687. [PMID: 34693460 PMCID: PMC8542507 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The world is constantly facing threats, including the emergence of new pathogens and antibiotic resistance among extant pathogens, which is a matter of concern. Therefore, the need for natural and effective sources of drugs is inevitable. The ancient and pristine ecosystems of caves contain a unique microbial world and could provide a possible source of antimicrobial metabolites. The association between humans and caves is as old as human history itself. Historically, cave environments have been used to treat patients with respiratory tract infections, which is referred to as speleotherapy. Today, the pristine environment of caves that comprise a poorly explored microbial world is a potential source of antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. Oligotrophic conditions in caves enhance the competition among microbial communities, and unique antimicrobial agents may be used in this competition. This review suggests that the world needs a novel and effective source of drug discovery. Therefore, being the emerging spot of modern human civilization, caves could play a crucial role in the current medical crisis, and cave microorganisms may have the potential to produce novel antimicrobial and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Biology Department, College of Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, QUETTA, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Ali
- Biology Department, College of Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Biology Department, College of Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Runlin Cai
- Biology Department, College of Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.
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Chinemerem Nwobodo D, Ugwu MC, Oliseloke Anie C, Al-Ouqaili MTS, Chinedu Ikem J, Victor Chigozie U, Saki M. Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24655. [PMID: 35949048 PMCID: PMC9459344 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is currently the most serious global threat to the effective treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance has been established to adversely affect both clinical and therapeutic outcomes, with consequences ranging from treatment failures and the need for expensive and safer alternative drugs to the cost of higher rates of morbidity and mortality, longer hospitalization, and high‐healthcare costs. The search for new antibiotics and other antimicrobials continues to be a pressing need in humanity's battle against bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance appears inevitable, and there is a continuous lack of interest in investing in new antibiotic research by pharmaceutical industries. This review summarized some new strategies for tackling antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Methods To provide an overview of the recent research, we look at some new strategies for preventing resistance and/or reviving bacteria's susceptibility to already existing antibiotics. Results Substantial pieces of evidence suggest that antimicrobials interact with host immunity, leading to potent indirect effects that improve antibacterial activities and may result in more swift and complete bactericidal effects. A new class of antibiotics referred to as immuno‐antibiotics and the targeting of some biochemical resistance pathway components including inhibition of SOS response and hydrogen sulfide as biochemical underlying networks of bacteria can be considered as new emerging strategies to combat antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Conclusion This review highlighted and discussed immuno‐antibiotics and inhibition of SOS response and hydrogen sulfide as biochemical underlying networks of bacteria as new weapons against antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chinemerem Nwobodo
- Department of Microbiology, Renaissance University, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Chigozie Ugwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Clement Oliseloke Anie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University Abraka, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Joseph Chinedu Ikem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Madonna University, Elele, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna Victor Chigozie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Daniel Olive,
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MDR Pumps as Crossroads of Resistance: Antibiotics and Bacteriophages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060734. [PMID: 35740141 PMCID: PMC9220107 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, antibiotic resistance represents a global problem in modern medicine. In the near future, humanity may face a situation where medicine will be powerless against resistant bacteria and a post-antibiotic era will come. The development of new antibiotics is either very expensive or ineffective due to rapidly developing bacterial resistance. The need to develop alternative approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections, such as phage therapy, is beyond doubt. The cornerstone of bacterial defense against antibiotics are multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps, which are involved in antibiotic resistance, toxin export, biofilm, and persister cell formation. MDR pumps are the primary non-specific defense of bacteria against antibiotics, while drug target modification, drug inactivation, target switching, and target sequestration are the second, specific line of their defense. All bacteria have MDR pumps, and bacteriophages have evolved along with them and use the bacteria’s need for MDR pumps to bind and penetrate into bacterial cells. The study and understanding of the mechanisms of the pumps and their contribution to the overall resistance and to the sensitivity to bacteriophages will allow us to either seriously delay the onset of the post-antibiotic era or even prevent it altogether due to phage-antibiotic synergy.
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Lin H, Yang C, Luo Y, Ge M, Shen H, Zhang X, Shi J. Biomimetic Nanomedicine-Triggered in Situ Vaccination for Innate and Adaptive Immunity Activations for Bacterial Osteomyelitis Treatment. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5943-5960. [PMID: 35316599 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of bacterial vaccines for inducing an immunoresponse against infectious diseases such as osteomyelitis is of great significance and importance. However, the responsiveness of bacterial immunotherapy remains far from being satisfactory, largely due to the erratic antigen epitopes of bacteria. Herein, we report an in situ vaccination strategy for the immunotherapy of bacterial infection based on an osteomyelitis model using a biomimetic nanomedicine named as HMMP, which was constructed by engineering PpIX-encapsulated hollow MnOx with a hybrid membrane exfoliated from both macrophage and tumor cell lines. The as-established HMMP features a burst bacterial antigen release as the in situ vaccine by the augmented sonodynamic treatment and the resultant priming of antigen-presenting cells for the following activations of both cellular and humoral adaptive immunities against bacterial infections. This treatment regimen not only triggers initial bacterial regression in the established osteomyelitis model but also simultaneously generates robust systemic antibacterial immunity against poorly immunogenic secondary osteomyelitis in the contralateral knee and additionally confers long-lasting bacteria-specific immune memory responses to prevent infection relapse. Thus, our study provides a proof of concept of in situ vaccination for the activation of both innate and adaptive antibacterial immune responses, providing an individual-independent bacterial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yao Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Min Ge
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, P.R. China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Unit of Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200331, P.R. China
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Chen C, Oelschlaeger P, Wang D, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhao A, Yang KW. Structure and Mechanism-Guided Design of Dual Serine/Metallo-Carbapenemase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5954-5974. [PMID: 35420040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine/metallo-carbapenemase-coproducing pathogens, often referred to as "superbugs", are a significant clinical problem. They hydrolyze nearly all available β-lactam antibiotics, especially carbapenems considered as last-resort antibiotics, seriously endangering efficacious antibacterial treatment. Despite the continuous global spread of carbapenem resistance, no dual-action inhibitors are available in therapy. This Perspective is the first systematic investigation of all chemotypes, modes of inhibition, and crystal structures of dual serine/metallo-carbapenemase inhibitors. An overview of the key strategy for designing dual serine/metallo-carbapenemase inhibitors and their mechanism of action is provided, as guiding rules for the development of clinically available dual inhibitors, coadministrated with carbapenems, to overcome the carbapenem resistance issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Peter Oelschlaeger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona 91766, California, United States
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Jinshui District 450046, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Liu X, Wu Y, Mao C, Shen J, Zhu K. Host-acting antibacterial compounds combat cytosolic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Henkel S, Frohnecke N, Maus D, McConville MJ, Laue M, Blume M, Seeber F. Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast-resident ferredoxin is an essential electron transfer protein for the MEP isoprenoid-biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101468. [PMID: 34896149 PMCID: PMC8717598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, are unusual in that each cell contains a single apicoplast, a plastid-like organelle that compartmentalizes enzymes involved in the essential 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The last two enzymatic steps in this organellar pathway require electrons from a redox carrier. However, the small iron-sulfur cluster-containing protein ferredoxin, a likely candidate for this function, has not been investigated in this context. We show here that inducible knockdown of T. gondii ferredoxin results in progressive inhibition of growth and eventual parasite death. Surprisingly, this phenotype is not accompanied by ultrastructural changes in the apicoplast or overall cell morphology. The knockdown of ferredoxin was instead associated with a dramatic decrease in cellular levels of the last two metabolites in isoprenoid biosynthesis, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)- butenyl-4-pyrophosphate, and isomeric dimethylallyl pyrophosphate/isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Ferredoxin depletion was also observed to impair gliding motility, consistent with isoprenoid metabolites being important for dolichol biosynthesis, protein prenylation, and modification of other proteins involved in motility. Significantly, pharmacological inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis of the host cell exacerbated the impact of ferredoxin depletion on parasite replication, suggesting that the slow onset of parasite death after ferredoxin depletion is because of isoprenoid scavenging from the host cell and leading to partial compensation of the depleted parasite metabolites upon ferredoxin knockdown. Overall, these findings show that ferredoxin has an essential physiological function as an electron donor for the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway and is a potential drug target for apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Henkel
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Frohnecke
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah Maus
- Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens (NG2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Blume
- Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens (NG2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank Seeber
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Unconventional T cells are a diverse and underappreciated group of relatively rare lymphocytes that are distinct from conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that mainly recognize antigens in the absence of classical restriction through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These non-MHC-restricted T cells include mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells and other, often poorly defined, subsets. Depending on the physiological context, unconventional T cells may assume either protective or pathogenic roles in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune responses in the kidney. Accordingly, experimental models and clinical studies have revealed that certain unconventional T cells are potential therapeutic targets, as well as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. The responsiveness of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and MAIT cells to many microbial pathogens, for example, has implications for early diagnosis, risk stratification and targeted treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. The expansion of non-Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells during cytomegalovirus infection and their contribution to viral clearance suggest that these cells can be harnessed for immune monitoring and adoptive immunotherapy in kidney transplant recipients. In addition, populations of NKT, MAIT or γδ T cells are involved in the immunopathology of IgA nephropathy and in models of glomerulonephritis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and kidney transplantation.
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17
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Predicting drug targets by homology modelling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins of unknown function. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258385. [PMID: 34648550 PMCID: PMC8516228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections declines rapidly due to antibiotic resistance. This problem has stimulated the development of novel antibiotics, but most attempts have failed. Consequently, the idea of mining uncharacterized genes of pathogens to identify potential targets for entirely new classes of antibiotics was proposed. Without knowing the biochemical function of a protein, it is difficult to validate its potential for drug targeting; therefore, the functional characterization of bacterial proteins of unknown function must be accelerated. Here, we present a paradigm for comprehensively predicting the biochemical functions of a large set of proteins encoded by hypothetical genes in human pathogens to identify candidate drug targets. A high-throughput approach based on homology modelling with ten templates per target protein was applied to the set of 2103 P. aeruginosa proteins encoded by hypothetical genes. The >21000 homology modelling results obtained and available biological and biochemical information about several thousand templates were scrutinized to predict the function of reliably modelled proteins of unknown function. This approach resulted in assigning one or often multiple putative functions to hundreds of enzymes, ligand-binding proteins and transporters. New biochemical functions were predicted for 41 proteins whose essential or virulence-related roles in P. aeruginosa were already experimentally demonstrated. Eleven of them were shortlisted as promising drug targets that participate in essential pathways (maintaining genome and cell wall integrity), virulence-related processes (adhesion, cell motility, host recognition) or antibiotic resistance, which are general drug targets. These proteins are conserved in other WHO priority pathogens but not in humans; therefore, they represent high-potential targets for preclinical studies. These and many more biochemical functions assigned to uncharacterized proteins of P. aeruginosa, made available as PaPUF database, may guide the design of experimental screening of inhibitors, which is a crucial step towards the validation of the highest-potential targets for the development of novel drugs against P. aeruginosa and other high-priority pathogens.
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Song M, Liu Y, Li T, Liu X, Hao Z, Ding S, Panichayupakaranant P, Zhu K, Shen J. Plant Natural Flavonoids Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100749. [PMID: 34041861 PMCID: PMC8336499 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens accelerate the desires for new antibiotics. Natural products dominate the preferred chemical scaffolds for the discovery of antibacterial agents. Here, the potential of natural flavonoids from plants against MDR bacteria, is demonstrated. Structure-activity relationship analysis shows the prenylation modulates the activity of flavonoids and obtains two compounds, α-mangostin (AMG) and isobavachalcone (IBC). AMG and IBC not only display rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but also restore the susceptibility of colistin against Gram-negative pathogens. Mechanistic studies generally show such compounds bind to the phospholipids of bacterial membrane, and result in the dissipation of proton motive force and metabolic perturbations, through distinctive modes of action. The efficacy of AMG and IBC in four models associated with infection or contamination, is demonstrated. These results suggest that natural products of plants may be a promising and underappreciated reservoir to circumvent the existing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Song
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaojia Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuangyang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical BotanyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesPrince of Songkla UniversityHat‐Yai90112Thailand
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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19
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da Silva RAG, Afonina I, Kline KA. Eradicating biofilm infections: an update on current and prospective approaches. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:117-125. [PMID: 34333239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a multifactorial process and often a multi-species endeavour that involves complex signalling networks, chemical gradients, bacterial adhesion, and production or acquisition of matrix components. Antibiotics remain the main choice when treating bacterial biofilm-associated infections despite their intrinsic tolerance to antimicrobials, and propensity for acquisition and rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance within the biofilm. Eliminating hard to treat biofilm-associated infections that are antibiotic resistant will demand a holistic and multi-faceted approach, targeting multiple stages of biofilm formation, many of which are already in development. This mini review will highlight the current approaches that are employed to treat bacterial biofilm infections and discuss new approaches in development that have promise to reach clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni A G da Silva
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Irina Afonina
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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20
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a challenge for ongoing efforts to combat antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections. As we learn more about COVID-19 disease and drug stewardship evolves, there is likely to be a lasting impact of increased use of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, as well as a lack of consistent access to health care across many populations. Sexually transmitted infections have been underreported during the pandemic and are often caused by some of the most drug-resistant pathogens. In their recent article in mBio, Parzych et al. (E. M. Parzych, S. Gulati, B. Zheng, M. A. Bah, et al., mBio 12:e00242-21, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00242-21) focus on protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection via in vivo delivery of an antigonococcal DNA-encoded antibody that has been modified for increased complement activation. Nucleic acid approaches are highly adaptable and could be tremendously beneficial for personalized strategies to combat AMR pathogens.
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21
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Xu Q, Taher TE, Ashby E, Sharif M, Willcox BE, Mehellou Y. Generation of Stable Isopentenyl Monophosphate Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidates as Activators of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2375-2380. [PMID: 33899332 PMCID: PMC8453817 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aryloxy triester phosphoramidate prodrugs of the monophosphate derivatives of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) were synthesized as lipophilic derivatives that can improve cell uptake. Despite the structural similarity of IPP and DMAPP, it was noted that their phosphoramidate prodrugs exhibited distinct stability profiles in aqueous environments, which we show is due to the position of the allyl bond in the backbones of the IPP and DMAPP monophosphates. As the IPP monophosphate aryloxy triester phosphoramidates showed favorable stability, they were subsequently investigated for their ability to activate Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and they showed promising activation of this subset of T cells. Together, these findings represent the first report of IPP and DMAPP monophosphate prodrugs and the ability of IPP aryloxy triester phosphoramidate prodrugs to activate Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells highlighting their potential as possible immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Taher E Taher
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ashby
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria Sharif
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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22
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Eberl M, Oldfield E, Herrmann T. Immuno-antibiotics: targeting microbial metabolic pathways sensed by unconventional T cells. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab005. [PMID: 35919736 PMCID: PMC9327107 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and other unconventional T cells are specialised in detecting microbial metabolic pathway intermediates that are absent in humans. The recognition by such semi-invariant innate-like T cells of compounds like (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), the penultimate metabolite in the MEP isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, and intermediates of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and their metabolites allows the immune system to rapidly sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are shared by a wide range of micro-organisms. Given the essential nature of these metabolic pathways for microbial viability, they have emerged as promising targets for the development of novel antibiotics. Here, we review recent findings that link enzymatic inhibition of microbial metabolism with alterations in the levels of unconventional T cell ligands produced by treated micro-organisms that have given rise to the concept of 'immuno-antibiotics': combining direct antimicrobial activity with an immunotherapeutic effect via modulation of unconventional T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Correspondence: Matthias Eberl, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK. Tel: +44-29206-87011;
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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