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Damani-Yokota P, Eberl M. The γδ T Cell Club: bringing a global scientific community together in the age of Zoom. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38500262 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunologists are very social people-they love to meet other immunologists and talk about immunology (and immunologists). Constantly! γδ T-cell researchers are no exception. On the contrary, as there are not so many of them compared to, say, researchers working on dendritic cells, they especially crave frequent interactions with like-minded scientists. This is where the technological solutions being developed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic come into play that have, almost overnight, allowed researchers to hold meetings and lectures online. We here describe how we set up the virtual 'γδ T Cell Club', a monthly webinar series that aims to bring the field closer together, and present our musings about what we have learned from this experience, which we hope is useful for other researchers interested in connecting online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Burton RJ, Raffray L, Moet LM, Cuff SM, White DA, Baker SE, Moser B, O'Donnell VB, Ghazal P, Morgan MP, Artemiou A, Eberl M. Conventional and unconventional T cell responses contribute to the prediction of clinical outcome and causative bacterial pathogen in sepsis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2024:uxae019. [PMID: 38430552 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is characterised by a dysfunctional host response to infection culminating in life-threatening organ failure that requires complex patient management and rapid intervention. Timely diagnosis of the underlying cause of sepsis is crucial, and identifying those at risk of complications and death is imperative for triaging treatment and resource allocation. Here, we explored the potential of explainable machine learning models to predict mortality and causative pathogen in sepsis patients. By using a modelling pipeline employing multiple feature selection algorithms, we demonstrate the feasibility to identify integrative patterns from clinical parameters, plasma biomarkers and extensive phenotyping of blood immune cells. Whilst no single variable had sufficient predictive power, models that combined five and more features showed a macro area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 to predict 90 day mortality after sepsis diagnosis, and a macro AUC of 0.86 to discriminate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. Parameters associated with the cellular immune response contributed the most to models predictive of 90 day mortality, most notably, the proportion of T cells among PBMCs, together with expression of CXCR3 by CD4+ T cells and CD25 by mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Frequencies of Vδ2+ γδ T cells had the most profound impact on the prediction of Gram-negative infections, alongside other T cell-related variables and total neutrophil count. Overall, our findings highlight the added value of measuring the proportion and activation patterns of conventional and unconventional T cells in the blood of sepsis patients in combination with other immunological, biochemical and clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Loïc Raffray
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Félix Guyon University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Denis, Réunion Island, France
| | - Linda M Moet
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Simone M Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A White
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Artemiou
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Tyrrell JM, Hatch S, Flanagan M, Owen K, Proctor Y, Stone C, Fricker G, Hullis K, Eberl M. Superbugs online: co-production of an educational website to increase public understanding of the microbial world in, on, and around us. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1340350. [PMID: 38384264 PMCID: PMC10879632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1340350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital tools and online presence have become a cornerstone in public engagement and involvement strategy and delivery. We here describe the co-production process behind launching a new multilingual resource for schools in the United Kingdom and beyond, jointly between university scientists, engagement professionals, primary and secondary teachers, and web designers. The 'Superbugs' website aims at raising awareness and increasing the public understanding of the microbial world in, on, and around us-with a focus on infection, hygiene, and antimicrobial resistance-and attracted >19,000 online visitors, >33,500 page views, and > 775,000 Twitter impressions over the past 24 months. Superbugs.online is available in English, Welsh, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic, thus making it accessible to everyone in the United Kingdom and Ireland, regardless of the language in which they receive and deliver their science education. The website is easy to navigate and features background information, quizzes, animations, videos, illustrated stories, interactive timelines, games, and protocols for home experiments. All materials are presented in a non-prescriptive way, aimed at allowing flexibility for the materials to be adapted to the individual needs of teachers and pupils alike. Our study has led to a demonstrable impact on the co-production team and on pupils and teachers as key stakeholders, based on a comprehensive evaluation of the co-production process itself, the impact of the end product, and the creation of lasting relationships with stakeholders and co-producers, for the mutual benefit of everyone involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Tyrrell
- School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hatch
- Public Involvement and Engagement Team, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerry Owen
- Windsor Clive Primary School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Proctor
- Tredegarville Church in Wales Primary School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kirk Hullis
- Maxim Consulting Services, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Cuff SM, Reeves N, Lewis E, Jones E, Baker S, Karategos A, Morris R, Torkington J, Eberl M. Inflammatory biomarker signatures in post-surgical drain fluid may detect anastomotic leaks within 48 hours of colorectal resection. Tech Coloproctol 2023; 27:1297-1305. [PMID: 37486461 PMCID: PMC10638112 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-023-02841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal treatment of colorectal cancer is surgical resection and primary anastomosis. Anastomotic leak can affect up to 20% of patients and creates significant morbidity and mortality. Current diagnosis of a leak is based on clinical suspicion and subsequent radiology. Peritoneal biomarkers have shown diagnostic utility in other conditions and could be useful in providing earlier diagnosis. This pilot study was designed to assess the practical utility of peritoneal biomarkers after abdominal surgery utilising an automated immunoassay system in routine use for quantifying cytokines. METHODS Patients undergoing an anterior resection for a rectal cancer diagnosis were recruited at University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff between June 2019 and June 2021. A peritoneal drain was placed in the proximity of the anastomosis during surgery, and peritoneal fluid was collected at days 1 to 3 post-operatively, and analysed using the Siemens IMMULITE platform for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS A total of 42 patients were recruited (22M:20F, median age 65). Anastomotic leak was detected in four patients and a further five patients had other intra-abdominal complications. The IMMULITE platform was able to provide robust and reliable results from the analysis of the peritoneal fluid. A metric based on the combination of peritoneal IL-6 and CRP levels was able to accurately diagnose three anastomotic leaks, whilst correctly classifying all negative control patients including those with other complications. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates that a simple immune signature in surgical drain fluid could accurately diagnose an anastomotic leak at 48 h postoperatively using instrumentation that is already widely available in hospital clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cuff
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N Reeves
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK.
| | - E Lewis
- Technical Operations, Siemens Healthineers, Llanberis, UK
| | - E Jones
- Technical Operations, Siemens Healthineers, Llanberis, UK
| | - S Baker
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Karategos
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Morris
- Technical Operations, Siemens Healthineers, Llanberis, UK
| | - J Torkington
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Eberl
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Silva-Santos B, Ribot JC, Adams EJ, Willcox BE, Eberl M. γδ T cell explorations seek terra firma. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1606-1609. [PMID: 37749327 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Julie C Ribot
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Eberl M, Joseph-Williams N, Nollett C, Fitzgibbon J, Hatch S. Overcoming the disconnect between scientific research and the public. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:590-597. [PMID: 37227221 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical research, there is no situation where public engagement (PE) and public involvement (PI) are not possible, important or even expected. Whether we work in the clinic or in the laboratory, all researchers have a duty to reach out, demonstrate the added value that science brings to society, and make a real difference to the way research is done. Here we outline the benefits of PE and PI for individual researchers and their employers, for members of the public, and for society at large. We offer solutions to overcome major challenges, including a step-by-step guide for researchers to embrace PE and PI in their career, and make a call to action for a cultural shift towards embedding PE and PI in our modern academic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Natalie Joseph-Williams
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Claire Nollett
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jim Fitzgibbon
- Lead Public Contributor, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah Hatch
- Public Involvement and Engagement Team, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Burton RJ, Cuff SM, Morgan MP, Artemiou A, Eberl M. GeoWaVe: geometric median clustering with weighted voting for ensemble clustering of cytometry data. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:6839973. [PMID: 36413065 PMCID: PMC9805571 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Clustering is an unsupervised method for identifying structure in unlabelled data. In the context of cytometry, it is typically used to categorize cells into subpopulations of similar phenotypes. However, clustering is greatly dependent on hyperparameters and the data to which it is applied as each algorithm makes different assumptions and generates a different 'view' of the dataset. As such, the choice of clustering algorithm can significantly influence results, and there is often not one preferred method but different insights to be obtained from different methods. To overcome these limitations, consensus approaches are needed that directly address the effect of competing algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, consensus clustering algorithms designed specifically for the analysis of cytometry data are lacking. RESULTS We present a novel ensemble clustering methodology based on geometric median clustering with weighted voting (GeoWaVe). Compared to graph ensemble clustering methods that have gained popularity in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, GeoWaVe performed favourably on different sets of high-dimensional mass and flow cytometry data. Our findings provide proof of concept for the power of consensus methods to make the analysis, visualization and interpretation of cytometry data more robust and reproducible. The wide availability of ensemble clustering methods is likely to have a profound impact on our understanding of cellular responses, clinical conditions and therapeutic and diagnostic options. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION GeoWaVe is available as part of the CytoCluster package https://github.com/burtonrj/CytoCluster and published on the Python Package Index https://pypi.org/project/cytocluster. Benchmarking data described are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7134723. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone M Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
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Eberl M, Kraywinkel K, Tanaka L, Klug S. EP03.01-013 Improving the Risk Estimation for Second Primary Lung Cancer after Lung Cancer by Taking Histologic Subtype into Account. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fielding CA, Sabberwal P, Williamson JC, Greenwood EJD, Crozier TWM, Zelek W, Seow J, Graham C, Huettner I, Edgeworth JD, Price DA, Morgan PB, Ladell K, Eberl M, Humphreys IR, Merrick B, Doores K, Wilson SJ, Lehner PJ, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff impacts innate NK cell functions, but antibody-dependent NK activity is strongly activated through non-spike antibodies. eLife 2022; 11:e74489. [PMID: 35587364 PMCID: PMC9239683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection is dependent on the ability of viruses to manipulate the infected cell to evade immunity, and the ability of the immune response to overcome this evasion. Understanding this process is key to understanding pathogenesis, genetic risk factors, and both natural and vaccine-induced immunity. SARS-CoV-2 antagonises the innate interferon response, but whether it manipulates innate cellular immunity is unclear. An unbiased proteomic analysis determined how cell surface protein expression is altered on SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells, showing downregulation of activating NK ligands B7-H6, MICA, ULBP2, and Nectin1, with minimal effects on MHC-I. This occurred at the level of protein synthesis, could be mediated by Nsp1 and Nsp14, and correlated with a reduction in NK cell activation. This identifies a novel mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff antagonises innate immunity. Later in the disease process, strong antibody-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) developed. These responses were sustained for at least 6 months in most patients, and led to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Depletion of spike-specific antibodies confirmed their dominant role in neutralisation, but these antibodies played only a minor role in ADNKA compared to antibodies to other proteins, including ORF3a, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid. In contrast, ADNKA induced following vaccination was focussed solely on spike, was weaker than ADNKA following natural infection, and was not boosted by the second dose. These insights have important implications for understanding disease progression, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Alan Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Pragati Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward JD Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas WM Crozier
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Wioleta Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul B Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Blair Merrick
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sam J Wilson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Eddie CY Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
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Ponsford MJ, Burton RJ, Smith L, Khan PY, Andrews R, Cuff S, Tan L, Eberl M, Humphreys IR, Babolhavaeji F, Artemiou A, Pandey M, Jolles SRA, Underwood J. Examining the utility of extended laboratory panel testing in the emergency department for risk stratification of patients with COVID-19: a single-centre retrospective service evaluation. J Clin Pathol 2022; 75:255-262. [PMID: 33608408 PMCID: PMC7898230 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of specific blood tests to predict poor prognosis in patients admitted with infection from SARS-CoV-2 remains uncertain. During the first wave of the global pandemic, an extended laboratory testing panel was integrated into the local pathway to guide triage and healthcare resource utilisation for emergency admissions. We conducted a retrospective service evaluation to determine the utility of extended tests (D-dimer, ferritin, high-sensitivity troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase and procalcitonin) compared with the core panel (full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver function tests and C reactive protein). METHODS Clinical outcomes for adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted between 17 March and 30 June 2020 were extracted, alongside costs estimates for individual tests. Prognostic performance was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis with 28-day mortality used as the primary endpoint and a composite of 28-day intensive care escalation or mortality for secondary analysis. RESULTS From 13 500 emergency attendances, we identified 391 unique adults admitted with COVID-19. Of these, 113 died (29%) and 151 (39%) reached the composite endpoint. 'Core' test variables adjusted for age, gender and index of deprivation had a prognostic area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.91) for mortality and 0.70 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.84) for the composite endpoint. Addition of 'extended' test components did not improve on this. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest use of the extended laboratory testing panel to risk stratify community-acquired COVID-19 positive patients on admission adds limited prognostic value. We suggest laboratory requesting should be targeted to patients with specific clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ponsford
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Immunodeficiency Center for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ross J Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Leitchan Smith
- Information & Technology Team, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Palwasha Y Khan
- Department of Sexual Health, Cardiff and Vale UHB, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simone Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Laura Tan
- Adult Critical Care Directorate, Cardiff and Vale UHB, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Manish Pandey
- Adult Critical Care Directorate, Cardiff and Vale UHB, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen R A Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Center for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan Underwood
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cardiff and Vale UHB, Cardiff, UK
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11
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Gassner S, Schaller R, Eberl M, von Koblinski C, Essing S, Ghaderi M, Schmitt K, Wöllenstein J. Anodically Bonded Photoacoustic Transducer: An Approach towards Wafer-Level Optical Gas Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:685. [PMID: 35062646 PMCID: PMC8778516 DOI: 10.3390/s22020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a concept for a wafer-level manufactured photoacoustic transducer, suitable to be used in consumer-grade gas sensors. The transducer consists of an anodically bonded two-layer stack of a blank silicon wafer and an 11 µm membrane, which was wet-etched from a borosilicate wafer. The membrane separates two cavities; one of which was hermetically sealed and filled with CO2 during the anodic bonding and acts as an infrared absorber. The second cavity was designed to be connected to a standard MEMS microphone on PCB-level forming an infrared-sensitive photoacoustic detector. CO2 sensors consisting of the detector and a MEMS infrared emitter were built up and characterized towards their sensitivity and noise levels at six different component distance ranging from 3.0 mm to 15.5 mm. The signal response for the sample with the longest absorption path ranged from a decrease of 8.3% at a CO2 concentration of 9400 ppm to a decrease of 0.8% at a concentration of 560 ppm. A standard deviation of the measured values of 18 ppm was determined when the sensor was exposed to 1000 ppm CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gassner
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.S.); (J.W.)
- Infineon Technologies AG, 81549 Neubiberg, Germany; (R.S.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Rainer Schaller
- Infineon Technologies AG, 81549 Neubiberg, Germany; (R.S.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Infineon Technologies AG, 81549 Neubiberg, Germany; (R.S.); (M.E.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Simon Essing
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 München, Germany;
| | | | - Katrin Schmitt
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.S.); (J.W.)
- Fraunhofer IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wöllenstein
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.S.); (J.W.)
- Fraunhofer IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Eberl M, Oldfield E, Herrmann T. Editor’s Note: Relates to: ‘Immuno-antibiotics: targeting microbial metabolic pathways sensed by unconventional T cells’. Immunotherapy Advances 2021; 1:ltab023. [PMID: 35919734 PMCID: PMC9327126 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Burton RJ, Ahmed R, Cuff SM, Baker S, Artemiou A, Eberl M. CytoPy: An autonomous cytometry analysis framework. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009071. [PMID: 34101722 PMCID: PMC8213167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytometry analysis has seen a considerable expansion in recent years in the maximum number of parameters that can be acquired in a single experiment. In response to this technological advance there has been an increased effort to develop new computational methodologies for handling high-dimensional single cell data acquired by flow or mass cytometry. Despite the success of numerous algorithms and published packages to replicate and outperform traditional manual analysis, widespread adoption of these techniques has yet to be realised in the field of immunology. Here we present CytoPy, a Python framework for automated analysis of cytometry data that integrates a document-based database for a data-centric and iterative analytical environment. In addition, our algorithm-agnostic design provides a platform for open-source cytometry bioinformatics in the Python ecosystem. We demonstrate the ability of CytoPy to phenotype T cell subsets in whole blood samples even in the presence of significant batch effects due to technical and user variation. The complete analytical pipeline was then used to immunophenotype the local inflammatory infiltrate in individuals with and without acute bacterial infection. CytoPy is open-source and licensed under the MIT license. CytoPy is available at https://github.com/burtonrj/CytoPy, with notebooks accompanying this manuscript (https://github.com/burtonrj/CytoPyManuscript) and software documentation at https://cytopy.readthedocs.io/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J. Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Raya Ahmed
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simone M. Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Artemiou
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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14
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Eberl M, Oldfield E, Herrmann T. Immuno-antibiotics: targeting microbial metabolic pathways sensed by unconventional T cells. Immunother Adv 2021; 1:ltab005. [PMID: 35919736 PMCID: PMC9327107 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and other unconventional T cells are specialised in detecting microbial metabolic pathway intermediates that are absent in humans. The recognition by such semi-invariant innate-like T cells of compounds like (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), the penultimate metabolite in the MEP isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, and intermediates of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and their metabolites allows the immune system to rapidly sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are shared by a wide range of micro-organisms. Given the essential nature of these metabolic pathways for microbial viability, they have emerged as promising targets for the development of novel antibiotics. Here, we review recent findings that link enzymatic inhibition of microbial metabolism with alterations in the levels of unconventional T cell ligands produced by treated micro-organisms that have given rise to the concept of 'immuno-antibiotics': combining direct antimicrobial activity with an immunotherapeutic effect via modulation of unconventional T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Correspondence: Matthias Eberl, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK. Tel: +44-29206-87011;
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Cuff SM, Merola JP, Twohig JP, Eberl M, Gray WP. Toll-like receptor linked cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid discriminate neurological infection from sterile inflammation. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa218. [PMID: 33409494 PMCID: PMC7772097 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid determination of an infective aetiology causing neurological inflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid can be challenging in clinical practice. Post-surgical nosocomial infection is difficult to diagnose accurately, as it occurs on a background of altered cerebrospinal fluid composition due to the underlying pathologies and surgical procedures involved. There is additional diagnostic difficulty after external ventricular drain or ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery, as infection is often caused by pathogens growing as biofilms, which may fail to elicit a significant inflammatory response and are challenging to identify by microbiological culture. Despite much research effort, a single sensitive and specific cerebrospinal fluid biomarker has yet to be defined which reliably distinguishes infective from non-infective inflammation. As a result, many patients with suspected infection are treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics in the absence of definitive diagnostic criteria. To begin to address these issues, we examined cerebrospinal fluid taken at the point of clinical equipoise to diagnose cerebrospinal fluid infection in 14 consecutive neurosurgical patients showing signs of inflammatory complications. Using the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, six cases were subsequently characterized as infected and eight as sterile inflammation. Twenty-four contemporaneous patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension or normal pressure hydrocephalus were included as non-inflamed controls. We measured 182 immune and neurological biomarkers in each sample and used pathway analysis to elucidate the biological underpinnings of any biomarker changes. Increased levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and interleukin-6-related mediators such as oncostatin M were excellent indicators of inflammation. However, interleukin-6 levels alone could not distinguish between bacterially infected and uninfected patients. Within the patient cohort with neurological inflammation, a pattern of raised interleukin-17, interleukin-12p40/p70 and interleukin-23 levels delineated nosocomial bacteriological infection from background neuroinflammation. Pathway analysis showed that the observed immune signatures could be explained through a common generic inflammatory response marked by interleukin-6 in both nosocomial and non-infectious inflammation, overlaid with a toll-like receptor-associated and bacterial peptidoglycan-triggered interleukin-17 pathway response that occurred exclusively during infection. This is the first demonstration of a pathway dependent cerebrospinal fluid biomarker differentiation distinguishing nosocomial infection from background neuroinflammation. It is especially relevant to the commonly encountered pathologies in clinical practice, such as subarachnoid haemorrhage and post-cranial neurosurgery. While requiring confirmation in a larger cohort, the current data indicate the potential utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker strategies to identify differential initiation of a common downstream interleukin-6 pathway to diagnose nosocomial infection in this challenging clinical cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joseph P Merola
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jason P Twohig
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Kouzeli A, Collins PJ, Metzemaekers M, Meyrath M, Szpakowska M, Artinger M, Struyf S, Proost P, Chevigne A, Legler DF, Eberl M, Moser B. CXCL14 Preferentially Synergizes With Homeostatic Chemokine Receptor Systems. Front Immunol 2020; 11:561404. [PMID: 33123134 PMCID: PMC7570948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.561404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting their importance in immunity, the activity of chemokines is regulated on several levels, including tissue and context-specific expression and availability of their cognate receptor on target cells. Chemokine synergism, affecting both chemokine and chemokine receptor function, has emerged as an additional control mechanism. We previously demonstrated that CXCL14 is a positive allosteric modulator of CXCR4 in its ability to synergize with CXCL12 in diverse cellular responses. Here, we have extended our study to additional homeostatic, as well as a selection of inflammatory chemokine systems. We report that CXCL14 strongly synergizes with low (sub-active) concentrations of CXCL13 and CCL19/CCL21 in in vitro chemotaxis with immune cells expressing the corresponding receptors CXCR5 and CCR7, respectively. CXCL14 by itself was inactive, not only on cells expressing CXCR5 or CCR7 but also on cells expressing any other known conventional or atypical chemokine receptor, as assessed by chemotaxis and/or β-arrestin recruitment assays. Furthermore, synergistic migration responses between CXCL14 and inflammatory chemokines CXCL10/CXCL11 and CCL5, targeting CXCR3 and CCR5, respectively, were marginal and occasional synergistic Ca2+ flux responses were observed. CXCL14 bound to 300-19 cells and interfered with CCL19 binding to CCR7-expressing cells, suggesting that these cellular interactions contributed to the reported CXCL14-mediated synergistic activities. We propose a model whereby tissue-expressed CXCL14 contributes to cell localization under steady-state conditions at sites with prominent expression of homeostatic chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadni Kouzeli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Collins
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Max Meyrath
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Artinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andy Chevigne
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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17
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Catar RA, Chen L, Cuff SM, Kift-Morgan A, Eberl M, Kettritz R, Kamhieh-Milz J, Moll G, Li Q, Zhao H, Kawka E, Zickler D, Parekh G, Davis P, Fraser DJ, Dragun D, Eckardt KU, Jörres A, Witowski J. Control of neutrophil influx during peritonitis by transcriptional cross-regulation of chemokine CXCL1 by IL-17 and IFN-γ. J Pathol 2020; 251:175-186. [PMID: 32232854 DOI: 10.1002/path.5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration is a hallmark of peritoneal inflammation, but mechanisms regulating neutrophil recruitment in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis are not fully defined. We examined 104 samples of PD effluent collected during acute peritonitis for correspondence between a broad range of soluble parameters and neutrophil counts. We observed an association between peritoneal IL-17 and neutrophil levels. This relationship was evident in effluent samples with low but not high IFN-γ levels, suggesting a differential effect of IFN-γ concentration on neutrophil infiltration. Surprisingly, there was no association of neutrophil numbers with the level of CXCL1, a key IL-17-induced neutrophil chemoattractant. We investigated therefore the production of CXCL1 by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) under in vitro conditions mimicking clinical peritonitis. Stimulation of HPMCs with IL-17 increased CXCL1 production through induction of transcription factor SP1 and activation of the SP1-binding region of the CXCL1 promoter. These effects were amplified by TNFα. In contrast, IFN-γ dose-dependently suppressed IL-17-induced SP1 activation and CXCL1 production through a transcriptional mechanism involving STAT1. The SP1-mediated induction of CXCL1 was also observed in HPMCs exposed to PD effluent collected during peritonitis and containing IL-17 and TNFα, but not IFN-γ. Supplementation of the effluent with IFN-γ led to a dose-dependent activation of STAT1 and a resultant inhibition of SP1-induced CXCL1 expression. Transmesothelial migration of neutrophils in vitro increased upon stimulation of HPMCs with IL-17 and was reduced by IFN-γ. In addition, HPMCs were capable of binding CXCL1 at their apical cell surface. These observations indicate that changes in relative peritoneal concentrations of IL-17 and IFN-γ can differently engage SP1-STAT1, impacting on mesothelial cell transcription of CXCL1, whose release and binding to HPMC surface may determine optimal neutrophil recruitment and retention during peritonitis. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusan A Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone M Cuff
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongfan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Kawka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel Zickler
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gita Parekh
- Mologic Ltd, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, UK
| | - Paul Davis
- Mologic Ltd, Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Duska Dragun
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Jörres
- Department of Medicine I, Nephrology, Transplantation and Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janusz Witowski
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Abstract
Sensing of self and non-self phosphoantigens by human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in the context of the butyrophilin family members BTN2A1 and BTN3A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Systems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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19
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Goodlad C, George S, Sandoval S, Mepham S, Parekh G, Eberl M, Topley N, Davenport A. Measurement of innate immune response biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis effluent using a rapid diagnostic point-of-care device as a diagnostic indicator of peritonitis. Kidney Int 2020; 97:1253-1259. [PMID: 32359809 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peritonitis is the commonest complication of peritoneal dialysis and a major reason for treatment failure. Current diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, cloudy effluent and a dialysate white cell count (over 100 cells/μl). A rapid point-of-care diagnostic test would accelerate diagnosis and potentially improve outcomes from infection. Here, in a clinical audit project, we used PERiPLEX®, a point-of-care device which detects when levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and interleukin-6 are elevated above a threshold within minutes in dialysis effluent, to assess whether it could confirm or exclude peritonitis in 107 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Mean patient age was 64.6 years with a median duration of peritoneal dialysis of 13.3 months (interquartile range 6.3 - 33.5 months). Presence of peritonitis was confirmed by clinical criteria. There were 49 positive tests of which 41 patients had peritonitis, three had other causes of intra-peritoneal inflammation, three had severe urosepsis and two patients required no treatment. Fifty-eight tests were negative with one patient having a false negative result. The positive predictive value of the test was 83.7% (95% confidence interval 72.8 - 90.8) and the negative predictive value was 98.3% (89.1 - 99.8). Sensitivity and specificity were 97.6% (87.4 - 99.9) and 87.7% (77.2 - 94.5) respectively. Thus, PERiPLEX® could be used as a rapid point-of-care test that can aid the diagnosis or exclusion of peritonitis with a high negative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Mepham
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Gadalla AAH, Friberg IM, Kift-Morgan A, Zhang J, Eberl M, Topley N, Weeks I, Cuff S, Wootton M, Gal M, Parekh G, Davis P, Gregory C, Hood K, Hughes K, Butler C, Francis NA. Identification of clinical and urine biomarkers for uncomplicated urinary tract infection using machine learning algorithms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19694. [PMID: 31873085 PMCID: PMC6928162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms are commonly treated with empirical antibiotics, resulting in overuse of antibiotics, which promotes antimicrobial resistance. Available diagnostic tools are either not cost-effective or diagnostically sub-optimal. Here, we identified clinical and urinary immunological predictors for UTI diagnosis. We explored 17 clinical and 42 immunological potential predictors for bacterial culture among women with uncomplicated UTI symptoms using random forest or support vector machine coupled with recursive feature elimination. Urine cloudiness was the best performing clinical predictor to rule out (negative likelihood ratio [LR−] = 0.4) and rule in (LR+ = 2.6) UTI. Using a more discriminatory scale to assess cloudiness (turbidity) increased the accuracy of UTI prediction further (LR+ = 4.4). Urinary levels of MMP9, NGAL, CXCL8 and IL-1β together had a higher LR+ (6.1) and similar LR− (0.4), compared to cloudiness. Varying the bacterial count thresholds for urine culture positivity did not alter best clinical predictor selection, but did affect the number of immunological predictors required for reaching an optimal prediction. We conclude that urine cloudiness is particularly helpful in ruling out negative UTI cases. The identified urinary biomarkers could be used to develop a point of care test for UTI but require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A H Gadalla
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Weeks
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Clinical Innovation Hub, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Cuff
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Clinical Innovation Hub, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Micaela Gal
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Parekh
- Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Davis
- Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Hughes
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Butler
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick A Francis
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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21
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Raffray L, Burton RJ, Baker SE, Morgan MP, Eberl M. Zoledronate rescues immunosuppressed monocytes in sepsis patients. Immunology 2019; 159:88-95. [PMID: 31606902 PMCID: PMC6904622 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe sepsis is often accompanied by a transient immune paralysis, which is associated with enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections and poor clinical outcomes. The functional impairment of antigen‐presenting cells is considered to be a major hallmark of this septic immunosuppression, with reduced HLA‐DR expression on circulating monocytes serving as predictor of mortality. Unconventional lymphocytes like γδ T‐cells have the potential to restore immune defects in a variety of pathologies including cancer, but their use to rescue sepsis‐induced immunosuppression has not been investigated. Our own previous work showed that Vγ9/Vδ2+ γδ T‐cells are potent activators of monocytes from healthy volunteers in vitro, and in individuals with osteoporosis after first‐time administration of the anti‐bone resorption drug zoledronate in vivo. We show here that zoledronate readily induces upregulation of HLA‐DR, CD40 and CD64 on monocytes from both healthy controls and sepsis patients, which could be abrogated by neutralising the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in the cultures. In healthy controls, the upregulation of HLA‐DR on monocytes was proportional to the baseline percentage of Vγ9/Vδ2 T‐cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population. Of note, a proportion of sepsis patients studied here did not show a demonstrable response to zoledronate, predominantly patients with microbiologically confirmed bloodstream infections, compared with sepsis patients with more localised infections marked by negative blood cultures. Taken together, our results suggest that zoledronate can, at least in some individuals, rescue immunosuppressed monocytes during acute sepsis and thus may help improve clinical outcomes during severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Raffray
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, Félix Guyon University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
| | - Ross J Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Directorate of Critical Care, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Nguyen CT, Maverakis E, Eberl M, Adamopoulos IE. γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:595-605. [PMID: 31506867 PMCID: PMC6815259 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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23
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Burton RJ, Albur M, Eberl M, Cuff SM. Using artificial intelligence to reduce diagnostic workload without compromising detection of urinary tract infections. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2019; 19:171. [PMID: 31443706 PMCID: PMC6708133 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-019-0878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of microbiological screening in diagnostic laboratories is due to suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs), yet approximately two thirds of urine samples typically yield negative culture results. By reducing the number of query samples to be cultured and enabling diagnostic services to concentrate on those in which there are true microbial infections, a significant improvement in efficiency of the service is possible. METHODOLOGY Screening process for urine samples prior to culture was modelled in a single clinical microbiology laboratory covering three hospitals and community services across Bristol and Bath, UK. Retrospective analysis of all urine microscopy, culture, and sensitivity reports over one year was used to compare two methods of classification: a heuristic model using a combination of white blood cell count and bacterial count, and a machine learning approach testing three algorithms (Random Forest, Neural Network, Extreme Gradient Boosting) whilst factoring in independent variables including demographics, historical urine culture results, and clinical details provided with the specimen. RESULTS A total of 212,554 urine reports were analysed. Initial findings demonstrated the potential for using machine learning algorithms, which outperformed the heuristic model in terms of relative workload reduction achieved at a classification sensitivity > 95%. Upon further analysis of classification sensitivity of subpopulations, we concluded that samples from pregnant patients and children (age 11 or younger) require independent evaluation. First the removal of pregnant patients and children from the classification process was investigated but this diminished the workload reduction achieved. The optimal solution was found to be three Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithms, trained independently for the classification of pregnant patients, children, and then all other patients. When combined, this system granted a relative workload reduction of 41% and a sensitivity of 95% for each of the stratified patient groups. CONCLUSION Based on the considerable time and cost savings achieved, without compromising the diagnostic performance, the heuristic model was successfully implemented in routine clinical practice in the diagnostic laboratory at Severn Pathology, Bristol. Our work shows the potential application of supervised machine learning models in improving service efficiency at a time when demand often surpasses resources of public healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Burton
- Department of Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK. .,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Mahableshwar Albur
- Department of Infection Sciences, Severn Pathology, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Simone M Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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24
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Brook AC, Jenkins RH, Clayton A, Kift-Morgan A, Raby AC, Shephard AP, Mariotti B, Cuff SM, Bazzoni F, Bowen T, Fraser DJ, Eberl M. Neutrophil-derived miR-223 as local biomarker of bacterial peritonitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10136. [PMID: 31300703 PMCID: PMC6625975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality and technique failure in patients with end stage kidney failure who receive peritoneal dialysis (PD). Recent research suggests that the early inflammatory response at the site of infection carries diagnostically relevant information, suggesting that organ and pathogen-specific "immune fingerprints" may guide targeted treatment decisions and allow patient stratification and risk prediction at the point of care. Here, we recorded microRNA profiles in the PD effluent of patients presenting with symptoms of acute peritonitis and show that elevated peritoneal miR-223 and reduced miR-31 levels were useful predictors of bacterial infection. Cell culture experiments indicated that miR-223 was predominantly produced by infiltrating immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes), while miR-31 was mainly derived from the local tissue (mesothelial cells, fibroblasts). miR-223 was found to be functionally stabilised in PD effluent from peritonitis patients, with a proportion likely to be incorporated into neutrophil-derived exosomes. Our study demonstrates that microRNAs are useful biomarkers of bacterial infection in PD-related peritonitis and have the potential to contribute to disease-specific immune fingerprints. Exosome-encapsulated microRNAs may have a functional role in intercellular communication between immune cells responding to the infection and the local tissue, to help clear the infection, resolve the inflammation and restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Brook
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Jenkins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Catherine Raby
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P Shephard
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Mariotti
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone M Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Bazzoni
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. .,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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25
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Abstract
Human γδ T-cells include some of the most common "antigen-specific" cell types in peripheral blood and are enriched yet further at mucosal barrier sites where microbial infection and tumors often originate. While the γδ T-cell compartment includes multiple subsets with highly flexible effector functions, human mucosal tissues are dominated by host stress-responsive Vδ1+ T-cells and microbe-responsive Vδ2+ T-cells. Widely recognized for their potent cytotoxicity, emerging data suggest that γδ T-cells also exert strong influences on downstream adaptive immunity to pathogens and tumors, in particular via activation of antigen-presenting cells and/or direct stimulation of other mucosal leukocytes. These unique functional attributes and lack of MHC restriction have prompted considerable interest in therapeutic targeting of γδ T-cells. Indeed, several drugs already in clinical use, including vedolizumab, infliximab, and azathioprine, likely owe their efficacy in part to modulation of γδ T-cell function. Recent clinical trials of Vδ2+ T-cell-selective treatments indicate a good safety profile in human patients, and efficacy is set to increase as more potent/targeted drugs continue to be developed. Key advances will include identifying methods of directing γδ T-cell recruitment to specific tissues to enhance host protection against invading pathogens, or alternatively, retaining these cells in the circulation to limit peripheral inflammation and/or improve responses to blood malignancies. Human γδ T-cell control of mucosal immunity is likely exerted via multiple mechanisms that induce diverse responses in other types of tissue-resident leukocytes. Understanding the microenvironmental signals that regulate these functions will be critical to the development of new γδ T-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E. McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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26
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Eberl M, Dlugosz A, Wong S. 138 Notch signaling modulates BCC persistence in response to anti-hedgehog therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Rhodes DA, McCarthy N, Trowsdale J, Eberl M. Butyrophilin (BTN) molecules control γδ T cells in tissue epithelia. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.99.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gammadelta (γδ) T cells are a lineage of innate-like T lymphocytes with potent cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory and regulatory properties. They express, as a defining feature, a T cell receptor (TCR) composed of a γ and δ chain heterodimer, both products of V(D)J recombination, which distinguishes them from conventional αβ T cells.
Although restricted to anatomical locations including skin and intestinal epithelium, major sites of interaction with the microbiota and of autoimmune pathology, the role of γδ T cells in immune surveillance is poorly understood. It is now clear that butyrophilins (BTNs) are pivotal in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in tissue epithelium, by controlling activation of γδ T cells. Despite homology to B7 costimulatory receptors like CD80/86 and PD-L1, ligands for BTN molecules have remained elusive. Some data show a direct interaction of BTNs with the γδ TCR, although this remains to be confirmed.
We aim to understand the function of BTNs in the regulation of γδ T cells and how their dysregulation contributes to disease. The model system we study is the human BTN3A proteins and their role in the activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, a prominent γδ T cell lineage in human blood and tissues. Since it is clear that specific BTN molecules control defined γδ T cell subsets, this work is relevant to other systems of γδ T cell activation. I will highlight how these new data on the molecular control of a major T cell compartment is relevant to human autoimmunity and cancer.
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28
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Rhodes DA, Chen HC, Williamson JC, Hill A, Yuan J, Smith S, Rhodes H, Trowsdale J, Lehner PJ, Herrmann T, Eberl M. Regulation of Human γδ T Cells by BTN3A1 Protein Stability and ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. Front Immunol 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 29670629 PMCID: PMC5893821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by "phosphoantigens" (pAg), the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP) and the endogenous isoprenoid intermediate isopentenyl pyrophosphate, requires expression of butyrophilin BTN3A molecules by presenting cells. However, the precise mechanism of activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by BTN3A molecules remains elusive. It is not clear what conformation of the three BTN3A isoforms transmits activation signals nor how externally delivered pAg accesses the cytosolic B30.2 domain of BTN3A1. To approach these problems, we studied two HLA haplo-identical HeLa cell lines, termed HeLa-L and HeLa-M, which showed marked differences in pAg-dependent stimulation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. Levels of IFN-γ secretion by Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells were profoundly increased by pAg loading, or by binding of the pan-BTN3A specific agonist antibody CD277 20.1, in HeLa-M compared to HeLa-L cells. IL-2 production from a murine hybridoma T cell line expressing human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenes confirmed that the differential responsiveness to HeLa-L and HeLa-M was TCR dependent. By tissue typing, both HeLa lines were shown to be genetically identical and full-length transcripts of the three BTN3A isoforms were detected in equal abundance with no sequence variation. Expression of BTN3A and interacting molecules, such as periplakin or RhoB, did not account for the functional variation between HeLa-L and HeLa-M cells. Instead, the data implicate a checkpoint controlling BTN3A1 stability and protein trafficking, acting at an early time point in its maturation. In addition, plasma membrane profiling was used to identify proteins upregulated in HMB-PP-treated HeLa-M. ABCG2, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family was the most significant candidate, which crucially showed reduced expression in HeLa-L. Expression of a subset of ABC transporters, including ABCA1 and ABCG1, correlated with efficiency of T cell activation by cytokine secretion, although direct evidence of a functional role was not obtained by knockdown experiments. Our findings indicate a link between members of the ABC protein superfamily and the BTN3A-dependent activation of γδ T cells by endogenous and exogenous pAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: David A. Rhodes,
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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29
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Vermijlen D, Gatti D, Kouzeli A, Rus T, Eberl M. γδ T cell responses: How many ligands will it take till we know? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:75-86. [PMID: 29402644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells constitute a sizeable and non-redundant fraction of the total T cell pool in all jawed vertebrates, but in contrast to conventional αβ T cells they are not restricted by classical MHC molecules. Progress in our understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the immune system has been hampered, and is being hampered, by the considerable lack of knowledge regarding the antigens γδ T cells respond to. The past few years have seen a wealth of data regarding the TCR repertoires of distinct γδ T cell populations and a growing list of confirmed and proposed molecules that are recognised by γδ T cells in different species. Yet, the physiological contexts underlying the often restricted TCR usage and the chemical diversity of γδ T cell ligands remain largely unclear, and only few structural studies have confirmed direct ligand recognition by the TCR. We here review the latest progress in the identification and validation of putative γδ T cell ligands and discuss the implications of such findings for γδ T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium.
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Teja Rus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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30
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Eberl M, Seidel M. [Accidental poisoning with aconite napel (monkshood) : Simultaneous treatment of two patients]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2017; 113:574-576. [PMID: 29236129 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-017-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The unintentional poisoning with aconite in a 32-year-old healthy woman led to life-threatening neurological and cardiovascular effects with cardiac arrest and need for resuscitation. The combined administration of magnesium and amiodarone was able to stabilize heart rhythm and circulation. Organ damage was not recognized in the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eberl
- Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 52, 13125, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - M Seidel
- Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Warener Straße 7, 12683, Berlin, Deutschland.
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31
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Howard J, Loizon S, Tyler CJ, Duluc D, Moser B, Mechain M, Duvignaud A, Malvy D, Troye-Blomberg M, Moreau JF, Eberl M, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Behr C, Mamani-Matsuda M. The Antigen-Presenting Potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells During Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1569-1579. [PMID: 28368498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During Plasmodium falciparum infections, erythrocyte-stage parasites inhibit dendritic cell maturation and function, compromising effective antimalarial adaptive immunity. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can act in vitro as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and induce αβ T-cell activation. However, the relevance of this activity in vivo has remained elusive. Because Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated during the early immune response against P. falciparum infection, we investigated whether they could contribute to the instruction of adaptive immune responses toward malaria parasites. In P. falciparum-infected patients, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells presented increased surface expression of APC-associated markers HLA-DR and CD86. In response to infected red blood cells in vitro, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upregulated surface expression of HLA-DR, HLA-ABC, CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86, induced naive αβ T-cell responses, and cross- presented soluble prototypical protein to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Our findings qualify Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as alternative APCs, which could be harnessed for therapeutic interventions and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and
| | - Matthieu Mechain
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Denis Malvy
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Jean-Francois Moreau
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University.,CHU de Bordeaux, Immunology and Immunogenetic Laboratory, and
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, United Kingdom ; and
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32
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Chen HC, Joalland N, Bridgeman JS, Alchami FS, Jarry U, Khan MWA, Piggott L, Shanneik Y, Li J, Herold MJ, Herrmann T, Price DA, Gallimore AM, Clarkson RW, Scotet E, Moser B, Eberl M. Synergistic targeting of breast cancer stem-like cells by human γδ T cells and CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:620-629. [PMID: 28356569 PMCID: PMC5550559 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to existing therapies has largely hampered the development of effective treatments for advanced malignancy. To help develop novel immunotherapy approaches that efficiently target CSCs, an experimental model allowing reliable distinction of CSCs and non-CSCs was set up to study their interaction with non-MHC-restricted γδ T cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Stable lines with characteristics of breast CSC-like cells were generated from ras-transformed human mammary epithelial (HMLER) cells as confirmed by their CD44hi CD24lo GD2+ phenotype, their mesenchymal morphology in culture and their capacity to form mammospheres under non-adherent conditions, as well as their potent tumorigenicity, self-renewal and differentiation in xenografted mice. The resistance of CSC-like cells to γδ T cells could be overcome by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) through pretreatment with zoledronate or with FPPS-targeting short hairpin RNA. γδ T cells induced upregulation of MHC class I and CD54/ICAM-1 on CSC-like cells and thereby increased the susceptibility to antigen-specific killing by CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, γδ T-cell responses could be specifically directed against CSC-like cells using the humanised anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A. Our findings identify a powerful synergism between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted T cells in the eradication of cancer cells including breast CSCs. Our research suggests that novel immunotherapies may benefit from a two-pronged approach combining γδ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell targeting strategies that triggers effective innate-like and tumour-specific adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Noémie Joalland
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fouad S Alchami
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke Piggott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yasmin Shanneik
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco J Herold
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard W Clarkson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Verhaegen M, Mangelberger D, Harms P, Eberl M, Wilbert D, Meireles J, Zabawa H, Saunders T, Dlugosz A. 143 Merkel cell carcinoma-like tumor development in mice is dependent on the FBXW7 binding domain of Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tyler CJ, McCarthy NE, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ, Moser B, Eberl M. Antigen-Presenting Human γδ T Cells Promote Intestinal CD4 + T Cell Expression of IL-22 and Mucosal Release of Calprotectin. J Immunol 2017; 198:3417-3425. [PMID: 28330898 PMCID: PMC5392732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-22 plays a critical role in mucosal barrier defense, but the mechanisms that promote IL-22 expression in the human intestine remain poorly understood. As human microbe-responsive Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are abundant in the gut and recognize microbiota-associated metabolites, we assessed their potential to induce IL-22 expression by intestinal CD4+ T cells. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells with characteristics of APCs were generated from human blood and intestinal organ cultures, then cocultured with naive and memory CD4+ T cells obtained from human blood or the colon. The potency of blood and intestinal γδ T-APCs was compared with that of monocytes and dendritic cells, by assessing CD4+ T cell phenotypes and proliferation as well as cytokine and transcription factor profiles. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in human blood, colon, and terminal ileum acquired APC functions upon microbial activation in the presence of microenvironmental signals including IL-15, and were capable of polarizing both blood and colonic CD4+ T cells toward distinct effector fates. Unlike monocytes or dendritic cells, gut-homing γδ T-APCs employed an IL-6 independent mechanism to stimulate CD4+ T cell expression of IL-22 without upregulating IL-17. In human intestinal organ cultures, microbial activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells promoted mucosal secretion of IL-22 and ICOSL/TNF-α-dependent release of the IL-22 inducible antimicrobial protein calprotectin without modulating IL-17 expression. In conclusion, human γδ T-APCs stimulate CD4+ T cell responses distinct from those induced by myeloid APCs to promote local barrier defense via mucosal release of IL-22 and calprotectin. Targeting of γδ T-APC functions may lead to the development of novel gut-directed immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - James O Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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35
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Zhang J, Friberg IM, Kift-Morgan A, Parekh G, Morgan MP, Liuzzi AR, Lin CY, Donovan KL, Colmont CS, Morgan PH, Davis P, Weeks I, Fraser DJ, Topley N, Eberl M. Machine-learning algorithms define pathogen-specific local immune fingerprints in peritoneal dialysis patients with bacterial infections. Kidney Int 2017; 92:179-191. [PMID: 28318629 PMCID: PMC5484022 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to sense invading pathogens, control infection, and restore tissue integrity. Despite symptomatic variability in patients, unequivocal evidence that an individual's immune system distinguishes between different organisms and mounts an appropriate response is lacking. We here used a systematic approach to characterize responses to microbiologically well-defined infection in a total of 83 peritoneal dialysis patients on the day of presentation with acute peritonitis. A broad range of cellular and soluble parameters was determined in peritoneal effluents, covering the majority of local immune cells, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines as well as tissue damage–related factors. Our analyses, utilizing machine-learning algorithms, demonstrate that different groups of bacteria induce qualitatively distinct local immune fingerprints, with specific biomarker signatures associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and with culture-negative episodes of unclear etiology. Even more, within the Gram-positive group, unique immune biomarker combinations identified streptococcal and non-streptococcal species including coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. These findings have diagnostic and prognostic implications by informing patient management and treatment choice at the point of care. Thus, our data establish the power of non-linear mathematical models to analyze complex biomedical datasets and highlight key pathways involved in pathogen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gita Parekh
- Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, UK
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Directorate of Critical Care, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chan-Yu Lin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Kieron L Donovan
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, UK; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Peter H Morgan
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul Davis
- Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, UK
| | - Ian Weeks
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, UK; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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36
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Liuzzi AR, Kift-Morgan A, Lopez-Anton M, Friberg IM, Zhang J, Brook AC, Roberts GW, Donovan KL, Colmont CS, Toleman MA, Bowen T, Johnson DW, Topley N, Moser B, Fraser DJ, Eberl M. Unconventional Human T Cells Accumulate at the Site of Infection in Response to Microbial Ligands and Induce Local Tissue Remodeling. J Immunol 2016; 197:2195-207. [PMID: 27527598 PMCID: PMC5009878 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial responsiveness and function of unconventional human T cells are poorly understood, with only limited access to relevant specimens from sites of infection. Peritonitis is a common and serious complication in individuals with end-stage kidney disease receiving peritoneal dialysis. By analyzing local and systemic immune responses in peritoneal dialysis patients presenting with acute bacterial peritonitis and monitoring individuals before and during defined infectious episodes, our data show that Vγ9/Vδ2+ γδ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells accumulate at the site of infection with organisms producing (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate and vitamin B2, respectively. Such unconventional human T cells are major producers of IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to these ligands that are shared by many microbial pathogens and affect the cells lining the peritoneal cavity by triggering local inflammation and inducing tissue remodeling with consequences for peritoneal membrane integrity. Our data uncover a crucial role for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in bacterial infection and suggest that they represent a useful predictive marker for important clinical outcomes, which may inform future stratification and patient management. These findings are likely to be applicable to other acute infections where local activation of unconventional T cells contributes to the antimicrobial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Melisa Lopez-Anton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C Brook
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Roberts
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Kieron L Donovan
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal S Colmont
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Toleman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - David W Johnson
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Wales Kidney Research Unit, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Raby AC, Colmont CS, Kift-Morgan A, Köhl J, Eberl M, Fraser D, Topley N, Labéta MO. Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Are Potential Therapeutic Targets in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:461-478. [PMID: 27432741 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains limited by dialysis failure due to peritoneal membrane fibrosis driven by inflammation caused by infections or sterile cellular stress. Given the fundamental role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and complement in inflammation, we assessed the potential of peritoneal TLR2, TLR4 and C5a receptors, C5aR and C5L2, as therapeutic targets in PD-associated fibrosis. We detected TLR2-, TLR4-, and C5aR-mediated proinflammatory and fibrotic responses to bacteria that were consistent with the expression of these receptors in peritoneal macrophages (TLR2/4, C5aR) and mesothelial cells (TLR2, C5aR). Experiments in knockout mice revealed a major role for TLR2, a lesser role for TLR4, a supplementary role for C5aR, and no apparent activity of C5L2 in infection-induced peritoneal fibrosis. Similarly, antibody blockade of TLR2, TLR4, or C5aR differentially inhibited bacteria-induced profibrotic and inflammatory mediator production by peritoneal leukocytes isolated from the peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) of noninfected uremic patients. Additionally, antibodies against TLR2, TLR4, or the coreceptor CD14 reduced the profibrotic responses of uremic leukocytes to endogenous components present in the PDE of noninfected patients. Enhancing TLR2-mediated inflammation increased fibrosis in vivo Furthermore, soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), a negative modulator of TLRs that we detected in PDE, inhibited PDE-induced, TLR2- or TLR4-mediated profibrotic responses. Notably, sTLR2 treatment markedly reduced Gram-positive and -negative bacteria-induced fibrosis in vivo, inhibiting proinflammatory and fibrotic genes without affecting infection clearance. These findings reveal the influence of peritoneal TLR2 and TLR4 on PD-associated fibrosis and describe a therapeutic strategy against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Raby
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - Chantal S Colmont
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany; and.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mario O Labéta
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
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38
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Johansson MA, Björkander S, Mata Forsberg M, Qazi KR, Salvany Celades M, Bittmann J, Eberl M, Sverremark-Ekström E. Probiotic Lactobacilli Modulate Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Activation of Conventional and Unconventional T cells and NK Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:273. [PMID: 27462316 PMCID: PMC4939411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are probiotic commensal bacteria and potent modulators of immunity. When present in the gut or supplemented as probiotics, they beneficially modulate ex vivo immune responsiveness. Further, factors derived from several lactobacilli strains act immune regulatory in vitro. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is known to induce excessive T cell activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate S. aureus-induced activation of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), γδ T cells, NK cells, as well as of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Further, we investigated if lactobacilli-derived factors could modulate their activation. PBMC were cultured with S. aureus 161:2 cell-free supernatants (CFS), staphylococcal enterotoxin A or CD3/CD28-beads alone, or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-CFS or Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-CFS and activation of T and NK cells was evaluated. S. aureus-CFS induced IFN-γ and CD107a expression as well as proliferation. Costimulation with lactobacilli-CFS dampened lymphocyte-activation in all cell types analyzed. Preincubation with lactobacilli-CFS was enough to reduce subsequent activation, and the absence of APC or APC-derived IL-10 did not prevent lactobacilli-mediated dampening. Finally, lactate selectively dampened activation of unconventional T cells and NK cells. In summary, we show that molecules present in the lactobacilli-CFS are able to directly dampen in vitro activation of conventional and unconventional T cells and of NK cells. This study provides novel insights on the immune-modulatory nature of probiotic lactobacilli and suggests a role for lactobacilli in the modulation of induced T and NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Johansson
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Manuel Mata Forsberg
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Salvany Celades
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Julia Bittmann
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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Morgan MP, Szakmany T, Power SG, Olaniyi P, Hall JE, Rowan K, Eberl M. Sepsis Patients with First and Second-Hit Infections Show Different Outcomes Depending on the Causative Organism. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:207. [PMID: 26955367 PMCID: PMC4767904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: With improving rates of initial survival in severe sepsis, second-hit infections that occur following resolution of the primary insult carry an increasing burden of morbidity. However, despite the clinical relevance of these infections, no data are available on differential outcomes in patients with first and second-hit infections depending on the nature of the causative organism. This study aims to explore any differences in these subgroups. Design: In a retrospective, observational cohort study, the United Kingdom Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC) database was used to explore the outcomes of patient with first-hit infections leading to sepsis, and sepsis patients with second-hit infections grouped according to the Gram status of the causative organism. Setting: General critical care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland participating in the ICNARC programme between 1 January, 2007 and 30 June, 2012. Patients: Patient groups analyzed included 2119 patients with and 1319 patients without sepsis who developed an intensive care unit acquired infection in blood. Subgroups included patients with trauma, emergency neurosurgery, elective surgery, and cardiogenic shock. Measurements and main results: Gram-negative organisms were associated with poorer outcomes in first-hit infections. The 90-day mortality of patients who developed a Gram-negative infection was 43.6% following elective surgery and 27.9% following trauma. This compared with a mortality of 25.6 and 20.6%, respectively, in Gram-positive infections. Unexpectedly, an inverse relationship between Gram status and mortality was observed in second-hit infections. Patients with an initial diagnosis of sepsis who developed secondary infections caused by Gram-negative organisms had a 90-day mortality of 40.4%, compared with 43.6% in Gram-positive infections. Conclusions: Our study identifies a fundamental difference in patient outcomes between first-hit and second-hit bacterial infections, which may be due to genetic, microbiological, immunological, and environmental factors. This finding has direct implications for risk stratification and defines future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt P Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK; Directorate of Critical Care, Cardiff and Vale University Health BoardCardiff, UK
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK; ACT Directorate, Cwm Taf University Health BoardLlantrisant, UK
| | - Sarah G Power
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre London, UK
| | - Patrick Olaniyi
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University Swansea, UK
| | - Judith E Hall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
| | - Kathy Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre London, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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40
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Liuzzi AR, McLaren JE, Price DA, Eberl M. Early innate responses to pathogens: pattern recognition by unconventional human T-cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:31-7. [PMID: 26182978 PMCID: PMC4594761 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although typically viewed as a feature of innate immune responses, microbial pattern recognition is increasingly acknowledged as a function of particular cells nominally categorized within the adaptive immune system. Groundbreaking research over the past three years has shown how unconventional human T-cells carrying invariant or semi-invariant TCRs that are not restricted by classical MHC molecules sense microbial compounds via entirely novel antigen presenting pathways. This review will focus on the innate-like recognition of non-self metabolites by Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T-cells, with an emphasis on early immune responses in acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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41
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Bonneville M, Chen ZW, Déchanet-Merville J, Eberl M, Fournié JJ, Jameson JM, Lopez RD, Massaia M, Silva-Santos B. Chicago 2014 – 30years of γδ T cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Rhodes DA, Chen HC, Price AJ, Keeble AH, Davey MS, James LC, Eberl M, Trowsdale J. Activation of human γδ T cells by cytosolic interactions of BTN3A1 with soluble phosphoantigens and the cytoskeletal adaptor periplakin. J Immunol 2015; 194:2390-8. [PMID: 25637025 PMCID: PMC4337483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The three butyrophilin BTN3A molecules, BTN3A1, BTN3A2, and BTN3A3, are members of the B7/butyrophilin-like group of Ig superfamily receptors, which modulate the function of T cells. BTN3A1 controls activation of human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by direct or indirect presentation of self and nonself phosphoantigens (pAg). We show that the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate binds to the intracellular B30.2 domain of BTN3A1 with an affinity of 1.1 μM, whereas the endogenous pAg isopentenyl pyrophosphate binds with an affinity of 627 μM. Coculture experiments using knockdown cell lines showed that in addition to BTN3A1, BTN3A2 and BTN3A3 transmit activation signals to human γδ T cells in response to (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate and the aminobisphosphonate drug zoledronate that causes intracellular accumulation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The plakin family member periplakin, identified in yeast two-hybrid assays, interacted with a membrane-proximal di-leucine motif, located proximal to the B30.2 domain in the BTN3A1 cytoplasmic tail. Periplakin did not interact with BTN3A2 or BTN3A3, which do not contain the di-leucine motif. Re-expression into a BTN3A1 knockdown line of wild-type BTN3A1, but not of a variant lacking the periplakin binding motif, BTN3A1Δexon5, restored γδ T cell responses, demonstrating a functional role for periplakin interaction. These data, together with the widespread expression in epithelial cells, tumor tissues, and macrophages detected using BTN3A antiserum, are consistent with complex functions for BTN3A molecules in tissue immune surveillance and infection, linking the cell cytoskeleton to γδ T cell activation by indirectly presenting pAg to the Vγ9/Vδ2 TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rhodes
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Amanda J Price
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H Keeble
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin S Davey
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Leo C James
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Trowsdale
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Tyler CJ, Doherty DG, Moser B, Eberl M. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells: Innate adaptors of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:10-21. [PMID: 25659480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells are gaining center stage as important effector and regulatory cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are amongst the best understood unconventional T cells, as they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, can readily be expanded and manipulated in vitro, respond to microbial infections in vivo and can be exploited for novel tumor immunotherapies. We here review findings that suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and possibly other unconventional human T cells, play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by promoting the activation and differentiation of various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and even turning into APCs themselves, and thereby pave the way for antigen-specific effector responses and long-term immunological memory. Although the direct physiological relevance for most of these mechanisms still needs to be demonstrated in vivo, these findings may have implications for novel therapies, diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Eberl M, Friberg IM, Liuzzi AR, Morgan MP, Topley N. Pathogen-Specific Immune Fingerprints during Acute Infection: The Diagnostic Potential of Human γδ T-Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:572. [PMID: 25431573 PMCID: PMC4230182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK ; Cardiff and Vale University Health Board , Cardiff , UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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Abstract
IMMUNOTHERAPY IS A FAST ADVANCING METHODOLOGY INVOLVING ONE OF TWO APPROACHES: (1) compounds targeting immune checkpoints and (2) cellular immunomodulators. The latter approach is still largely experimental and features in vitro generated, live immune effector cells, or antigen-presenting cells. γδ T cells are known for their efficient in vitro tumor killing activities. Consequently, many laboratories worldwide are currently testing the tumor killing function of γδ T cells in clinical trials. Reported benefits are modest; however, these studies have demonstrated that large γδ T-cell infusions were well tolerated. Here, we discuss the potential of using human γδ T cells not as effector cells but as a novel cellular vaccine for treatment of cancer patients. Antigen-presenting γδ T cells do not require to home to tumor tissues but, instead, need to interact with endogenous, tumor-specific αβ T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Newly mobilized effector αβ T cells are then thought to overcome the immune blockade by creating proinflammatory conditions fit for effector T-cell homing to and killing of tumor cells. Immunotherapy may include tumor antigen-loaded γδ T cells alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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46
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Davey MS, Morgan MP, Liuzzi AR, Tyler CJ, Khan MWA, Szakmany T, Hall JE, Moser B, Eberl M. Microbe-specific unconventional T cells induce human neutrophil differentiation into antigen cross-presenting cells. J Immunol 2014; 193:3704-3716. [PMID: 25165152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early immune response to microbes is dominated by the recruitment of neutrophils whose primary function is to clear invading pathogens. However, there is emerging evidence that neutrophils play additional effector and regulatory roles. The present study demonstrates that human neutrophils assume Ag cross-presenting functions and suggests a plausible scenario for the local generation of APC-like neutrophils through the mobilization of unconventional T cells in response to microbial metabolites. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells are abundant in blood, inflamed tissues, and mucosal barriers. In this study, both human cell types responded rapidly to neutrophils after phagocytosis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria producing the corresponding ligands, and in turn mediated the differentiation of neutrophils into APCs for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells through secretion of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. In patients with acute sepsis, circulating neutrophils displayed a similar APC-like phenotype and readily processed soluble proteins for cross-presentation of antigenic peptides to CD8(+) T cells, at a time when peripheral Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells were highly activated. Our findings indicate that unconventional T cells represent key controllers of neutrophil-driven innate and adaptive responses to a broad range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Davey
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Cwm Taf University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Hall
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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47
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Khan MWA, Curbishley SM, Chen HC, Thomas AD, Pircher H, Mavilio D, Steven NM, Eberl M, Moser B. Expanded Human Blood-Derived γδT Cells Display Potent Antigen-Presentation Functions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:344. [PMID: 25101086 PMCID: PMC4107971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy strategies target tumors directly (via cytolytic effector cells) or aim at mobilizing endogenous anti-tumor immunity. The latter approach includes dendritic cells (DC) most frequently in the form of in vitro cultured peripheral blood monocytes-derived DC. Human blood γδT cells are selective for a single class of non-peptide agonists (“phosphoantigens”) and develop into potent antigen-presenting cells (APC), termed γδT-APC within 1–3 days of in vitro culture. Availability of large numbers of γδT-APC would be advantageous for use as a novel cellular vaccine. We here report optimal γδT cell expansion (>107 cells/ml blood) when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals and melanoma patients were stimulated with zoledronate and then cultured for 14 days in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15, yielding γδT cell cultures of variable purity (77 ± 21 and 56 ± 26%, respectively). They resembled effector memory αβT (TEM) cells and retained full functionality as assessed by in vitro tumor cell killing as well as secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα) and cell proliferation in response to stimulation with phosphoantigens. Importantly, day 14 γδT cells expressed numerous APC-related cell surface markers and, in agreement, displayed potent in vitro APC functions. Day 14 γδT cells from PBMC of patients with cancer were equally effective as their counterparts derived from blood of healthy individuals and triggered potent CD8+ αβT cell responses following processing and cross-presentation of simple (influenza M1) and complex (tuberculin purified protein derivative) protein antigens. Of note, and in clear contrast to peripheral blood γδT cells, the ability of day 14 γδT cells to trigger antigen-specific αβT cell responses did not depend on re-stimulation. We conclude that day 14 γδT cell cultures provide a convenient source of autologous APC for use in immunotherapy of patients with various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Stuart M Curbishley
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Andrew D Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano , Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Neil M Steven
- CR-UK Clinical Trials Unit, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
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Enting D, Iannitto ML, Pandha HS, Eberl M, Chowdhury S, Hayday AC. Effects of concomitant therapies on γδ T-cell responses to zoledronate in patients with advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.11081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Enting
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Matthias Eberl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Chowdhury
- Medical Oncology department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Welton JL, Martí S, Mahdi MH, Boobier C, Barrett-Lee PJ, Eberl M. γδ T cells predict outcome in zoledronate-treated breast cancer patients. Oncologist 2014; 18:e22-3. [PMID: 23986344 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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50
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Lin CY, Roberts GW, Kift-Morgan A, Donovan KL, Topley N, Eberl M. Pathogen-specific local immune fingerprints diagnose bacterial infection in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:2002-9. [PMID: 24179164 PMCID: PMC3839555 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of bacterial infection is crucial for effective and targeted treatment, yet routine microbiological identification is inefficient and often delayed to an extent that makes it clinically unhelpful. The immune system is capable of a rapid, sensitive and specific detection of a broad spectrum of microbes, which has been optimized over millions of years of evolution. A patient's early immune response is therefore likely to provide far better insight into the true nature and severity of microbial infections than conventional tests. To assess the diagnostic potential of pathogen-specific immune responses, we characterized the local responses of 52 adult patients during episodes of acute peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis by multicolor flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA, and defined the immunologic signatures in relation to standard microbiological culture results and to clinical outcomes. We provide evidence that unique local "immune fingerprints" characteristic of individual organisms are evident in PD patients on the day of presentation with acute peritonitis and discriminate between culture-negative, Gram-positive, and Gram-negative episodes of infection. Those humoral and cellular parameters with the most promise for defining disease-specific immune fingerprints include the local levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-22, TNF-α, and CXCL10, as well as the frequency of local γδ T cells and the relative proportion of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages among total peritoneal cells. Our data provide proof of concept for the feasibility of using immune fingerprints to inform the design of point-of-care tests that will allow rapid and accurate infection identification and facilitate targeted antibiotic prescription and improved patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yu Lin
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gareth W. Roberts
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kieron L. Donovan
- Department of Nephrology and Transplant, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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