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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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2
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Deng S, Zhou F, Wang F, Jiang Y, Tang J, Hu X, Luo L, Jin Y, Huang L, Sun D, Xiao G, Feng J, Li X. C5a enhances Vδ1 T cells recruitment via the CCL2-CCR2 axis in IgA nephropathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111065. [PMID: 37862725 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal immune-associated γδ T cells have been implicated in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). However, the involvement of Vδ1 T cells, the major γδ T cells subtype, in renal damage and the mechanism underlying their migration from peripheral blood to kidney in IgAN remain unclear. METHODS Clinical data from IgAN patients and healthy controls (HC) were analyzed. Phenotypes and chemokine receptors of γδ T cell were compared between IgAN patients and HC. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the infiltration of γδ T cell subsets and the expression of chemokine in renal tissues. In vitro, C5a was used to stimulate the human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) and chemotaxis experiment was used to examine Vδ1 T cells migration. Correlation between Vδ1 T cells and related clinical indicators were analyzed. RESULTS IgAN patients exhibited decreased Vδ1 T cell in blood but increased levels in kidneys compared to HC. Increased CCR2-expressing Vδ1 T cells and serum level of CCL2 were observed in IgAN patients. CCL2 co-localized with CCR2 in HMCs of IgAN. In vitro, C5a enhanced Vδ1 T cells recruitment by HMCs through CCL2-CCR2 axis. Importantly, circulating Vδ1 T cell levels showed a negatively correlated with both the urinary protein creatinine ratio (UACR) and 24-hour urine protein (UP). Moreover, kidney infiltration of Vδ1 cells positively correlated with UACR, UP, mesangial hyperplasia and renal tubule atrophy/interstitial fibrosis in IgAN. CONCLUSIONS C5a-induced production of CCL2 by HMCs facilitates Vδ1 T cells recruitment via the CCL2-CCR2 axis, contributing to renal damage in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglinzi Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiale Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liying Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanli Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingyu Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danni Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gong Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaozhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China..
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Li Y, Lu L, Xiang Z, Yin Z, Kabelitz D, Wu Y. γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37989744 PMCID: PMC10663641 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy in disease treatment. In recent years, our primary focus has centered on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, particularly pioneering the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells for treating late-stage solid tumors and tuberculosis patients. However, we recognize untapped potential and optimization opportunities to fully harness γδ T cell effector functions in immunotherapy. This review aims to thoroughly examine γδ T cell immunology and its role in diseases. Initially, we elucidate functional differences between γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts. We also provide an overview of major milestones in γδ T cell research since their discovery in 1984. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate biological processes governing their origin, development, fate decisions, and T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement within the thymus. By examining the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor functions of distinct γδ T cell subtypes based on γδTCR structure or cytokine release, we emphasize the importance of accurate subtyping in understanding γδ T cell function. We also explore the microenvironment-dependent functions of γδ T cell subsets, particularly in infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. Finally, we propose future strategies for utilizing allogeneic γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide readers with a holistic understanding of the molecular fundamentals and translational research frontiers of γδ T cells, ultimately contributing to further advancements in harnessing the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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Carlson SL, Mathew L, Savage M, Kok K, Lindsay JO, Munro CA, McCarthy NE. Mucosal Immunity to Gut Fungi in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1105. [PMID: 37998910 PMCID: PMC10672531 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a diverse microbial community composed of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that plays a major role in human health and disease. Dysregulation of these gut organisms in a genetically susceptible host is fundamental to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While bacterial dysbiosis has been a predominant focus of research for many years, there is growing recognition that fungal interactions with the host immune system are an important driver of gut inflammation. Candida albicans is likely the most studied fungus in the context of IBD, being a near universal gut commensal in humans and also a major barrier-invasive pathogen. There is emerging evidence that intra-strain variation in C. albicans virulence factors exerts a critical influence on IBD pathophysiology. In this review, we describe the immunological impacts of variations in C. lbicans colonisation, morphology, genetics, and proteomics in IBD, as well as the clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Carlson
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
- Gastroenterology Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Liya Mathew
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Michael Savage
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Klaartje Kok
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
- Gastroenterology Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - James O. Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
- Gastroenterology Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Neil E. McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. γδ T cells as a potential therapeutic agent for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273986. [PMID: 37928546 PMCID: PMC10623054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although γδ T cells comprise a small population of T cells, they perform important roles in protecting against infection and suppressing tumors. With their distinct tissue-localizing properties, combined with their various target recognition mechanisms, γδ T cells have the potential to become an effective solution for tumors that do not respond to current therapeutic procedures. One such tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is a malignant brain tumor with the highest World Health Organization grade and therefore the worst prognosis. The immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune-evasive glioma stem cells are major factors in GBM immunotherapy failure. Currently, encouraged by the strong anti-tumoral function of γδ T cells revealed at the preclinical and clinical levels, several research groups have shown progression of γδ T cell-based GBM treatment. However, several limitations still exist that block effective GBM treatment using γδ T cells. Therefore, understanding the distinct roles of γδ T cells in anti-tumor immune responses and the suppression mechanism of the GBM TME are critical for successful γδ T cell-mediated GBM therapy. In this review, we summarize the effector functions of γδ T cells in tumor immunity and discuss current advances and limitations of γδ T cell-based GBM immunotherapy. Additionally, we suggest future directions to overcome the limitations of γδ T cell-based GBM immunotherapy to achieve successful treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P. Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101816. [PMID: 37536148 PMCID: PMC10804939 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells include γδ T cells, invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are distinguished from conventional T cells by their recognition of non-peptide ligands presented by non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecules and rapid effector functions that are pre-programmed during their development. Here we review current knowledge of the effect of age on unconventional T cells, from early life to old age, in both mice and humans. We then discuss the role of unconventional T cells in age-associated diseases and infections, highlighting the similarities between members of the unconventional T cell family in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Parihar N, Bhatt LK. The emerging paradigm of Unconventional T cells as a novel therapeutic target for celiac disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110666. [PMID: 37473709 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals when exposed to exogenous dietary gluten. This exposure to wheat gluten and related proteins from rye and barley triggers an immune response which leads to the development of enteropathy associated with symptoms of bloating, diarrhea, or malabsorption. The sole current treatment is to follow a gluten-free diet for the rest of one's life. Intestinal barriers are enriched with Unconventional T cells such as iNKT, MAIT, and γδ T cells, which lack or express only a limited range of rearranged antigen receptors. Unconventional T cells play a crucial role in regulating mucosal barrier function and microbial colonization. Unconventional T cell populations are widely represented in diseased conditions, where changes in disease activity related to iNKT and MAIT cell reduction, as well as γδ T cell expansion, are demonstrated. In this review, we discuss the role and potential employment of Unconventional T cells as a therapeutic target in the pathophysiology of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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Couto SCF, Kowes A, Aurabi CS, Oliveira TGM, Klinger P, Rocha V. Autologous, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and CAR-T/NK therapy: what is their real importance in PTCL? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1195759. [PMID: 37711206 PMCID: PMC10498763 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1195759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that affects mature T cells. This type of cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth of T cells, which can accumulate in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs, leading to a variety of symptoms. PTCLs are often difficult to diagnose and treat, and they have a poorer prognosis than other types of lymphoma. However, recent advancements in treatment options, such as targeted therapies have shown promise in improving outcomes for patients with PTCL. Here, we discuss the use of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) as a treatment strategy for patients with PTCL, as well as the recent treatment approaches based on advanced cellular therapy. The current evidence for the use of HCT in PTCL is mainly derived from registry data, retrospective studies, and expert opinion, as randomized trials are limited due to the low incidence and histological heterogeneity of PTCL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. F. Couto
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Directed Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundação Pró-Sangue–Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel Kowes
- Fundação Pró-Sangue–Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Theo G. M. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Directed Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundação Pró-Sangue–Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Klinger
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Directed Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Rocha
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Directed Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundação Pró-Sangue–Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto D’Or de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zheng Z, Wieder T, Mauerer B, Schäfer L, Kesselring R, Braumüller H. T Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Unravelling the Function of Different T Cell Subsets in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11673. [PMID: 37511431 PMCID: PMC10380781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are very limited, and the prognosis using combination therapy with a chemotherapeutic drug and a targeted agent, e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor or tyrosine kinase, remains poor. Therefore, mCRC is associated with a poor median overall survival (mOS) of only 25-30 months. Current immunotherapies with checkpoint inhibitor blockade (ICB) have led to a substantial change in the treatment of several cancers, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. In CRC, ICB has only limited effects, except in patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors, which comprise about 15% of sporadic CRC patients and about 4% of patients with metastatic CRC. The vast majority of sporadic CRCs are microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors with low levels of infiltrating immune cells, in which immunotherapy has no clinical benefit so far. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors requires the presence of infiltrating T cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME). This makes T cells the most important effector cells in the TME, as evidenced by the establishment of the immunoscore-a method to estimate the prognosis of CRC patients. The microenvironment of a tumor contains several types of T cells that are anti-tumorigenic, such as CD8+ T cells or pro-tumorigenic, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells. However, even CD8+ T cells show marked heterogeneity, e.g., they can become exhausted, enter a state of hyporesponsiveness or become dysfunctional and express high levels of checkpoint molecules, the targets for ICB. To kill cancer cells, CD8+ T cells need the recognition of the MHC class I, which is often downregulated on colorectal cancer cells. In this case, a population of unconventional T cells with a γδ T cell receptor can overcome the limitations of the conventional CD8+ T cells with an αβT cell receptor. γδ T cells recognize antigens in an MHC-independent manner, thus acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we discuss the effects of different T cell subsets in colorectal cancer with a special emphasis on γδ T cells and the possibility of using them in CAR-T cell therapy. We explain T cell exclusion in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer and the possibilities to overcome this exclusion to enable immunotherapy even in these "cold" tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zheng
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieder
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Mauerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Schäfer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kesselring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heidi Braumüller
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Sunagar R, Singh A, Kumar S. SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040849. [PMID: 37112761 PMCID: PMC10143972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation vaccines failed to block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission, partially due to the limited induction of mucosal immunity, leading to the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. To meet the challenges from VOC, limited durability, and lack of mucosal immune response of first-generation vaccines, novel approaches are being investigated. Herein, we have discussed the current knowledge pertaining to natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and the role of the mucosal immune response in controlling SARS-CoV2 infection. We have also presented the current status of the novel approaches aimed at eliciting both mucosal and systemic immunity. Finally, we have presented a novel adjuvant-free approach to elicit effective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which lacks the safety concerns associated with live-attenuated vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Kolobarić N, Mihalj M, Kozina N, Matić A, Mihaljević Z, Jukić I, Drenjančević I. Tff3-/- Knock-Out Mice with Altered Lipid Metabolism Exhibit a Lower Level of Inflammation following the Dietary Intake of Sodium Chloride for One Week. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087315. [PMID: 37108475 PMCID: PMC10138311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A high salt intake causes hemodynamic changes and promotes immune response through cell activation and cytokine production, leading to pro-inflammatory conditions. Transgenic Tff3-/- knock-out mice (TFF3ko) (n = 20) and wild-type mice (WT) (n = 20) were each divided into the (1) low-salt (LS) group and (2) high-salt (HS) group. Ten-week-old animals were fed with standard rodent chow (0.4% NaCl) (LS) or food containing 4% NaCl (HS) for one week (7 days). Inflammatory parameters from the sera were measured by Luminex assay. The integrin expression and rates of T cell subsets of interest from the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were measured using flow cytometry. There was a significant increase in high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) only in the WT mice following the HS diet, while there were no significant changes in the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, or IL-6 as a response to treatment in either study groups. The rates of CD4+CD25+ T cells from MLNs decreased, while CD3+γδTCR+ from peripheral blood increased following the HS diet only in TFF3ko. γδTCR expressing T cell rates decreased in WT following the HS diet. The CD49d/VLA-4 expression decreased in the peripheral blood leukocytes in both groups following the HS diet. CD11a/LFA-1 expression significantly increased only in the peripheral blood Ly6C-CD11ahigh monocytes in WT mice following salt loading. In conclusion, salt-loading in knock-out mice caused a lower level of inflammatory response compared with their control WT mice due to gene depletion.
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Grants
- #IP-2014-09-6380/V-ELI Athero, PI I. Drenjančević Croatian Science Foundation
- VIF-2018-MEFOS-09-1509 (The influence of increased NaCl values on endothelial function in model TFF-/- mice and HAEC cell cultures) Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
- VIF-2019-MEFOS (The effect of increased NaCl values on the mechanisms of vascular reactivity in model of Tff3-/- mice and HAEC cell cultures, PI I. Drenjančević) Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
- VIF-2020-MEFOS (The effect of increased NaCl values on the mechanisms of vascular reactivity in model of Tff3-/- mice, Sprague-Dawley rats and HAEC cell cultures, PI I. Drenjančević) Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kolobarić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nataša Kozina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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12
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Zimmerman LM. Adaptive Immunity in Reptiles: Conventional Components but Unconventional Strategies. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1572-1583. [PMID: 35482599 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that the innate immune system of reptiles is broad and robust, but the question remains: What role does the reptilian adaptive immune system play? Conventionally, adaptive immunity is described as involving T and B lymphocytes that display variable receptors, is highly specific, improves over the course of the response, and produces a memory response. While reptiles do have B and T lymphocytes that utilize variable receptors, their adaptive response is relatively non-specific, generates a prolonged antibody response, and does not produce a typical memory response. This alternative adaptive strategy may allow reptiles to produce a broad adaptive response that complements a strong innate system. Further studies into reptile adaptive immunity cannot only clarify outstanding questions on the reptilian immune system but can shed light on a number of important immunological concepts, including the evolution of the immune system and adaptive immune responses that take place outside of germinal centers.
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13
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Daferera N, Nyström S, Hjortswang H, Ignatova S, Jenmalm MC, Ström M, Münch A. Mucosa associated invariant T and natural killer cells in active and budesonide treated collagenous colitis patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981740. [PMID: 36591297 PMCID: PMC9798420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Collagenous colitis (CC) is an inflammatory bowel disease, which usually responds to budesonide treatment. Our aim was to study the immunological background of the disease. Methods Analyses of peripheral and mucosal MAIT (mucosa associated invariant T cells) and NK (natural killer) cells were performed with flow cytometry. Numbers of mucosal cells were calculated using immunohistochemistry. We studied the same patients with active untreated CC (au-CC) and again while in remission on budesonide treatment. Budesonide refractory patients and healthy controls were also included. The memory marker CD45R0 and activation marker CD154 and CD69 were used to further study the cells. Finally B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also analysed. Results The percentages of circulating CD56dimCD16+ NK cells as well as MAIT cells (CD3+TCRVa7.2+CD161+) were decreased in au-CC compared to healthy controls. This difference was not seen in the mucosa; where we instead found increased numbers of mucosal CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in au-CC. Mucosal immune cell numbers were not affected by budesonide treatment. In refractory CC we found increased mucosal numbers of MAIT cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to au-CC. Discussion Patients with active collagenous colitis have lower percentages of circulating MAIT and NK cells. However, there was no change of these cells in the colonic mucosa. Most mucosal cell populations were increased in budesonide refractory as compared to au-CC patients, particularly the number of MAIT cells. This may indicate that T cell targeting therapy could be an alternative in budesonide refractory CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Daferera
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,*Correspondence: Niki Daferera,
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hjortswang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Ignatova
- Department of Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C. Jenmalm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ström
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Münch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Assi R, Salman H. Harnessing the Potential of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for the Treatment of T-Cell Malignancies: A Dare or Double Dare? Cells 2022; 11:cells11243971. [PMID: 36552738 PMCID: PMC9776964 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical standard of care treatments of T-cell malignancies generally entailed the use of cytotoxic and depleting approaches. These strategies are, however, poorly validated and record dismal long-term outcomes. More recently, the introduction and approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Translating this success to the T-cell compartment has so far proven hazardous, entangled by risks of fratricide, T-cell aplasia, and product contamination by malignant cells. Several strategies have been utilized to overcome these challenges. These include the targeting of a selective cognate antigen exclusive to T-cells or a subset of T-cells, disruption of target antigen expression on CAR-T constructs, use of safety switches, non-viral transduction, and the introduction of allogeneic compounds and gene editing technologies. We herein overview these historical challenges and revisit the opportunities provided as potential solutions. An in-depth understanding of the tumor microenvironment is required to optimally harness the potential of the immune system to treat T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Assi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Huda Salman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: Huda Salman, MD, PhD, MA Director, Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Don Brown Professor of Immunotherapy, Professor of Medicine, Program Leader–Leukemia, Indiana University School of Medicine;
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15
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Ren H, Li W, Liu X, Zhao N. γδ T cells: The potential role in liver disease and implications for cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1663-1668. [PMID: 36098208 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-733rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cell subset was discovered over 30 years ago, yet continues to be an exciting and challenging component of the adaptive immune response. While γδ T cells represent a very small fraction of all T cells in humans, γδ T cells have a vital effect on human immunity, serving as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. The characteristics of γδ T cells include recognition of non-MHC restrictive antigens, as well as the ability to secrete an abundance of cytokines, suggesting that γδ T cells have high antitumor activity. As such, they have gained ample attention with respect to tumor immunotherapy in the last decade. The γδ T cell subset comprises up to ∼15-20% of the T-lymphocyte population in the liver, although the liver is recognized as an immune organ with primary immune functions, the role of γδ T cells in liver disease has not been established. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of molecular mechanisms underlying immune γδ T cell activity in liver disease, including immune liver injury, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and review γδ T cell-based clinical immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - WanJing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Li L, Li Y, Zhu X, Wu B, Tang Z, Wen H, Yuan J, Zheng Q, Chen W. Conjunctiva Resident γδ T Cells Expressed High Level of IL-17A and Promoted the Severity of Dry Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 36350619 PMCID: PMC9652718 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conjunctival inflammation promotes ocular surface disorders in dry eye disease (DED). Here we identified γδ T cells as the predominant source of IL-17A in the murine conjunctiva and assessed their contribution to the pathogenesis of DED. Methods We enrolled 22 patients with DED, and analyzed the proportion of γδ T cells in the conjunctival epithelial samples by flow cytometry. Adult C57Bl/6 wild-type and TCRδ−/− mice were used to induce DED models to investigate the role of γδ T cells. The characteristics of immune cell infiltration and the expression of immune-related cytokines or markers in mouse conjunctiva were analyzed by flow cytometry, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results The proportion of γδ T cells in the human DED conjunctiva is significantly higher in patients with severe corneal epithelial defects than in mild ones, which is consistently observed in the murine DED model. Further, a high level of IL-17A but not IFN-γ is detected in the conjunctiva of mice. The increased murine IL-17A–producing cells on the conjunctiva are identified as γδ T cells predominantly and Th17 cells to a lesser extent. Ablation of γδ T cells by antibody depletion or genetic deletion of TCRδ alleviates ocular surface damage in the murine DED model. Conclusions Our studies evaluate human and experimental murine DED for evidence of γδ T-cell–mediated inflammation and highlight a potential therapeutic synergy by targeting IL-17 and γδ T cells in DED treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanxiao Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhao Zhu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Shaoxing people's hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Wen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianshu Yuan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinxiang Zheng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Sanz M, Mann BT, Chitrakar A, Soriano-Sarabia N. Defying convention in the time of COVID-19: Insights into the role of γδ T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819574. [PMID: 36032159 PMCID: PMC9403327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a complex disease which immune response can be more or less potent. In severe cases, patients might experience a cytokine storm that compromises their vital functions and impedes clearance of the infection. Gamma delta (γδ) T lymphocytes have a critical role initiating innate immunity and shaping adaptive immune responses, and they are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance, fighting infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. γδ T cells exist as both circulating T lymphocytes and as resident cells in different mucosal tissues, including the lungs and their critical role in other respiratory viral infections has been demonstrated. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, γδ T cell responses are understudied. This review summarizes the findings on the antiviral role of γδ T cells in COVID-19, providing insight into how they may contribute to the control of infection in the mild/moderate clinical outcome.
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18
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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19
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Abstract
Circulating immune cell compartments have been extensively studied for decades, but limited access to peripheral tissue and cell yield have hampered our understanding of tissue-based immunity, especially in γδ T cells. γδ T cells are a unique subset of T cells that are rare in secondary lymphoid organs, but enriched in many peripheral tissues including the skin, uterus, and other epithelial tissues. In addition to immune surveillance activities, recent reports have revealed exciting new roles for γδ T cells in homeostatic tissue physiology in mice and humans. It is therefore important to investigate to what extent the developmental rules described using mouse models transfer to human γδ T cells. Besides, it will be necessary to understand the differences in the development and biogenesis of human and mouse γδ T cells; to understand how γδ T cells are maintained in physiological and pathological circumstances within different tissues, as well as characterize the progenitors of different tissue-resident γδ T cells. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the γδ T phenotype in various tissues in mice and humans, describing the similarities and differences of tissue-resident γδ T cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Qu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedicine and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Safarzadeh Kozani P, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Ahmadi Najafabadi M, Yousefi F, Mirarefin SMJ, Rahbarizadeh F. Recent Advances in Solid Tumor CAR-T Cell Therapy: Driving Tumor Cells From Hero to Zero? Front Immunol 2022; 13:795164. [PMID: 35634281 PMCID: PMC9130586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-Ts) are known as revolutionary living drugs that have turned the tables of conventional cancer treatments in certain hematologic malignancies such as B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by achieving US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval based on their successful clinical outcomes. However, this type of therapy has not seen the light of victory in the fight against solid tumors because of various restricting caveats including heterogeneous tumor antigen expression and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME) that negatively affect the tumor-site accessibility, infiltration, stimulation, activation, and persistence of CAR-Ts. In this review, we explore strategic twists including boosting vaccines and designing implementations that can support CAR-T expansion, proliferation, and tumoricidal capacity. We also step further by underscoring novel strategies for triggering endogenous antitumor responses and overcoming the limitation of poor CAR-T tumor-tissue infiltration and the lack of definitive tumor-specific antigens. Ultimately, we highlight how these approaches can address the mentioned arduous hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ahmadi Najafabadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Iseki H, Abdul-Careem MF, Plattner BL, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Differential activation of chicken gamma delta T cells from different tissues by Toll-like receptor 3 or 21 ligands. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 131:104391. [PMID: 35271861 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are highly enriched in mucosal barrier sites including intestinal tissues where microbial infections and tumors often originate in mammals. Human γδ T cells recognize stress antigens and microbial signals via their T cell receptor (TCR), natural killer (NK) receptors, and pattern recognition receptors. However, little is known about antigens or ligands capable of stimulating chicken γδ T cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 ligand, significantly induced upregulation of CD8α molecules on circulating and lung γδ T cells. Moreover, poly(I:C) stimulation induced interferon (IFN)-γ production from splenic and lung CD8α+ γδ T cells while Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) 2007, a TLR21 ligand, stimulation induced IFN-γ production by circulating γδ T cells. Neither poly(I:C) nor CpG-ODN 2007 stimulation elicited degranulation of γδ T cells. Additionally, the results revealed that CpG-ODN 2007 induced IFN-γ production from TCR-stimulated γδ T cells sorted from spleen. In our experiments, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), or zoledronate (Zol) stimulation did not induce IFN-γ production or degranulation in γδ T cells. Taken together, a combination of CpG-ODN 2007 and anti-CD3ε monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can stimulate chicken γδ T cells and induce production of IFN-γ by these cells while IFN-γ production by γδ T cells induced by stimulation of poly(I:C) needs signals from other cells. These results suggest that chicken γδ T cells can sense invading pathogens via TLRs and produce IFN-γ as a first line of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Iseki
- Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050856, Japan
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of CalgaryFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5802, USA
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NE, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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22
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Wu Y, Biswas D, Usaite I, Angelova M, Boeing S, Karasaki T, Veeriah S, Czyzewska-Khan J, Morton C, Joseph M, Hessey S, Reading J, Georgiou A, Al-Bakir M, McGranahan N, Jamal-Hanjani M, Hackshaw A, Quezada SA, Hayday AC, Swanton C. A local human Vδ1 T cell population is associated with survival in nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Nat Cancer 2022; 3:696-709. [PMID: 35637401 PMCID: PMC9236901 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Murine tissues harbor signature γδ T cell compartments with profound yet differential impacts on carcinogenesis. Conversely, human tissue-resident γδ cells are less well defined. In the present study, we show that human lung tissues harbor a resident Vδ1 γδ T cell population. Moreover, we demonstrate that Vδ1 T cells with resident memory and effector memory phenotypes were enriched in lung tumors compared with nontumor lung tissues. Intratumoral Vδ1 T cells possessed stem-like features and were skewed toward cytolysis and helper T cell type 1 function, akin to intratumoral natural killer and CD8+ T cells considered beneficial to the patient. Indeed, ongoing remission post-surgery was significantly associated with the numbers of CD45RA-CD27- effector memory Vδ1 T cells in tumors and, most strikingly, with the numbers of CD103+ tissue-resident Vδ1 T cells in nonmalignant lung tissues. Our findings offer basic insights into human body surface immunology that collectively support integrating Vδ1 T cell biology into immunotherapeutic strategies for nonsmall cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Ieva Usaite
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics and Software Development & Machine Learning Team, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Takahiro Karasaki
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Selvaraju Veeriah
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Justyna Czyzewska-Khan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Cienne Morton
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalene Joseph
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sonya Hessey
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Metastasis Lab, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - James Reading
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew Georgiou
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Maise Al-Bakir
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Metastasis Lab, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Allan Hackshaw
- Cancer Research UK & University College London Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a distinct subset of T cells expressing γδ T cell receptor (TCR) rather than αβTCR. Since their discovery, the critical roles of γδ T cells in multiple physiological systems and diseases have been investigated. γδ T cells are preferentially located at mucosal surfaces, such as the gut, although a small subset of γδ T cells can circulate the blood. Additionally, a subset of γδ T cells reside in the meninges in the central nervous system. Recent findings suggest γδ T cells in the meninges have critical roles in brain function and homeostasis. In addition, several lines of evidence have shown γδ T cells can infiltrate the brain parenchyma and regulate inflammatory responses in multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Although the importance of γδ T cells in the brain is well established, their roles are still incompletely understood due to the complexity of their biology. Because γδ T cells rapidly respond to changes in brain status and regulate disease progression, understanding the role of γδ T cells in the brain will provide critical information that is essential for interpreting neuroimmune modulation. In this review, we summarize the complex role of γδ T cells in the brain and discuss future directions for research.
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24
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Dillon SM, Mickens KL, Thompson TA, Cooper EH, Nesladek S, Christians AJ, Castleman M, Guo K, Wood C, Frank DN, Kechris K, Santiago ML, Wilson CC. Granzyme B + CD4 T cells accumulate in the colon during chronic HIV-1 infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2045852. [PMID: 35258402 PMCID: PMC8920224 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2045852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection results in the sustained disruption of gut homeostasis culminating in alterations in microbial communities (dysbiosis) and increased microbial translocation. Major questions remain on how interactions between translocating microbes and gut immune cells impact HIV-1-associated gut pathogenesis. We previously reported that in vitro exposure of human gut cells to enteric commensal bacteria upregulated the serine protease and cytotoxic marker Granzyme B (GZB) in CD4 T cells, and GZB expression was further increased in HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells. To determine if these in vitro findings extend in vivo, we evaluated the frequencies of GZB+ CD4 T cells in colon biopsies and peripheral blood of untreated, chronically infected people with HIV-1 (PWH). Colon and blood GZB+ CD4 T cells were found at significantly higher frequencies in PWH. Colon, but not blood, GZB+ CD4 T cell frequencies were associated with gut and systemic T cell activation and Prevotella species abundance. In vitro, commensal bacteria upregulated GZB more readily in gut versus blood or tonsil-derived CD4 T cells, particularly in inflammatory T helper 17 cells. Bacteria-induced GZB expression in gut CD4 T cells required the presence of accessory cells, the IL-2 pathway and in part, MHC Class II. Overall, we demonstrate that GZB+ CD4 T cells are prevalent in the colon during chronic HIV-1 infection and may emerge following interactions with translocated bacteria in an IL-2 and MHC Class II-dependent manner. Associations between GZB+ CD4 T cells, dysbiosis and T cell activation suggest that GZB+ CD4 T cells may contribute to gut HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaylee L. Mickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tezha A. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sabrina Nesladek
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Moriah Castleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cheyret Wood
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,contact Cara C. Wilson Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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25
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Abstract
In both acute and chronic diseases, functional differences in host immune responses arise from a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Two of the most important factors affecting the immune response are biological sex and aging. Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease that predominately affects older individuals. Epidemiological studies have shown that older women have poorer functional outcomes compared with men, in part due to the older age at which they experience their first stroke and the increased comorbidities seen with aging. The immune response also differs in men and women, which could lead to altered inflammatory events that contribute to sex differences in poststroke recovery. Intrinsic factors including host genetics and chromosomal sex play a crucial role both in shaping the host immune system and in the neuroimmune response to brain injury. Ischemic stroke leads to altered intracellular communication between astrocytes, neurons, and resident immune cells in the central nervous system. Increased production of cytokines and chemokines orchestrate the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and promote neuroinflammation. To maintain immunosurveillance, the host immune and central nervous system are highly regulated by a diverse population of immune cells which are strategically distributed within the neurovascular unit and become activated with injury. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of sex-specific host immune responses in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.B., L.D.M.).,UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (A.B.)
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (A.B., L.D.M.)
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26
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Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of our body are the main contact site where the immune system encounters non-self molecules from food-derived antigens, pathogens, and symbiotic bacteria. γδ T cells are one of the most abundant populations in the gut. Firstly, they include intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, which screen and maintain the intestinal barrier integrity in close contact with the epithelium. A second layer of intestinal γδ T cells is found among lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL)s. These γδ LPLs are able to produce IL-17 and likely have functional overlap with local Th17 cells and innate lymphoid cells. In addition, a third population of γδ T cells resides within the Peyer´s patches, where it is probably involved in antigen presentation and supports the mucosal humoral immunity. Current obstacles in understanding γδ T cells in the gut include the lack of information on cognate ligands of the γδ TCR and an incomplete understanding of their physiological role. In this review, we summarize and discuss what is known about different subpopulations of γδ T cells in the murine and human gut and we discuss their interactions with the gut microbiota in the context of homeostasis and pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rampoldi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Pereira M, Oh JK, Kang DK, Engstrand L, Valeriano VD. Hacking Commensal Bacteria to Consolidate the Adaptive Mucosal Immune Response in the Gut–Lung Axis: Future Possibilities for SARS-CoV-2 Protection. BioTech 2022; 11:biotech11010003. [PMID: 35822811 PMCID: PMC9245903 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by mucosal pathogens significantly increase mortality and morbidity. Thus, the possibility to target these pathogens at their primary entry points can consolidate protective immunity. Regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, it has been observed that the upper respiratory mucosa is highly affected and that dysregulation of resident microbiota in the gut–lung axis plays a crucial role in determining symptom severity. Thus, understanding the possibility of eliciting various mucosal and adaptive immune responses allows us to effectively design bacterial mucosal vaccine vectors. Such design requires rationally selecting resident bacterial candidates as potential host carriers, evaluating effective carrier proteins for stimulating an immune response, and combining these two to improve antigenic display and immunogenicity. This review investigated mucosal vaccine vectors from 2015 to present, where a few have started to utilize Salmonella and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to display SARS-CoV-2 Spike S proteins or fragments. Although current literature is still lacking for its studies beyond in vitro or in vivo efficiency, decades of research into these vectors show promising results. Here, we discuss the mucosal immune systems focusing on the gut–lung axis microbiome and offer new insight into the potential use of alpha streptococci in the upper respiratory tract as a vaccine carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pereira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
| | - Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
| | - Valerie Diane Valeriano
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Karczmarzyk K, Kęsik-Brodacka M. Attacking the Intruder at the Gate: Prospects of Mucosal Anti SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020117. [PMID: 35215061 PMCID: PMC8876505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in December 2019 caused crises and health emergencies worldwide. The rapid spread of the virus created an urgent need for the development of an effective vaccine and mass immunization to achieve herd immunity. Efforts of scientific teams at universities and pharmaceutical companies around the world allowed for the development of various types of preparations and made it possible to start the vaccination process. However, it appears that the developed vaccines are not effective enough and do not guarantee long-lasting immunity, especially for new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Considering this problem, it is promising to focus on developing a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mucosal vaccine. Such a preparation applied directly to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract might provide an immune barrier at the primary point of virus entry into the human body while inducing systemic immunity. A number of such preparations against SARS-CoV-2 are already in various phases of preclinical and clinical trials, and several of them are very close to being accepted for general use, constituting a milestone toward pandemic containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Karczmarzyk
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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29
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Hsiao CHC, Nguyen K, Jin Y, Vinogradova O, Wiemer AJ. Ligand-induced interactions between butyrophilin 2A1 and 3A1 internal domains in the HMBPP receptor complex. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:985-995.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Liu N, Feng G, Zhang X, Hu Q, Sun S, Sun J, Sun Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Wang P, Li Y. The Functional Role of Lactoferrin in Intestine Mucosal Immune System and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Nutr 2021; 8:759507. [PMID: 34901112 PMCID: PMC8655231 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.759507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is one of the main types of intestinal inflammatory diseases with intestine mucosal immune disorder. Intestine mucosal immune system plays a remarkable and important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD. Therefore, understanding the intestine mucosal immune mechanism is a key step to develop therapeutic interventions for IBD. Intestine mucosal immune system and IBD are influenced by various factors, such as inflammation, gut permeability, gut microbiota, and nutrients. Among these factors, emerging evidence show that nutrients play a key role in inflammation activation, integrity of intestinal barrier, and immune cell modulation. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to transferrin family, is a dietary bioactive component abundantly found in mammalian milk. Notably, LF has been reported to perform diverse biological functions including antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, intestinal barrier protection, and immune cell modulation, and is involved in maintaining intestine mucosal immune homeostasis. The improved understanding of the properties of LF in intestine mucosal immune system and IBD will facilitate its application in nutrition, clinical medicine, and health. Herein, this review outlines the recent advancements on LF as a potential therapeutic intervention for IBD associated with intestine mucosal immune system dysfunction. We hope this review will provide a reference for future studies and lay a theoretical foundation for LF-based therapeutic interventions for IBD by understanding the particular effects of LF on intestine mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Yili Maternal & Infant Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Yili Maternal & Infant Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Yili Maternal & Infant Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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31
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Safarzadeh Kozani P, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell therapy in T-cell malignancies: Is success a low-hanging fruit? Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:527. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractChimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has been prosperous in the treatment of patients with various types of relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). However, this type of therapy has faced serious hindrances in combating T-cell neoplasms. R/R T-cell malignancies are generally associated with poor clinical outcomes, and the available effective treatment approaches are very limited. CAR-T therapy of T-cell malignancies has unique impediments in comparison with that of B-cell malignancies. Fratricide, T-cell aplasia, and product contamination with malignant T cells when producing autologous CAR-Ts are the most important challenges of CAR-T therapy in T-cell malignancies necessitating in-depth investigations. Herein, we highlight the preclinical and clinical efforts made for addressing these drawbacks and also review additional potent stratagems that could improve CAR-T therapy in T-cell malignancies.
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32
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Safarzadeh Kozani P, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Rahbarizadeh F. CAR-T cell therapy in T-cell malignancies: Is success a low-hanging fruit? Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:527. [PMID: 34620233 PMCID: PMC8499460 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has been prosperous in the treatment of patients with various types of relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). However, this type of therapy has faced serious hindrances in combating T-cell neoplasms. R/R T-cell malignancies are generally associated with poor clinical outcomes, and the available effective treatment approaches are very limited. CAR-T therapy of T-cell malignancies has unique impediments in comparison with that of B-cell malignancies. Fratricide, T-cell aplasia, and product contamination with malignant T cells when producing autologous CAR-Ts are the most important challenges of CAR-T therapy in T-cell malignancies necessitating in-depth investigations. Herein, we highlight the preclinical and clinical efforts made for addressing these drawbacks and also review additional potent stratagems that could improve CAR-T therapy in T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran. .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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33
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Tuengel J, Ranchal S, Maslova A, Aulakh G, Papadopoulou M, Drissler S, Cai B, Mohsenzadeh-Green C, Soudeyns H, Mostafavi S, van den Elzen P, Vermijlen D, Cook L, Gantt S. Characterization of Adaptive-like γδ T Cells in Ugandan Infants during Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1987. [PMID: 34696417 DOI: 10.3390/v13101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are unconventional T cells that help control cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in adults. γδ T cells develop early in gestation, and a fetal public γδ T cell receptor (TCR) clonotype is detected in congenital CMV infections. However, age-dependent γδ T cell responses to primary CMV infection are not well-understood. Flow cytometry and TCR sequencing was used to comprehensively characterize γδ T cell responses to CMV infection in a cohort of 32 infants followed prospectively from birth. Peripheral blood γδ T cell frequencies increased during infancy, and were higher among CMV-infected infants relative to uninfected. Clustering analyses revealed associations between CMV infection and activation marker expression on adaptive-like Vδ1 and Vδ3, but not innate-like Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell subsets. Frequencies of NKG2C+CD57+ γδ T cells were temporally associated with the quantity of CMV shed in saliva by infants with primary infection. The public γδ TCR clonotype was only detected in CMV-infected infants <120 days old and at lower frequencies than previously described in fetal infections. Our findings support the notion that CMV infection drives age-dependent expansions of specific γδ T cell populations, and provide insight for novel strategies to prevent CMV transmission and disease.
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Berry AA, Obiero JM, Travassos MA, Ouattara A, Coulibaly D, Adams M, de Assis RR, Jain A, Taghavian O, Sy A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Laurens MB, Takala-Harrison S, Kouriba B, Kone AK, Doumbo OK, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Plowe CV, Thera MA, Felgner PL, Lyke KE. Immunoprofiles associated with controlled human malaria infection and naturally acquired immunity identify a shared IgA pre-erythrocytic immunoproteome. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:115. [PMID: 34518543 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the Plasmodium falciparum antigens that comprise the human liver stage immunoproteome is important for pre-erythrocytic vaccine development, but, compared with the erythrocytic stage immunoproteome, more challenging to classify. Previous studies of P. falciparum antibody responses report IgG and rarely IgA responses. We assessed IgG and IgA antibody responses in adult sera collected during two controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies in malaria-naïve volunteers and in 1- to 6-year-old malaria-exposed Malian children on a 251 P. falciparum antigen protein microarray. IgG profiles in the two CHMI groups were equivalent and differed from Malian children. IgA profiles were robust in the CHMI groups and a subset of Malian children. We describe immunoproteome differences in naïve vs. exposed individuals and report pre-erythrocytic proteins recognized by the immune system. IgA responses detected in this study expand the list of pre-erythrocytic antigens for further characterization as potential vaccine candidates.
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Kupke P, Werner JM. Hepatitis E Virus Infection-Immune Responses to an Underestimated Global Threat. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092281. [PMID: 34571931 PMCID: PMC8468229 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main ubiquitous causes for developing an acute hepatitis. Moreover, chronification plays a predominant role in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients with more frequent severe courses. Unfortunately, besides reduction of immunosuppression and off-label use of ribavirin or pegylated interferon alfa, there is currently no specific anti-viral treatment to prevent disease progression. So far, research on involved immune mechanisms induced by HEV is limited. It is very difficult to collect clinical samples especially from the early phase of infection since this is often asymptomatic. Nevertheless, it is certain that the outcome of HEV-infected patients correlates with the strength of the proceeding immune response. Several lymphoid cells have been identified in contributing either to disease progression or achieving sustained virologic response. In particular, a sufficient immune control by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is necessary to prevent chronic viral replication. Especially the mechanisms underlying fulminant courses are poorly understood. However, liver biopsies indicate the involvement of cytotoxic T cells in liver damage. In this review, we aimed to highlight different parts of the lymphoid immune response against HEV and point out questions that remain unanswered regarding this underestimated global threat.
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Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at mucosal sites, involving secretory antibody responses and tissue-resident T cells, has the capacity to prevent an infection from becoming established in the first place, rather than only curtailing infection and protecting against the development of disease symptoms. Although numerous effective mucosal vaccines are in use, the major advances seen with injectable vaccines (including adjuvanted subunit antigens, RNA and DNA vaccines) have not yet been translated into licensed mucosal vaccines, which currently comprise solely live attenuated and inactivated whole-cell preparations. The identification of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants allied to innovative antigen discovery and delivery strategies is key to advancing mucosal vaccines. Significant progress has been made in resolving the mechanisms that regulate innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and in understanding the crosstalk between mucosal sites, and this provides valuable pointers to inform mucosal adjuvant design. In particular, increased knowledge on mucosal antigen-presenting cells, innate lymphoid cell populations and resident memory cells at mucosal sites highlights attractive targets for vaccine design. Exploiting these insights will allow new vaccine technologies to be leveraged to facilitate rational mucosal vaccine design for pathogens including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and for cancer.
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Gryglewski A, Richter P, Szczepanik M. Changes in γδT Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Exacerbations. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:18. [PMID: 34287711 PMCID: PMC8295081 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of γδT cells in ulcerative colitis (UC) is well confirmed in experimental animals and demonstrated in many clinical observations. Recent investigations have indicated that UC is associated with several forms of immune imbalance, such as an imbalance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells. However, little is known about the cellular aspect of clinical colitis exacerbations. We observed 140 patients with histologically confirmed UC over the course of 8 years. We investigated the percentage of γδT and αβT cells in peripheral blood of patients and also the expression of various surface markers (CD25, CD54, CD62L). Patients were assembled into stable colitis and exacerbated colitis groups. The percentage of γδT and αβT cells was evaluated by Ortho Cytorone Absolute flow cytometer. In patients with exacerbated colitis we observed a decrease of γδT cells in peripheral blood and an increased ratio of αβT/γδT. Additionally, we found that exacerbation results in a significant increase of percentage of γδTCD25, γδTCD54 and γδTCD62L lymphocytes in peripheral blood when compared to patients with stable colitis. Exacerbation of ulcerative colitis results in a decreased percentage of γδT cells in peripheral blood with increase of CD25, CD54 and CD62L expressing γδT cells. This may represent the effect of cell activation and migration, similar to that observed after the surgical trauma. We hope that this observation may help to predict exacerbations in colitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Gryglewski
- Department of Anatomy and Department of General Surgery, Gastroenterology, Oncology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Richter
- Department of General Surgery, Gastroenterology, Oncology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Li XH, Lu MY, Li YJ, Liu ZH, Yin ZN, Liu B, Wu YZ. Circulating PD1 +Vδ1 +γδ T Cell Predicts Fertility in Endometrial Polyp Patients of Reproductive-Age. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639221. [PMID: 34211457 PMCID: PMC8239402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, immune cell function is correlated with pathogenesis of endometrial polyp (EP) and infertility of women of reproductive-age. However, the underlying immune cell hallmark in EP patients remains unclear. Here, we focused on analyzing circulating immune cells, and attempted to reveal the correlation between peripheral immune cell functional phenotypes and fertility in EP patients. Through comparison of circulating CD4+/CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and γδ T cells between 64 EP patients and 68 healthy females, we found that γδ T cells, but not CD4+/CD8+ T cells and NK cells, were immunologically correlated with conception rate and conception interval time. Specifically, total γδ T cells and the Vδ1+PD1+ γδ T subpopulation decreased whereas the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio increased in EP patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the patients with the higher Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio (median value equals 1.04) had a poorer fertility and longer interval time of conception (210 days versus 158 days for control). Meanwhile, higher Vδ1+PD1+ γδ T cell proportion (median equals 15.7) was positively correlative with both higher conception rate and shortened median conception interval time (130 days for Vδ1+PD1high group versus 194 days for Vδ1+PD1low group). Notably, in healthy controls, both Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio and Vδ1+PD1+ γδ T cell proportion correlated with pregnancy rate oppositely, comparing to EP patients. Together, our results suggested that imbalanced γδ T cell population occurred in EP patients, and that Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio and PD-1 expression of Vδ1+ γδ T cells could be potentially developed into valuable predictors for fertility in EP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mei-Yin Lu
- Department of Biobank, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Jia Li
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Hua Liu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Yin
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Biobank, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang-Zhe Wu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
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Niec RE, Rudensky AY, Fuchs E. Inflammatory adaptation in barrier tissues. Cell 2021; 184:3361-3375. [PMID: 34171319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface epithelia provide a critical barrier to the outside world. Upon a barrier breach, resident epithelial and immune cells coordinate efforts to control infections and heal tissue damage. Inflammation can etch lasting marks within tissues, altering features such as scope and quality of future responses. By remembering inflammatory experiences, tissues are better equipped to quickly and robustly respond to barrier breaches. Alarmingly, in disease states, memory may fuel the inflammatory fire. Here, we review the cellular communication networks in barrier tissues and the integration between tissue-resident and recruited immune cells and tissue stem cells underlying tissue adaptation to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Niec
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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40
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Démoulins T, Brügger M, Zumkehr B, Oliveira Esteves BI, Mehinagic K, Fahmi A, Borcard L, Taddeo A, Jandrasits D, Posthaus H, Benarafa C, Ruggli N, Alves MP. The specific features of the developing T cell compartment of the neonatal lung are a determinant of respiratory syncytial virus immunopathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009529. [PMID: 33909707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants, possibly due to the properties of the immature neonatal pulmonary immune system. Using the newborn lamb, a classical model of human lung development and a translational model of RSV infection, we aimed to explore the role of cell-mediated immunity in RSV disease during early life. Remarkably, in healthy conditions, the developing T cell compartment of the neonatal lung showed major differences to that seen in the mature adult lung. The most striking observation being a high baseline frequency of bronchoalveolar IL-4-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which declined progressively over developmental age. RSV infection exacerbated this pro-type 2 environment in the bronchoalveolar space, rather than inducing a type 2 response per se. Moreover, regulatory T cell suppressive functions occurred very early to dampen this pro-type 2 environment, rather than shutting them down afterwards, while γδ T cells dropped and failed to produce IL-17. Importantly, RSV disease severity was related to the magnitude of those unconventional bronchoalveolar T cell responses. These findings provide novel insights in the mechanisms of RSV immunopathogenesis in early life, and constitute a major step for the understanding of RSV disease severity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the gastro-intestinal tract, the complex network of multiple innate cell populations play critical roles not only as a first line of defense against invading pathogens and in driving adaptive immune responses but also in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here, we describe the roles of various innate immune cell populations in gut immunity and detail studies investigating the impact of acute and chronic HIV infection on these cell populations. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in frequencies, phenotype and/or function of innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate-like T cells have been reported in people with HIV (PWH), with many of these features persisting despite anti-retroviral therapy and virological suppression. Dysregulated gut innate immunity in PWH is a feature of gut pathogenesis. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving impairment in the multiple different gut innate immune cell populations and the downstream consequences of an altered innate immune response on host defense and gut homeostasis in PWH is needed to develop more effective HIV treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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42
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McCarthy NE, Stagg AJ, Price CL, Mann ER, Gellatly NL, Al-Hassi HO, Knight SC, Panoskaltsis N. Patients with gastrointestinal irritability after TGN1412-induced cytokine storm displayed selective expansion of gut-homing αβ and γδT cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1143-1153. [PMID: 33048222 PMCID: PMC7552579 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following infusion of the anti-CD28 superagonist monoclonal antibody TGN1412, three of six previously healthy, young male recipients developed gastrointestinal irritability associated with increased expression of 'gut-homing' integrin β7 on peripheral blood αβT cells. This subset of patients with intestinal symptoms also displayed a striking and persistent expansion of putative Vδ2+ γδT cells in the circulation which declined over a 2-year period following drug infusion, concordant with subsiding gut symptoms. These data demonstrate that TGN1412-induced gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with dysregulation of the 'gut-homing' pool of blood αβ and γδT cells, induced directly by the antibody and/or arising from the subsequent cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E McCarthy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Price
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Lucid Group Communications, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nichola L Gellatly
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Walker EM, Slisarenko N, Gerrets GL, Grasperge BF, Mattison JA, Kissinger PJ, Welsh DA, Veazey RS, Jazwinski SM, Rout N. Dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 Effector Functions in Blood and Gut Mucosal Gamma Delta T Cells Correlates With Increase in Circulating Leaky Gut and Inflammatory Markers During cART-Treated Chronic SIV Infection in Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647398. [PMID: 33717202 PMCID: PMC7946846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated inflammation has been implicated in the premature aging and increased risk of age-associated comorbidities in cART-treated individuals. However, the immune mechanisms underlying the chronic inflammatory state of cART-suppressed HIV infection remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of γδT cells, a group of innate IL-17 producing T lymphocytes, in the development of systemic inflammation and leaky gut phenotype during cART-suppressed SIV infection of macaques. Plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, intestinal epithelial barrier disruption (IEBD) and microbial translocation (MT) biomarkers, and Th1/Th17-type cytokine functions were longitudinally assessed in blood and gut mucosa of SIV-infected, cART-suppressed macaques. Among the various gut mucosal IL-17/IL-22-producing T lymphocyte subsets including Th17, γδT, CD161+ CD8+ T, and MAIT cells, a specific decline in the Vδ2 subset of γδT cells and impaired IL-17/IL-22 production in γδT cells significantly correlated with the subsequent increase in plasma IEBD/MT markers (IFABP, LPS-binding protein, and sCD14) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IP10, etc.) despite continued viral suppression during long-term cART. Further, the plasma inflammatory cytokine signature during long-term cART was distinct from acute SIV infection and resembled the inflammatory cytokine profile of uninfected aging (inflammaging) macaques. Overall, our data suggest that during cART-suppressed chronic SIV infection, dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 cytokine effector functions and decline of Vδ2 γδT cell subsets may contribute to gut epithelial barrier disruption and development of a distinct plasma inflammatory signature characteristic of inflammaging. Our results advance the current understanding of the impact of chronic HIV/SIV infection on γδT cell functions and demonstrate that in the setting of long-term cART, the loss of epithelial barrier-protective functions of Vδ2 T cells and ensuing IEBD/MT occurs before the hallmark expansion of Vδ1 subsets and skewed Vδ2/Vδ1 ratio. Thus, our work suggests that novel therapeutic approaches toward restoring IL-17/IL-22 cytokine functions of intestinal Vδ2 T cells may be beneficial in preserving gut epithelial barrier function and reducing chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Giovanni L. Gerrets
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Poolesville, MD, United States
| | - Patricia J. Kissinger
- School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Griffante G, Scutera S, Albano C, Pacheco SFC, Riva G, Dell'Oste V, Biolatti M. Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We? Viruses 2021; 13:260. [PMID: 33567734 DOI: 10.3390/v13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the β-subgroup of the herpesvirus family. After the initial infection, the virus establishes latency in poorly differentiated myeloid precursors from where it can reactivate at later times to cause recurrences. In immunocompetent subjects, primary HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic, while in immunocompromised patients, HCMV infection can lead to severe, life-threatening diseases, whose clinical severity parallels the degree of immunosuppression. The existence of a strict interplay between HCMV and the immune system has led many to hypothesize that HCMV could also be involved in autoimmune diseases (ADs). Indeed, signs of active viral infection were later found in a variety of different ADs, such as rheumatological, neurological, enteric disorders, and metabolic diseases. In addition, HCMV infection has been frequently linked to increased production of autoantibodies, which play a driving role in AD progression, as observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Documented mechanisms of HCMV-associated autoimmunity include molecular mimicry, inflammation, and nonspecific B-cell activation. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the various ADs arising from or exacerbating upon HCMV infection, focusing on the potential role of HCMV-mediated immune activation at disease onset.
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Psifidi A, Kranis A, Rothwell LM, Bremner A, Russell K, Robledo D, Bush SJ, Fife M, Hocking PM, Banos G, Hume DA, Kaufman J, Bailey RA, Avendano S, Watson KA, Kaiser P, Stevens MP. Quantitative trait loci and transcriptome signatures associated with avian heritable resistance to Campylobacter. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1623. [PMID: 33436657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Handling or consumption of contaminated poultry meat is a key risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. One potential control strategy is to select poultry with increased resistance to Campylobacter. We associated high-density genome-wide genotypes (600K single nucleotide polymorphisms) of 3000 commercial broilers with Campylobacter load in their caeca. Trait heritability was modest but significant (h2 = 0.11 ± 0.03). Results confirmed quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 14 and 16 previously identified in inbred chicken lines, and detected two additional QTLs on chromosomes 19 and 26. RNA-Seq analysis of broilers at the extremes of colonisation phenotype identified differentially transcribed genes within the QTL on chromosome 16 and proximal to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus. We identified strong cis-QTLs located within MHC suggesting the presence of cis-acting variation in MHC class I and II and BG genes. Pathway and network analyses implicated cooperative functional pathways and networks in colonisation, including those related to antigen presentation, innate and adaptive immune responses, calcium, and renin–angiotensin signalling. While co-selection for enhanced resistance and other breeding goals is feasible, the frequency of resistance-associated alleles was high in the population studied and non-genetic factors significantly influenced Campylobacter colonisation.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ten years ago, ‘Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective’ was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system lagged behind that of birds, mammals, fish and amphibians. Since then, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of reptilian immunity. Here, I review recent discoveries associated with the recognition of pathogens, effector mechanisms and memory responses in reptiles. Moreover, I put forward key questions to drive the next 10 years of research, including how reptiles are able to balance robust innate mechanisms with avoiding self-damage, how B cells and antibodies are used in immune defense and whether innate mechanisms can display the hallmarks of memory. Finally, I briefly discuss the links between our mechanistic understanding of the reptilian immune system and the field of eco-immunology. Overall, the field of reptile immunology is poised to contribute greatly to our understanding of vertebrate immunity in the next 10 years.
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Suzuki T, Hayman L, Kilbey A, Edwards J, Coffelt SB. Gut γδ T cells as guardians, disruptors, and instigators of cancer. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:198-217. [PMID: 32840001 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with nearly 2 million cases per year. Immune cells and inflammation are a critical component of colorectal cancer progression, and they are used as reliable prognostic indicators of patient outcome. With the growing appreciation for immunology in colorectal cancer, interest is growing on the role γδ T cells have to play, as they represent one of the most prominent immune cell populations in gut tissue. This group of cells consists of both resident populations-γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs)-and transient populations that each has unique functions. The homeostatic role of these γδ T cell subsets is to maintain barrier integrity and prevent microorganisms from breaching the mucosal layer, which is accomplished through crosstalk with enterocytes and other immune cells. Recent years have seen a surge in discoveries regarding the regulation of γδ IELs in the intestine and the colon with particular new insights into the butyrophilin family. In this review, we discuss the development, specialities, and functions of γδ T cell subsets during cancer progression. We discuss how these cells may be used to predict patient outcome, as well as how to exploit their behavior for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam Hayman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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Jouan Y, Guillon A, Gonzalez L, Perez Y, Boisseau C, Ehrmann S, Ferreira M, Daix T, Jeannet R, François B, Dequin PF, Si-Tahar M, Baranek T, Paget C. Phenotypical and functional alteration of unconventional T cells in severe COVID-19 patients. J Exp Med 2020; 217:152073. [PMID: 32886755 PMCID: PMC7472174 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 includes lung infection ranging from mild pneumonia to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Dysregulated host immune response in the lung is a key feature in ARDS pathophysiology. However, cellular actors involved in COVID-19-driven ARDS are poorly understood. Here, in blood and airways of severe COVID-19 patients, we serially analyzed unconventional T cells, a heterogeneous class of T lymphocytes (MAIT, γδT, and iNKT cells) with potent antimicrobial and regulatory functions. Circulating unconventional T cells of COVID-19 patients presented with a profound and persistent phenotypic alteration. In the airways, highly activated unconventional T cells were detected, suggesting a potential contribution in the regulation of local inflammation. Finally, expression of the CD69 activation marker on blood iNKT and MAIT cells of COVID-19 patients on admission was predictive of clinical course and disease severity. Thus, COVID-19 patients present with an altered unconventional T cell biology, and further investigations will be required to precisely assess their functions during SARS-CoV-2-driven ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youenn Jouan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France.,Service de chirurgie cardiaque et de réanimation chirurgicale cardio-vasculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Loïc Gonzalez
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yonatan Perez
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Chloé Boisseau
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stephan Ehrmann
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Marion Ferreira
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Daix
- Intensive Care Unit, Dupuytren Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale CIC1435, Dupuytren Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR 1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Robin Jeannet
- Intensive Care Unit, Dupuytren Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale CIC1435, Dupuytren Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR 1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Bruno François
- Intensive Care Unit, Dupuytren Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale CIC1435, Dupuytren Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR 1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre-François Dequin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
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Lo Presti E, Dieli F, Fourniè JJ, Meraviglia S. Deciphering human γδ T cell response in cancer: Lessons from tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:153-164. [PMID: 32691450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The finding that γδ T cells are present among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in humans suggests they participate in tumor immune surveillance, but their relevance is unclear because the relative abundance of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells correlates with positive or negative, or even do not correlate with prognosis. This likely depends on the fact that tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells may play substantially different effector or regulatory functions, and correlation with patient's prognosis relies on distinct γδ T cell subsets in the context of the tumor. There is interest to exploit γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, but to make this approach successful there is urgent need to fully understand the biological functions of γδ T cells and of how they can be manipulated in vivo and ex vivo to safely provide benefit to the host. This review focuses on our previous and ongoing studies of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes in different types of human cancer. Moreover, we discuss the interaction of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells with other cells and molecules present in the tumor microenvironment, and their clinical relevance on the ground, that deep knowledge in this field can be used further for better immunotherapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jean Jacques Fourniè
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University, Toulouse, France.,ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Toulouse, France
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Wang YQ, Liao Q, Tang SH, Cai Z, Zhang HC. Gubenzhike Recipe Ameliorates Respiratory Mucosal Immunity in Mice with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease through Upregulation of the γδT Lymphocytes and KGF Levels. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020:3056797. [PMID: 32280354 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3056797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Gubenzhike recipe, a traditional Chinese herbal compound, was assumed to have a possible beneficial effect on COPD. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism from the perspective of respiratory mucosal immunity. Methods COPD model was induced by exposure to cigarette smoke and LPS instillation in mice for 12 weeks. Animals were administered solution of Gubenzhike recipe by intragastric gavage daily for 4 weeks. After that, mice were sacrificed for lung function test and histological examination of lung tissues. The levels of IL-6 and IL-13 in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and intestinal mucus were measured by ELISA. The KGF and KGFR in lung tissue were analysed by immunohistochemical staining, ELISA, and western blotting, and the mRNA expressions were assessed by PCR. γδT lymphocytes in the lungs were isolated and analysed by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry. Results Gubenzhike recipe improved the structure of airway and damage of lung tissue and also the respiratory status and lung function, reduced the content of IL-6 in serum and BALF and IL-13 in BALF and intestinal mucus, increased the proportion of γδT cells in lung tissue, and promoted the secretion of KGF and KGFR (P < 0.05). Conclusion We for the first time demonstrated an experimental procedure for the isolation of γδT lymphocytes from lung tissue. This study suggested that Gubenzhike recipe could enhance the respiratory mucosal immunity which provided experimental evidence for its effects of reinforcing "wei qi" by means of strengthening vital qi, tonifying spleen and kidney, relieving cough, and reducing phlegm in TCM.
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