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Gardet M, Haigh O, Meurisse F, Coindre S, Dimant N, Desjardins D, Bourgeois C, Goujard C, Vaslin B, Relouzat F, Le Grand R, Lambotte O, Favier B. Identification of macaque dendritic cell precursors in blood and tissue reveals their dysregulation in early SIV infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113994. [PMID: 38530856 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets play important roles in shaping immune responses. Circulating DC precursors (pre-DCs) are more susceptible to HIV infection in vitro, which may explain the inefficiency of immune responses against HIV. However, the interplay between HIV and pre-DC is not defined in vivo. We identify human pre-DC equivalents in the cynomolgus macaque and then analyze their dynamics during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to illustrate a sharp decrease of blood pre-DCs in early SIV infection and accumulation in lymph nodes (LNs), where they neglect to upregulate CD83/CD86 or MHC-II. Additionally, SIV infection attenuates the capacity of stimulated LN pre-DCs to produce IL-12p40. Analysis of HIV cohorts provides correlation between costimulatory molecule expression on pre-DCs and T cell activation in spontaneous HIV controllers. These findings pinpoint certain dynamics and functional changes of pre-DCs during SIV infection, providing a deeper understanding of immune dysregulation mechanisms elicited in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Gardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Oscar Haigh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florian Meurisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sixtine Coindre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nastasia Dimant
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cecile Goujard
- Paris-Saclay University Hospital Group, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), INSERM U1018, University Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Paris-Saclay University Hospital Group, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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2
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Lemaitre J, Desjardins D, Gallouët AS, Gomez-Pacheco M, Bourgeois C, Favier B, Sáez-Cirión A, Le Grand R, Lambotte O. Expansion of Immature Neutrophils During SIV Infection Is Associated With Their Capacity to Modulate T-Cell Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:781356. [PMID: 35185880 PMCID: PMC8851599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.781356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the efficacy of combinational antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV-1 persists in the host and infection is associated with chronic inflammation, leading to an increased risk of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurocognitive disorders, and cancer. Myeloid cells, mainly monocytes and macrophages, have been shown to be involved in the immune activation observed in HIV-1 infection. However, less attention has been paid to neutrophils, the most abundant circulating myeloid cell, even though neutrophils are strongly involved in tissue damage and inflammation in several chronic diseases, in particular, autoimmune diseases. Herein, we performed a longitudinal characterization of neutrophil phenotype and we evaluated the interplay between neutrophils and T cells in the model of pathogenic SIVmac251 experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques. We report that circulating granulocytes consists mainly of immature CD10- neutrophils exhibiting a prime phenotype during primary and chronic infection. We found that neutrophil priming correlates with CD8+ T cell activation. Moreover, we provide the evidence that neutrophils are capable of modulating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in different ways depending on the time of infection. Thus, our study emphasizes the role of primed immature neutrophils in the modulation of T-cell responses in SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Mario Gomez-Pacheco
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV inflammation and persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral and Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Olivier Lambotte,
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Solis-Leal A, Siddiqui S, Wu F, Mohan M, Hu W, Doyle-Meyers LA, Dufour JP, Ling B. Neuroinflammatory Profiling in SIV-Infected Chinese-Origin Rhesus Macaques on Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:139. [PMID: 35062343 PMCID: PMC8781366 DOI: 10.3390/v14010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) HIV reservoir is an obstacle to achieving an HIV cure. The basal ganglia harbor a higher frequency of SIV than other brain regions in the SIV-infected rhesus macaques of Chinese-origin (chRMs) even on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since residual HIV/SIV reservoir is associated with inflammation, we characterized the neuroinflammation by gene expression and systemic levels of inflammatory molecules in healthy controls and SIV-infected chRMs with or without ART. CCL2, IL-6, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of animals receiving ART. Moreover, there was a correlation between levels of CCL2 in plasma and CSF, suggesting the potential use of plasma CCL2 as a neuroinflammation biomarker. With higher SIV frequency, the basal ganglia of untreated SIV-infected chRMs showed an upregulation of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), which could be an indicator of ongoing neuroinflammation. While ART greatly reduced neuroinflammation in general, proinflammatory genes, such as IL-9, were still significantly upregulated. These results expand our understanding of neuroinflammation and signaling in SIV-infected chRMs on ART, an excellent model to study HIV/SIV persistence in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Solis-Leal
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Summer Siddiqui
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Fei Wu
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
- Tulane Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Binhua Ling
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.S.-L.); (F.W.); (M.M.)
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (S.S.); (L.A.D.-M.); (J.P.D.)
- Tulane Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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4
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O’Connor MA, Erasmus JH, Randall S, Archer J, Lewis TB, Brown B, Fredericks M, Groenier S, Iwayama N, Ahrens C, Garrison W, Wangari S, Guerriero KA, Fuller DH. A Single Dose SARS-CoV-2 Replicon RNA Vaccine Induces Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infected and Uninfected Pigtail Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:800723. [PMID: 34992610 PMCID: PMC8724308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 vaccine rollout is critical for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths worldwide. Unfortunately, massive disparities exist in getting vaccines to vulnerable populations, including people living with HIV. Preliminary studies indicate that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are safe and immunogenic in people living with HIV that are virally suppressed with potent antiretroviral therapy but may be less efficacious in immunocompromised individuals. This raises the concern that COVID-19 vaccines may be less effective in resource poor settings with limited access to antiretroviral therapy. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a single dose COVID-19 replicon RNA vaccine expressing Spike protein (A.1) from SARS-CoV-2 (repRNA-CoV2S) in immunocompromised, SIV infected and immune competent, naïve pigtail macaques. Moderate vaccine-specific cellular Th1 T-cell responses and binding and neutralizing antibodies were induced by repRNA-CoV2S in SIV infected animals and naïve animals. Furthermore, vaccine immunogenicity was elicited even among the animals with the highest SIV viral burden or lowest peripheral CD4 counts prior to immunization. This study provides evidence that a SARS-CoV-2 repRNA vaccine could be employed to induce strong immunity against COVID-19 in HIV infected and other immunocompromised individuals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Macaca nemestrina
- Male
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/administration & dosage
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccine Efficacy
- mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
- mRNA Vaccines/genetics
- mRNA Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. O’Connor
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jesse H. Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- HDT Bio, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Samantha Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jacob Archer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- HDT Bio, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas B. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brieann Brown
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Megan Fredericks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Skyler Groenier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Naoto Iwayama
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chul Ahrens
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William Garrison
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Solomon Wangari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Guerriero
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Deborah H. Fuller,
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5
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Iwamoto N, Patel B, Song K, Mason R, Bolivar-Wagers S, Bergamaschi C, Pavlakis GN, Berger E, Roederer M. Evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in non-human primates infected with SHIV or SIV. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248973. [PMID: 33752225 PMCID: PMC7984852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving a functional cure is an important goal in the development of HIV therapy. Eliciting HIV-specific cellular immune responses has not been sufficient to achieve durable removal of HIV-infected cells due to the restriction on effective immune responses by mutation and establishment of latent reservoirs. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are an avenue to potentially develop more potent redirected cellular responses against infected T cells. We developed and tested a range of HIV- and SIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell reagents based on Env-binding proteins. In general, SHIV/SIV CAR T cells showed potent viral suppression in vitro, and adding additional CAR molecules in the same transduction resulted in more potent viral suppression than single CAR transduction. Importantly, the primary determinant of virus suppression potency by CAR was the accessibility to the Env epitope, and not the neutralization potency of the binding moiety. However, upon transduction of autologous T cells followed by infusion in vivo, none of these CAR T cells impacted either acquisition as a test of prevention, or viremia as a test of treatment. Our study illustrates limitations of the CAR T cells as possible antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Iwamoto
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bhavik Patel
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaimei Song
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Bolivar-Wagers
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Walker EM, Slisarenko N, Gerrets GL, Grasperge BF, Mattison JA, Kissinger PJ, Welsh DA, Veazey RS, Jazwinski SM, Rout N. Dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 Effector Functions in Blood and Gut Mucosal Gamma Delta T Cells Correlates With Increase in Circulating Leaky Gut and Inflammatory Markers During cART-Treated Chronic SIV Infection in Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647398. [PMID: 33717202 PMCID: PMC7946846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated inflammation has been implicated in the premature aging and increased risk of age-associated comorbidities in cART-treated individuals. However, the immune mechanisms underlying the chronic inflammatory state of cART-suppressed HIV infection remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of γδT cells, a group of innate IL-17 producing T lymphocytes, in the development of systemic inflammation and leaky gut phenotype during cART-suppressed SIV infection of macaques. Plasma levels of inflammatory mediators, intestinal epithelial barrier disruption (IEBD) and microbial translocation (MT) biomarkers, and Th1/Th17-type cytokine functions were longitudinally assessed in blood and gut mucosa of SIV-infected, cART-suppressed macaques. Among the various gut mucosal IL-17/IL-22-producing T lymphocyte subsets including Th17, γδT, CD161+ CD8+ T, and MAIT cells, a specific decline in the Vδ2 subset of γδT cells and impaired IL-17/IL-22 production in γδT cells significantly correlated with the subsequent increase in plasma IEBD/MT markers (IFABP, LPS-binding protein, and sCD14) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IP10, etc.) despite continued viral suppression during long-term cART. Further, the plasma inflammatory cytokine signature during long-term cART was distinct from acute SIV infection and resembled the inflammatory cytokine profile of uninfected aging (inflammaging) macaques. Overall, our data suggest that during cART-suppressed chronic SIV infection, dysregulation of IL-17/IL-22 cytokine effector functions and decline of Vδ2 γδT cell subsets may contribute to gut epithelial barrier disruption and development of a distinct plasma inflammatory signature characteristic of inflammaging. Our results advance the current understanding of the impact of chronic HIV/SIV infection on γδT cell functions and demonstrate that in the setting of long-term cART, the loss of epithelial barrier-protective functions of Vδ2 T cells and ensuing IEBD/MT occurs before the hallmark expansion of Vδ1 subsets and skewed Vδ2/Vδ1 ratio. Thus, our work suggests that novel therapeutic approaches toward restoring IL-17/IL-22 cytokine functions of intestinal Vδ2 T cells may be beneficial in preserving gut epithelial barrier function and reducing chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Giovanni L. Gerrets
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Poolesville, MD, United States
| | - Patricia J. Kissinger
- School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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7
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Harper J, Gordon S, Chan CN, Wang H, Lindemuth E, Galardi C, Falcinelli SD, Raines SLM, Read JL, Nguyen K, McGary CS, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Schawalder J, King C, Pino M, Micci L, Cervasi B, Jean S, Sanderson A, Johns B, Koblansky AA, Amrine-Madsen H, Lifson J, Margolis DM, Silvestri G, Bar KJ, Favre D, Estes JD, Paiardini M. CTLA-4 and PD-1 dual blockade induces SIV reactivation without control of rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Nat Med 2020; 26:519-528. [PMID: 32284611 PMCID: PMC7790171 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is composed of resting memory CD4+ T cells, which often express the immune checkpoint receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which limit T cell activation via synergistic mechanisms. Using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected, long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated rhesus macaques, we demonstrate that PD-1, CTLA-4 and dual CTLA-4/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies is well tolerated, with evidence of bioactivity in blood and lymph nodes. Dual blockade was remarkably more effective than PD-1 blockade alone in enhancing T cell cycling and differentiation, expanding effector-memory T cells and inducing robust viral reactivation in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In lymph nodes, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade, but not PD-1 alone, decreased the total and intact SIV-DNA in CD4+ T cells, and SIV-DNA and SIV-RNA in B cell follicles, a major site of viral persistence during ART. None of the tested interventions enhanced SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses during ART or viral control after ART interruption. Thus, despite CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade inducing robust latency reversal and reducing total levels of integrated virus, the degree of reservoir clearance was still insufficient to achieve viral control. These results suggest that immune checkpoint blockade regimens targeting PD-1 and/or CTLA-4, if performed in people living with HIV with sustained aviremia, are unlikely to induce HIV remission in the absence of additional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shari Gordon
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristin Galardi
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel L M Raines
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenna L Read
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen S McGary
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - James Schawalder
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sherrie Jean
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brian Johns
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Alicia Koblansky
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Heather Amrine-Madsen
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- HIV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Favre
- HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Virnik K, Rosati M, Medvedev A, Scanlan A, Walsh G, Dayton F, Broderick KE, Lewis M, Bryson Y, Lifson JD, Ruprecht RM, Felber BK, Berkower I. Immunotherapy with DNA vaccine and live attenuated rubella/SIV gag vectors plus early ART can prevent SIVmac251 viral rebound in acutely infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228163. [PMID: 32130229 PMCID: PMC7055890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has been highly successful in controlling HIV replication, reducing viral burden, and preventing both progression to AIDS and viral transmission. Yet, ART alone cannot cure the infection. Even after years of successful therapy, ART withdrawal leads inevitably to viral rebound within a few weeks or months. Our hypothesis: effective therapy must control both the replicating virus pool and the reactivatable latent viral reservoir. To do this, we have combined ART and immunotherapy to attack both viral pools simultaneously. The vaccine regimen consisted of DNA vaccine expressing SIV Gag, followed by a boost with live attenuated rubella/gag vectors. The vectors grow well in rhesus macaques, and they are potent immunogens when used in a prime and boost strategy. We infected rhesus macaques by high dose mucosal challenge with virulent SIVmac251 and waited three days to allow viral dissemination and establishment of a reactivatable viral reservoir before starting ART. While on ART, the control group received control DNA and empty rubella vaccine, while the immunotherapy group received DNA/gag prime, followed by boosts with rubella vectors expressing SIV gag over 27 weeks. Both groups had a vaccine "take" to rubella, and the vaccine group developed antibodies and T cells specific for Gag. Five weeks after the last immunization, we stopped ART and monitored virus rebound. All four control animals eventually had a viral rebound, and two were euthanized for AIDS. One control macaque did not rebound until 2 years after ART release. In contrast, there was only one viral rebound in the vaccine group. Three out of four vaccinees had no viral rebound, even after CD8 depletion, and they remain in drug-free viral remission more than 2.5 years later. The strategy of early ART combined with immunotherapy can produce a sustained SIV remission in macaques and may be relevant for immunotherapy of HIV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Virnik
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron Scanlan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Walsh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frances Dayton
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kate E. Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark Lewis
- BioQual, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Bryson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ira Berkower
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Iwamoto N, Mason RD, Song K, Gorman J, Welles HC, Arthos J, Cicala C, Min S, King HAD, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Foulds KE, Kwong PD, Lifson JD, Keele BF, Roederer M. Blocking α 4β 7 integrin binding to SIV does not improve virologic control. Science 2019; 365:1033-1036. [PMID: 31488690 PMCID: PMC9513815 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
A study in nonhuman primates reported that infusions of an antibody against α4β7 integrin, in combination with antiretroviral therapy, showed consistent, durable control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus macaques. The antibody used has pleiotropic effects, so we set out to gain insight into the underlying mechanism by comparing this treatment to treatment with non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the SIV envelope glycoprotein that only block α4β7 binding to SIV Env but have no other host-directed effects. Similar to the initial study, we used an attenuated strain of SIV containing a stop codon in nef. The study used 30 macaques that all began antiretroviral therapy and then were divided into five groups to receive different antibody treatments. Unlike the published report, we found no sustained virologic control by these treatments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Iwamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaimei Song
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugh C Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susie Min
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah A D King
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron J Belli
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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10
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Petitdemange C, Kasturi SP, Kozlowski PA, Nabi R, Quarnstrom CF, Reddy PBJ, Derdeyn CA, Spicer LM, Patel P, Legere T, Kovalenkov YO, Labranche CC, Villinger F, Tomai M, Vasilakos J, Haynes B, Kang CY, Gibbs JS, Yewdell JW, Barouch D, Wrammert J, Montefiori D, Hunter E, Amara RR, Masopust D, Pulendran B. Vaccine induction of antibodies and tissue-resident CD8+ T cells enhances protection against mucosal SHIV-infection in young macaques. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126047. [PMID: 30830870 PMCID: PMC6478416 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells represent 2 arms of host defense against pathogens. We hypothesized that vaccines that induce both high-magnitude CD8+ T cell responses and antibody responses might confer enhanced protection against HIV. To test this hypothesis, we immunized 3 groups of nonhuman primates: (a) Group 1, which includes sequential immunization regimen involving heterologous viral vectors (HVVs) comprising vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus, and adenovirus serotype 5-expressing SIVmac239 Gag; (b) Group 2, which includes immunization with a clade C HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp140 protein adjuvanted with nanoparticles containing a TLR7/8 agonist (3M-052); and (c) Group 3, which includes a combination of both regimens. Immunization with HVVs induced very high-magnitude Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in blood and tissue-resident CD8+ memory T cells in vaginal mucosa. Immunization with 3M-052 adjuvanted Env protein induced robust and persistent antibody responses and long-lasting innate responses. Despite similar antibody titers in Groups 2 and 3, there was enhanced protection in the younger animals in Group 3, against intravaginal infection with a heterologous SHIV strain. This protection correlated with the magnitude of the serum and vaginal Env-specific antibody titers on the day of challenge. Thus, vaccination strategies that induce both CD8+ T cell and antibody responses can confer enhanced protection against infection.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/administration & dosage
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Macaca mulatta
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Stearic Acids/administration & dosage
- Stearic Acids/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/virology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/administration & dosage
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Petitdemange
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Clare F. Quarnstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Lori M. Spicer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Parin Patel
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Celia C. Labranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - François Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Barton Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - C. Yong Kang
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S. Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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11
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Ploquin MJ, Casrouge A, Madec Y, Noël N, Jacquelin B, Huot N, Duffy D, Jochems SP, Micci L, Lécuroux C, Boufassa F, Booiman T, Garcia‐Tellez T, Ghislain M, Grand RL, Lambotte O, Kootstra N, Meyer L, Goujard C, Paiardini M, Albert ML, Müller‐Trutwin M. Systemic DPP4 activity is reduced during primary HIV-1 infection and is associated with intestinal RORC + CD4 + cell levels: a surrogate marker candidate of HIV-induced intestinal damage. J Int AIDS Soc 2018; 21:e25144. [PMID: 29987877 PMCID: PMC6038000 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) transformed HIV-1 from a deadly disease into a chronic infection, but does not cure HIV infection. It also does not fully restore HIV-induced gut damage unless administered extremely early after infection. Additional biomarkers are needed to evaluate the capacity of therapies aimed at HIV remission/cure to restore HIV-induced intestinal immune damage and limit chronic inflammation. Herein, we aimed to identify a systemic surrogate marker whose levels would reflect gut immune damage such as intestinal Th17 cell loss starting from primary HIV-1 infection. METHODS Biomarker discovery approaches were performed in four independent cohorts, covering HIV-1 primary and chronic infection in 496 naïve or cART-treated patients (Amsterdam cohort (ACS), ANRS PRIMO, COPANA and CODEX cohorts). The concentration and activity of soluble Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (sDPP4) were quantified in the blood from these patients, including pre- and post-infection samples in the ACS cohort. For quantification of DPP4 in the gut, we utilized two non-human primate models, representing pathogenic (macaque) and non-pathogenic (African green monkey) SIV infection. Four gut compartments were analysed in each animal model (ileum, jejunum, colon and rectum) for quantification of DPP4, RORC and TBX21 gene expression in sorted CD4+ cells. To analyse if sDPP4 levels increase when Th17 cells were restored, we quantified sDPP4 in plasma from SIV-infected macaques treated with IL-21. RESULTS We showed that sDPP4 levels were strongly decreased in primary HIV-1 infection. Strikingly, sDPP4 levels in primary HIV-1 infection predicted time to AIDS. They were not increased by cART in chronic HIV-1 infection (median 36 months on cART). In the gut of SIV-infected non-human primates, DPP4 mRNA was higher in CD4+ than CD4- leucocytes. DPP4 specifically correlated with RORC expression, a Th17 marker, in CD4+ cells from the intestine. We further demonstrated that sDPP4 activity levels were increased in animals treated with IL-21 and that this increase was associated with restoration of the Th17 compartment and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, DPP4 mRNA levels in small intestine CD4+ cells positively correlated with circulating DPP4 activity. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that blood sDPP4 levels could be useful as a correlate for HIV-induced intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Institut PasteurUnité Immunobiologie des cellules dendritiquesParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Yoann Madec
- Institut PasteurURE Epidémiologie des Maladies EmergentesParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Noël
- Institut PasteurUnité HIVInflammation et PersistanceParisFrance
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de ParisService de Médecine Interne et Immunologie CliniqueGroupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- IDMIT DepartmentCEAUniversité Paris SudInserm U1184Immunology of viral infections and auto‐immune diseases (IMVA)IBFJFontenay‐aux‐Roses and Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Université Paris SudLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | | | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut PasteurUnité HIVInflammation et PersistanceParisFrance
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Institut PasteurUnité Immunobiologie des cellules dendritiquesParisFrance
- INSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Institut PasteurUnité HIVInflammation et PersistanceParisFrance
- Present address:
Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Luca Micci
- Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research CenterAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Camille Lécuroux
- IDMIT DepartmentCEAUniversité Paris SudInserm U1184Immunology of viral infections and auto‐immune diseases (IMVA)IBFJFontenay‐aux‐Roses and Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | | | - Thijs Booiman
- Academisch Medisch CentrumLaboratory of Viral Immune PathogenesisAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roger Le Grand
- IDMIT DepartmentCEAUniversité Paris SudInserm U1184Immunology of viral infections and auto‐immune diseases (IMVA)IBFJFontenay‐aux‐Roses and Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de ParisService de Médecine Interne et Immunologie CliniqueGroupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- IDMIT DepartmentCEAUniversité Paris SudInserm U1184Immunology of viral infections and auto‐immune diseases (IMVA)IBFJFontenay‐aux‐Roses and Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Université Paris SudLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Neeltje Kootstra
- Academisch Medisch CentrumLaboratory of Viral Immune PathogenesisAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Université Paris SudLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
- INSERM CESP U1018Université Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Cecile Goujard
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de ParisService de Médecine Interne et Immunologie CliniqueGroupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Sud, Hôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Université Paris SudLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
- INSERM CESP U1018Université Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research CenterAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew L Albert
- Institut PasteurUnité Immunobiologie des cellules dendritiquesParisFrance
- Present address:
Department of Cancer ImmunologyGenentech Inc.San FranciscoCAUSA
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12
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González RG, Fell R, He J, Campbell J, Burdo TH, Autissier P, Annamalai L, Taheri F, Parker T, Lifson JD, Halpern EF, Vangel M, Masliah E, Westmoreland SV, Williams KC, Ratai EM. Temporal/compartmental changes in viral RNA and neuronal injury in a primate model of NeuroAIDS. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196949. [PMID: 29750804 PMCID: PMC5947913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to be a significant problem. Furthermore, the precise pathogenesis of this neurodegeneration is still unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between infection by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and neuronal injury in the rhesus macaque using in vivo and postmortem sampling techniques. The effect of SIV infection in 23 adult rhesus macaques was investigated using an accelerated NeuroAIDS model. Disease progression was modulated either with combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART, 4 animals) or minocycline (7 animals). Twelve animals remained untreated. Viral loads were monitored in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid, as were levels of activated monocytes in the blood. Neuronal injury was monitored in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Viral RNA was quantified in brain tissue of each animal postmortem using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and neuronal injury was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Without treatment, viral RNA in plasma, cerebral spinal fluid, and brain tissue appears to reach a plateau. Neuronal injury was highly correlated both to plasma viral levels and a subset of infected/activated monocytes (CD14+CD16+), which are known to traffic the virus into the brain. Treatment with either cART or minocycline decreased brain viral levels and partially reversed alterations in in vivo and immunohistochemical markers for neuronal injury. These findings suggest there is significant turnover of replicating virus within the brain and the severity of neuronal injury is directly related to the brain viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gilberto González
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert Fell
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Julian He
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Campbell
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | - Tricia H. Burdo
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | - Patrick Autissier
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Faramarz Taheri
- New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Termara Parker
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Elkan F. Halpern
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Kenneth C. Williams
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Steele AK, Carrasco-Medina L, Sodora DL, Crawley AM. Increased soluble IL-7 receptor concentrations associate with improved IL-7 therapy outcomes in SIV-infected ART-treated Rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188427. [PMID: 29261677 PMCID: PMC5736176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of interleukin-7 (IL-7) as an immunorestorative therapeutic has proven effective in HIV infection, cancer and bone marrow transplantation. Mediating its activity through membrane-bound IL-7 receptor α (mCD127), IL-7 therapy increases T-cell numbers and survival. A soluble form, sCD127, is found in plasma, and we have previously identified increased plasma sCD127 concentrations in HIV infection. Furthermore, patients with high sCD127 exhibited the best viral control, implicating a role for IL-7 or sCD127 directly in improved virologic/immunologic outcomes. The role of the cytokine IL-7 in elevating sCD127 levels was addressed here through assessment of retrospective samples obtained from SIV-infected antiretroviral (ART)-treated Rhesus macaques. IL-7 was administered in clustered weekly doses, allowing for an assessment prior, during and following IL-7 administration. The levels of sCD127 remained relatively unchanged during both early SIV infection and following initiation of ART. However, treatment with IL-7 increased sCD127 concentrations in most animals, transiently or persistently, paralleling increased T-cell numbers, correlating significantly with CD8+ T-cell levels. In addition, proliferating CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells (measured by Ki67) increased in association with elevated sCD127 concentrations. Finally, a high concentration of sCD127 in IL7-treated animals was associated with increased retention of T-cells (measured by BrDU). In addition, a lack, or loss of viral control was associated with more pronounced and frequent elevations in plasma sCD127 concentrations with IL-7 therapy. In summary, plasma sCD127 levels in SIV-infected ART-treated macaques was associated with therapeutic IL-7 administration, with higher sCD127 levels in macaques demonstrating the best T-cell responses. This study furthers our knowledge regarding the interrelationship between increased IL-7 levels and elevated sCD127 levels that may have implications for future IL-7 immunotherapeutic approaches in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Steele
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Collegiate Peaks Science Writing, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Lorna Carrasco-Medina
- The Ottawa Hospital–General Campus, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Dept. Biochem., Microbiol., and Immunol., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Carleton University, Dept. Biol., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Guo W, Pencina KM, O'Connell K, Montano M, Peng L, Westmoreland S, Glowacki J, Bhasin S. Administration of an activin receptor IIB ligand trap protects male juvenile rhesus macaques from simian immunodeficiency virus-associated bone loss. Bone 2017; 97:209-215. [PMID: 28132908 PMCID: PMC5985824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-infected individuals are at an increased risk of osteoporosis despite effective viral suppression. Observations that myostatin null mice have increased bone mass led us to hypothesize that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated bone loss may be attenuated by blocking myostatin/TGFβ signaling. In this proof-of-concept study, pair-housed juvenile male rhesus macaques were inoculated with SIVmac239. Four weeks later, animals were treated with vehicle or Fc-conjugated soluble activin receptor IIB (ActR2B·Fc, iv. 10mg∗kg-1∗week-1) - an antagonist of myostatin and related members of TGFβ superfamily. Limb and trunk bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) using dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry, circulating markers of bone growth and turnover, and serum testosterone levels were measured at baseline and during the 12-week intervention period. The increase in BMC was significantly greater in the ActRIIB.Fc-treated group (+8g) than in the placebo group (-4g) (p<0.05). BMD also increased significantly more in the ActRIIB.Fc-treated macaques (+0.03g/cm2) than in the placebo-treated animals (+0g/cm2) (p<0.005). Serum osteocalcin was about two-fold higher in the ActRIIB.Fc-treated group than in the placebo group (p<0.05), but serum C-terminal telopeptide and testosterone levels did not differ significantly between groups. The expression levels of TNFalpha (p<0.05), GADD45 (p<0.005), and sclerostin (p<0.038) in the bone-marrow were significantly lower in the ActRIIB.Fc-treated group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSION The administration of ActRIIB.FC in SIV-infected juvenile macaques significantly increases BMC and BMD in association with reduced expression levels of markers of bone marrow inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Karol M Pencina
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Karyn O'Connell
- Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, One Pine Hill Drive, PO Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, United States
| | - Monty Montano
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Liming Peng
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Susan Westmoreland
- Department of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, One Pine Hill Drive, PO Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, United States
| | - Julie Glowacki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Chang WLW, Gonzalez DF, Kieu HT, Castillo LD, Messaoudi I, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Shacklett BL, Barry PA, Sparger EE. Changes in Circulating B Cell Subsets Associated with Aging and Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170154. [PMID: 28095513 PMCID: PMC5240950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and certain viral infections can negatively impact humoral responses in humans. To further develop the nonhuman primate (NHP) model for investigating B cell dynamics in human aging and infectious disease, a flow cytometric panel was developed to characterize circulating rhesus B cell subsets. Significant differences between human and macaque B cells included the proportions of cells within IgD+ and switched memory populations and a prominent CD21-CD27+ unswitched memory population detected only in macaques. We then utilized the expanded panel to analyze B cell alterations associated with aging and acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in the NHP model. In the aging study, distinct patterns of B cell subset frequencies were observed for macaques aged one to five years compared to those between ages 5 and 30 years. In the SIV infection study, B cell frequencies and absolute number were dramatically reduced following acute infection, but recovered within four weeks of infection. Thereafter, the frequencies of activated memory B cells progressively increased; these were significantly correlated with the magnitude of SIV-specific IgG responses, and coincided with impaired maturation of anti-SIV antibody avidity, as previously reported for HIV-1 infection. These observations further validate the NHP model for investigation of mechanisms responsible for B cells alterations associated with immunosenescence and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. L. William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise F. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hung T. Kieu
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Luis D. Castillo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Micci L, Ryan ES, Fromentin R, Bosinger SE, Harper JL, He T, Paganini S, Easley KA, Chahroudi A, Benne C, Gumber S, McGary CS, Rogers KA, Deleage C, Lucero C, Byrareddy SN, Apetrei C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Chomont N, Villinger F, Silvestri G, Brenchley JM, Paiardini M. Interleukin-21 combined with ART reduces inflammation and viral reservoir in SIV-infected macaques. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4497-513. [PMID: 26551680 DOI: 10.1172/jci81400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful control of viremia, many HIV-infected individuals given antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit residual inflammation, which is associated with non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality and may contribute to virus persistence during ART. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-21 administration on both inflammation and virus persistence in ART-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Compared with SIV-infected animals only given ART, SIV-infected RMs given both ART and IL-21 showed improved restoration of intestinal Th17 and Th22 cells and a more effective reduction of immune activation in blood and intestinal mucosa, with the latter maintained through 8 months after ART interruption. Additionally, IL-21, in combination with ART, was associated with reduced levels of SIV RNA in plasma and decreased CD4(+) T cell levels harboring replication-competent virus during ART. At the latest experimental time points, which were up to 8 months after ART interruption, plasma viremia and cell-associated SIV DNA levels remained substantially lower than those before ART initiation in IL-21-treated animals but not in controls. Together, these data suggest that IL-21 supplementation of ART reduces residual inflammation and virus persistence in a relevant model of lentiviral disease and warrants further investigation as a potential intervention for HIV infection.
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18
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Baker CAR, Swainson L, Lin DL, Wong S, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Lifson JD, Tarantal AF, McCune JM. Exposure to SIV in utero results in reduced viral loads and altered responsiveness to postnatal challenge. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:300ra125. [PMID: 26268312 PMCID: PMC5100009 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV disease progression appears to be driven by increased immune activation. Given observations that fetal exposure to infectious pathogens in utero can result in reduced immune responses, or tolerance, to those pathogens postnatally, we hypothesized that fetal exposure to HIV may render the fetus tolerant to the virus, thus reducing damage caused by immune activation during infection later in life. To test this hypothesis, fetal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were injected with the attenuated virus SIVmac1A11 in utero and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac239 1 year after birth. SIVmac1A11-injected animals had significantly reduced plasma RNA viral loads (P < 0.02) up to 35 weeks after infection. Generalized estimating equations analysis was performed to identify immunologic and clinical measurements associated with plasma RNA viral load. A positive association with plasma RNA viral load was observed with the proportion of CD8(+) T cells expressing the transcription factor, FoxP3, and the proportion of CD4(+) T cells producing the lymphoproliferative cytokine, IL-2. In contrast, an inverse relationship was found with the frequencies of circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells displaying intermediate expression of the proliferation marker, Ki-67. Animals exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in utero appeared to have enhanced SIV-specific immune responses, a lower proportion of CD8(+) T cells expressing the exhaustion marker PD-1, and more circulating TH17 cells than controls. Although the development of tolerance was not demonstrated, these data suggest that rhesus monkeys exposed to SIVmac1A11 in utero had distinct immune responses associated with the control of viral replication after postnatal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A R Baker
- Graduate Group in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Louise Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Samson Wong
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Center for Fetal Monkey Gene Transfer for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Poudrier J, Soulas C, Chagnon-Choquet J, Burdo T, Autissier P, Oskar K, Williams KC, Roger M. High expression levels of BLyS/BAFF by blood dendritic cells and granulocytes are associated with B-cell dysregulation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131513. [PMID: 26107380 PMCID: PMC4479440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) modulate B-cell survival and differentiation, mainly through production of growth factors such as B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS/BAFF). In recent longitudinal studies involving HIV-1-infected individuals with different rates of disease progression, we have shown that DCs were altered in number and phenotype in the context of HIV-1 disease progression and B-cell dysregulations were associated with increased BLyS/BAFF expression in plasma and by blood myeloid DCs (mDCs) in rapid and classic progressors but not in HIV-1-elite controllers (EC). Suggesting that the extent to which HIV-1 disease progression is controlled may be linked to BLyS/BAFF expression status and the capacity to orchestrate B-cell responses. Herein, longitudinal analyses of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques also revealed increased expression of BLyS/BAFF by blood mDCs as soon as day 8 and throughout infection. Strikingly, granulocytes presented the highest BLyS/BAFF expression profile in the blood of SIV-infected macaques. BLyS/BAFF levels were also increased in plasma and correlated with viral loads. Consequently, these SIV-infected animals had plasma hyperglobulinemia and reduced blood B-cell numbers with altered population frequencies. These data underscore that BLyS/BAFF is associated with immune dysregulation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques and suggest that BLyS/BAFF is a key regulator of immune activation that is highly conserved among primates. These findings emphasize the potential importance of this SIV-infected primate model to test whether blocking excess BLyS/BAFF has an effect on the overall inflammatory burden and immune restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d’immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (JP); (MR)
| | | | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Laboratoire d’immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tricia Burdo
- Boston College, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Kathryn Oskar
- Boston College, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d’immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (JP); (MR)
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Wang RR, Au KY, Zheng HY, Gao LM, Zhang X, Luo RH, Law SKY, Mak ANS, Wong KB, Zhang MX, Pang W, Zhang GH, Shaw PC, Zheng YT. The recombinant maize ribosome-inactivating protein transiently reduces viral load in SHIV89.6 infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:156-69. [PMID: 25606813 PMCID: PMC4303820 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) inhibit protein synthesis by depurinating the large ribosomal RNA and some are found to possess anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. Maize ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) has an internal inactivation loop which is proteolytically removed for full catalytic activity. Here, we showed that the recombinant active maize RIP protected chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6-infected macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lysis ex vivo and transiently reduced plasma viral load in SHIV89.6-infected rhesus macaque model. No evidence of immune dysregulation and other obvious side-effects was found in the treated macaques. Our work demonstrates the potential development of maize RIP as an anti-HIV agent without impeding systemic immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ka-Yee Au
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Liang-Min Gao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Yuxi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Sue Ka-Yee Law
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Amanda Nga-Sze Mak
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T. 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Reece JC, Martyushev A, Petravic J, Grimm A, Gooneratne S, Amaresena T, De Rose R, Loh L, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Measuring turnover of SIV DNA in resting CD4+ T cells using pyrosequencing: implications for the timing of HIV eradication therapies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93330. [PMID: 24710023 PMCID: PMC3977820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells are a reservoir of latent HIV-1. Understanding the turnover of HIV DNA in these cells has implications for the development of eradication strategies. Most studies of viral latency focus on viral persistence under antiretroviral therapy (ART). We studied the turnover of SIV DNA resting CD4+ T cells during active infection in a cohort of 20 SIV-infected pigtail macaques. We compared SIV sequences at two Mane-A1*084:01-restricted CTL epitopes using serial plasma RNA and resting CD4+ T cell DNA samples by pyrosequencing, and used a mathematical modeling approach to estimate SIV DNA turnover. We found SIV DNA turnover in resting CD4+ T cells was slow in animals with low chronic viral loads, consistent with the long persistence of latency seen under ART. However, in animals with high levels of chronic viral replication, turnover was high. SIV DNA half-life within resting CD4 cells correleated with viral load (p = 0.0052) at the Gag KP9 CTL epitope. At a second CTL epitope in Tat (KVA10) there was a trend towards an association of SIV DNA half-life in resting CD4 cells and viral load (p = 0.0971). Further, we found that the turnover of resting CD4+ T cell SIV DNA was higher for escape during early infection than for escape later in infection (p = 0.0084). Our results suggest viral DNA within resting CD4 T cells is more labile and may be more susceptible to reactivation/eradication treatments when there are higher levels of virus replication and during early/acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette C. Reece
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexey Martyushev
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Janka Petravic
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Grimm
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Shayarana Gooneratne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thakshila Amaresena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kauffman RC, Villalobos A, Bowen JH, Adamson L, Schinazi RF. Residual viremia in an RT-SHIV rhesus macaque HAART model marked by the presence of a predominant plasma clone and a lack of viral evolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88258. [PMID: 24505452 PMCID: PMC3914964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly reduces HIV-1 replication and prevents progression to AIDS. However, residual low-level viremia (LLV) persists and long-lived viral reservoirs are maintained in anatomical sites. These reservoirs permit a recrudescence of viremia upon cessation of therapy and thus HAART must be maintained indefinitely. HIV-1 reservoirs include latently infected resting memory CD4+ T-cells and macrophages which may contribute to residual viremia. It has not been conclusively determined if a component of LLV may also be due to residual replication in cells with sub-therapeutic drug levels and/or long-lived chronically infected cells. In this study, RT-SHIVmac239 diversity was characterized in five rhesus macaques that received a five-drug HAART regimen [tenofovir, emtricitabine, zidovudine, amdoxovir, (A, C, T, G nucleoside analogs) and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor efavirenz]. Before maximal viral load suppression, longitudinal plasma viral RNA RT diversity was analyzed using a 454 sequencer. After suppression, LLV RT diversity (amino acids 65-210) was also assessed. LLV samples had viral levels less than our standard detection limit (50 viral RNA copies/mL) and few transient blips <200 RNA copies/mL. HAART was discontinued in three macaques after 42 weeks of therapy resulting in viral rebound. The level of viral divergence and the prevalence of specific alleles in LLV was similar to pre-suppression viremia. While some LLV sequences contained mutations not observed in the pre-suppression profile, LLV was not characterized by temporal viral evolution or apparent selection of drug resistance mutations. Similarly, resistance mutations were not detected in the viral rebound population. Interestingly, one macaque maintained a putative LLV predominant plasma clone sequence. Together, these results suggest that residual replication did not markedly contribute to LLV and that this model mimics the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of LLV during human HAART. Therefore, this model may be ideal for testing HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Kauffman
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andradi Villalobos
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joanne H. Bowen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Fieni F, Stone M, Ma ZM, Dutra J, Fritts L, Miller CJ. Viral RNA levels and env variants in semen and tissues of mature male rhesus macaques infected with SIV by penile inoculation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76367. [PMID: 24146859 PMCID: PMC3795772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV is shed in semen but the anatomic site of virus entry into the genital secretions is unknown. We determined viral RNA (vRNA) levels and the envelope gene sequence in the SIVmac 251 viral populations in the genital tract and semen of 5 adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that were infected after experimental penile SIV infection. Paired blood and semen samples were collected from 1–9 weeks after infection and the monkeys were necropsied eleven weeks after infection. The axillary lymph nodes, testes, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles were collected and vRNA levels and single-genome analysis of the SIVmac251 env variants was performed. At the time of semen collection, blood vRNA levels were between 3.09 and 7.85 log10 vRNA copies/ml plasma. SIV RNA was found in the axillary lymph nodes of all five monkeys and in 3 of 5 monkeys, all tissues examined were vRNA positive. In these 3 monkeys, vRNA levels (log10 SIVgag copies/ug of total tissue RNA) in the axillary lymph node (6.48±0.50) were significantly higher than in the genital tract tissues: testis (3.67±2.16; p<0.05), epididymis (3.08±1.19; p<0.0001), prostate (3.36±1.30; p<0.01), and seminal vesicle (2.67±1.50; p<0.0001). Comparison of the SIVmac251 env viral populations in blood plasma, systemic lymph node, and genital tract tissues was performed in two of the macaques. Visual inspection of the Neighbor-Joining phylograms revealed that in both animals, all the sequences were generally distributed evenly among all tissue compartments. Importantly, viral populations in the genital tissues were not distinct from those in the systemic tissues. Our findings demonstrate striking similarity in the viral populations in the blood and male genital tract tissues within 3 months of penile SIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fieni
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Min Ma
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Dutra
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Takahashi Y, Mayne AE, Khowawisetsut L, Pattanapanyasat K, Little D, Villinger F, Ansari AA. In vivo administration of a JAK3 inhibitor to chronically siv infected rhesus macaques leads to NK cell depletion associated with transient modest increase in viral loads. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70992. [PMID: 23923040 PMCID: PMC3724739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are reasoned to play an important role during both acute and chronic SIV infection and play a deterministic role during the acute stages on the rate of infection and disease progression. NK cells are an integral part of the innate immune system but their role in influencing the course of SIV infection has been a subject of debate. As a means to delineate the effect of NK cells on SIV infection, use was made of a Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) inhibitor that has previously been shown to be effective in the depletion of NK cells in vivo in nonhuman primates (NHP). Extensive safety and in vitro/in vivo PK studies were conducted and an optimal dose that depletes NK cells and NK cell function in vivo identified. Six chronically SIV infected rhesus macaques, 3 with undetectable/low plasma viral loads and 3 with high plasma viral loads were administered a daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg for 35 days. Data obtained showed that, at the dose tested, the major cell lineage affected both in the blood and the GI tissues were the NK cells. Such depletion appeared to be associated with a transient increase in plasma and GI tissue viral loads. Whereas the number of NK cells returned to baseline values in the blood, the GI tissues remained depleted of NK cells for a prolonged period of time. Recent findings show that the JAK3 inhibitor utilized in the studies reported herein has a broader activity than previously reported with dose dependent effects on both JAK2 and JAK1 suggests that it is likely that multiple pathways are affected with the administration of this drug that needs to be taken into account. The findings reported herein are the first studies on the use of a JAK3 inhibitor in lentivirus infected NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Mayne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ladawan Khowawisetsut
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dawn Little
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kader M, Smith AP, Guiducci C, Wonderlich ER, Normolle D, Watkins SC, Barrat FJ, Barratt-Boyes SM. Blocking TLR7- and TLR9-mediated IFN-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells does not diminish immune activation in early SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003530. [PMID: 23935491 PMCID: PMC3723633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent production of type I interferon (IFN) by activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) is a leading model to explain chronic immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but direct evidence for this is lacking. We used a dual antagonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 to selectively inhibit responses of pDC but not other mononuclear phagocytes to viral RNA prior to and for 8 weeks following pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques. We show that pDC are major but not exclusive producers of IFN-α that rapidly become unresponsive to virus stimulation following SIV infection, whereas myeloid DC gain the capacity to produce IFN-α, albeit at low levels. pDC mediate a marked but transient IFN-α response in lymph nodes during the acute phase that is blocked by administration of TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist without impacting pDC recruitment. TLR7 and TLR9 blockade did not impact virus load or the acute IFN-α response in plasma and had minimal effect on expression of IFN-stimulated genes in both blood and lymph node. TLR7 and TLR9 blockade did not prevent activation of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood or lymph node but led to significant increases in proliferation of both subsets in blood following SIV infection. Our findings reveal that virus-mediated activation of pDC through TLR7 and TLR9 contributes to substantial but transient IFN-α production following pathogenic SIV infection. However, the data indicate that pDC activation and IFN-α production are unlikely to be major factors in driving immune activation in early infection. Based on these findings therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking pDC function and IFN-α production may not reduce HIV-associated immunopathology. A persistent type I interferon (IFN) response is thought to be important in driving immune activation and progression to AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) produce copious amounts of type I IFN upon virus exposure through engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 and thus may be central players in the etiology of immune activation. We used a dual antagonist of TLR7 and TLR9 to selectively block the response of pDC but not other mononuclear phagocytes prior to and for 8 weeks following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques. We show that pDC are major, but not exclusive, producers of IFN-α that mediate a marked but transient IFN-α response in lymph nodes in the acute phase of infection. TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist prevented this IFN-α production without suppressing pDC recruitment. Nevertheless, TLR7 and TLR9 blockade did not impact expression of IFN-stimulated genes or decrease the activation of T cells, the hallmarks of immune activation. The findings indicate that TLR7 and TLR9-driven activation of pDC is unlikely to be a major contributor to immune activation in the early stages of immunodeficiency virus infections and suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting pDC and IFN-α production may not reduce HIV-associated immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamuda Kader
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cristiana Guiducci
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Franck J. Barrat
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Sundaravaradan V, Saleem R, Micci L, Gasper MA, Ortiz AM, Else J, Silvestri G, Paiardini M, Aitchison JD, Sodora DL. Multifunctional double-negative T cells in sooty mangabeys mediate T-helper functions irrespective of SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003441. [PMID: 23825945 PMCID: PMC3694849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying SIV infection of natural host monkey species, such as sooty mangabeys, has provided insights into the immune changes associated with these nonprogressive infections. Mangabeys maintain immune health despite high viremia or the dramatic CD4 T cell depletion that can occur following multitropic SIV infection. Here we evaluate double-negative (DN)(CD3+CD4−CD8−) T cells that are resistant to SIV infection due to a lack of CD4 surface expression, for their potential to fulfill a role as helper T cells. We first determined that DN T cells are polyclonal and predominantly exhibit an effector memory phenotype (CD95+CD62L−). Microarray analysis of TCR (anti-CD3/CD28) stimulated DN T cells indicated that these cells are multifunctional and upregulate genes with marked similarity to CD4 T cells, such as immune genes associated with Th1 (IFNγ), Th2 (IL4, IL5, IL13, CD40L), Th17 (IL17, IL22) and TFH (IL21, ICOS, IL6) function, chemokines such as CXCL9 and CXCL10 and transcription factors known to be actively regulated in CD4 T cells. Multifunctional T-helper cell responses were maintained in DN T cells from uninfected and SIV infected mangabeys and persisted in mangabeys exhibiting SIV mediated CD4 loss. Interestingly, TCR stimulation of DN T cells from SIV infected mangabeys results in a decreased upregulation of IFNγ and increased IL5 and IL13 expression compared to uninfected mangabeys. Evaluation of proliferative capacity of DN T cells in vivo (BrDU labeling) indicated that these cells maintain their ability to proliferate despite SIV infection, and express the homeostatic cytokine receptors CD25 (IL2 receptor) and CD127 (IL7 receptor). This study identifies the potential for a CD4-negative T cell subset that is refractory to SIV infection to perform T-helper functions in mangabeys and suggests that immune therapeutics designed to increase DN T cell function during HIV infection may have beneficial effects for the host immune system. SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is generally characterized by maintained CD4 T cell levels and a lack of disease progression despite active virus replication. We have previously shown however, that dramatic loss of CD4 T cells can occur during SIV infection of mangabeys. This study investigates the potential for double negative (DN) T cells (which lack CD4 and CD8, and are refractory to SIV/HIV infection) to perform helper T cell functions. In our study, sooty mangabey DN T cells exhibited a memory phenotype and a diverse repertoire in their T cell receptors. Once stimulated, the DN T cells expressed multiple cytokines, indicating that they have the potential to function as helper T cells (a function normally undertaken by CD4+ T cells). In SIV infected mangabeys, DN T cells continue to function, proliferate in vivo, and maintain expression of homeostatic cytokine receptors on their surface. It is therefore likely that DN T cells have the potential to compensate for the loss of CD4 T cells during SIV infection. These studies indicate that increasing DN T cell levels and/or function during pathogenic HIV infection may provide one tangible component of a functional cure, and inhibit progression to clinical disease and AIDS
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramsey Saleem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Luca Micci
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melanie A. Gasper
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Else
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Morellato-Castillo L, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Bouchemal K, Ponchel G, Ramos OHP, Herrera C, Stefanidou M, Shattock R, Heyndrickx L, Vanham G, Kessler P, Le Grand R, Martin L. MiniCD4 microbicide prevents HIV infection of human mucosal explants and vaginal transmission of SHIV(162P3) in cynomolgus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003071. [PMID: 23236282 PMCID: PMC3516572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In complement to an effective vaccine, development of potent anti-HIV microbicides remains an important priority. We have previously shown that the miniCD4 M48U1, a functional mimetic of sCD4 presented on a 27 amino-acid stable scaffold, inhibits a broad range of HIV-1 isolates at sub-nanomolar concentrations in cellular models. Here, we report that M48U1 inhibits efficiently HIV-1Ba-L in human mucosal explants of cervical and colorectal tissues. In vivo efficacy of M48U1 was evaluated in nonhuman primate (NHP) model of mucosal challenge with SHIV162P3 after assessing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a miniCD4 gel formulation in sexually matured female cynomolgus macaques. Among 12 females, half were treated with hydroxyethylcellulose-based gel (control), the other half received the same gel containing 3 mg/g of M48U1, one hour before vaginal route challenge with 10 AID50 of SHIV162P3. All control animals were infected with a peak plasma viral load of 105–106 viral RNA (vRNA) copies per mL. In animals treated with miniCD4, 5 out of 6 were fully protected from acquisition of infection, as assessed by qRT-PCR for vRNA detection in plasma, qPCR for viral DNA detection in PBMC and lymph node cells. The only infected animal in this group had a delayed peak of viremia of one week. These results demonstrate that M48U1 miniCD4 acts in vivo as a potent entry inhibitor, which may be considered in microbicide developments. This report describes the protective effect of a CD4 peptide mimetic against HIV infection on human mucosal explants and further on, when used in a microbicide gel, against a SHIV challenge in cynomolgus macaques. Evidence is given that our “miniprotein engineering” strategy, which corresponds to miniaturizing a binding protein by transferring its binding site onto a small scaffold protein, followed by an extensive optimization of this miniprotein led to an active peptide with promising pre-clinical antiretroviral activity in the case of the gp120/CD4 interaction. Five out of six animals, pre-treated with a 0.3% miniCD4 gel were fully protected from SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge. On the whole, we demonstrated that such a small CD4 mimetic peptide could represent a powerful preventive agent against sexual HIV transmission, validating miniaturized protein interface design up to the discovery of potential new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, Fontenay-aux Roses, France
- Paris-Sud University, UMRE01, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Gilles Ponchel
- Paris-Sud University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Oscar H. P. Ramos
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Stefanidou
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Robin Shattock
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kessler
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI, Fontenay-aux Roses, France
- Paris-Sud University, UMRE01, Orsay, France
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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28
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Souquière S, Makuwa M, Sallé B, Kazanji M. New strain of simian immunodeficiency virus identified in wild-born chimpanzees from central Africa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44298. [PMID: 22984489 PMCID: PMC3440395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of primate lentiviruses continue to provide information about the evolution of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and the origin and emergence of HIV since chimpanzees in west–central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) were recognized as the reservoir of SIVcpzPtt viruses, which have been related phylogenetically to HIV-1. Using in-house peptide ELISAs to study SIV prevalence, we tested 104 wild-born captive chimpanzees from Gabon and Congo. We identified two new cases of SIVcpz infection in Gabon and characterized a new SIVcpz strain, SIVcpzPtt-Gab4. The complete sequence (9093 bp) was obtained by a PCR-based ‘genome walking’ approach to generate 17 overlapping fragments. Phylogenetic analyses of separated genes (gag, pol-vif and env-nef) showed that SIVcpzPtt-Gab4 is closely related to SIVcpzPtt-Gab1 and SIVcpzPtt-Gab2. No significant variation in viral load was observed during 3 years of follow-up, but a significantly lower CD4+ T cells count was found in infected than in uninfected chimpanzees (p<0.05). No clinical symptoms of SIV infection were observed in the SIV-positive chimpanzees. Further field studies with non-invasive methods are needed to determine the prevalence, geographic distribution, species association, and natural history of SIVcpz strains in the chimpanzee habitat in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Souquière
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bettina Sallé
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
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Jagadish T, Pottiez G, Fox HS, Ciborowski P. Plasma gelsolin accumulates in macrophage nodules in brains of simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:113-9. [PMID: 22403026 PMCID: PMC3794665 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN), an isoform 1, is secreted by various types of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, but not by the liver. pGSN circulates in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, its concentration in CSF is approximately twenty times lower than in plasma. It has been shown that several types of cells such as oligodendrocytes, neurons, and/or astrocytes contribute to the overall pool of pGSN in the CNS. Further, it has been postulated that pGSN plays multiple roles during microbial infection and modulates inflammatory responses; however, the exact mechanism of regulation is not known. We previously showed that levels of pGSN in CSF of individuals with advanced neurocognitive impairment due to HIV infection of the brain are decreased. Here, we show that macrophages express significant amounts of pGSN in response to HIV infection in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry of simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus monkey brains, we show that increased levels of pGSN are present in macrophage nodules creating locally a high level of this protein within the brain. This may not be reflected by the overall decreased level in the distinct CSF compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jagadish
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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Search for AIDS vaccine advances. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:151. [PMID: 22745942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
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31
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Wiederin JL, Yu F, Donahoe RM, Fox HS, Ciborowski P, Gendelman HE. Changes in the plasma proteome follows chronic opiate administration in simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:105-12. [PMID: 21821369 PMCID: PMC3245805 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantive plasma proteomic changes follow lentiviral infection and disease pathobiology. We posit that such protein alterations are modified during drug abuse, further serving to affect the disease. To this end, we investigated the effect of opiate administration on the plasma proteome of Indian-strain rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain smm9. METHODS Whole blood was collected at 7 weeks prior to and 1.4 and 49 weeks after viral infection. Viral load, CD4(+) T cell subsets, and plasma protein content were measured from monkeys that did or did not receive continuous opiate administrations. The plasma proteome was identified and quantified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling (iTRAQ) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS While substantive changes in plasma proteins were seen during SIV infection, the addition of opiates led to suppression of these changes as well as increased variance of the proteome. These changes demonstrate that opiates induce broad but variant immune suppression in SIV-infected monkeys. CONCLUSION The broad suppressive changes seen in plasma of SIV-infected monkeys likely reflect reduced multisystem immune homeostatic responses induced by opiates. Such occur as a consequence of complex cell-to-cell interactions operative between the virus and the host. We conclude that such changes in plasma proteomic profiling may be underappreciated and as such supports the need for improved clinical definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L. Wiederin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Robert M. Donahoe
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah USA 84112-5650
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
- Corresponding author: Pawel Ciborowski, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, Phone: 402 559 8920; FAX 402 559 3744;
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Nuttall J, Kashuba A, Wang R, White N, Allen P, Roberts J, Romano J. Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:103-9. [PMID: 21986823 PMCID: PMC3256015 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00597-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir gel (1%) is being developed as a microbicide for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and has been shown to reduce transmission to women by 39%. The gel also prevents infection in macaques when applied intravaginally or intrarectally prior to challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), but very little pharmacokinetic information for macaques is available to help extrapolate the data to humans and thus inform future development activities. We have determined the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in macaques following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of 0.2, 1, and 5% gels. Plasma and vaginal and rectal fluid samples were collected up to 24 h after dosing, and at 24 h postdosing biopsy specimens were taken from the vaginal wall, cervix, and rectum. Following vaginal and rectal administration, tenofovir rapidly distributed to the matrices distal to the site of administration. In all matrices, exposure increased with increasing dose, and with the 1% and 5% formulations, concentrations remained detectable in most animals 24 h after dosing. At all doses, concentrations at the dosing site were typically 1 to 2 log units higher than those in the opposite compartment and 4 to 5 log units higher than those in plasma. Exposure in vaginal fluid after vaginal dosing was 58 to 82% lower than that in rectal fluid after rectal dosing, but plasma exposure was 1- to 2-fold greater after vaginal dosing than after rectal dosing. These data suggest that a tenofovir-based microbicide may have the potential to protect when exposure is via vaginal or anal intercourse, regardless of whether the microbicide is applied vaginally or rectally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nuttall
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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Xia HJ, Ma JP, Zhang GH, Han JB, Wang JH, Zheng YT. Effect of plasma viremia on apoptosis and immunophenotype of dendritic cells subsets in acute SIVmac239 infection of Chinese rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29036. [PMID: 22174949 PMCID: PMC3236233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates such as Chinese rhesus macaques (Ch Rhs) provide good animal models for research on human infectious diseases. Similar to humans, there are two principal subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) in the peripheral blood of Ch Rhs: myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In this study, two-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses were used to identify the main DC subsets, namely CD1c(+) mDCs and pDCs from Ch Rhs. Then, the apoptosis and immunophenotype changes of DCs subsets were first described during the acute phase of SIVmac239 infection. Both the DCs subsets showed decreased CD4 expression and enhanced CCR5 expression; in particular, those of pDCs significantly changed at most time points. Interestingly, the plasma viral loads were negatively correlated with CD4 expression, but were positively correlated with CCR5 expression of pDCs. During this period, both CD1c(+) mDCs and pDCs were activated by enhancing expressions of co-stimulatory molecules, accompanied with increase in CCR7. Either CD80 or CD86 expressed on CD1c(+) mDCs and pDCs was positively correlated with the plasma viral loads. Our analysis demonstrates that the pDCs were more prone to apoptosis after infection during the acute phase of SIVmac239 infection, which may be due to their high expressions of CD4 and CCR5. Both DCs subsets activated through elevating the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, which was beneficial in controlling the replication of SIV. However, a mere broad immune activation initiated by activated DCs may lead to tragic AIDS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Jun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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Siddiqui RA, Krawczak M, Platzer M, Sauermann U. Association of TLR7 variants with AIDS-like disease and AIDS vaccine efficacy in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25474. [PMID: 22022401 PMCID: PMC3192768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV infection, TLR7-triggered IFN-α production exerts a direct antiviral effect through the inhibition of viral replication, but may also be involved in immune pathogenesis leading to AIDS. TLR7 could also be an important mediator of vaccine efficacy. In this study, we analyzed polymorphisms in the X-linked TLR7 gene in the rhesus macaque model of AIDS. Upon resequencing of the TLR7 gene in 36 rhesus macaques of Indian origin, 12 polymorphic sites were detected. Next, we identified three tightly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as being associated with survival time. Genotyping of 119 untreated, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male rhesus macaques, including an 'MHC adjusted' subset, revealed that the three TLR7 SNPs are also significantly associated with set-point viral load. Surprisingly, this effect was not observed in 72 immunized SIV-infected male monkeys. We hypothesize (i) that SNP c.13G>A in the leader peptide is causative for the observed genotype-phenotype association and that (ii) the underlying mechanism is related to RNA secondary structure formation. Therefore, we investigated a fourth SNP (c.-17C>T), located 17 bp upstream of the ATG translation initiation codon, that is also potentially capable of influencing RNA structure. In c.13A carriers, neither set-point viral load nor survival time were related to the c.-17C>T genotype. In c.13G carriers, by contrast, the c.-17C allele was significantly associated with prolonged survival. Again, no such association was detected among immunized SIV-infected macaques. Our results highlight the dual role of TLR7 in immunodeficiency virus infection and vaccination and imply that it may be important to control human AIDS vaccine trials, not only for MHC genotype, but also for TLR7 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Siddiqui
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian–Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Vanderford TH, Bleckwehl C, Engram JC, Dunham RM, Klatt NR, Feinberg MB, Garber DA, Betts MR, Silvestri G. Viral CTL escape mutants are generated in lymph nodes and subsequently become fixed in plasma and rectal mucosa during acute SIV infection of macaques. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002048. [PMID: 21625590 PMCID: PMC3098234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) results in AIDS despite the generation of a strong antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, possibly due to the emergence of viral escape mutants that prevent recognition of infected cells by CTLs. To determine the anatomic origin of these SIV mutants, we longitudinally assessed the presence of CTL escape variants in two MamuA*01-restricted immunodominant epitopes (Tat-SL8 and Gag-CM9) in the plasma, PBMCs, lymph nodes (LN), and rectal biopsies (RB) of fifteen SIVmac239-infected RMs. As expected, Gag-CM9 did not exhibit signs of escape before day 84 post infection. In contrast, Tat-SL8 escape mutants were apparent in all tissues by day 14 post infection. Interestingly LNs and plasma exhibited the highest level of escape at day 14 and day 28 post infection, respectively, with the rate of escape in the RB remaining lower throughout the acute infection. The possibility that CTL escape occurs in LNs before RBs is confirmed by the observation that the specific mutants found at high frequency in LNs at day 14 post infection became dominant at day 28 post infection in plasma, PBMC, and RB. Finally, the frequency of escape mutants in plasma at day 28 post infection correlated strongly with the level Tat-SL8-specific CD8 T cells in the LN and PBMC at day 14 post infection. These results indicate that LNs represent the primary source of CTL escape mutants during the acute phase of SIVmac239 infection, suggesting that LNs are the main anatomic sites of virus replication and/or the tissues in which CTL pressure is most effective in selecting SIV escape variants. Strong antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes limit SIV replication by recognizing short pathogen-derived peptide epitopes. The cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses specific for this highly mutable virus can select for viruses bearing mutations that prevent CD8+ T cell recognition of cells infected with these escape mutants. To determine the anatomic origin of these escape mutants, we tracked a particular escape mutant in multiple tissues (plasma virus, lymph nodes, rectal mucosa, and peripheral blood immune cells) during the early, acute phase of SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques. We found that escape mutants first reach high frequency in lymph nodes 2 weeks after infection, and the particular mutants generated in lymph nodes disseminate to other tissues by week 4. Furthermore, we found that epitope-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses in the lymph nodes and peripheral blood, but not the gut mucosa, are significantly correlated with the frequency of escape mutants in the plasma virus at week 4. This suggests that lymph nodes, and not the gut, are the primary site of anti-SIV CD8+ T cell responses and/or SIV replication during the acute phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Bleckwehl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica C. Engram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Dunham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Feinberg
- Merck Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David A. Garber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu H, Wang X, Morici LA, Pahar B, Veazey RS. Early divergent host responses in SHIVsf162P3 and SIVmac251 infected macaques correlate with control of viremia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17965. [PMID: 21464951 PMCID: PMC3064595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed intravaginal inoculation with SHIVsf162p3 results in transient viremia followed by undetectable viremia in most macaques, and some displayed subsequent immunity to superinfection with pathogenic SIVmac251. Here we compare early T cell activation, proliferation, and plasma cytokine/chemokine responses in macaques intravaginally infected with either SHIVsf162p3 or SIVmac251 to determine whether distinct differences in host responses may be associated with early viral containment. The data show SIVmac251 infection results in significantly higher levels of T cell activation, proliferation, and a mixed cytokine/chemokine “storm” in plasma in primary infection, whereas infection with SHIVsf162p3 resulted in significantly lower levels of T cell activation, proliferation, and better preservation of memory CD4+ T cells in early infection which immediately preceded control of viremia. These results support the hypothesis that early systemic immune activation, T cell proliferation, and a more prominent and broader array of cytokine/chemokine responses facilitate SIV replication, and may play a key role in persistence of infection, and the progression to AIDS. In contrast, immune unresponsiveness may be associated with eventual clearance of virus, a concept that may have key significance for therapy and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Whitney JB, Hraber PT, Luedemann C, Giorgi EE, Daniels MG, Bhattacharya T, Rao SS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Korber BT, Letvin NL. Genital tract sequestration of SIV following acute infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001293. [PMID: 21379569 PMCID: PMC3040679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the evolution of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the male genital tract by examining blood- and semen-associated virus from experimentally and sham vaccinated rhesus monkeys during primary infection. At the time of peak virus replication, SIV sequences were intermixed between the blood and semen supporting a scenario of high-level virus “spillover” into the male genital tract. However, at the time of virus set point, compartmentalization was apparent in 4 of 7 evaluated monkeys, likely as a consequence of restricted virus gene flow between anatomic compartments after the resolution of primary viremia. These findings suggest that SIV replication in the male genital tract evolves to compartmentalization after peak viremia resolves. Methods to reduce the transmission of HIV-1 are hindered by a lack of information regarding early viral dynamics and evolution in the male genital tract. In the present study, we show that SIV in the blood and genital tract are homogeneous during early infection, indicating facile virus gene flow between these compartments. Importantly, the coincidence of the resolution of primary viremia with the decreased virus levels in genital secretions suggest that the dramatic fall in virus replication during early infection underlies the development of viral compartmentalization. Our demonstration of early virus compartmentalization in the male genital tract has important implications for the understanding of early events leading to infection of the male genital tract and the nature of the transmitted virus during primary retrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitney
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Sellier P, Mannioui A, Bourry O, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Delache B, Brochard P, Calvo J, Prévot S, Roques P. Antiretroviral treatment start-time during primary SIV(mac) infection in macaques exerts a different impact on early viral replication and dissemination. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10570. [PMID: 20485497 PMCID: PMC2868019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The time of infection is rarely known in human cases; thus, the effects of delaying the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the peripheral viral load and the establishment of viral reservoirs are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Six groups of macaques, infected intravenously with SIVmac251, were given placebo or antiretroviral therapy to explore reservoir establishment; macaques were treated for 2 weeks, with treatment starting 4 hours, 7 or 14 days after infection. Viral replication and dissemination were measured in the gut (rectum), in the lung and in blood and lymphoid tissues (peripheral lymph nodes), by quantifying viral RNA, DNA and 2LTR circles. We used immunohistochemistry (CD4 and CD68) to assess the impact of these treatments on the relative amount of virus target cells in tissue. Treatment that was started 4 hours post-infection (pi) decreased viral replication and dissemination in blood and tissue samples, which were assessed on day 14 (RNA/DNA/2LTR circles). The virus remained detectable and lymphoid tissues were activated in LN and the gut in both placebo- and ART-treated animals. Viral RNA in plasma continued to be lower in macaques treated seven days after infection; however, this was not the case for viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. There was a small but significant difference in RNA and DNA levels in tissues between placebo- and ART-treated animals on day 21. When started 14 days after infection, treatment resulted in a limited decrease in the plasma viral load. Conclusions Treatment that was started 4 hours after infection significantly reduced viral replication and dissemination. When started 7 days after infection, it was of slight virological benefit in peripheral blood and in tissues, and treatment was even less effective if started 14 days pi. These data favor starting ART no longer than one week after intravenous SIVmac251 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sellier
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abdelkrim Mannioui
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Patricia Brochard
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Calvo
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Prévot
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- Division of ImmunoVirology (SIV), Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- UMR E1, University Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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Ratai EM, Bombardier JP, Joo CG, Annamalai L, Burdo TH, Campbell J, Fell R, Hakimelahi R, He J, Autissier P, Lentz MR, Halpern EF, Masliah E, Williams KC, Westmoreland SV, González RG. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals neuroprotection by oral minocycline in a nonhuman primate model of accelerated NeuroAIDS. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10523. [PMID: 20479889 PMCID: PMC2866543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders continue to be a significant problem. In efforts to understand and alleviate neurocognitive deficits associated with HIV, we used an accelerated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of NeuroAIDS to test whether minocycline is neuroprotective against lentiviral-induced neuronal injury. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Eleven rhesus macaques were infected with SIV, depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes, and studied until eight weeks post inoculation (wpi). Seven animals received daily minocycline orally beginning at 4 wpi. Neuronal integrity was monitored in vivo by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and post-mortem by immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin (SYN), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and neuronal counts. Astrogliosis and microglial activation were quantified by measuring glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1), respectively. SIV infection followed by CD8+ cell depletion induced a progressive decline in neuronal integrity evidenced by declining N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr), which was arrested with minocycline treatment. The recovery of this ratio was due to increases in NAA, indicating neuronal recovery, and decreases in Cr, likely reflecting downregulation of glial cell activation. SYN, MAP2, and neuronal counts were found to be higher in minocycline-treated animals compared to untreated animals while GFAP and IBA-1 expression were decreased compared to controls. CSF and plasma viral loads were lower in MN-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, oral minocycline alleviates neuronal damage induced by the AIDS virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Ratai
- AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuroradiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Klots IN. [Use of mathematical model for determination of virus neutralizing activity of antibodies during experimental SHIV-infection]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2009:68-70. [PMID: 19459482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the role of neutralizing antibodies (NA) on the model of SHIV-infection in pig-tailed macaques immunized by different methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Titers of NA were determined using TZM-bl cells; titers corresponding to 50% neutralization were determined from serum dilution--relative luminescence graph. We have proposed to use index of integral neutralizing activity, which mathematically expressed as integral of neutralization function in serum dilutions interval from 1 (or first dilution used) to that giving selected titer (we selected 50% neutralization). RESULTS On the basis of analysis of data on course of SHIV-infection in previously immunized macaques it was concluded that more clear correlation exists between results of infection and integral neutralizing activity of serum compared with NA titers corresponding to 50% neutralization. CONCLUSION Proposed method could be useful for analysis of immunization efficacy against HIV infection.
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Qiu CL, Zhao H, Yang GB. [Th17 lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with or without SHIV infection]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008; 24:217-220. [PMID: 18328177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To observe CD4(+)IL-17(+) cells in the peripheral blood of Chinese rhesus macaques. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from normal and SHIV infected rhesus macaques. Surface CD3, CD4, CD8 and intracellular IL-17A expression of peripheral blood (with or without PMA+Ionomycin stimulation) were detected by immunostaining with fluorochrome labeled monoclonal antibodies. The samples were acquired with FACScalibur and the data were analyzed with CellQuest. RESULTS IL-17A(+) cells were observed in all the 6 normal rhesus macaques but there were very few before cultured with PMA+Ionomycin. About 1.4% of lymphocytes were IL-17A(+) cells after stimulation and short-term cultivation, and about 2.7% of CD3(+)CD4(+) lymphocytes were IL-17A(+) cells, i.e. CD4(+) Th17 cells. Th17 cells in the 4 SHIV infected rhesus monkeys were also examined. The number of the Th17 cells detected after stimulation and short-term cultivation was not significantly different from that of normal monkeys. CONCLUSION Similar to human race, Chinese rhesus macaques possess a subset of CD4(+)IL-17A(+) cells, suggesting these rhesus monkey can be used to study the relationship between Th17 cells and HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-li Qiu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infection Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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Loh L, Petravic J, Batten CJ, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Vaccination and timing influence SIV immune escape viral dynamics in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e12. [PMID: 18225952 PMCID: PMC2323283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be effective at controlling HIV-1 in humans and SIV in macaques, but their utility is partly offset by mutational escape. The kinetics of CTL escape and reversion of escape mutant viruses upon transmission to MHC-mismatched hosts can help us understand CTL-mediated viral control and the fitness cost extracted by immune escape mutation. Traditional methods for following CTL escape and reversion are, however, insensitive to minor viral quasispecies. We developed sensitive quantitative real-time PCR assays to track the viral load of SIV Gag164–172 KP9 wild-type (WT) and escape mutant (EM) variants in pigtail macaques. Rapid outgrowth of EM virus occurs during the first few weeks of infection. However, the rate of escape plateaued soon after, revealing a prolonged persistence of WT viremia not detectable by standard cloning and sequencing methods. The rate of escape of KP9 correlated with levels of vaccine-primed KP9-specific CD8+ T cells present at that time. Similarly, when non-KP9 responder (lacking the restricting Mane-A*10 allele) macaques were infected with SHIVmn229 stock containing a mixture of EM and WT virus, rapid reversion to WT was observed over the first 2 weeks following infection. However, the rate of reversion to WT slowed dramatically over the first month of infection. The serial quantitation of escape mutant viruses evolving during SIV infection shows that rapid dynamics of immune escape and reversion can be observed in early infection, particularly when CD8 T cells are primed by vaccination. However, these early rapid rates of escape and reversion are transient and followed by a significant slowing in these rates later during infection, highlighting that the rate of escape is significantly influenced by the timing of its occurrence. Immune escape from AIDS virus–specific cellular immunity is common. The driving forces behind how quickly cellular immunity forces escape are poorly understood. We developed a novel assay for a common immune escape variant of SIV in macaques. This allowed us to sensitively track the rates of immune escape even when levels of escape mutant or wild-type virus were low. We found that prior immunization of macaques resulted in very rapid immune escape during acute infection. However, when escape starts to occur later, during chronic infection, the rate of immune escape is much more gradual. Thus, both prior vaccination and timing influence the rates of immune escape and provide a fuller picture of the effectiveness of T cell immunity to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janka Petravic
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C. Jane Batten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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García-Lerma JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, Jackson E, Cong ME, Masciotra S, Luo W, Kim C, Adams DR, Monsour M, Lipscomb J, Johnson JA, Delinsky D, Schinazi RF, Janssen R, Folks TM, Heneine W. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e28. [PMID: 18254653 PMCID: PMC2225435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of an effective vaccine, HIV continues to spread globally, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to limit its transmission. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretroviral drugs could prove to be an effective intervention strategy if highly efficacious and cost-effective PrEP modalities are identified. We evaluated daily and intermittent PrEP regimens of increasing antiviral activity in a macaque model that closely resembles human transmission. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used a repeat-exposure macaque model with 14 weekly rectal virus challenges. Three drug treatments were given once daily, each to a different group of six rhesus macaques. Group 1 was treated subcutaneously with a human-equivalent dose of emtricitabine (FTC), group 2 received orally the human-equivalent dosing of both FTC and tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and group 3 received subcutaneously a similar dosing of FTC and a higher dose of tenofovir. A fourth group of six rhesus macaques (group 4) received intermittently a PrEP regimen similar to group 3 only 2 h before and 24 h after each weekly virus challenge. Results were compared to 18 control macaques that did not receive any drug treatment. The risk of infection in macaques treated in groups 1 and 2 was 3.8- and 7.8-fold lower than in untreated macaques (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008, respectively). All six macaques in group 3 were protected. Breakthrough infections had blunted acute viremias; drug resistance was seen in two of six animals. All six animals in group 4 that received intermittent PrEP were protected. CONCLUSIONS This model suggests that single drugs for daily PrEP can be protective but a combination of antiretroviral drugs may be required to increase the level of protection. Short but potent intermittent PrEP can provide protection comparable to that of daily PrEP in this SHIV/macaque model. These findings support PrEP trials for HIV prevention in humans and identify promising PrEP modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gerardo García-Lerma
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ron A Otten
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shoukat H Qari
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eddie Jackson
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mian-er Cong
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvina Masciotra
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caryn Kim
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Debra R Adams
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Monsour
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lipscomb
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Delinsky
- Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert Janssen
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Folks
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Walid Heneine
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Hessell AJ, Hangartner L, Hunter M, Havenith CEG, Beurskens FJ, Bakker JM, Lanigan CMS, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Parren PWHI, Marx PA, Burton DR. Fc receptor but not complement binding is important in antibody protection against HIV. Nature 2007; 449:101-4. [PMID: 17805298 DOI: 10.1038/nature06106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most successful vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies and this property is a high priority when developing an HIV vaccine. Indeed, passively administered neutralizing antibodies have been shown to protect against HIV challenge in some of the best available animal models. For example, antibodies given intravenously can protect macaques against intravenous or mucosal SHIV (an HIV/SIV chimaera) challenge and topically applied antibodies can protect macaques against vaginal SHIV challenge. However, the mechanism(s) by which neutralizing antibodies afford protection against HIV is not understood and, in particular, the role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions is unclear. Here we report that there is a dramatic decrease in the ability of a broadly neutralizing antibody to protect macaques against SHIV challenge when Fc receptor and complement-binding activities are engineered out of the antibody. No loss of antibody protective activity is associated with the elimination of complement binding alone. Our in vivo results are consistent with in vitro assays indicating that interaction of Fc-receptor-bearing effector cells with antibody-complexed infected cells is important in reducing virus yield from infected cells. Overall, the data suggest the potential importance of activity against both infected cells and free virus for effective protection against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Subbarao S, Ramos A, Kim C, Adams D, Monsour M, Butera S, Folks T, Otten RA. Direct stringency comparison of two macaque models (single-high vs. repeat-low) for mucosal HIV transmission using an identical anti-HIV chemoprophylaxis intervention. J Med Primatol 2007; 36:238-43. [PMID: 17669212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous work, oral chemoprophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) provided partial protection in rhesus macaques against repeated low-dose (RL) intrarectal SHIV162p3 exposure. METHODS Here, we make a direct comparison of these previous findings with data generated using a single high (SH)-dose challenge strategy. RESULTS All 5 (100%) control macaques were infected after a SH challenge and only three of five (60%) TDF-treated macaques became infected. The remaining two TDF-treated macaques remained virus-negative and were susceptible to virus infection upon re-challenge in the absence of oral TDF. Thus, two of five (40%) TDF-treated macaques were protected by the pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis regimen. By comparison with the RL challenge system, only one of four (25%) of TDF-treated macaques were protected from infection, whereas four of four (100%) control macaques became infected using RL challenges. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings indicate that the stringency of the RL challenge model for testing antiretroviral interventions is not lower and possibly greater than that of the SH challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambavi Subbarao
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Magnani M, Paiardini M, Cervasi B, Serafini S, Fraternale A, Silvestri G. Fludarabine delivery by autologous red blood cells induces macrophage depletion in chronically SIV-infected Sooty Mangabeys. J Control Release 2007; 116:e45-7. [PMID: 17718963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Magnani
- Institute of Biochemistry G. Fornini University of Urbino, Urbino (PU), Italy
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Abstract
Assays to measure biomarkers are commonly subject to large amounts of measurement error and known detection limits. Studies with longitudinal biomarker measurements may use multiple assays in assessing outcome. I propose an approach for jointly modeling repeated measures of multiple assays when these assays are subject to measurement error and known lower detection limits. A commonly used approach is to perform an initial assay with a larger lower detection limit on all repeated samples, followed by only performing a second more expensive assay with a lower minimum level of detection when the initial assay value is below its lower limit of detection. I show how simply replacing the initial assay measurement with the second assay measurement may be a biased approach and investigate the performance of the proposed joint model in this situation. Additionally, I compare the performance of the joint model with an approach that only uses the initial assay measurements in analysis. Further, I consider alternative designs to only performing the second assay when the initial assay measurement is below its lower detection limit. Specifically, I show that one only needs to perform the second assay on a fraction of assays that are above the lower detection limit on the first assay to substantially increase the efficiency. Further, I show the efficiency advantages of performing the second assay at random without regard to the initial assay measurement over a design in which the second assay is only performed when the initial assay is below its lower limit of detection. The methodology is illustrated with a recent study examining the use of a vaccine in treating macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Albert
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Yamamoto H, Kawada M, Takeda A, Igarashi H, Matano T. Post-infection immunodeficiency virus control by neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2007; 2:e540. [PMID: 17579714 PMCID: PMC1890307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike most acute viral infections controlled with the appearance of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), primary HIV infections are not met with such potent and early antibody responses. This brings into question if or how the presence of potent antibodies can contribute to primary HIV control, but protective efficacies of antiviral antibodies in primary HIV infections have remained elusive; and, it has been speculated that even NAb induction could have only a limited suppressive effect on primary HIV replication once infection is established. Here, in an attempt to answer this question, we examined the effect of passive NAb immunization post-infection on primary viral replication in a macaque AIDS model. Methods and Findings The inoculums for passive immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239)-specific neutralizing activity were prepared by purifying polyclonal immunoglobulin G from pooled plasma of six SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques with NAb induction in the chronic phase. Passive immunization of rhesus macaques with the NAbs at day 7 after SIVmac239 challenge resulted in significant reduction of set-point plasma viral loads and preservation of central memory CD4 T lymphocyte counts, despite the limited detection period of the administered NAb responses. Peripheral lymph node dendritic cell (DC)-associated viral RNA loads showed a remarkable peak with the NAb administration, and DCs stimulated in vitro with NAb-preincubated SIV activated virus-specific CD4 T lymphocytes in an Fc-dependent manner, implying antibody-mediated virion uptake by DCs and enhanced T cell priming. Conclusions Our results present evidence indicating that potent antibody induction post-infection can result in primary immunodeficiency virus control and suggest direct and indirect contribution of its absence to initial control failure in HIV infections. Although difficulty in achieving requisite neutralizing titers for sterile HIV protection by prophylactic vaccination has been suggested, this study points out a possibility of non-sterile HIV control by prophylactic vaccine-induced, sub-sterile titers of NAbs post-infection, providing a rationale of vaccine-based NAb induction for primary HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takeda
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Igarashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: .
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Brown KN, Trichel A, Barratt-Boyes SM. Parallel Loss of Myeloid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from Blood and Lymphoid Tissue in Simian AIDS. J Immunol 2007; 178:6958-67. [PMID: 17513745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The loss of myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) from the blood of HIV-infected individuals is associated with progressive disease. It has been proposed that DC loss is due to increased recruitment to lymph nodes, although this has not been directly tested. Similarly as in HIV-infected humans, we found that lineage-negative (Lin(-)) HLA-DR(+)CD11c(+)CD123(-) mDC and Lin(-)HLA-DR(+)CD11c(-)CD123(+) pDC were lost from the blood of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS. In the peripheral lymph nodes of SIV-naive monkeys the majority of mDC were mature cells derived from skin that expressed high levels of HLA-DR, CD83, costimulatory molecules, and the Langerhans cell marker CD1a, whereas pDC expressed low levels of HLA-DR and CD40 and lacked costimulatory molecules, similar to pDC in blood. Surprisingly, both DC subsets were depleted from peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens in monkeys with AIDS, although the activation status of the remaining DC subsets was similar to that of DC in health. In peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes from animals with AIDS there was an accumulation of Lin(-)HLA-DR(moderate)CD11c(-)CD123(-) cells that resembled monocytoid cells but failed to acquire a DC phenotype upon culture, suggesting they were not DC precursors. mDC and pDC from the lymphoid tissues of monkeys with AIDS were prone to spontaneous death in culture, indicating that apoptosis may be a mechanism for their loss in disease. These findings demonstrate that DC are lost from rather than recruited to lymphoid tissue in advanced SIV infection, suggesting that systemic DC depletion plays a direct role in the pathophysiology of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage have been shown to be the principal targets for productive HIV-1 replication within the CNS. In addition, HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) has been shown to correlate with macrophage abundance in the brain. Although increased entry of monocytes into the brain is thought to initiate this process, mechanisms that prevent macrophage egress from the brain and means that prevent macrophage death may also contribute to cell accumulation. We hypothesized that osteopontin (OPN) was involved in the accumulation of macrophages in the brain in neuroAIDS. Using in vitro model systems, we have demonstrated the role of OPN in two distinct aspects of macrophage accumulation: prevention from recirculation and protection from apoptosis. In these unique mechanisms, OPN would aid in macrophage survival and accumulation in the brain, the pathological substrate of HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Burdo
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., SP30-2030, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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