1
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Cohen J. Skin side effects stymie advance of HIV vaccine. Science 2024; 383:1044. [PMID: 38452071 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Strategy of using multiple mRNA shots to hone powerful antibodies hits a pothole.
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2
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Verdejo-Torres O, Vargas-Pavia T, Fatima S, Clapham PR, Duenas-Decamp MJ. Implications of the 375W mutation for HIV-1 tropism and vaccine development. J Virol 2024; 98:e0152223. [PMID: 38169306 PMCID: PMC10804988 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01522-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how different amino acids affect the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer will greatly help the design and development of vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). A tryptophan residue at position 375 that opens the CD4 binding site without modifying the trimer apex was identified using our saturation mutagenesis strategy. 375W was introduced into a large panel of 27 transmitted/founder, acute stage, chronic infection, and AIDS macrophage-tropic and non-macrophage-tropic primary envelopes from different clades (A, B, C, D, and G) as well as complex and circulating recombinants. We evaluated soluble CD4 and monoclonal antibody neutralization of WT and mutant Envs together with macrophage infection. The 375W substitution increased sensitivity to soluble CD4 in all 27 Envs and macrophage infection in many Envs including an X4 variant. Importantly, 375W did not impair or abrogate neutralization by potent bnAbs. Variants that were already highly macrophage tropic were compromised for macrophage tropism, indicating that other structural factors are involved. Of note, we observed a macrophage-tropic (clade G) and intermediate macrophage-tropic (clades C and D) primary Envs from the blood and not from the central nervous system (CNS), indicating that such variants could be released from the brain or evolve outside the CNS. Our data also indicate that "intermediate" macrophage-tropic variants should belong to a new class of HIV-1 tropism. These Envs infected macrophages more efficiently than non-macrophage-tropic variants without reaching the high levels of macrophage-tropic brain variants. In summary, we show that 375W is ideal for inclusion into HIV-1 vaccines, increasing Env binding to CD4 for widely diverse Envs from different clades and disease stages.IMPORTANCESubstitutions exposing the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1 trimers but still occluding non-neutralizing, immunogenic epitopes are desirable to develop HIV-1 vaccines. If such substitutions induce similar structural changes in trimers across diverse clades, they could be exploited for the development of multi-clade envelope (Env) vaccines. We show that the 375W substitution increases CD4 affinity for envelopes of all clades, circulating recombinant forms, and complex Envs tested, independent of disease stage. Clade B and C Envs with an exposed CD4bs were described for macrophage-tropic strains from the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that intermediate (clades C and D) and macrophage-tropic (clade G) envelopes can be detected outside the CNS. Vaccines targeting the CD4bs will be particularly effective against such strains and CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette Verdejo-Torres
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tania Vargas-Pavia
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Syeda Fatima
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R. Clapham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria J. Duenas-Decamp
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Li W, Qin Z, Nand E, Grunst MW, Grover JR, Bess JW, Lifson JD, Zwick MB, Tagare HD, Uchil PD, Mothes W. HIV-1 Env trimers asymmetrically engage CD4 receptors in membranes. Nature 2023; 623:1026-1033. [PMID: 37993716 PMCID: PMC10686830 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is initiated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) to the cell-surface receptor CD41-4. Although high-resolution structures of Env in a complex with the soluble domains of CD4 have been determined, the binding process is less understood in native membranes5-13. Here we used cryo-electron tomography to monitor Env-CD4 interactions at the membrane-membrane interfaces formed between HIV-1 and CD4-presenting virus-like particles. Env-CD4 complexes organized into clusters and rings, bringing the opposing membranes closer together. Env-CD4 clustering was dependent on capsid maturation. Subtomogram averaging and classification revealed that Env bound to one, two and finally three CD4 molecules, after which Env adopted an open state. Our data indicate that asymmetric HIV-1 Env trimers bound to one and two CD4 molecules are detectable intermediates during virus binding to host cell membranes, which probably has consequences for antibody-mediated immune responses and vaccine immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Li
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Zhuan Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nand
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julian W Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hemant D Tagare
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Pincus SH, Stackhouse M, Watt C, Ober K, Cole FM, Chen HC, Smith III AB, Peters T. Soluble CD4 and low molecular weight CD4-mimetic compounds sensitize cells to be killed by anti-HIV cytotoxic immunoconjugates. J Virol 2023; 97:e0115423. [PMID: 37772823 PMCID: PMC10617435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01154-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV infection can be effectively treated to prevent the development of AIDS, but it cannot be cured. We have attached poisons to anti-HIV antibodies to kill the infected cells that persist even after years of effective antiviral therapy. Here we show that the killing of infected cells can be markedly enhanced by the addition of soluble forms of the HIV receptor CD4 or by mimics of CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Pincus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Megan Stackhouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Connie Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Kelli Ober
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Frances M. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tami Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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5
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Rao PG, Lambert GS, Upadhyay C. Broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes on HIV-1 particles are exposed after virus interaction with host cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071023. [PMID: 37681958 PMCID: PMC10537810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00710-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) glycoproteins on HIV-1 virions are the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and the focus of vaccines. However, many cross-reactive conserved epitopes are often occluded on virus particles, contributing to the evasion of humoral immunity. This study aimed to identify the Env epitopes that are exposed/occluded on HIV-1 particles and to investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. Using a flow cytometry-based assay, three HIV-1 isolates, and a panel of antibodies, we show that only select epitopes, including V2i, the gp120-g41 interface, and gp41-MPER, are accessible on HIV-1 particles, while V3, V2q, and select CD4bs epitopes are masked. These epitopes become accessible after allosteric conformational changes are induced by the pre-binding of select Abs, prompting us to test if similar conformational changes are required for these Abs to exhibit their neutralization capability. We tested HIV-1 neutralization where the virus-mAb mix was pre-incubated/not pre-incubated for 1 hour prior to adding the target cells. Similar levels of neutralization were observed under both assay conditions, suggesting that the interaction between virus and target cells sensitizes the virions for neutralization via bNAbs. We further show that lectin-glycan interactions can also expose these epitopes. However, this effect is dependent on the lectin specificity. Given that, bNAbs are ideal for providing sterilizing immunity and are the goal of current HIV-1 vaccine efforts, these data offer insight on how HIV-1 may occlude these vulnerable epitopes from the host immune response. In addition, the findings can guide the formulation of effective antibody combinations for therapeutic use. IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates viral entry and is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggest that antibody epitopes including V2q (e.g., PG9, PGT145), CD4bs (e.g., VRC01, 3BNC117), and V3 (2219, 2557) are masked on HIV-1 particles. The PG9 and 2219 epitopes became accessible for binding after conformational unmasking was induced by the pre-binding of select mAbs. Attempts to understand the masking mechanism led to the revelation that interaction between virus and host cells is needed to sensitize the virions for neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). These data provide insight on how bNAbs may gain access to these occluded epitopes to exert their neutralization effects and block HIV-1 infection. These findings have important implications for the way we evaluate the neutralizing efficacy of antibodies and can potentially guide vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gadam Rao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory S. Lambert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Nguyen HT, Wang Q, Anang S, Sodroski JG. Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational States on Infectious Virus Particles. J Virol 2023; 97:e0185722. [PMID: 36815832 PMCID: PMC10062176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells involves triggering of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ([gp120/gp41]3) by the primary receptor, CD4, and coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. The pretriggered (State-1) conformation of the mature (cleaved) Env is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are inefficiently elicited compared with poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs). Here, we characterize variants of the moderately triggerable HIV-1AD8 Env on virions produced by an infectious molecular proviral clone; such virions contain more cleaved Env than pseudotyped viruses. We identified three types of cleaved wild-type AD8 Env trimers on virions: (i) State-1-like trimers preferentially recognized by bNAbs and exhibiting strong subunit association; (ii) trimers recognized by pNAbs directed against the gp120 coreceptor-binding region and exhibiting weak, detergent-sensitive subunit association; and (iii) a minor gp41-only population. The first Env population was enriched and the other Env populations reduced by introducing State-1-stabilizing changes in the AD8 Env or by treatment of the virions with crosslinker or the State-1-preferring entry inhibitor, BMS-806. These stabilized AD8 Envs were also more resistant to gp120 shedding induced by a CD4-mimetic compound or by incubation on ice. Conversely, a State-1-destabilized, CD4-independent AD8 Env variant exhibited weaker bNAb recognition and stronger pNAb recognition. Similar relationships between Env triggerability and antigenicity/shedding propensity on virions were observed for other HIV-1 strains. State-1 Envs on virions can be significantly enriched by minimizing the adventitious incorporation of uncleaved Env; stabilizing the pretriggered conformation by Env modification, crosslinking or BMS-806 treatment; strengthening Env subunit interactions; and using CD4-negative producer cells. IMPORTANCE Efforts to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine have been frustrated by the inability to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies that recognize multiple virus strains. Such antibodies can bind a particular shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer, as it exists on a viral membrane but before engaging receptors on the host cell. Here, we establish simple yet powerful assays to characterize the envelope glycoproteins in a natural context on virus particles. We find that, depending on the HIV-1 strain, some envelope glycoproteins change shape and fall apart, creating decoys that can potentially divert the host immune response. We identify requirements to keep the relevant envelope glycoprotein target for broad neutralizing antibodies intact on virus-like particles. These studies suggest strategies that should facilitate efforts to produce and use virus-like particles as vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Suran M. New HIV Vaccine Approach Safely Stimulated Rare Precursors to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. JAMA 2023; 329:527-528. [PMID: 36723948 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This Medical News article discusses a clinical trial for an HIV vaccine that uses germline targeting, a novel technique to induce rare immune cell precursors of broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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8
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Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Willis JR, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Kalyuzhniy O, Cottrell CA, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Schiffner T, Liguori A, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Yates NL, Williams LD, Greene K, Gao H, Mahoney CR, Corcoran MM, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Hu X, Tingle R, Georgeson E, Eskandarzadeh S, Alavi N, Lu D, Mullen TM, Kubitz M, Groschel B, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Crotty S, Roederer M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori D, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR. Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans. Science 2022; 378:eadd6502. [PMID: 36454825 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare bnAb-precursor B cells. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial, the HIV vaccine-priming candidate eOD-GT8 60mer adjuvanted with AS01B had a favorable safety profile and induced VRC01-class bnAb precursors in 97% of vaccine recipients with median frequencies reaching 0.1% among immunoglobulin G B cells in blood. bnAb precursors shared properties with bnAbs and gained somatic hypermutation and affinity with the boost. The results establish clinical proof of concept for germline-targeting vaccine priming, support development of boosting regimens to induce bnAbs, and encourage application of the germline-targeting strategy to other targets in HIV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - LaTonya D Williams
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nushin Alavi
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danny Lu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gunilla B Karlsson Hedestam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | | | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Lee JH, Sutton HJ, Cottrell CA, Phung I, Ozorowski G, Sewall LM, Nedellec R, Nakao C, Silva M, Richey ST, Torres JL, Lee WH, Georgeson E, Kubitz M, Hodges S, Mullen TM, Adachi Y, Cirelli KM, Kaur A, Allers C, Fahlberg M, Grasperge BF, Dufour JP, Schiro F, Aye PP, Kalyuzhniy O, Liguori A, Carnathan DG, Silvestri G, Shen X, Montefiori DC, Veazey RS, Ward AB, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Irvine DJ, Schief WR, Crotty S. Long-primed germinal centres with enduring affinity maturation and clonal migration. Nature 2022; 609:998-1004. [PMID: 36131022 PMCID: PMC9491273 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centres are the engines of antibody evolution. Here, using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env protein immunogen priming in rhesus monkeys followed by a long period without further immunization, we demonstrate germinal centre B (BGC) cells that last for at least 6 months. A 186-fold increase in BGC cells was present by week 10 compared with conventional immunization. Single-cell transcriptional profiling showed that both light- and dark-zone germinal centre states were sustained. Antibody somatic hypermutation of BGC cells continued to accumulate throughout the 29-week priming period, with evidence of selective pressure. Env-binding BGC cells were still 49-fold above baseline at 29 weeks, which suggests that they could remain active for even longer periods of time. High titres of HIV-neutralizing antibodies were generated after a single booster immunization. Fully glycosylated HIV trimer protein is a complex antigen, posing considerable immunodominance challenges for B cells1,2. Memory B cells generated under these long priming conditions had higher levels of antibody somatic hypermutation, and both memory B cells and antibodies were more likely to recognize non-immunodominant epitopes. Numerous BGC cell lineage phylogenies spanning more than the 6-month germinal centre period were identified, demonstrating continuous germinal centre activity and selection for at least 191 days with no further antigen exposure. A long-prime, slow-delivery (12 days) immunization approach holds promise for difficult vaccine targets and suggests that patience can have great value for tuning of germinal centres to maximize antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Henry J Sutton
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Phung
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leigh M Sewall
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Nakao
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sara T Richey
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sam Hodges
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly M Cirelli
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Marissa Fahlberg
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Brooke F Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jason P Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research & Development, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research & Development, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Larkin HD. Dual Anti-HIV Antibodies Provide Long-term Viral Suppression. JAMA 2022; 328:122. [PMID: 35819444 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.10930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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11
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Xu Z, Walker S, Wise MC, Chokkalingam N, Purwar M, Moore A, Tello-Ruiz E, Wu Y, Majumdar S, Konrath KM, Kulkarni A, Tursi NJ, Zaidi FI, Reuschel EL, Patel I, Obeirne A, Du J, Schultheis K, Gites L, Smith T, Mendoza J, Broderick KE, Humeau L, Pallesen J, Weiner DB, Kulp DW. Induction of tier-2 neutralizing antibodies in mice with a DNA-encoded HIV envelope native like trimer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:695. [PMID: 35121758 PMCID: PMC8816947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV Envelope (Env) is the main vaccine target for induction of neutralizing antibodies. Stabilizing Env into native-like trimer (NLT) conformations is required for recombinant protein immunogens to induce autologous neutralizing antibodies(nAbs) against difficult to neutralize HIV strains (tier-2) in rabbits and non-human primates. Immunizations of mice with NLTs have generally failed to induce tier-2 nAbs. Here, we show that DNA-encoded NLTs fold properly in vivo and induce autologous tier-2 nAbs in mice. DNA-encoded NLTs also uniquely induce both CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses as compared to corresponding protein immunizations. Murine neutralizing antibodies are identified with an advanced sequencing technology. The structure of an Env-Ab (C05) complex, as determined by cryo-EM, identifies a previously undescribed neutralizing Env C3/V5 epitope. Beyond potential functional immunity gains, DNA vaccines permit in vivo folding of structured antigens and provide significant cost and speed advantages for enabling rapid evaluation of new HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Susanne Walker
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Megan C Wise
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Neethu Chokkalingam
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mansi Purwar
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alan Moore
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Edgar Tello-Ruiz
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuanhan Wu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sonali Majumdar
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kylie M Konrath
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tursi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Faraz I Zaidi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emma L Reuschel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ishaan Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - April Obeirne
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jianqiu Du
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Lauren Gites
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Trevor Smith
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Janess Mendoza
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | | | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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12
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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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13
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Duggan NN, Weisgrau KL, Magnani DM, Rakasz EG, Desrosiers RC, Martinez-Navio JM. SOSIP Trimer-Specific Antibodies Isolated from a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Monkey with versus without a Pre-blocking Step with gp41. J Virol 2022; 96:e0158221. [PMID: 34730398 PMCID: PMC8791287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01582-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BG505 SOSIP.664 (hereafter referred to as SOSIP), a stabilized trimeric mimic of the HIV-1 envelope spike resembling the native viral spike, is a useful tool for isolating anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. We screened long-term SHIV-AD8 infected rhesus monkeys for potency and breadth of serum neutralizing activity against autologous and heterologous viruses: SHIV-AD8, HIV-1 YU2, HIV-1 JR-CSF, and HIV-1 NL4-3. Monkey rh2436 neutralized all viruses tested and showed strong reactivity to the SOSIP trimer, suggesting this was a promising candidate for attempts at monoclonal antibody (MAb) isolation. MAbs were isolated by performing single B-cell sorts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by FACS using the SOSIP trimer as a probe. An initial round of sorted cells revealed the majority of isolated MAbs were directed to the gp41 external domain portion of the SOSIP trimer and were mostly non-neutralizing against tested isolates. A second sort was performed, introducing a gp41 blocking step prior to PBMC staining and FACS sorting. These isolated MAbs bound SOSIP trimer but were no longer directed to the gp41 external domain portion. A significantly higher proportion of MAbs with neutralizing activity were obtained with this strategy. Our data show this pre-blocking step with gp41 greatly increases the yield of non-gp41-reactive, SOSIP-specific MAbs and increases the likelihood of isolating MAbs with neutralizing activity. IMPORTANCE Recent advancements in the field have focused on the isolation and use of broadly neutralizing antibodies for both prophylaxis and therapy. Finding a useful probe to isolate broad potent neutralizing antibodies while avoiding non-neutralizing antibodies is important. The SOSIP trimer has been shown to be a great tool for this purpose because it binds known broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, the SOSIP trimer can isolate non-neutralizing antibodies as well, including gp41-specific MAbs. Introducing a pre-blocking step with gp41 recombinant protein decreased the percent of gp41-specific antibodies isolated with SOSIP probe, as well as increased the number of neutralizing antibodies isolated. This method can be used as a tool to increase the chances of isolating neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jose M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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14
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Schorcht A, Cottrell CA, Pugach P, Ringe RP, Han AX, Allen JD, van den Kerkhof TLGM, Seabright GE, Schermer EE, Ketas TJ, Burger JA, van Schooten J, LaBranche CC, Ozorowski G, de Val N, Bader DLV, Schuitemaker H, Russell CA, Montefiori DC, van Gils MJ, Crispin M, Klasse PJ, Ward AB, Moore JP, Sanders RW. The Glycan Hole Area of HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Contributes Prominently to the Induction of Autologous Neutralization. J Virol 2022; 96:e0155221. [PMID: 34669426 PMCID: PMC8754230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01552-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) is heavily glycosylated, creating a dense glycan shield that protects the underlying peptidic surface from antibody recognition. The absence of conserved glycans, due to missing potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS), can result in strain-specific, autologous neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Here, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of the autologous neutralization by introducing holes in the otherwise dense glycan shields of the AMC011 and AMC016 SOSIP trimers. Specifically, when we knocked out the N130 and N289 glycans, which are absent from the well-characterized B41 SOSIP trimer, we observed stronger autologous NAb responses. We also analyzed the highly variable NAb responses induced in rabbits by diverse SOSIP trimers from subtypes A, B, and C. Statistical analysis, using linear regression, revealed that the cumulative area exposed on a trimer by glycan holes correlates with the magnitude of the autologous NAb response. IMPORTANCE Forty years after the first description of HIV-1, the search for a protective vaccine is still ongoing. The sole target for antibodies that can neutralize the virus are the trimeric envelope glycoproteins (Envs) located on the viral surface. The glycoprotein surface is covered with glycans that shield off the underlying protein components from recognition by the immune system. However, the Env trimers of some viral strains have holes in the glycan shield. Immunized animals developed antibodies against such glycan holes. These antibodies are generally strain specific. Here, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of what drives these specific immune responses. First, we show that strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses can be increased by creating artificial holes in the glycan shield. Second, when studying a diverse set of Env trimers with different characteristics, we found that the surface area of the glycan holes contributes prominently to the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schorcht
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pavel Pugach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alvin X. Han
- Laboratory of Applied Evolutionary Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joel D. Allen
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Edith E. Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel L. V. Bader
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Laboratory of Applied Evolutionary Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Crispin
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Hioe CE, Li G, Liu X, Tsahouridis O, He X, Funaki M, Klingler J, Tang AF, Feyznezhad R, Heindel DW, Wang XH, Spencer DA, Hu G, Satija N, Prévost J, Finzi A, Hessell AJ, Wang S, Lu S, Chen BK, Zolla-Pazner S, Upadhyay C, Alvarez R, Su L. Non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the immunogenic regions of HIV-1 envelope reduce mucosal infection and virus burden in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010183. [PMID: 34986207 PMCID: PMC8765624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are principal immune components elicited by vaccines to induce protection from microbial pathogens. In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, vaccine efficacy was 31% and the sole primary correlate of reduced risk was shown to be vigorous antibody response targeting the V1V2 region of HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies against V3 also were inversely correlated with infection risk in subsets of vaccinees. Antibodies recognizing these regions, however, do not exhibit potent neutralizing activity. Therefore, we examined the antiviral potential of poorly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immunodominant V1V2 and V3 sites by passive administration of human mAbs to humanized mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by mucosal challenge with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone expressing the envelope of a tier 2 resistant HIV-1 strain. Treatment with anti-V1V2 mAb 2158 or anti-V3 mAb 2219 did not prevent infection, but V3 mAb 2219 displayed a superior potency compared to V1V2 mAb 2158 in reducing virus burden. While these mAbs had no or weak neutralizing activity and elicited undetectable levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), V3 mAb 2219 displayed a greater capacity to bind virus- and cell-associated HIV-1 envelope and to mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and C1q complement binding as compared to V1V2 mAb 2158. Mutations in the Fc region of 2219 diminished these effector activities in vitro and lessened virus control in humanized mice. These results demonstrate the importance of Fc functions other than ADCC for antibodies without potent neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina E. Hioe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangming Li
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ourania Tsahouridis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiuting He
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaya Funaki
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jéromine Klingler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex F. Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Roya Feyznezhad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Heindel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Namita Satija
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lishan Su
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Nyanhete TE, Edwards RJ, LaBranche CC, Mansouri K, Eaton A, Dennison SM, Saunders KO, Goodman D, Janowska K, Spreng RL, Zhang L, Mudrak SV, Hope TJ, Hora B, Bradley T, Georgiev IS, Montefiori DC, Acharya P, Tomaras GD. Polyclonal Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity Characterized by CD4 Binding Site and V3-Glycan Antibodies in a Subset of HIV-1 Virus Controllers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670561. [PMID: 35003053 PMCID: PMC8733328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), known to mediate immune control of HIV-1 infection, only develop in a small subset of HIV-1 infected individuals. Despite being traditionally associated with patients with high viral loads, bNAbs have also been observed in therapy naïve HIV-1+ patients naturally controlling virus replication [Virus Controllers (VCs)]. Thus, dissecting the bNAb response in VCs will provide key information about what constitutes an effective humoral response to natural HIV-1 infection. In this study, we identified a polyclonal bNAb response to natural HIV-1 infection targeting CD4 binding site (CD4bs), V3-glycan, gp120-gp41 interface and membrane-proximal external region (MPER) epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope (Env). The polyclonal antiviral antibody (Ab) response also included antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of clade AE, B and C viruses, consistent with both the Fv and Fc domain contributing to function. Sequence analysis of envs from one of the VCs revealed features consistent with potential immune pressure and virus escape from V3-glycan targeting bNAbs. Epitope mapping of the polyclonal bNAb response in VCs with bNAb activity highlighted the presence of gp120-gp41 interface and CD4bs antibody classes with similar binding profiles to known potent bNAbs. Thus, these findings reveal the induction of a broad and polyfunctional humoral response in VCs in response to natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe E. Nyanhete
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah V. Mudrak
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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17
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Campion SL, Brenna E, Thomson E, Fischer W, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Price DA, Frahm N, McElrath JM, Cohen KW, Maenza JR, Walsh SR, Baden LR, Haynes BF, Korber B, Borrow P, McMichael AJ. Preexisting memory CD4+ T cells contribute to the primary response in an HIV-1 vaccine trial. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e150823. [PMID: 34850742 PMCID: PMC8631594 DOI: 10.1172/jci150823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive and memory CD4+ T cells reactive with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are detectable in unexposed, unimmunized individuals. The contribution of preexisting CD4+ T cells to a primary immune response was investigated in 20 HIV-1-seronegative volunteers vaccinated with an HIV-1 envelope (Env) plasmid DNA prime and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boost in the HVTN 106 vaccine trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02296541). Prevaccination naive or memory CD4+ T cell responses directed against peptide epitopes in Env were identified in 14 individuals. After priming with DNA, 40% (8/20) of the elicited responses matched epitopes detected in the corresponding preimmunization memory repertoires, and clonotypes were shared before and after vaccination in 2 representative volunteers. In contrast, there were no shared epitope specificities between the preimmunization memory compartment and responses detected after boosting with recombinant MVA expressing a heterologous Env. Preexisting memory CD4+ T cells therefore shape the early immune response to vaccination with a previously unencountered HIV-1 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L. Campion
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Brenna
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Thomson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Will Fischer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - David A. Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity and
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juliana M. McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine R. Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Zhang P, Narayanan E, Liu Q, Tsybovsky Y, Boswell K, Ding S, Hu Z, Follmann D, Lin Y, Miao H, Schmeisser H, Rogers D, Falcone S, Elbashir SM, Presnyak V, Bahl K, Prabhakaran M, Chen X, Sarfo EK, Ambrozak DR, Gautam R, Martin MA, Swerczek J, Herbert R, Weiss D, Misamore J, Ciaramella G, Himansu S, Stewart-Jones G, McDermott A, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Finzi A, Carfi A, Fauci AS, Lusso P. A multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques. Nat Med 2021; 27:2234-2245. [PMID: 34887575 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a protective vaccine remains a top priority for the control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Here, we show that a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine co-expressing membrane-anchored HIV-1 envelope (Env) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag proteins to generate virus-like particles (VLPs) induces antibodies capable of broad neutralization and reduces the risk of infection in rhesus macaques. In mice, immunization with co-formulated env and gag mRNAs was superior to env mRNA alone in inducing neutralizing antibodies. Macaques were primed with a transmitted-founder clade-B env mRNA lacking the N276 glycan, followed by multiple booster immunizations with glycan-repaired autologous and subsequently bivalent heterologous envs (clades A and C). This regimen was highly immunogenic and elicited neutralizing antibodies against the most prevalent (tier-2) HIV-1 strains accompanied by robust anti-Env CD4+ T cell responses. Vaccinated animals had a 79% per-exposure risk reduction upon repeated low-dose mucosal challenges with heterologous tier-2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV AD8). Thus, the multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA platform represents a promising approach for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yin Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hana Schmeisser
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise Rogers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malcom A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Swerczek
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, NIAID, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, NIAID, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Prévost J, Medjahed H, Vézina D, Chen HC, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Finzi A. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Proteolytic Cleavage Protects Infected Cells from ADCC Mediated by Plasma from Infected Individuals. Viruses 2021; 13:2236. [PMID: 34835042 PMCID: PMC8625184 DOI: 10.3390/v13112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum as a trimeric gp160 precursor, which requires proteolytic cleavage by a cellular furin protease to mediate virus-cell fusion. Env is conformationally flexible but controls its transition from the unbound "closed" conformation (State 1) to downstream CD4-bound conformations (States 2/3), which are required for fusion. In particular, HIV-1 has evolved several mechanisms that reduce the premature "opening" of Env which exposes highly conserved epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Env cleavage decreases its conformational transitions favoring the adoption of the "closed" conformation. Here we altered the gp160 furin cleavage site to impair Env cleavage and to examine its impact on ADCC responses mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. We found that infected primary CD4+ T cells expressing uncleaved, but not wildtype, Env are efficiently recognized by nnAbs and become highly susceptible to ADCC responses mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Thus, HIV-1 limits the exposure of uncleaved Env at the surface of HIV-1-infected cells at least in part to escape ADCC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA;
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (J.P.); (H.M.); (D.V.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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20
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Siracusano G, Finardi A, Pastori C, Martinelli V, Furlan R, Lopalco L. HIV-1 Env Does Not Enable the Development of Protective Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771359. [PMID: 34795677 PMCID: PMC8593332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that immunological tolerance may restrict the development of Env-specific autoreactive broadly neutralizing antibodies. This evidence is consistent with the finding that Env immunization of a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) murine model produced antibodies that neutralize tier 2 HIV-1 strains. In this study, we address the possibility of eliciting neutralizing anti-Env antibodies in other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). While, as reported for SLE, we showed for the first time that a small number of HIV-1 negative, relapsing remitting MS patients exhibited antibodies with neutralizing properties, our attempts at inducing those antibodies in a EAE mouse model of MS failed. The success in eliciting Env-specific neutralizing antibodies might be related to the specific characteristics of the autoimmune disease, or it might rely in improving the vaccination design. Studies using mouse models are useful to gain insight in how HIV-specific neutralizing antibody responses are regulated in order to develop a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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21
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Mielke D, Bandawe G, Zheng J, Jones J, Abrahams MR, Bekker V, Ochsenbauer C, Garrett N, Abdool Karim S, Moore PL, Morris L, Montefiori D, Anthony C, Ferrari G, Williamson C. ADCC-mediating non-neutralizing antibodies can exert immune pressure in early HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010046. [PMID: 34788337 PMCID: PMC8598021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses being implicated in protection from HIV-1 infection, there is limited evidence that they control virus replication. The high mutability of HIV-1 enables the virus to rapidly adapt, and thus evidence of viral escape is a very sensitive approach to demonstrate the importance of this response. To enable us to deconvolute ADCC escape from neutralizing antibody (nAb) escape, we identified individuals soon after infection with detectable ADCC responses, but no nAb responses. We evaluated the kinetics of ADCC and nAb responses, and viral escape, in five recently HIV-1-infected individuals. In one individual we detected viruses that escaped from ADCC responses but were sensitive to nAbs. In the remaining four participants, we did not find evidence of viral evolution exclusively associated with ADCC-mediating non-neutralizing Abs (nnAbs). However, in all individuals escape from nAbs was rapid, occurred at very low titers, and in three of five cases we found evidence of viral escape before detectable nAb responses. These data show that ADCC-mediating nnAbs can drive immune escape in early infection, but that nAbs were far more effective. This suggests that if ADCC responses have a protective role, their impact is limited after systemic virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Mielke
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gama Bandawe
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
| | - Jie Zheng
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Jones
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie Bekker
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of Witswaterstrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of Witswaterstrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Colin Anthony
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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22
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Crooks ET, Almanza F, D’Addabbo A, Duggan E, Zhang J, Wagh K, Mou H, Allen JD, Thomas A, Osawa K, Korber BT, Tsybovsky Y, Cale E, Nolan J, Crispin M, Verkoczy LK, Binley JM. Engineering well-expressed, V2-immunofocusing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein membrane trimers for use in heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimens. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009807. [PMID: 34679128 PMCID: PMC8565784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine immunofocusing strategies may be able to induce broadly-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Here, we engineered a panel of diverse, membrane-resident native HIV-1 trimers vulnerable to two broad targets—the V2 apex and fusion peptide (FP). Selection criteria included i) high expression and ii) infectious function, so that trimer neutralization sensitivity can be profiled in pseudovirus (PV) assays. Initially, we boosted the expression of 17 candidate trimers by truncating gp41 and introducing a gp120-gp41 SOS disulfide to prevent gp120 shedding. "Repairs" were made to fill glycan holes and eliminate other strain-specific aberrations. A new neutralization assay allowed PV infection when our standard assay was insufficient. Trimers with exposed V3 loops, a target of non-NAbs, were discarded. To try to increase V2-sensitivity, we removed clashing glycans and modified the C-strand. Notably, a D167N mutation improved V2-sensitivity in several cases. Glycopeptide analysis of JR-FL trimers revealed near complete sequon occupation and that filling the N197 glycan hole was well-tolerated. In contrast, sequon optimization and inserting/removing glycans at other positions frequently had global "ripple" effects on glycan maturation and sequon occupation throughout the gp120 outer domain and gp41. V2 MAb CH01 selectively bound to trimers with small high mannose glycans near the base of the V1 loop, thereby avoiding clashes. Knocking in a rare N49 glycan was found to perturb gp41 glycans, increasing FP NAb sensitivity—and sometimes improving expression. Finally, a biophysical analysis of VLPs revealed that i) ~25% of particles bear Env spikes, ii) spontaneous particle budding is high and only increases 4-fold upon Gag transfection, and iii) Env+ particles express ~30–40 spikes. Taken together, we identified 7 diverse trimers with a range of sensitivities to two targets to allow rigorous testing of immunofocusing vaccine concepts. Despite almost 40 years of innovation, a vaccine to induce antibodies that block HIV infection remains elusive. Challenges include the unparalleled sequence diversity of HIV’s surface spikes and its dense sugar coat that limits antibody access. A growing number of monoclonal antibodies from HIV infected donors provide vaccine blueprints, but have been difficult to induce by vaccination, due to their unusual features. However, two targets, one at the viral spike apex and another at the side of the spikes are more forgiving in their ’demands’ for unusual antibodies. Here, we made a diverse panel of HIV spikes vulnerable at these two sites to be used as vaccines to try to focus antibodies on these targets. Our selection criteria for these spikes were: i) that when expressed on particles, they are infectious, allowing us to evaluate immunogens and vaccine sera using particles made with the same trimers, ii) that spikes are easy to produce by cells in quantities sufficient for vaccine use. Ultimately, we selected 7 trimers that will allow us to explore concepts that could bring us closer to an HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco Almanza
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alessio D’Addabbo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Duggan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Cellarcus BioSciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Huihui Mou
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa Thomas
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Evan Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Cellarcus BioSciences, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent K. Verkoczy
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James M. Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sarkar S, Spencer DA, Barnette P, Pandey S, Sutton WF, Basu M, Burch RE, Cleveland JD, Rosenberg AF, Rangel-Moreno J, Keefer MC, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL, Kobie JJ. CD4+ T Cells Are Dispensable for Induction of Broad Heterologous HIV Neutralizing Antibodies in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757811. [PMID: 34745131 PMCID: PMC8564110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal for HIV vaccine development. HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env)-specific bNAbs isolated from HIV-infected individuals exhibit substantial somatic hypermutation and correlate with T follicular helper (Tfh) responses. Using the VC10014 DNA-protein co-immunization vaccine platform consisting of gp160 plasmids and gp140 trimeric proteins derived from an HIV-1 infected subject that developed bNAbs, we determined the characteristics of the Env-specific humoral response in vaccinated rhesus macaques in the context of CD4+ T cell depletion. Unexpectedly, both CD4+ depleted and non-depleted animals developed comparable Tier 1 and 2 heterologous HIV-1 neutralizing plasma antibody titers. There was no deficit in protection from SHIV challenge, no diminution of titers of HIV Env-specific cross-clade binding antibodies, antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis, or antibody-dependent complement deposition in the CD4+ depleted animals. These collective results suggest that in the presence of diminished CD4+ T cell help, HIV neutralizing antibodies were still generated, which may have implications for developing effective HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghita Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - William F. Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Madhubanti Basu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Reuben E. Burch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John D. Cleveland
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - James J. Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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24
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Shivatare SS, Rachel Cheng TJ, Cheng YY, Shivatare VS, Tsai TI, Chuang HY, Wu CY, Wong CH. Immunogenicity Evaluation of N-Glycans Recognized by HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2016-2025. [PMID: 34649433 PMCID: PMC8526942 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While the improved treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is available, the development of an effective and safe prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1 is still an unrealized goal. Encouragingly, the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) from HIV-1 positive patients that are capable of neutralizing a broad spectrum of HIV-1 isolates of various clades has accelerated the progress of vaccine development in the past few years. Some of these bNAbs recognize the N-glycans on the viral surface gp120 glycoprotein. We have been interested in using the glycan epitopes recognized by bNAbs for the development of vaccines to elicit bNAb-like antibodies with broadly neutralizing activities. Toward this goal, we have identified novel hybrid-type structures with subnanomolar avidity toward several bNAbs including PG16, PGT121, PGT128-3C, 2G12, VRC13, VRC-PG05, VRC26.25, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, 35O22, and 10-1074. Here, we report the immunogenicity evaluation of a novel hybrid glycan conjugated to carrier DTCRM197, a nontoxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin, for immunization in mice. Our results indicated that the IgG response was mainly against the chitobiose motif with nonspecific binding to a panel of N-glycans with reducing end GlcNAc-GlcNAc (chitobiose) printed on the glass slides. However, the IgM response was mainly toward the reducing end GlcNAc moiety. We further used the glycoconjugates of Man3GlcNAc2, Man5GlcNAc2, and Man9GlcNAc2 glycans for immunization, and a similar specificity pattern was observed. These findings suggest that the immunogenicity of chitobiose may interfere with the outcome of N-glycan-based vaccines, and modification may be necessary to increase the immunogenicity of the entire N-glycan epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S. Shivatare
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ting-Jen Rachel Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Yu Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Vidya S. Shivatare
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tsung-I Tsai
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Hong-Yang Chuang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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25
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Tomalka JA, Pelletier AN, Fourati S, Latif MB, Sharma A, Furr K, Carlson K, Lifton M, Gonzalez A, Wilkinson P, Franchini G, Parks R, Letvin N, Yates N, Seaton K, Tomaras G, Tartaglia J, Robb ML, Michael NL, Koup R, Haynes B, Santra S, Sekaly RP. The transcription factor CREB1 is a mechanistic driver of immunogenicity and reduced HIV-1 acquisition following ALVAC vaccination. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1294-1305. [PMID: 34556879 PMCID: PMC8525330 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccines requires synergy between innate and adaptive immune cells. Here we show that induction of the transcription factor CREB1 and its target genes by the recombinant canarypox vector ALVAC + Alum augments immunogenicity in non-human primates (NHPs) and predicts reduced HIV-1 acquisition in the RV144 trial. These target genes include those encoding cytokines/chemokines associated with heightened protection from simian immunodeficiency virus challenge in NHPs. Expression of CREB1 target genes probably results from direct cGAMP (STING agonist)-modulated p-CREB1 activity that drives the recruitment of CD4+ T cells and B cells to the site of antigen presentation. Importantly, unlike NHPs immunized with ALVAC + Alum, those immunized with ALVAC + MF59, the regimen in the HVTN702 trial that showed no protection from HIV infection, exhibited significantly reduced CREB1 target gene expression. Our integrated systems biology approach has validated CREB1 as a critical driver of vaccine efficacy and highlights that adjuvants that trigger CREB1 signaling may be critical for efficacious HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Alan Tomalka
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Nicolas Pelletier
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn Furr
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Carlson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Gonzalez
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Center for Cancer Research Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Norman Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Merlin L Robb
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation and Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Bethesda and Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation and Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Bethesda and Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Richard Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barton Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rafick Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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26
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Descôteaux-Dinelle J, Richard J, Nguyen DN, Medjahed H, Chen HC, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Finzi A. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Cell Surface Localization Is Associated with Antibody-Induced Internalization. Viruses 2021; 13:1953. [PMID: 34696383 PMCID: PMC8539245 DOI: 10.3390/v13101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To minimize immune responses against infected cells, HIV-1 has evolved different mechanisms to limit the surface expression of its envelope glycoproteins (Env). Recent observations suggest that the binding of certain broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the 'closed' conformation of Env induces its internalization. On the other hand, non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) that preferentially target Env in its 'open' conformation, remain bound to Env on the cell surface for longer periods of time. In this study, we attempt to better understand the underlying mechanisms behind the differential rates of antibody-mediated Env internalization. We demonstrate that 'forcing' open Env using CD4 mimetics allows for nNAb binding and results in similar rates of Env internalization as those observed upon the bNAb binding. Moreover, we can identify distinct populations of Env that are differentially targeted by Abs that mediate faster rates of internalization, suggesting that the mechanism of antibody-induced Env internalization partially depends on the localization of Env on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jade Descôteaux-Dinelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (D.N.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (D.N.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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27
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Aljedani SS, Liban TJ, Tran K, Phad G, Singh S, Dubrovskaya V, Pushparaj P, Martinez-Murillo P, Rodarte J, Mileant A, Mangala Prasad V, Kinzelman R, O’Dell S, Mascola JR, Lee KK, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Wyatt RT, Pancera M. Structurally related but genetically unrelated antibody lineages converge on an immunodominant HIV-1 Env neutralizing determinant following trimer immunization. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009543. [PMID: 34559844 PMCID: PMC8494329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which antibodies target and neutralize the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is critical in guiding immunogen design and vaccine development aimed at eliciting cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Here, we analyzed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from non-human primates (NHPs) immunized with variants of a native flexibly linked (NFL) HIV-1 Env stabilized trimer derived from the tier 2 clade C 16055 strain. The antibodies displayed neutralizing activity against the autologous virus with potencies ranging from 0.005 to 3.68 μg/ml (IC50). Structural characterization using negative-stain EM and X-ray crystallography identified the variable region 2 (V2) of the 16055 NFL trimer to be the common epitope for these antibodies. The crystal structures revealed that the V2 segment adopts a β-hairpin motif identical to that observed in the 16055 NFL crystal structure. These results depict how vaccine-induced antibodies derived from different clonal lineages penetrate through the glycan shield to recognize a hypervariable region within V2 (residues 184-186) that is unique to the 16055 strain. They also provide potential explanations for the potent autologous neutralization of these antibodies, confirming the immunodominance of this site and revealing that multiple angles of approach are permissible for affinity/avidity that results in potent neutralizing capacity. The structural analysis reveals that the most negatively charged paratope correlated with the potency of the mAbs. The atomic level information is of interest to both define the means of autologous neutralization elicited by different tier 2-based immunogens and facilitate trimer redesign to better target more conserved regions of V2 to potentially elicit cross-neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia S. Aljedani
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tyler J. Liban
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karen Tran
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Viktoriya Dubrovskaya
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pradeepa Pushparaj
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paola Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Justas Rodarte
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alex Mileant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rachel Kinzelman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Richard T. Wyatt
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marie Pancera
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wilson A, Shakhtour L, Ward A, Ren Y, Recarey M, Stevenson E, Korom M, Kovacs C, Benko E, Jones RB, Lynch RM. Characterizing the Relationship Between Neutralization Sensitivity and env Gene Diversity During ART Suppression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710327. [PMID: 34603284 PMCID: PMC8479156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully suppresses HIV-1 replication, ART-treated individuals must maintain therapy to avoid rebound from an integrated viral reservoir. Strategies to limit or clear this reservoir are urgently needed. Individuals infected for longer periods prior to ART appear to harbor more genetically diverse virus, but the roles of duration of infection and viral diversity in the humoral immune response remain to be studied. We aim to clarify a role, if any, for autologous and heterologous antibodies in multi-pronged approaches to clearing infection. To that end, we have characterized the breadths and potencies of antibody responses in individuals with varying durations of infection and HIV-1 envelope (env) gene diversity as well as the sensitivity of their inducible virus reservoir to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Plasma was collected from 8 well-characterized HIV-1+ males on ART with varied durations of active infection. HIV envs from reservoir-derived outgrowth viruses were amplified and single genome sequenced in order to measure genetic diversity in each participant. IgG from plasma was analyzed for binding titers against gp41 and gp120 proteins, and for neutralizing titers against a global HIV-1 reference panel as well as autologous outgrowth viruses. The sensitivity to bNAbs of these same autologous viruses was measured. Overall, we observed that greater env diversity was associated with higher neutralizing titers against the global panel and also increased resistance to certain bNAbs. Despite the presence of robust anti-HIV-1 antibody titers, we did not observe potent neutralization against autologous viruses. In fact, 3 of 8 participants harbored viruses that were completely resistant to the highest tested concentration of autologous IgG. That this lack of neutralization was observed regardless of ART duration or viral diversity suggests that the inducible reservoir harbors 'escaped' viruses (that co-evolved with autologous antibody responses), rather than proviruses archived from earlier in infection. Finally, we observed that viruses resistant to autologous neutralization remained sensitive to bNAbs, especially CD4bs and MPER bNAbs. Overall, our data suggest that the inducible reservoir is relatively resistant to autologous antibodies and that individuals with limited virus variation in the env gene, such as those who start ART early in infection, are more likely to be sensitive to bNAb treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wilson
- Lynch Lab, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Leyn Shakhtour
- Lynch Lab, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Adam Ward
- Jones Lab, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Jones Lab, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Melina Recarey
- Lynch Lab, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eva Stevenson
- Jones Lab, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Korom
- Lynch Lab, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Jones Lab, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Lynch
- Lynch Lab, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
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Parker Miller E, Finkelstein MT, Erdman MC, Seth PC, Fera D. A Structural Update of Neutralizing Epitopes on the HIV Envelope, a Moving Target. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091774. [PMID: 34578355 PMCID: PMC8472920 DOI: 10.3390/v13091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that can neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains develop in ~10–20% of HIV-1 infected individuals, and their elicitation is a goal of vaccine design. Such antibodies can also serve as therapeutics for those who have already been infected with the virus. Structural characterizations of broadly reactive antibodies in complex with the HIV-1 spike indicate that there are a limited number of sites of vulnerability on the spike. Analysis of their structures can help reveal commonalities that would be useful in vaccine design and provide insights on combinations of antibodies that can be used to minimize the incidence of viral resistance mutations. In this review, we give an update on recent structures determined of the spike in complex with broadly neutralizing antibodies in the context of all epitopes on the HIV-1 spike identified to date.
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Mishra N, Kumar S, Singh S, Bansal T, Jain N, Saluja S, Kumar R, Bhattacharyya S, Palanichamy JK, Mir RA, Sinha S, Luthra K. Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and polyclonal plasma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009958. [PMID: 34559854 PMCID: PMC8494312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive epitopes (CREs) are similar epitopes on viruses that are recognized or neutralized by same antibodies. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2, similar to type I fusion proteins of viruses such as HIV-1 envelope (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin, is heavily glycosylated. Viral Env glycans, though host derived, are distinctly processed and thereby recognized or accommodated during antibody responses. In recent years, highly potent and/or broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs) that are generated in chronic HIV-1 infections have been defined. These bnAbs exhibit atypical features such as extensive somatic hypermutations, long complementary determining region (CDR) lengths, tyrosine sulfation and presence of insertions/deletions, enabling them to effectively neutralize diverse HIV-1 viruses despite extensive variations within the core epitopes they recognize. As some of the HIV-1 bnAbs have evolved to recognize the dense viral glycans and cross-reactive epitopes (CREs), we assessed if these bnAbs cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. Several HIV-1 bnAbs showed cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 while one HIV-1 CD4 binding site bnAb, N6, neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, neutralizing plasma antibodies of chronically HIV-1 infected children showed cross neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. Collectively, our observations suggest that human monoclonal antibodies tolerating extensive epitope variability can be leveraged to neutralize pathogens with related antigenic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre Program, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishkarsh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumedha Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Riyaz Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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31
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Tolbert WD, Nguyen DN, Tehrani ZR, Sajadi MM, Pazgier M. Near-Pan-neutralizing, Plasma Deconvoluted Antibody N49P6 Mimics Host Receptor CD4 in Its Quaternary Interactions with the HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. mBio 2021; 12:e0127421. [PMID: 34281393 PMCID: PMC8406290 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01274-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in HIV-1 entry is the attachment of the envelope (Env) trimer to target cell CD4. As such, the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) remains one of the few universally accessible sites for antibodies (Abs). We recently described a method of isolating Abs directly from the circulating plasma and described a panel of broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) from an HIV-1 "elite neutralizer" referred to as patient N49 (N49 Ab lineage [M. M. Sajadi, A. Dashti, Z. R. Tehrani, W. D. Tolbert, et al., Cell 173:1783-1795.e14, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.061]). Here, we describe the molecular details of antigen recognition by N49P6, an Ab of the N49 lineage that recapitulates most of the neutralization breadth and potency of the donor's plasma IgG. Our studies done in the context of monomeric and trimeric antigens indicate that N49P6 combines many characteristics of known CD4bs-specific bnAbs with features that are unique to the N49 Ab lineage to achieve its remarkable neutralization breadth. These include the omission of the CD4 Phe43 cavity and dependence instead on interactions with highly conserved gp120 inner domain layer 3. Interestingly, when bound to BG505 SOSIP, N49P6 closely mimics the initial contact of host receptor CD4 to the adjacent promoter of the HIV-1 Env trimer to lock the trimer in the closed conformation. Altogether, N49P6 defines a new class of near-pan-neutralizing, plasma deconvoluted CD4bs Abs that we refer to as the N49P series. The details of the mechanisms of action of this new Ab class pave the way for the next generation of HIV-1 bnAbs that can be used as vaccine components of therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Binding to target cell CD4 is the first crucial step required for HIV-1 infection. Thus, the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) is one of the most accessible sites for antibodies (Abs). However, due to steric constraints, only a few Abs are capable of targeting this site. Here, we show that the exceptional neutralization breadth and potency of N49P6, a near-pan-neutralizing Ab targeting the CD4bs isolated from the plasma of an HIV-1 "elite neutralizer," patient N49, are due to its signature combination of more typical CD4bs Ab-binding characteristics with unique interactions with the highly conserved gp120 inner domain. In addition, we also present a structural analysis of N49P6 in complex with the BG505 SOSIP trimer to show that N49P6 exhibits remarkable breadth in part by mimicking CD4's quaternary interaction with the neighboring gp120 protomer. In its mode of antigen interaction, N49P6 is unique and represents a new class of CD4bs-specific bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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van Schooten J, van Haaren MM, Li H, McCoy LE, Havenar-Daughton C, Cottrell CA, Burger JA, van der Woude P, Helgers LC, Tomris I, Labranche CC, Montefiori DC, Ward AB, Burton DR, Moore JP, Sanders RW, Crotty S, Shaw GM, van Gils MJ. Antibody responses induced by SHIV infection are more focused than those induced by soluble native HIV-1 envelope trimers in non-human primates. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009736. [PMID: 34432859 PMCID: PMC8423243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) vaccine is a high global health priority. Soluble native-like HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers (Env), including those based on the SOSIP design, have shown promise as vaccine candidates by inducing neutralizing antibody responses against the autologous virus in animal models. However, to overcome HIV-1's extreme diversity a vaccine needs to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Such bNAbs can protect non-human primates (NHPs) and humans from infection. The prototypic BG505 SOSIP.664 immunogen is based on the BG505 env sequence isolated from an HIV-1-infected infant from Kenya who developed a bNAb response. Studying bNAb development during natural HIV-1 infection can inform vaccine design, however, it is unclear to what extent vaccine-induced antibody responses to Env are comparable to those induced by natural infection. Here, we compared Env antibody responses in BG505 SOSIP-immunized NHPs with those in BG505 SHIV-infected NHPs, by analyzing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We observed three major differences between BG505 SOSIP immunization and BG505 SHIV infection. First, SHIV infection resulted in more clonal expansion and less antibody diversity compared to SOSIP immunization, likely because of higher and/or prolonged antigenic stimulation and increased antigen diversity during infection. Second, while we retrieved comparatively fewer neutralizing mAbs (NAbs) from SOSIP-immunized animals, these NAbs targeted more diverse epitopes compared to NAbs from SHIV-infected animals. However, none of the NAbs, either elicited by vaccination or infection, showed any breadth. Finally, SOSIP immunization elicited antibodies against the base of the trimer, while infection did not, consistent with the base being placed onto the virus membrane in the latter setting. Together these data provide new insights into the antibody response against BG505 Env during infection and immunization and limitations that need to be overcome to induce better responses after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies M. van Haaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia van der Woude
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leanne C. Helgers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia C. Labranche
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Anand SP, Ding S, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Gil HM, Gendron-Lepage G, Cheung WF, Wang H, Pastora R, Saxena H, Wakarchuk W, Medjahed H, Wines BD, Hogarth M, Shaw GM, Martin MA, Burton DR, Hangartner L, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Cossar D, McLean MD, Finzi A. Enhanced Ability of Plant-Derived PGT121 Glycovariants To Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0079621. [PMID: 34232070 PMCID: PMC8387047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting HIV-1 depends on pleiotropic functions, including viral neutralization and the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells. Several in vivo studies have suggested that passive administration of bNAbs represents a valuable strategy for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1. In addition, different strategies are currently being tested to scale up the production of bNAbs to obtain the large quantities of antibodies required for clinical trials. Production of antibodies in plants permits low-cost and large-scale production of valuable therapeutics; furthermore, pertinent to this work, it also includes an advanced glycoengineering platform. In this study, we used Nicotiana benthamiana to produce different Fc-glycovariants of a potent bNAb, PGT121, with near-homogeneous profiles and evaluated their antiviral activities. Structural analyses identified a close similarity in overall structure and glycosylation patterns of Fc regions for these plant-derived Abs and mammalian cell-derived Abs. When tested for Fc-effector activities, afucosylated PGT121 showed significantly enhanced FcγRIIIa interaction and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against primary HIV-1-infected cells, both in vitro and ex vivo. However, the overall galactosylation profiles of plant PGT121 did not affect ADCC activities against infected primary CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that the abrogation of the Fc N-linked glycan fucosylation of PGT121 is a worthwhile strategy to boost its Fc-effector functionality. IMPORTANCE PGT121 is a highly potent bNAb and its antiviral activities for HIV-1 prevention and therapy are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The importance of its Fc-effector functions in clearing HIV-1-infected cells is also under investigation. Our results highlight enhanced Fc-effector activities of afucosylated PGT121 MAbs that could be important in a therapeutic context to accelerate infected cell clearance and slow disease progression. Future studies to evaluate the potential of plant-produced afucosylated PGT121 in controlling HIV-1 replication in vivo are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hirak Saxena
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Malcom A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Doug Cossar
- PlantForm Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tuyishime M, Dashti A, Faircloth K, Jha S, Nordstrom JL, Haynes BF, Silvestri G, Chahroudi A, Margolis DM, Ferrari G. Elimination of SHIV Infected Cells by Combinations of Bispecific HIVxCD3 DART ® Molecules. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710273. [PMID: 34484212 PMCID: PMC8415083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific HIVxCD3 DART molecules that co-engage the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) on HIV-1-infected cells and the CD3 receptor on CD3+ T cells are designed to mediate the cytolysis of HIV-1-infected, Env-expressing cells. Using a novel ex vivo system with cells from rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with a chimeric Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) CH505 and maintained on ART, we tested the ability of HIVxCD3 DART molecules to mediate elimination of in vitro-reactivated CD4+ T cells in the absence or presence of autologous CD8+ T cells. HIVxCD3 DART molecules with the anti-HIV-1 Env specificities of A32 or 7B2 (non-neutralizing antibodies) or PGT145 (broadly neutralizing antibody) were evaluated individually or combined. DART molecule-mediated antiviral activity increased significantly in the presence of autologous CD8+ T cells. In this ex vivo system, the PGT145 DART molecule was more active than the 7B2 DART molecule, which was more active than the A32 DART molecule. A triple combination of the DART molecules exceeded the activity of the individual PGT145 DART molecule. Modified quantitative virus outgrowth assays confirmed the ability of the DART molecules to redirect RM CD3+ T cells to eliminate SHIV-infected RM CD4+ T cells as demonstrated by the decreased propagation of in vitro infection by the infected cells pre-incubated with DART molecules in presence of effector CD8+ T cells. While mediating cytotoxic activity, DART molecules did not increase proinflammatory cytokine production. In summary, combination of HIVxCD3 DART molecules that have broadly-neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 Env specificities can leverage the host immune system for treatment of HIV-1 infection but will require appropriate reactivation of the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amir Dashti
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katelyn Faircloth
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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35
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Antanasijevic A, Sewall LM, Cottrell CA, Carnathan DG, Jimenez LE, Ngo JT, Silverman JB, Groschel B, Georgeson E, Bhiman J, Bastidas R, LaBranche C, Allen JD, Copps J, Perrett HR, Rantalainen K, Cannac F, Yang YR, de la Peña AT, Rocha RF, Berndsen ZT, Baker D, King NP, Sanders RW, Moore JP, Crotty S, Crispin M, Montefiori DC, Burton DR, Schief WR, Silvestri G, Ward AB. Polyclonal antibody responses to HIV Env immunogens resolved using cryoEM. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4817. [PMID: 34376662 PMCID: PMC8355326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered ectodomain trimer immunogens based on BG505 envelope glycoprotein are widely utilized as components of HIV vaccine development platforms. In this study, we used rhesus macaques to evaluate the immunogenicity of several stabilized BG505 SOSIP constructs both as free trimers and presented on a nanoparticle. We applied a cryoEM-based method for high-resolution mapping of polyclonal antibody responses elicited in immunized animals (cryoEMPEM). Mutational analysis coupled with neutralization assays were used to probe the neutralization potential at each epitope. We demonstrate that cryoEMPEM data can be used for rapid, high-resolution analysis of polyclonal antibody responses without the need for monoclonal antibody isolation. This approach allowed to resolve structurally distinct classes of antibodies that bind overlapping sites. In addition to comprehensive mapping of commonly targeted neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes in BG505 SOSIP immunogens, our analysis revealed that epitopes comprising engineered stabilizing mutations and of partially occupied glycosylation sites can be immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leigh M Sewall
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis E Jimenez
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia T Ngo
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Silverman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinal Bhiman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raiza Bastidas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hailee R Perrett
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fabien Cannac
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Froes Rocha
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zachary T Berndsen
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Dennis R Burton
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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36
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Li L, Wang XH, Nanfack A, Kong XP, Gorny MK. The light chain of antibodies specific to the V2 region of HIV-1 can determine their function. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:923-929. [PMID: 34340867 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the contribution of the light chain to functions of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by measuring the relationships between the rate of mutations and cross-reactivity, binding affinity and neutralization activity. We analyzed 12 mAbs of two clonal families specific to the V2 region of HIV-1 derived from two chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. The clonal mAbs exhibited a range of reactivities, and the clones with superior properties were associated with the rate of mutations and the presence of particular mutated residues in the light chains, but not in the heavy chains. Our observations suggest that for some antibodies, the light chains play a vital role in antibody evolution toward more efficient ones and also suggest the importance of optimal residues rather than the rate of mutations in the variable fragment of the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubin Nanfack
- Medical Diagnostic Center (MDC), Yaoundé, Cameroon; Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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37
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Yin Y, Quinlan BD, Ou T, Guo Y, He W, Farzan M. In vitro affinity maturation of broader and more-potent variants of the HIV-1-neutralizing antibody CAP256-VRC26.25. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106203118. [PMID: 34261793 PMCID: PMC8307357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106203118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three variable 2 (V2) loops of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer converge at the Env apex to form the epitope of an important classes of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). These V2-glycan/apex antibodies are exceptionally potent but less broad (∼60 to 75%) than many other bNAbs. Their CDRH3 regions are typically long, acidic, and tyrosine sulfated. Tyrosine sulfation complicates efforts to improve these antibodies through techniques such as phage or yeast display. To improve the breadth of CAP256-VRC26.25 (VRC26.25), a very potent apex antibody, we adapted and extended a B cell display approach. Specifically, we used CRISPR/Cas12a to introduce VRC26.25 heavy- and light-chain genes into their respective loci in a B cell line, ensuring that each cell expresses a single VRC26.25 variant. We then diversified these loci through activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated hypermutation and homology-directed repair using randomized CDRH3 sequences as templates. Iterative sorting with soluble Env trimers and further randomization selected VRC26.25 variants with successively improving affinities. Three mutations in the CDRH3 region largely accounted for this improved affinity, and VRC26.25 modified with these mutations exhibited greater breadth and potency than the original antibody. Our data describe a broader and more-potent form of VRC26.25 as well as an approach useful for improving the breadth and potency of antibodies with functionally important posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Brian D Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Tianling Ou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
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38
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Fries CN, Chen JL, Dennis ML, Votaw NL, Eudailey J, Watts BE, Hainline KM, Cain DW, Barfield R, Chan C, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Saunders KO, Permar SR, Fouda GG, Collier JH. HIV envelope antigen valency on peptide nanofibers modulates antibody magnitude and binding breadth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14494. [PMID: 34262096 PMCID: PMC8280189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is the genetic diversity of its viral envelope. Because of the broad range of sequences exhibited by HIV-1 strains, protective antibodies must be able to bind and neutralize a widely mutated viral envelope protein. No vaccine has yet been designed which induces broadly neutralizing or protective immune responses against HIV in humans. Nanomaterial-based vaccines have shown the ability to generate antibody and cellular immune responses of increased breadth and neutralization potency. Thus, we have developed supramolecular nanofiber-based immunogens bearing the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. These immunogens generated antibody responses that had increased magnitude and binding breadth compared to soluble gp120. By varying gp120 density on nanofibers, we determined that increased antigen valency was associated with increased antibody magnitude and germinal center responses. This study presents a proof-of-concept for a nanofiber vaccine platform generating broad, high binding antibody responses against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Fries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Dr., Campus, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jui-Lin Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maria L Dennis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicole L Votaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Dr., Campus, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Brian E Watts
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kelly M Hainline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Dr., Campus, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 103020, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 103020, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 103020, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Dr., Campus, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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39
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Turner HL, Andrabi R, Cottrell CA, Richey ST, Song G, Callaghan S, Anzanello F, Moyer TJ, Abraham W, Melo M, Silva M, Scaringi N, Rakasz EG, Sattentau QJ, Irvine DJ, Burton DR, Ward AB. Disassembly of HIV envelope glycoprotein trimer immunogens is driven by antibodies elicited via immunization. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabh2791. [PMID: 34321200 PMCID: PMC8318364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rationally designed protein subunit vaccines are being developed for a variety of viruses including influenza, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV. These vaccines are based on stabilized versions of the primary targets of neutralizing antibodies on the viral surface, namely, viral fusion glycoproteins. While these immunogens display the epitopes of potent neutralizing antibodies, they also present epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing or weakly neutralizing ("off-target") antibodies. Using our recently developed electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping approach, we have uncovered a phenomenon wherein off-target antibodies elicited by HIV trimer subunit vaccines cause the otherwise highly stabilized trimeric proteins to degrade into cognate protomers. Further, we show that these protomers expose an expanded suite of off-target epitopes, normally occluded inside the prefusion conformation of trimer, that subsequently elicit further off-target antibody responses. Our study provides critical insights for further improvement of HIV subunit trimer vaccines for future rounds of the iterative vaccine design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara T Richey
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Callaghan
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fabio Anzanello
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyson J Moyer
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mariane Melo
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Scaringi
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI-NAC), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Kumar S, Lin X, Ngo T, Shapero B, Sou C, Allen JD, Copps J, Zhang L, Ozorowski G, He L, Crispin M, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Zhu J. Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by First-Generation gp41-Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers and Nanoparticles. mBio 2021; 12:e0042921. [PMID: 34156262 PMCID: PMC8262854 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00429-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of gp41-stabilized HIV-1 BG505 envelope (Env) trimers and nanoparticles (NPs) was recently assessed in mice and rabbits. Here, we combined Env-specific B-cell sorting and repertoire sequencing to identify neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from immunized animals. A panel of mouse NAbs was isolated from mice immunized with a 60-meric I3-01 NP presenting 20 stabilized trimers. Three mouse NAbs potently neutralized BG505.T332N by recognizing a glycan epitope centered in the C3/V4 region on BG505 Env, as revealed by electron microscopy (EM), X-ray crystallography, and epitope mapping. A set of rabbit NAbs was isolated from rabbits immunized with a soluble trimer and a 24-meric ferritin NP presenting 8 trimers. Neutralization assays against BG505.T332N variants confirmed that potent rabbit NAbs targeted previously described glycan holes on BG505 Env and accounted for a significant portion of the autologous NAb response in both the trimer and ferritin NP groups. Last, we examined NAb responses that were induced by non-BG505 Env immunogens. We determined a 3.4-Å-resolution crystal structure for the clade C transmitted/founder (T/F) Du172.17 Env with a redesigned heptad repeat 1 (HR1) bend in gp41. This clade C Env, in a soluble trimer form and in a multivalent form with 8 trimers attached to ferritin NP, and the gp41-stabilized clade A Q482-d12 Env trimer elicited distinct NAb responses in rabbits, with notable differences in neutralization breadth. Although eliciting a broad NAb response remains a major challenge, our study provides valuable information on an HIV-1 vaccine design strategy that combines gp41 stabilization and NP display. IMPORTANCE Self-assembling protein nanoparticles (NPs) presenting BG505 envelope (Env) trimers can elicit tier 2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses more effectively than soluble trimers. In the present study, monoclonal NAbs were isolated from previously immunized mice and rabbits for structural and functional analyses, which revealed that potent mouse NAbs recognize the C3/V4 region and small NP-elicited rabbit NAbs primarily target known glycan holes on BG505 Env. This study validates the gp41 stabilization strategy for HIV-1 Env vaccine design and highlights the challenge in eliciting a broad NAb response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaohe Lin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Timothy Ngo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Shapero
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cindy Sou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Moore CM, Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Kotouckova M, Teh AYH, Ma JKC. Characterisation of a highly potent and near pan-neutralising anti-HIV monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco plants. Retrovirology 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 34183026 PMCID: PMC8240387 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV remains one of the most important health issues worldwide, with almost 40 million people living with HIV. Although patients develop antibodies against the virus, its high mutation rate allows evasion of immune responses. Some patients, however, produce antibodies that are able to bind to, and neutralise different strains of HIV. One such 'broadly neutralising' antibody is 'N6'. Identified in 2016, N6 can neutralise 98% of HIV-1 isolates with a median IC50 of 0.066 µg/mL. This neutralisation breadth makes N6 a very promising therapeutic candidate. RESULTS N6 was expressed in a glycoengineered line of N. benthamiana plants (pN6) and compared to the mammalian cell-expressed equivalent (mN6). Expression at 49 mg/kg (fresh leaf tissue) was achieved in plants, although extraction and purification are more challenging than for most plant-expressed antibodies. N-glycoanalysis demonstrated the absence of xylosylation and a reduction in α(1,3)-fucosylation that are typically found in plant glycoproteins. The N6 light chain contains a potential N-glycosylation site, which was modified and displayed more α(1,3)-fucose than the heavy chain. The binding kinetics of pN6 and mN6, measured by surface plasmon resonance, were similar for HIV gp120. pN6 had a tenfold higher affinity for FcγRIIIa, which was reflected in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay, where pN6 induced a more potent response from effector cells than that of mN6. pN6 demonstrated the same potency and breadth of neutralisation as mN6, against a panel of HIV strains. CONCLUSIONS The successful expression of N6 in tobacco supports the prospect of developing a low-cost, low-tech production platform for a monoclonal antibody cocktail to control HIV in low-to middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Moore
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Kotouckova
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Audrey Y.-H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
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Cai F, Chen WH, Wu W, Jones JA, Choe M, Gohain N, Shen X, LaBranche C, Eaton A, Sutherland L, Lee EM, Hernandez GE, Wu NR, Scearce R, Seaman MS, Moody MA, Santra S, Wiehe K, Tomaras GD, Wagh K, Korber B, Bonsignori M, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, de Val N, Joyce MG, Saunders KO. Structural and genetic convergence of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated non-human primates. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009624. [PMID: 34086838 PMCID: PMC8216552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is the consistent elicitation of protective, neutralizing antibodies. While highly similar neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been isolated from multiple HIV-infected individuals, it is unclear whether vaccination can consistently elicit highly similar nAbs in genetically diverse primates. Here, we show in three outbred rhesus macaques that immunization with Env elicits a genotypically and phenotypically conserved nAb response. From these vaccinated macaques, we isolated four antibody lineages that had commonalities in immunoglobulin variable, diversity, and joining gene segment usage. Atomic-level structures of the antigen binding fragments of the two most similar antibodies showed nearly identical paratopes. The Env binding modes of each of the four vaccine-induced nAbs were distinct from previously known monoclonal HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, but were nearly identical to each other. The similarities of these antibodies show that the immune system in outbred primates can respond to HIV-1 Env vaccination with a similar structural and genotypic solution for recognizing a particular neutralizing epitope. These results support rational vaccine design for HIV-1 that aims to reproducibly elicit, in genetically diverse primates, nAbs with specific paratope structures capable of binding conserved epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weimin Wu
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Misook Choe
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Esther M. Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Giovanna E. Hernandez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nelson R. Wu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGJ); (KOS)
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGJ); (KOS)
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Sutar J, Deshpande S, Mullick R, Hingankar N, Patel V, Bhattacharya J. Geospatial HIV-1 subtype C gp120 sequence diversity and its predicted impact on broadly neutralizing antibody sensitivity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251969. [PMID: 34029329 PMCID: PMC8143386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving diversity in globally circulating HIV-1 subtypes presents a formidable challenge in defining and developing neutralizing antibodies for prevention and treatment. HIV-1 subtype C is responsible for majority of global HIV-1 infections. In the present study, we examined the diversity in genetic signatures and attributes that differentiate region-specific HIV-1 subtype C gp120 sequences associated with virus neutralization outcomes to key bnAbs having distinct epitope specificities. A total of 1814 full length HIV-1 subtype C gp120 sequence from 37 countries were retrieved from Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV database (www.hiv.lanl.gov). The amino acid sequences were assessed for their phylogenetic association, variable loop lengths and prevalence of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (pNLGS). Responses of these sequences to bnAbs were predicted with a machine learning algorithm ‘bNAb-ReP’ and compared with those reported in the CATNAP database. Subtype C sequences from Asian countries including India differed phylogenetically when compared with that from African countries. Variable loop lengths and charges within Indian and African clusters were also found to be distinct from each other, specifically for V1, V2 and V4 loops. Pairwise analyses at each of the 25 pNLG sites indicated distinct country specific profiles. Highly significant differences (p<0.001***) were observed in prevalence of four pNLGS (N130, N295, N392 and N448) between South Africa and India, having most disease burden associated with subtype C. Our findings highlight that distinctly evolving clusters within global intra-subtype C gp120 sequences are likely to influence the disparate region-specific sensitivity of circulating HIV-1 subtype C to bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sutar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ranajoy Mullick
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Hingankar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Sealy RE, Dayton B, Finkelstein D, Hurwitz JL. Harnessing Natural Mosaics: Antibody-Instructed, Multi-Envelope HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050884. [PMID: 34064894 PMCID: PMC8151930 DOI: 10.3390/v13050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2021 marks the 40th anniversary since physicians recognized symptoms of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease that has since caused more than 30 million deaths worldwide. Despite the passing of four decades, there remains no licensed vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS. Despite the development of outstanding anti-retroviral drugs, there are currently more than one-half million deaths each year due to AIDS. Here, we revisit a conventional vaccine strategy used for protection against variable pathogens like HIV-1, which combines an array of diverse surface antigens. The strategy uses antibody recognition patterns to categorize viruses and their surface antigens into groups. Then a leader is assigned for each group and group leaders are formulated into vaccine cocktails. The group leaders are ‘natural mosaics’, because they share one or more epitope(s) with each of the other group members. We encourage the application of this conventional approach to HIV-1 vaccine design. We suggest that the partnering of an antibody-instructed envelope cocktail with new vaccine vectors will yield a successful vaccine in the HIV-1 field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Barry Dayton
- Department of Mathematics, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, USA;
| | - David Finkelstein
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-595-2464
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Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediates host cell fusion and is the primary target for HIV-1 vaccine design. The Env undergoes a series of functionally important conformational rearrangements upon engagement of its host cell receptor, CD4. As the sole target for broadly neutralizing antibodies, our understanding of these transitions plays a critical role in vaccine immunogen design. Here, we review available experimental data interrogating the HIV-1 Env conformation and detail computational efforts aimed at delineating the series of conformational changes connecting these rearrangements. These studies have provided a structural mapping of prefusion closed, open, and transition intermediate structures, the allosteric elements controlling rearrangements, and state-to-state transition dynamics. The combination of these investigations and innovations in molecular modeling set the stage for advanced studies examining rearrangements at greater spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rory Henderson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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46
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Lamptey H, Bonney EY, Adu B, Kyei GB. Are Fc Gamma Receptor Polymorphisms Important in HIV-1 Infection Outcomes and Latent Reservoir Size? Front Immunol 2021; 12:656894. [PMID: 34017334 PMCID: PMC8129575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) are cell surface glycoproteins which trigger specific effector-cell responses when cross-linked with the Fc portions of immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies. During HIV-1 infection, the course of disease progression, ART response, and viral reservoir size vary in different individuals. Several factors may account for these differences; however, Fc gamma receptor gene polymorphisms, which influence receptor binding to IgG antibodies, are likely to play a key role. FcγRIIa (CD32) was recently reported as a potential marker for latent HIV reservoir, however, this assertion is still inconclusive. Whether FcγR polymorphisms influence the size of the viral reservoir, remains an important question in HIV cure studies. In addition, potential cure or viral suppression methods such as broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAbs) may depend on FcγRs to control the virus. Here, we discuss the current evidence on the potential role played by FcγR polymorphisms in HIV-1 infection, treatment and vaccine trial outcomes. Importantly, we highlight contrasting findings that may be due to multiple factors and the relatively limited data from African populations. We recommend further studies especially in sub-Saharan Africa to confirm the role of FcγRIIa in the establishment of latent reservoir and to determine their influence in therapies involving bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B. Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Kumar A, Giorgi EE, Tu JJ, Martinez DR, Eudailey J, Mengual M, Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda M, Van Dyke R, Gao F, Permar SR. Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009478. [PMID: 33798244 PMCID: PMC8055002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable reduction of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through use of maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 150,000 infants continue to become infected with HIV annually, falling far short of the World Health Organization goal of reaching <20,000 annual pediatric HIV cases worldwide by 2020. Prior to the widespread use of ART in the setting of pregnancy, over half of infants born to HIV-infected mothers were protected against HIV acquisition. Yet, the role of maternal immune factors in this protection against vertical transmission is still unclear, hampering the development of synergistic strategies to further reduce MTCT. It has been established that infant transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses are often resistant to maternal plasma, yet it is unknown if the neutralization resistance profile of circulating viruses predicts the maternal risk of transmission to her infant. In this study, we amplified HIV-1 envelope genes (env) by single genome amplification and produced representative Env variants from plasma of 19 non-transmitting mothers from the U.S. Women Infant Transmission Study (WITS), enrolled in the pre-ART era. Maternal HIV Env variants from non-transmitting mothers had similar sensitivity to autologous plasma as observed for non-transmitting variants from transmitting mothers. In contrast, infant variants were on average 30% less sensitive to paired plasma neutralization compared to non-transmitted maternal variants from both transmitting and non-transmitting mothers (p = 0.015). Importantly, a signature sequence analysis revealed that motifs enriched in env sequences from transmitting mothers were associated with broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) resistance. Altogether, our findings suggest that circulating maternal virus resistance to bnAb-mediated neutralization, but not autologous plasma neutralization, near the time of delivery, predicts increased MTCT risk. These results caution that enhancement of maternal plasma neutralization through passive or active vaccination during pregnancy may potentially drive the evolution of variants fit for vertical transmission. Despite widespread, effective use of ART among HIV infected pregnant women, new pediatric HIV infections increase by about 150,000 every year. Thus, alternative strategies will be required to reduce MTCT and eliminate pediatric HIV infections. Interestingly, in the absence of ART, less than half of HIV-infected pregnant women will transmit HIV, suggesting natural immune protection of infants from virus acquisition. To understand the impact of maternal plasma autologous virus neutralization responses on MTCT, we compared the plasma and bnAb neutralization sensitivity of the circulating viral population present at the time of delivery in untreated, HIV-infected transmitting and non-transmitting mothers. While there was no significant difference in the ability of transmitting and non-transmitting women to neutralize their own circulating virus strains, specific genetic motifs enriched in variants from transmitting mothers were associated with resistance to bnAbs, suggesting that acquired bnAb resistance is a common feature of vertically-transmitted variants. This work suggests that enhancement of plasma neutralization responses in HIV-infected mothers through passive or active vaccination could further drive selection of variants that could be vertically transmitted, and cautions the use of passive bnAbs for HIV-1 prophylaxis or therapy during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Russell Van Dyke
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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McMahon JH, Zerbato JM, Lau JSY, Lange JL, Roche M, Tumpach C, Dantanarayana A, Rhodes A, Chang J, Rasmussen TA, Mackenzie CA, Alt K, Hagenauer M, Roney J, O'Bryan J, Carey A, McIntyre R, Beech P, O'Keefe GJ, Wichmann CW, Scott FE, Guo N, Lee ST, Liu Z, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC, Donnelly PS, Egan G, Hagemeyer CE, Scott AM, Lewin SR. A clinical trial of non-invasive imaging with an anti-HIV antibody labelled with copper-64 in people living with HIV and uninfected controls. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103252. [PMID: 33640794 PMCID: PMC7921458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A research priority in finding a cure for HIV is to establish methods to accurately locate and quantify where and how HIV persists in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Infusing copper-64 (64Cu) radiolabelled broadly neutralising antibodies targeting HIV envelope (Env) with CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) identified HIV Env in tissues in SIV infected non-human primates . We aimed to determine if a similar approach was effective in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS Unmodified 3BNC117 was compared with 3BNC117 bound to the chelator MeCOSar and 64Cu (64Cu-3BNC117) in vitro to assess binding and neutralization. In a clinical trial 64Cu-3BNC117 was infused into HIV uninfected (Group 1), HIV infected and viremic (viral load, VL >1000 c/mL; Group 2) and HIV infected aviremic (VL <20 c/mL; Group 3) participants using two dosing strategies: high protein (3mg/kg unlabeled 3BNC117 combined with <5mg 64Cu-3BNC117) and trace (<5mg 64Cu-3BNC117 only). All participants were screened for 3BNC117 sensitivity from virus obtained from viral outgrowth. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/PET and pharmacokinetic assessments (ELISA for serum 3BNC117 concentrations and gamma counting for 64Cu) were performed 1, 24- and 48-hours post dosing. The trial (clincialtrials.gov NCT03063788) primary endpoint was comparison of PET standard uptake values (SUVs) in regions of interest (e.g lymph node groups and gastrointestinal tract). FINDINGS Comparison of unmodified and modified 3BNC117 in vitro demonstrated no difference in HIV binding or neutralisation. 17 individuals were enrolled of which 12 were dosed including Group 1 (n=4, 2 high protein, 2 trace dose), Group 2 (n=6, 2 high protein, 4 trace) and Group 3 (n=2, trace only). HIV+ participants had a mean CD4 of 574 cells/microL and mean age 43 years. There were no drug related adverse effects and no differences in tissue uptake in regions of interest (e.g lymph node gut, pharynx) between the 3 groups. In the high protein dosing group, serum concentrations of 3BNC117 and gamma counts were highly correlated demonstrating that 64Cu-3BNC117 remained intact in vivo. INTERPRETATION In PLWH on or off ART, the intervention of infusing 64Cu-3BNC117 and MRI/PET imaging over 48 hours, was unable to detect HIV-1 env expression in vivo. Future studies should investigate alternative radiolabels such as zirconium which have a longer half-life in vivo. FUNDING Funded by the Alfred Foundation, The Australian Centre for HIV and Hepatitis Virology Research with additional support from the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, US National Institutes of Health (USAI126611). JHM and SRL are supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jillian S Y Lau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jaclyn L Lange
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajantha Rhodes
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Judy Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charlene A Mackenzie
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Hagenauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janine Roney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica O'Bryan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra Carey
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard McIntyre
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Beech
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian W Wichmann
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona E Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sze-Ting Lee
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Andrew M Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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49
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Spencer DA, Malherbe DC, Vázquez Bernat N, Ádori M, Goldberg B, Dambrauskas N, Henderson H, Pandey S, Cheever T, Barnette P, Sutton WF, Ackerman ME, Kobie JJ, Sather DN, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Polyfunctional Tier 2-Neutralizing Antibodies Cloned following HIV-1 Env Macaque Immunization Mirror Native Antibodies in a Human Donor. J Immunol 2021; 206:999-1012. [PMID: 33472907 PMCID: PMC7887735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine efforts to combat HIV are challenged by the global diversity of viral strains and shielding of neutralization epitopes on the viral envelope glycoprotein trimer. Even so, the isolation of broadly neutralizing Abs from infected individuals suggests the potential for eliciting protective Abs through vaccination. This study reports a panel of 58 mAbs cloned from a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) immunized with envelope glycoprotein immunogens curated from an HIV-1 clade C-infected volunteer. Twenty mAbs showed neutralizing activity, and the strongest neutralizer displayed 92% breadth with a median IC50 of 1.35 μg/ml against a 13-virus panel. Neutralizing mAbs predominantly targeted linear epitopes in the V3 region in the cradle orientation (V3C) with others targeting the V3 ladle orientation (V3L), the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), C1, C4, or gp41. Nonneutralizing mAbs bound C1, C5, or undetermined conformational epitopes. Neutralization potency strongly correlated with the magnitude of binding to infected primary macaque splenocytes and to the level of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, but did not predict the degree of Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Using an individualized germline gene database, mAbs were traced to 23 of 72 functional IgHV alleles. Neutralizing V3C Abs displayed minimal nucleotide somatic hypermutation in the H chain V region (3.77%), indicating that relatively little affinity maturation was needed to achieve in-clade neutralization breadth. Overall, this study underscores the polyfunctional nature of vaccine-elicited tier 2-neutralizing V3 Abs and demonstrates partial reproduction of the human donor's humoral immune response through nonhuman primate vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ádori
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Heidi Henderson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Tracy Cheever
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - William F Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - James J Kobie
- Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105; and
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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50
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Charles TP, Burton SL, Arunachalam PS, Cottrell CA, Sewall LM, Bollimpelli VS, Gangadhara S, Dey AK, Ward AB, Shaw GM, Hunter E, Amara RR, Pulendran B, van Gils MJ, Derdeyn CA. The C3/465 glycan hole cluster in BG505 HIV-1 envelope is the major neutralizing target involved in preventing mucosal SHIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009257. [PMID: 33556148 PMCID: PMC7895394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilized HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers elicit tier 2 autologous neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses in immunized animals. We previously demonstrated that BG505 SOSIP.664.T332N gp140 (BG505 SOSIP) immunization of rhesus macaques (RM) provided robust protection against autologous intra-vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge that was predicted by high serum nAb titers. Here, we show that nAb in these protected RM targeted a glycan hole proximal to residue 465 in gp120 in all cases. nAb also targeted another glycan hole at residues 241/289 and an epitope in V1 at varying frequencies. Non-neutralizing antibodies directed at N611-shielded epitopes in gp41 were also present but were more prevalent in RM with low nAb titers. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that nAb broadened in some RM during sequential immunization but remained focused in others, the latter being associated with increases in nAb titer. Thirty-eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a protected RM with an exceptionally high serum neutralization titer bound to the trimer in ELISA, and four of the mAbs potently neutralized the BG505 Env pseudovirus (PV) and SHIV. The four neutralizing mAbs were clonally related and targeted the 465 glycan hole to varying degrees, mimicking the serum. The data demonstrate that the C3/465 glycan hole cluster was the dominant neutralization target in high titer protected RM, despite other co-circulating neutralizing and non-neutralizing specificities. The isolation of a neutralizing mAb family argues that clonotype expansion occurred during BG505 SOSIP immunization, leading to high titer, protective nAb and setting a desirable benchmark for HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tysheena P. Charles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Burton
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leigh M. Sewall
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Venkata S. Bollimpelli
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Antu K. Dey
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MJVG); (CAD)
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJVG); (CAD)
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