1
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Zhang Z, Wang Q, Nguyen HT, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Smith Iii AB, Sodroski JG. Alterations in gp120 glycans or the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region modulate the stability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein pretriggered conformation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059223. [PMID: 37696048 PMCID: PMC10537687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mediates entry into host cells by binding receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, and fusing the viral and cell membranes. In infected cells, cleavage of the gp160 Env precursor yields the mature Env trimer, with gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Env cleavage stabilizes the State-1 conformation, which is the major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies, and decreases the spontaneous sampling of more open Env conformations that expose epitopes for poorly neutralizing antibodies. During HIV-1 entry into cells, CD4 binding drives the metastable Env from a pretriggered (State-1) conformation into more "open," lower-energy states. Here, we report that changes in two dissimilar elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer, namely particular gp120 glycans and the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region (FPPR), can independently modulate the stability of State 1. Individual deletion of several gp120 glycans destabilized State 1, whereas removal of a V1 glycan resulted in phenotypes indicative of a more stable pretriggered Env conformation. Likewise, some alterations of the gp41 FPPR decreased the level of spontaneous shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer and stabilized the pretriggered State-1 Env conformation. State-1-stabilizing changes were additive and could suppress the phenotypes associated with State-1-destabilizing alterations in Env. Our results support a model in which multiple protein and carbohydrate elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer additively contribute to the stability of the pretriggered (State-1) conformation. The Env modifications identified in this study will assist efforts to characterize the structure and immunogenicity of the metastable State-1 conformation. IMPORTANCE The elicitation of antibodies that neutralize multiple strains of HIV-1 is an elusive goal that has frustrated the development of an effective vaccine. The pretriggered shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the virus surface is the major target for such broadly neutralizing antibodies. The "closed" pretriggered Env shape resists the binding of most antibodies but is unstable and often assumes "open" shapes that elicit ineffective antibodies. We identified particular changes in both the protein and the sugar components of the Env trimer that stabilize the pretriggered shape. Combinations of these changes were even more effective at stabilizing the pretriggered Env than the individual changes. Stabilizing changes in Env could counteract the effect of Env changes that destabilize the pretriggered shape. Locking Env in its pretriggered shape will assist efforts to understand the Env spike on the virus and to incorporate this shape into vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Zhou R, Zhang S, Nguyen HT, Ding H, Gaffney A, Kappes JC, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. Conformations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins in Detergents and Styrene-Maleic Acid Lipid Particles. J Virol 2023; 97:e0032723. [PMID: 37255444 PMCID: PMC10308955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00327-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, which consists of noncovalently associated gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane subunits, mediates virus entry into cells. The pretriggered (State-1) Env conformation is the major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas receptor-induced downstream Env conformations elicit immunodominant, poorly neutralizing antibody (pNAb) responses. To examine the contribution of membrane anchorage to the maintenance of the metastable pretriggered Env conformation, we compared wild-type and State-1-stabilized Envs solubilized in detergents or in styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymers. SMA directly incorporates membrane lipids and resident membrane proteins into lipid nanoparticles (styrene-maleic acid lipid particles [SMALPs]). The integrity of the Env trimer in SMALPs was maintained at both 4°C and room temperature. In contrast, Envs solubilized in Cymal-5, a nonionic detergent, were unstable at room temperature, although their stability was improved at 4°C and/or after incubation with the entry inhibitor BMS-806. Envs solubilized in ionic detergents were relatively unstable at either temperature. Comparison of Envs solubilized in Cymal-5 and SMA at 4°C revealed subtle differences in bNAb binding to the gp41 membrane-proximal external region, consistent with these distinct modes of Env solubilization. Otherwise, the antigenicity of the Cymal-5- and SMA-solubilized Envs was remarkably similar, both in the absence and in the presence of BMS-806. However, both solubilized Envs were recognized differently from the mature membrane Env by specific bNAbs and pNAbs. Thus, detergent-based and detergent-free solubilization at 4°C alters the pretriggered membrane Env conformation in consistent ways, suggesting that Env assumes default conformations when its association with the membrane is disrupted. IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) in the viral membrane mediate virus entry into the host cell and are targeted by neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection or vaccines. Detailed studies of membrane proteins rely on purification procedures that allow the proteins to maintain their natural conformation. In this study, we show that a styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymer can extract HIV-1 Env from a membrane without the use of detergents. The Env in SMA is more stable at room temperature than Env in detergents. The purified Env in SMA maintains many but not all of the characteristics expected of the natural membrane Env. Our results underscore the importance of the membrane environment to the native conformation of HIV-1 Env. Purification methods that bypass the need for detergents could be useful tools for future studies of HIV-1 Env structure and its interaction with receptors and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Althea Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Nguyen HT, Wang Q, Anang S, Sodroski JG. Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational States on Infectious Virus Particles. J Virol 2023; 97:e0185722. [PMID: 36815832 PMCID: PMC10062176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells involves triggering of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ([gp120/gp41]3) by the primary receptor, CD4, and coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. The pretriggered (State-1) conformation of the mature (cleaved) Env is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are inefficiently elicited compared with poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs). Here, we characterize variants of the moderately triggerable HIV-1AD8 Env on virions produced by an infectious molecular proviral clone; such virions contain more cleaved Env than pseudotyped viruses. We identified three types of cleaved wild-type AD8 Env trimers on virions: (i) State-1-like trimers preferentially recognized by bNAbs and exhibiting strong subunit association; (ii) trimers recognized by pNAbs directed against the gp120 coreceptor-binding region and exhibiting weak, detergent-sensitive subunit association; and (iii) a minor gp41-only population. The first Env population was enriched and the other Env populations reduced by introducing State-1-stabilizing changes in the AD8 Env or by treatment of the virions with crosslinker or the State-1-preferring entry inhibitor, BMS-806. These stabilized AD8 Envs were also more resistant to gp120 shedding induced by a CD4-mimetic compound or by incubation on ice. Conversely, a State-1-destabilized, CD4-independent AD8 Env variant exhibited weaker bNAb recognition and stronger pNAb recognition. Similar relationships between Env triggerability and antigenicity/shedding propensity on virions were observed for other HIV-1 strains. State-1 Envs on virions can be significantly enriched by minimizing the adventitious incorporation of uncleaved Env; stabilizing the pretriggered conformation by Env modification, crosslinking or BMS-806 treatment; strengthening Env subunit interactions; and using CD4-negative producer cells. IMPORTANCE Efforts to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine have been frustrated by the inability to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies that recognize multiple virus strains. Such antibodies can bind a particular shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer, as it exists on a viral membrane but before engaging receptors on the host cell. Here, we establish simple yet powerful assays to characterize the envelope glycoproteins in a natural context on virus particles. We find that, depending on the HIV-1 strain, some envelope glycoproteins change shape and fall apart, creating decoys that can potentially divert the host immune response. We identify requirements to keep the relevant envelope glycoprotein target for broad neutralizing antibodies intact on virus-like particles. These studies suggest strategies that should facilitate efforts to produce and use virus-like particles as vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Fritschi CJ, Anang S, Gong Z, Mohammadi M, Richard J, Bourassa C, Severino KT, Richter H, Yang D, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Seaman MS, Madani N, Abrams C, Finzi A, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski JG, Smith AB. Indoline CD4-mimetic compounds mediate potent and broad HIV-1 inhibition and sensitization to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222073120. [PMID: 36961924 PMCID: PMC10068826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222073120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers large-scale conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] that promote virus entry into the cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) comprise small organic molecules that bind in the highly conserved CD4-binding site of gp120 and prematurely induce inactivating Env conformational changes, including shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer. By inducing more "open," antibody-susceptible Env conformations, CD4mcs also sensitize HIV-1 virions to neutralization by antibodies and infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel CD4mcs based on an indoline scaffold. Compared with our current lead indane scaffold CD4mc, BNM-III-170, several indoline CD4mcs exhibit increased potency and breadth against HIV-1 variants from different geographic clades. Viruses that were selected for resistance to the lead indane CD4mc, BNM-III-170, are susceptible to inhibition by the indoline CD4mcs. The indoline CD4mcs also potently sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Crystal structures indicate that the indoline CD4mcs gain potency compared to the indane CD4mcs through more favorable π-π overlap from the indoline pose and by making favorable contacts with the vestibule of the CD4-binding pocket on gp120. The rational design of indoline CD4mcs thus holds promise for further improvements in antiviral activity, potentially contributing to efforts to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kenny T. Severino
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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5
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Chaplain C, Fritschi CJ, Anang S, Gong Z, Richard J, Bourassa C, Liang S, Mohammadi M, Park J, Finzi A, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Abrams CF, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Structural and Functional Characterization of Indane-Core CD4-Mimetic Compounds Substituted with Heterocyclic Amines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:51-58. [PMID: 36655122 PMCID: PMC9841591 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer on the virion surface interacts with the host receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, to mediate virus entry into the target cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) bind the gp120 Env, block CD4 binding, and inactivate Env. Previous studies suggested that a C(5)-methylamino methyl moiety on a lead CD4mc, BNM-III-170, contributed to its antiviral potency. By replacing the C(5) chain with differentially substituted pyrrolidine, piperidine, and piperazine ring systems, guided by structural and computational analyses, we found that the 5-position of BNM-III-170 is remarkably tolerant of a variety of ring sizes and substitutions, both in regard to antiviral activity and sensitization to humoral responses. Crystallographic analyses of representative analogues from the pyrrolidine series revealed the potential for 5-substituents to hydrogen bond with gp120 Env residue Thr 283. Further optimization of these interactions holds promise for the development of CD4mcs with greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Chaplain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher J. Fritschi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber
Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre
de
Recherche du CHUM, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Centre
de
Recherche du CHUM, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jun Park
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre
de
Recherche du CHUM, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber
Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber
Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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6
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Wang Q, Anang S, Iketani S, Guo Y, Liu L, Katsamba PS, Shapiro L, Ho DD, Sodroski JG. Functional properties of the spike glycoprotein of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110924. [PMID: 35658975 PMCID: PMC9119962 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged B.1.1.529 (Omicron) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant has a highly divergent spike (S) glycoprotein. We compared the functional properties of B.1.1.529 BA.1 S with those of previous globally prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants, D614G and B.1.617.2. Relative to these variants, B.1.1.529 S exhibits decreases in processing, syncytium formation, virion incorporation, and ability to mediate infection of cells with high TMPRSS2 expression. B.1.1.529 and B.1.617.2 S glycoproteins bind ACE2 with higher affinity than D614G S. The unliganded B.1.1.529 S trimer is less stable at low temperatures than the other SARS-CoV-2 Ss, a property related to its more “open” S conformation. Upon ACE2 binding, the B.1.1.529 S trimer sheds S1 at 37°C, but not at 0°C. B.1.1.529 pseudoviruses are relatively resistant to neutralization by sera from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccinees. These properties of the B.1.1.529 S glycoprotein likely influence the transmission, cytopathic effects, and immune evasion of this emerging variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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7
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Wang Q, Nair MS, Anang S, Zhang S, Nguyen H, Huang Y, Liu L, Ho DD, Sodroski JG. Functional differences among the spike glycoproteins of multiple emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants of concern. iScience 2021; 24:103393. [PMID: 34746689 PMCID: PMC8559451 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the functional properties of spike (S) glycoproteins from the original SARS-CoV-2 strain (D614) (Wuhan, China), the globally dominant D614G strain, and emerging geographic variants: B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), P.1 (Brazil), and B.1.1.248 (Brazil/Japan). Compared with D614G, the emerging variants exhibited an increased affinity for the receptor, ACE2, and increased ability to infect cells with low ACE2 levels. All variants lost infectivity similarly at room temperature and 37°C; however, in the cold, B.1.1.7 was more stable, and P.1 and B.1.1.248 were less stable. Shedding of the S1 glycoprotein from the S contributed to virus inactivation in the cold. B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.1.248 were neutralized by convalescent and vaccinee sera less efficiently than the other variants. S glycoprotein properties such as requirements for ACE2 levels on the target cell, functional stability in the cold, and resistance to host neutralizing antibodies potentially contribute to the outgrowth of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Manoj S. Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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8
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Fritschi C, Liang S, Mohammadi M, Anang S, Moraca F, Chen J, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Abrams CF, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Identification of gp120 Residue His105 as a Novel Target for HIV-1 Neutralization by Small-Molecule CD4-Mimics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1824-1831. [PMID: 34795873 PMCID: PMC8591726 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of butyl chain derivatives at the indane ring 3-position of our lead CD4-mimetic compound BNM-III-170 that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection are reported. Optimization efforts were guided by crystallographic and computational analysis of the small-molecule ligands of the Phe43 cavity of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. Biological evaluation of 11-21 revealed that members of this series of CD4-mimetic compounds are able to inhibit HIV-1 viral entry into target cells more potently and with greater breadth compared to BNM-III-170. Crystallographic analysis of the binding pocket of 14, 16, and 17 revealed a novel hydrogen bonding interaction between His105 and a primary hydroxyl group on the butyl side chain. Further optimization of this interaction with the His105 residue holds the promise of more potent CD4-mimetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
J. Fritschi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Lu M, Ma X, Reichard N, Terry DS, Arthos J, Smith AB, Sodroski JG, Blanchard SC, Mothes W. Shedding-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Adopt Downstream Conformations That Remain Responsive to Conformation-Preferring Ligands. J Virol 2020; 94:e00597-20. [PMID: 32522853 PMCID: PMC7431789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00597-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers mediates virus entry into CD4-positive (CD4+) cells. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has revealed that native Env on the surface of viruses predominantly exists in a pretriggered conformation (state 1) that is preferentially recognized by many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Env is activated by binding receptor CD4, which drives transitions through a default intermediate conformation (state 2) into the three-CD4-bound open conformation (state 3). The application of smFRET to assess the conformational state of existing Env constructs and ligand complexes recently revealed that all current high-resolution structures correspond to downstream states 2 and 3. The structure of state 1, therefore, remains unknown. We sought to identify conditions whereby HIV-1 Env could be stabilized in the pretriggered state 1 for possible structural characterization. Shedding of gp120, known to severely complicate structural studies, can be prevented by using the uncleaved gp160JR-FL precursor with alterations in the protease cleavage site (R508S/R511S) or by introducing a disulfide bridge between gp120 and gp41 designated "SOS" (A501C/T605C). smFRET demonstrated that both shedding-preventing modifications shifted the conformational landscape of Env downstream toward states 2 and 3. However, both membrane-bound Env proteins on the surface of intact viruses remained conformationally dynamic, responsive to state-stabilizing ligands, and able to be stabilized in state 1 by specific ligands such as the Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) entry inhibitors. The here-described identification of state 1-stabilizing conditions may enable structural characterization of the state 1 conformation of HIV-1 Env.IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) opens in response to receptor CD4 binding from a pretriggered (state 1) conformation through a necessary intermediate to the three-CD4-bound conformation. The application of smFRET to test the conformational state of existing Env constructs and ligand complexes used for high-resolution structures recently revealed that they correspond to the downstream conformations. The structure of the pretriggered Env conformation, preferentially recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies, remains unknown. Here, we identify experimental conditions that stabilize membrane-bound and shedding-resistant virus Env trimers in state 1, potentially facilitating structural characterization of this unknown conformational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaochu Ma
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nick Reichard
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel S Terry
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Liu L, Wang P, Nair MS, Yu J, Rapp M, Wang Q, Luo Y, Chan JFW, Sahi V, Figueroa A, Guo XV, Cerutti G, Bimela J, Gorman J, Zhou T, Chen Z, Yuen KY, Kwong PD, Sodroski JG, Yin MT, Sheng Z, Huang Y, Shapiro L, Ho DD. Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Nature 2020; 584:450-456. [PMID: 32698192 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1045] [Impact Index Per Article: 261.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues, with devasting consequences for human lives and the global economy1,2. The discovery and development of virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be one approach to treat or prevent infection by this coronavirus. Here we report the isolation of sixty-one SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from five patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and admitted to hospital with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among these are nineteen antibodies that potently neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, nine of which exhibited very high potency, with 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations of 0.7 to 9 ng ml-1. Epitope mapping showed that this collection of nineteen antibodies was about equally divided between those directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and those directed against the N-terminal domain (NTD), indicating that both of these regions at the top of the viral spike are immunogenic. In addition, two other powerful neutralizing antibodies recognized quaternary epitopes that overlap with the domains at the top of the spike. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of one antibody that targets the RBD, a second that targets the NTD, and a third that bridges two separate RBDs showed that the antibodies recognize the closed, 'all RBD-down' conformation of the spike. Several of these monoclonal antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development as potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Micah Rapp
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jasper F-W Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Sahi
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Figueroa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Flow Cytometry Core, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinzheng V Guo
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jude Bimela
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael T Yin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. .,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Liu L, Wang P, Nair MS, Yu J, Rapp M, Wang Q, Luo Y, Chan JFW, Sahi V, Figueroa A, Guo XV, Cerutti G, Bimela J, Gorman J, Zhou T, Chen Z, Yuen KY, Kwong PD, Sodroski JG, Yin MT, Sheng Z, Huang Y, Shapiro L, Ho DD. Potent Neutralizing Antibodies Directed to Multiple Epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32587975 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.17.153486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic rages on with devasting consequences on human lives and the global economy 1,2 . The discovery and development of virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be one approach to treat or prevent infection by this novel coronavirus. Here we report the isolation of 61 SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from 5 infected patients hospitalized with severe disease. Among these are 19 antibodies that potently neutralized the authentic SARS-CoV-2 in vitro , 9 of which exhibited exquisite potency, with 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations of 0.7 to 9 ng/mL. Epitope mapping showed this collection of 19 antibodies to be about equally divided between those directed to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and those to the N-terminal domain (NTD), indicating that both of these regions at the top of the viral spike are immunogenic. In addition, two other powerful neutralizing antibodies recognized quaternary epitopes that are overlapping with the domains at the top of the spike. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of one antibody targeting RBD, a second targeting NTD, and a third bridging two separate RBDs revealed recognition of the closed, "all RBD-down" conformation of the spike. Several of these monoclonal antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development as potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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12
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Joshi VR, Newman RM, Pack ML, Power KA, Munro JB, Okawa K, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Schmidt AG, Allen TM. Gp41-targeted antibodies restore infectivity of a fusion-deficient HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008577. [PMID: 32392227 PMCID: PMC7241850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediates viral entry via conformational changes associated with binding the cell surface receptor (CD4) and coreceptor (CCR5/CXCR4), resulting in subsequent fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. While the gp120 Env surface subunit has been extensively studied for its role in viral entry and evasion of the host immune response, the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein and its role in natural infection are less well characterized. Here, we identified a primary HIV-1 Env variant that consistently supports >300% increased viral infectivity in the presence of autologous or heterologous HIV-positive plasma. However, in the absence of HIV-positive plasma, viruses with this Env exhibited reduced infectivity that was not due to decreased CD4 binding. Using Env chimeras and sequence analysis, we mapped this phenotype to a change Q563R, in the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. We demonstrate that Q563R reduces viral infection by disrupting formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle required for virus-cell membrane fusion. Intriguingly, antibodies that bind cluster I epitopes on gp41 overcome this inhibitory effect, restoring infectivity to wild-type levels. We further demonstrate that the Q563R change increases HIV-1 sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER). In summary, we identify an HIV-1 Env variant with impaired infectivity whose Env functionality is restored through the binding of host antibodies. These data contribute to our understanding of gp41 residues involved in membrane fusion and identify a mechanism by which host factors can alleviate a viral defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruchi M. Newman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Pack
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ken Okawa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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Lu M, Ma X, Castillo-Menendez LR, Gorman J, Alsahafi N, Ermel U, Terry DS, Chambers M, Peng D, Zhang B, Zhou T, Reichard N, Wang K, Grover JR, Carman BP, Gardner MR, Nikić-Spiegel I, Sugawara A, Arthos J, Lemke EA, Smith AB, Farzan M, Abrams C, Munro JB, McDermott AB, Finzi A, Kwong PD, Blanchard SC, Sodroski JG, Mothes W. Associating HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structures with states on the virus observed by smFRET. Nature 2019; 568:415-419. [PMID: 30971821 PMCID: PMC6655592 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mediates cell entry and is
conformationally dynamic1–8. Imaging
by single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has revealed
that, on the surface of intact virions, mature pre-fusion Env transitions from a
pre-triggered conformation (state 1) through a default intermediate conformation
(state 2) to a conformation in which it is bound to three CD4 receptor molecules
(state 3)8–10. It is currently unclear how these
states relate to known structures. Breakthroughs in the structural
characterization of the HIV-1 Env trimer have previously been achieved by
generating soluble and proteolytically cleaved trimers of gp140 Env that are
stabilized by a disulfide bond, an isoleucine-to-proline substitution at residue
559 and a truncation at residue 664 (SOSIP.664 trimers)5,11–18.
Cryo-electron microscopy studies have been performed with C-terminally truncated
Env of the HIV-1JR-FL strain in complex with the antibody PGT15119. Both approaches have revealed similar
structures for Env. Although these structures have been presumed to represent
the pre-triggered state 1 of HIV-1 Env, this hypothesis has never directly been
tested. Here we use smFRET to compare the conformational states of Env trimers
used for structural studies with native Env on intact virus. We find that the
constructs upon which extant high-resolution structures are based predominantly
occupy downstream conformations that represent states 2 and 3. Therefore, the
structure of the pretriggered state-1 conformation of viral Env that has been
identified by smFRET and that is preferentially stabilized by many broadly
neutralizing antibodies—and thus of interest for the design of
immunogens—remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaochu Ma
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis R Castillo-Menendez
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Utz Ermel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel S Terry
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dongjun Peng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nick Reichard
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brennan P Carman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew R Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ivana Nikić-Spiegel
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Akihiro Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward A Lemke
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Pharmacy and Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit and Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James B Munro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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14
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Herschhorn A, Gu C, Moraca F, Ma X, Farrell M, Smith AB, Pancera M, Kwong PD, Schön A, Freire E, Abrams C, Blanchard SC, Mothes W, Sodroski JG. Publisher Correction: The β20-β21 of gp120 is a regulatory switch for HIV-1 Env conformational transitions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29311557 PMCID: PMC5758816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Christopher Gu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaochu Ma
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Mark Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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15
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Schulte B, Selyutina A, Opp S, Herschhorn A, Sodroski JG, Pizzato M, Diaz-Griffero F. Localization to detergent-resistant membranes and HIV-1 core entry inhibition correlate with HIV-1 restriction by SERINC5. Virology 2017; 515:52-65. [PMID: 29268082 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SERINC5(S5) is a multi-span transmembrane protein that potently blocks the infectivity of HIV-1 produced by human T-cells. The ability of S5 to restrict infectivity correlates with its presence in the virion, but the exact mechanism by which S5 restricts HIV-1 is unknown. Here we tested whether the core from HIV-1 virions containing S5 is delivered to the cytoplasm. Using the "fate of the capsid" assay, we demonstrated that the viral core of S5-restricted HIV-1 does not reach the cytoplasm of target cells, suggesting a block in the delivery of the core to the cytoplasm. In agreement with evidence suggesting that the viral determinants for S5 restriction map to the envelope of HIV-1, we observed that S5 induces conformational changes to the HIV-1 envelope. Further, we demonstrated that S5 localizes to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), as has been shown previously for the HIV-1 envelope in producer cells. In order to identify the determinants of S5 restriction, we explored the ability of all human SERINC proteins to restrict HIV-1. In contrast to human S5, we observed that human SERINC2(S2) did not restrict HIV-1, and was inefficiently incorporated into HIV-1 virions when compared to S5. Experiments using S5-S2 chimeric proteins revealed two functional domains for restriction: one necessary for S5 incorporation into virions, which does not seem to be necessary for restriction, and a second one necessary to change the HIV-1 envelope conformation, localize to DRMs, and block infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Schulte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anastasia Selyutina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Silvana Opp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- University of Trento, Centre for Integrative Biology, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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16
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Herschhorn A, Gu C, Moraca F, Ma X, Farrell M, Smith AB, Pancera M, Kwong PD, Schön A, Freire E, Abrams C, Blanchard SC, Mothes W, Sodroski JG. The β20-β21 of gp120 is a regulatory switch for HIV-1 Env conformational transitions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1049. [PMID: 29051495 PMCID: PMC5648922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of HIV-1 into target cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoproteins (Env). Binding to the CD4 receptor triggers a cascade of conformational changes in distant domains that move Env from a functionally “closed” State 1 to more “open” conformations, but the molecular mechanisms underlying allosteric regulation of these transitions are still elusive. Here, we develop chemical probes that block CD4-induced conformational changes in Env and use them to identify a potential control switch for Env structural rearrangements. We identify the gp120 β20–β21 element as a major regulator of Env transitions. Several amino acid changes in the β20–β21 base lead to open Env conformations, recapitulating the structural changes induced by CD4 binding. These HIV-1 mutants require less CD4 to infect cells and are relatively resistant to State 1-preferring broadly neutralizing antibodies. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanism and vulnerability of HIV-1 entry. Binding of viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) to the host cell CD4 receptor mediates HIV-1 entry. Here, the authors develop compounds that inhibit the CD4-induced conformational changes in Env and show that the gp120 β20-β21 element is a key regulator for Env transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Christopher Gu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaochu Ma
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06536, USA
| | - Mark Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06536, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
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17
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Nguyen HT, Madani N, Ding H, Elder E, Princiotto A, Gu C, Darby P, Alin J, Herschhorn A, Kappes JC, Mao Y, Sodroski JG. Evaluation of the contribution of the transmembrane region to the ectodomain conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein. Virol J 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 28209172 PMCID: PMC5314615 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env), a Type 1 transmembrane protein, assembles into a trimeric spike complex that mediates virus entry into host cells. The high potential energy of the metastable, unliganded Env trimer is maintained by multiple non-covalent contacts among the gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Structural studies suggest that the gp41 transmembrane region forms a left-handed coiled coil that contributes to the Env trimer interprotomer contacts. Here we evaluate the contribution of the gp41 transmembrane region to the folding and stability of Env trimers. Methods Multiple polar/charged amino acid residues, which hypothetically disrupt the stop-transfer signal, were introduced in the proposed lipid-interactive face of the transmembrane coiled coil, allowing release of soluble cleavage-negative Envs containing the modified transmembrane region (TMmod). We also examined effects of cleavage, the cytoplasmic tail and a C-terminal fibritin trimerization (FT) motif on oligomerization, antigenicity and functionality of soluble and membrane-bound Envs. Results The introduction of polar/charged amino acids into the transmembrane region resulted in the secretion of soluble Envs from the cell. However, these TMmod Envs primarily formed dimers. By contrast, control cleavage-negative sgp140 Envs lacking the transmembrane region formed soluble trimers, dimers and monomers. TMmod and sgp140 trimers were stabilized by the addition of a C-terminal FT sequence, but still exhibited carbohydrate and antigenic signatures of a flexible ectodomain structure. On the other hand, detergent-solubilized cleaved and uncleaved Envs isolated from the membranes of expressing cells exhibited "tighter” ectodomain structures, based on carbohydrate modifications. These trimers were found to be unstable in detergent solutions, but could be stabilized by the addition of a C-terminal FT moiety. The C-terminal FT domain decreased Env cleavage and syncytium-forming ability by approximately three-fold; alteration of the FT trimerization interface restored Env cleavage and syncytium formation to near-wild-type levels. Conclusion The modified transmembrane region was not conducive to trimerization of soluble Envs. However, for HIV-1 Env ectodomains that are minimally modified, membrane-anchored Envs exhibit the most native structures and can be stabilized by appropriately positioned FT domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Emerald Elder
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christopher Gu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrice Darby
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - James Alin
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Youdong Mao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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18
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Li H, Wang S, Kong R, Ding W, Lee FH, Parker Z, Kim E, Learn GH, Hahn P, Policicchio B, Brocca-Cofano E, Deleage C, Hao X, Chuang GY, Gorman J, Gardner M, Lewis MG, Hatziioannou T, Santra S, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Alam SM, Liao HX, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Farzan M, Chertova E, Keele BF, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Doms RW, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, Sodroski JG, Kwong PD, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. Envelope residue 375 substitutions in simian-human immunodeficiency viruses enhance CD4 binding and replication in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3413-22. [PMID: 27247400 PMCID: PMC4914158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606636113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) bearing envelope (Env) glycoproteins from primary HIV-1 strains fail to infect rhesus macaques (RMs). We hypothesized that inefficient Env binding to rhesus CD4 (rhCD4) limits virus entry and replication and could be enhanced by substituting naturally occurring simian immunodeficiency virus Env residues at position 375, which resides at a critical location in the CD4-binding pocket and is under strong positive evolutionary pressure across the broad spectrum of primate lentiviruses. SHIVs containing primary or transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype A, B, C, or D Envs with genotypic variants at residue 375 were constructed and analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Bulky hydrophobic or basic amino acids substituted for serine-375 enhanced Env affinity for rhCD4, virus entry into cells bearing rhCD4, and virus replication in primary rhCD4 T cells without appreciably affecting antigenicity or antibody-mediated neutralization sensitivity. Twenty-four RMs inoculated with subtype A, B, C, or D SHIVs all became productively infected with different Env375 variants-S, M, Y, H, W, or F-that were differentially selected in different Env backbones. Notably, SHIVs replicated persistently at titers comparable to HIV-1 in humans and elicited autologous neutralizing antibody responses typical of HIV-1. Seven animals succumbed to AIDS. These findings identify Env-rhCD4 binding as a critical determinant for productive SHIV infection in RMs and validate a novel and generalizable strategy for constructing SHIVs with Env glycoproteins of interest, including those that in humans elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or bind particular Ig germ-line B-cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zahra Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eunlim Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ben Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xingpei Hao
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew Gardner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | | | | | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert W Doms
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Peter D Kwong
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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19
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Moody MA, Gao F, Gurley TC, Amos JD, Kumar A, Hora B, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Xia SM, Parks R, Lloyd KE, Hwang KK, Lu X, Bonsignori M, Finzi A, Vandergrift NA, Alam SM, Ferrari G, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Kamanga G, Cohen MS, Sam NE, Kapiga S, Gray ES, Tumba NL, Morris L, Zolla-Pazner S, Gorny MK, Mascola JR, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Sodroski JG, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Hraber PT, Korber BT, Haynes BF. Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:354-62. [PMID: 26355218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The third variable (V3) loop and the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope are frequently targeted by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in infected individuals. In chronic infection, HIV-1 escape mutants repopulate the plasma, and V3 and CD4bs nAbs emerge that can neutralize heterologous tier 1 easy-to-neutralize but not tier 2 difficult-to-neutralize HIV-1 isolates. However, neutralization sensitivity of autologous plasma viruses to this type of nAb response has not been studied. We describe the development and evolution in vivo of antibodies distinguished by their target specificity for V3 and CD4bs epitopes on autologous tier 2 viruses but not on heterologous tier 2 viruses. A surprisingly high fraction of autologous circulating viruses was sensitive to these antibodies. These findings demonstrate a role for V3 and CD4bs antibodies in constraining the native envelope trimer in vivo to a neutralization-resistant phenotype, explaining why HIV-1 transmission generally occurs by tier 2 neutralization-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Gurley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua D Amos
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dawn J Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John F Whitesides
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2X 1P1, Canada
| | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gift Kamanga
- University of North Carolina Project, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Noel E Sam
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 25102, Tanzania
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Elin S Gray
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Nancy L Tumba
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter T Hraber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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20
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Asmal M, Luedemann C, Lavine CL, Mach LV, Balachandran H, Brinkley C, Denny TN, Lewis MG, Anderson H, Pal R, Sok D, Le K, Pauthner M, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Seaman MS, Letvin NL, Burton DR, Sodroski JG, Haynes BF, Santra S. Infection of monkeys by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses with transmitted/founder clade C HIV-1 envelopes. Virology 2014; 475:37-45. [PMID: 25462344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) that mirror natural transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses in man are needed for evaluation of HIV-1 vaccine candidates in nonhuman primates. Currently available SHIVs contain HIV-1 env genes from chronically-infected individuals and do not reflect the characteristics of biologically relevant HIV-1 strains that mediate human transmission. We chose to develop clade C SHIVs, as clade C is the major infecting subtype of HIV-1 in the world. We constructed 10 clade C SHIVs expressing Env proteins from T/F viruses. Three of these ten clade C SHIVs (SHIV KB9 C3, SHIV KB9 C4 and SHIV KB9 C5) replicated in naïve rhesus monkeys. These three SHIVs are mucosally transmissible and are neutralized by sCD4 and several HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, like natural T/F viruses, they exhibit low Env reactivity and a Tier 2 neutralization sensitivity. Of note, none of the clade C T/F SHIVs elicited detectable autologous neutralizing antibodies in the infected monkeys, even though antibodies that neutralized a heterologous Tier 1 HIV-1 were generated. Challenge with these three new clade C SHIVs will provide biologically relevant tests for vaccine protection in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Corinne Luedemann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linh V Mach
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christie Brinkley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khoa Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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21
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Herschhorn A, Gu C, Espy N, Richard J, Finzi A, Sodroski JG. A broad HIV-1 inhibitor blocks envelope glycoprotein transitions critical for entry. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:845-52. [PMID: 25174000 PMCID: PMC4231716 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Binding to the primary receptor, CD4, triggers conformational changes in the metastable envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer (gp1203/gp413) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) that are important for virus entry into host cells. These changes include an “opening” of the trimer, creation of a binding site for the CCR5 coreceptor, and formation/exposure of a gp41 coiled coil. Here we identify a new compound, 18A (1), that specifically inhibits the entry of a wide range of HIV-1 isolates. 18A does not interfere with CD4 or CCR5 binding, but inhibits the CD4-induced disruption of quaternary structures at the trimer apex and the formation/exposure of the gp41 HR1 coiled coil. Analysis of HIV-1 variants exhibiting increased or reduced sensitivity to 18A suggests that the inhibitor can distinguish distinct conformational states of gp120 in the unliganded Env trimer. The broad-range activity and observed hypersensitivity of resistant mutants to antibody neutralization support further investigation of 18A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Herschhorn
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Gu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole Espy
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- 1] Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology ,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- 1] Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology ,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Mao Y, Castillo-Menendez L, Wang L, Gu C, Herschhorn A, Désormeaux A, Finzi A, Xiang SH, Sodroski JG. Molecular architecture of the uncleaved HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer. Retrovirology 2013; 10 Suppl 1:O1-P114. [PMID: 24625076 PMCID: PMC3848173 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-s1-o1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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23
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Aussedat B, Vohra Y, Park PK, Fernández-Tejada A, Alam SM, Dennison SM, Jaeger FH, Anasti K, Stewart S, Blinn JH, Liao HX, Sodroski JG, Haynes BF, Danishefsky SJ. Chemical synthesis of highly congested gp120 V1V2 N-glycopeptide antigens for potential HIV-1-directed vaccines. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13113-20. [PMID: 23915436 DOI: 10.1021/ja405990z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Critical to the search for an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the development of immunogens capable of inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs). A key first step in this process is to design immunogens that can be recognized by known BnAbs. The monoclonal antibody PG9 is a BnAb that neutralizes diverse strains of HIV-1 by targeting a conserved carbohydrate-protein epitope in the variable 1 and 2 (V1V2) region of the viral envelope. Important for recognition are two closely spaced N-glycans at Asn(160) and Asn(156). Glycopeptides containing this synthetically challenging bis-N-glycosylated motif were prepared by convergent assembly, and were shown to be antigenic for PG9. Synthetic glycopeptides such as these may be useful for the development of HIV-1 vaccines based on the envelope V1V2 BnAb epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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24
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Choi WT, Kumar S, Madani N, Han X, Tian S, Dong CZ, Liu D, Duggineni S, Yuan J, Sodroski JG, Huang Z, An J. A novel synthetic bivalent ligand to probe chemokine receptor CXCR4 dimerization and inhibit HIV-1 entry. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7078-86. [PMID: 22897429 DOI: 10.1021/bi2016712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is one of two principal coreceptors for the entry of HIV-1 into target cells. CXCR4 is known to form homodimers. We previously demonstrated that the amino terminus of viral macrophage protein II (vMIP-II) is the major determinant for CXCR4 recognition, and that V1 peptide derived from the N-terminus of vMIP-II (1-21 residues) showed significant CXCR4 binding. Interestingly, an all-d-amino acid analogue of V1 peptide, DV1 peptide, displayed an even higher binding affinity and strong antiviral activity in inhibiting the replication of CXCR4-dependent HIV-1 strains. In this study, we synthetically linked two DV1 peptides with the formation of a disulfide bond between the two cysteine residues present in the peptide sequence to generate a dimeric molecule potentially capable of interacting with two CXCR4 receptors. DV1 dimer exhibited enhanced binding affinity and antiviral activity compared with those of DV1 monomer. Ligand binding site mapping experiments showed that DV1 dimer overlaps with HIV-1 gp120 on CXCR4 binding sites, including several transmembrane (TM) residues located close to the extracellular side and the N-terminus of CXCR4. This finding was supported by the molecular modeling of CXCR4 dimer-DV1 dimer interaction based on the crystal structure of CXCR4, which showed that DV1 dimer is capable of interacting with the CXCR4 dimeric structure by allowing the N-terminus of each DV1 monomer to reach into the binding pocket of CXCR4 monomer. The development of this bivalent ligand provides a tool for further probing the functions of CXCR4 dimerization and studying CXCR4 heterodimerization with other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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Dong CZ, Tian S, Madani N, Choi WT, Kumar S, Liu D, Sodroski JG, Huang Z, An J. Role of CXCR4 internalization in the anti-HIV activity of stromal cell-derived factor-1α probed by a novel synthetically and modularly modified-chemokine analog. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1413-9. [PMID: 22101518 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural ligands of two major human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) co-receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5, can profoundly inhibit the replication of HIV-1 that uses these co-receptors for entry into the target cells. It has been postulated that these natural chemokines inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking common binding sites on CXCR4 or CCR5 that are required for HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 interaction with its co-receptor and/or by inducing receptor internalization. To investigate whether receptor internalization caused by stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, a natural ligand of CXCR4, plays a role in its anti-HIV activity, we applied the SMM (synthetically and modularly modified)-chemokine approach to generate a functional probe of SDF-1α that retains significant CXCR4 binding but does not induce CXCR4 internalization. The antiviral study of this functional probe analog versus wild-type SDF-1α showed that, despite the significant CXCR4 binding activity, this probe analog displayed a complete loss of effect in causing CXCR4 internalization and greatly diminished antiviral activity. Interestingly, this new analog also showed a decreased number of overlapping binding sites with HIV-1 on CXCR4 transmembrane and extracellular domains. The correlation of the decrease in the anti-HIV activity with the loss of CXCR4 internalization observed with this probe molecule suggests that receptor internalization may play an important role in the anti-HIV activity of SDF-1α and possibly other natural chemokines. This further implies that any modifications in SDF-1α that result in a reduction or loss of internalization activity may result in analogs that are not suitable as effective HIV-1 inhibitors that target CXCR4, unless such modifications also result in improved CXCR4 interaction with increased number of overlapping binding sites with HIV-1, thus leading to more effective steric hindrance against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Herschhorn A, Finzi A, Jones DM, Courter JR, Sugawara A, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. An inducible cell-cell fusion system with integrated ability to measure the efficiency and specificity of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26731. [PMID: 22069466 PMCID: PMC3206054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) mediate virus entry by fusing the viral and target cell membranes, a multi-step process that represents an attractive target for inhibition. Entry inhibitors with broad-range activity against diverse isolates of HIV-1 may be extremely useful as lead compounds for the development of therapies or prophylactic microbicides. To facilitate the identification of such inhibitors, we have constructed a cell-cell fusion system capable of simultaneously monitoring inhibition efficiency and specificity. In this system, effector cells stably express a tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) that enables tightly inducible expression of both HIV-1 Env and the Renilla luciferase (R-Luc) reporter protein. Target cells express the HIV-1 receptors, CD4 and CCR5, and carry the firefly luciferase (F-Luc) reporter gene under the control of a tTA-responsive promoter. Thus, Env-mediated fusion of these two cell types allows the tTA to diffuse to the target cell and activate the expression of the F-Luc protein. The efficiency with which an inhibitor blocks cell-cell fusion is measured by a decrease in the F-Luc activity, while the specificity of the inhibitor is evaluated by its effect on the R-Luc activity. The system exhibited a high dynamic range and high Z'-factor values. The assay was validated with a reference panel of inhibitors that target different steps in HIV-1 entry, yielding inhibitory concentrations comparable to published virus inhibition data. Our system is suitable for large-scale screening of chemical libraries and can also be used for detailed characterization of inhibitory and cytotoxic properties of known entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Immunology Cancer and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andres Finzi
- Department of Immunology Cancer and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Akihiro Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Immunology Cancer and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Gnanakaran S, Bhattacharya T, Daniels M, Keele BF, Hraber PT, Lapedes AS, Shen T, Gaschen B, Krishnamoorthy M, Li H, Decker JM, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Wang S, Jiang C, Gao F, Swanstrom R, Anderson JA, Ping LH, Cohen MS, Markowitz M, Goepfert PA, Saag MS, Eron JJ, Hicks CB, Blattner WA, Tomaras GD, Asmal M, Letvin NL, Gilbert PB, DeCamp AC, Magaret CA, Schief WR, Ban YEA, Zhang M, Soderberg KA, Sodroski JG, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Korber B. Recurrent signature patterns in HIV-1 B clade envelope glycoproteins associated with either early or chronic infections. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002209. [PMID: 21980282 PMCID: PMC3182927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have identified HIV-1 B clade Envelope (Env) amino acid signatures from early in infection that may be favored at transmission, as well as patterns of recurrent mutation in chronic infection that may reflect common pathways of immune evasion. To accomplish this, we compared thousands of sequences derived by single genome amplification from several hundred individuals that were sampled either early in infection or were chronically infected. Samples were divided at the outset into hypothesis-forming and validation sets, and we used phylogenetically corrected statistical strategies to identify signatures, systematically scanning all of Env. Signatures included single amino acids, glycosylation motifs, and multi-site patterns based on functional or structural groupings of amino acids. We identified signatures near the CCR5 co-receptor-binding region, near the CD4 binding site, and in the signal peptide and cytoplasmic domain, which may influence Env expression and processing. Two signatures patterns associated with transmission were particularly interesting. The first was the most statistically robust signature, located in position 12 in the signal peptide. The second was the loss of an N-linked glycosylation site at positions 413-415; the presence of this site has been recently found to be associated with escape from potent and broad neutralizing antibodies, consistent with enabling a common pathway for immune escape during chronic infection. Its recurrent loss in early infection suggests it may impact fitness at the time of transmission or during early viral expansion. The signature patterns we identified implicate Env expression levels in selection at viral transmission or in early expansion, and suggest that immune evasion patterns that recur in many individuals during chronic infection when antibodies are present can be selected against when the infection is being established prior to the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcus Daniels
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Hraber
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Lapedes
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tongye Shen
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian Gaschen
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mohan Krishnamoorthy
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Decker
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Li-Hua Ping
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, an affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Saag
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Hicks
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William A. Blattner
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Asmal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America
| | - Allan C. DeCamp
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yih-En Andrew Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Arzeda Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhang
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Soderberg
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
The distinctive properties of graphene sheets may be significantly influenced by the presence of corrugation structures. Our understanding of these graphene structures has been limited to the mesoscopic scale. Here we characterize angstrom-scale periodic buckling structures in free-standing graphene bilayers produced by liquid-phase processing in the absence of specific substrates. Monochromated, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy with sub-angstrom resolution revealed that the unit structures in the major buckling direction consist of only two and three unit cells of graphene's honeycomb lattice, resulting in buckling wavelengths of 3.6 ± 0.5 and 6.4 ± 0.8 Å, respectively. The buckling shows a strong preference of chiral direction and spontaneously chooses the orientation of the lowest deformation energy, governed by simple geometry rules agreeing with Euler buckling theory. Unexpectedly, the overall buckled structures demonstrate geometric complexity with cascaded features. First-principles calculations suggest that significant anisotropic changes in the electronic structure of graphene are induced by the buckling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdong Mao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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29
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Nandi A, Lavine CL, Wang P, Lipchina I, Goepfert PA, Shaw GM, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, Easterbrook P, Robinson JE, Sodroski JG, Yang X. Epitopes for broad and potent neutralizing antibody responses during chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 2009; 396:339-48. [PMID: 19922969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (nAb) response is sporadic and has limited potency and breadth during infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In rare cases, broad and potent nAbs are actually induced in vivo. Identifying specific epitopes targeted by such broad and potent nAb response is valuable in guiding the design of a prophylactic vaccine aimed to induce nAb. In this study, we have defined neutralizing epitope usage in 7 out of 17 subjects with broad and potent nAbs by using targeted mutagenesis in known neutralizing epitopes of HIV-1 glycoproteins and by using in vitro depletion of serum neutralizing activity by various recombinant HIV-1 glycoproteins. Consistent with recent reports, the CD4 binding site (CD4BS) is targeted by nAbs in vivo (4 of the 7 subjects with defined neutralizing epitopes). The new finding from this study is that epitopes in the gp120 outer domain are also targeted by nAbs in vivo (5 of the 7 subjects). The outer domain epitopes include glycan-dependent epitopes (2 subjects), conserved nonlinear epitope in the V3 region (2 subjects), and a CD4BS epitope composed mainly of the elements in the outer domain (1 subject). Importantly, we found indication for epitope poly-specificity, a dual usage of the V3 and CD4BS epitopes, in only one subject. This study provides a more complete profile of epitope usage for broad and potent nAb responses during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Nandi
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, E/CLS-1011, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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30
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Liu D, Madani N, Li Y, Cao R, Choi WT, Kawatkar SP, Lim MY, Kumar S, Dong CZ, Wang J, Russell JD, Lefebure CR, An J, Wilson S, Gao YG, Pallansch LA, Sodroski JG, Huang Z. Crystal structure and structural mechanism of a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus and D-amino acid-containing chemokine. J Virol 2007; 81:11489-98. [PMID: 17686848 PMCID: PMC2045531 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02845-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in normal physiological functions and the pathogeneses of a wide range of human diseases, including the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, the use of natural chemokines to probe receptor biology or to develop therapeutic drugs is limited by their lack of selectivity and the poor understanding of mechanisms in ligand-receptor recognition. We addressed these issues by combining chemical and structural biology in research into molecular recognition and inhibitor design. Specifically, the concepts of chemical biology were used to develop synthetically and modularly modified (SMM) chemokines that are unnatural and yet have properties improved over those of natural chemokines in terms of receptor selectivity, affinity, and the ability to explore receptor functions. This was followed by using structural biology to determine the structural basis for synthetically perturbed ligand-receptor selectivity. As a proof-of-principle for this combined chemical and structural-biology approach, we report a novel D-amino acid-containing SMM-chemokine designed based on the natural chemokine called viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II). The incorporation of unnatural D-amino acids enhanced the affinity of this molecule for CXCR4 but significantly diminished that for CCR5 or CCR2, thus yielding much more selective recognition of CXCR4 than wild-type vMIP-II. This D-amino acid-containing chemokine also showed more potent and specific inhibitory activity against HIV-1 entry via CXCR4 than natural chemokines. Furthermore, the high-resolution crystal structure of this D-amino acid-containing chemokine and a molecular-modeling study of its complex with CXCR4 provided the structure-based mechanism for the selective interaction between the ligand and chemokine receptors and the potent anti-HIV activity of D-amino acid-containing chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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31
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Sodroski JG. Innate intracellular immunity to retroviruses. Harvey Lect 2006; 100:143-53. [PMID: 16970178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kumar S, Choi WT, Dong CZ, Madani N, Tian S, Liu D, Wang Y, Pesavento J, Wang J, Fan X, Yuan J, Fritzsche WR, An J, Sodroski JG, Richman DD, Huang Z. SMM-chemokines: a class of unnatural synthetic molecules as chemical probes of chemokine receptor biology and leads for therapeutic development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:69-79. [PMID: 16426973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. To develop natural chemokines into receptor probes and inhibitors of pathological processes, the lack of chemokine-receptor selectivity must be overcome. Here, we apply chemical synthesis and the concept of modular modifications to generate unnatural synthetically and modularly modified (SMM)-chemokines that have high receptor selectivity and affinity, and reduced toxicity. A proof of the concept was shown by transforming the nonselective viral macrophage inflammatory protein-II into new analogs with enhanced selectivity and potency for CXCR4 or CCR5, two principal coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry. These new analogs provided insights into receptor binding and signaling mechanisms and acted as potent HIV-1 inhibitors. These results support the concept of SMM-chemokines for studying and controlling the function of other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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Choi WT, Tian S, Dong CZ, Kumar S, Liu D, Madani N, An J, Sodroski JG, Huang Z. Unique ligand binding sites on CXCR4 probed by a chemical biology approach: implications for the design of selective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitors. J Virol 2006; 79:15398-404. [PMID: 16306611 PMCID: PMC1316031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15398-15404.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays an important role as the receptor for the normal physiological function of stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha) and the coreceptor for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the cell. In a recent work (S. Tian et al., J. Virol. 79:12667-12673, 2005), we found that many residues throughout CXCR4 transmembrane (TM) and extracellular loop 2 domains are specifically involved in interaction with HIV-1 gp120, as most of these sites did not play a role in either SDF-1alpha binding or signaling. These results provided direct experimental evidence for the distinct functional sites on CXCR4 for HIV-1 and the normal ligand SDF-1alpha. To further understand the CXCR4-ligand interaction and to develop new CXCR4 inhibitors to block HIV-1 entry, we have recently generated a new family of unnatural chemokines, termed synthetically and modularly modified (SMM) chemokines, derived from the native sequence of SDF-1alpha or viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II). These SMM chemokines contain various de novo-designed sequence replacements and substitutions by d-amino acids and display more enhanced CXCR4 selectivity, binding affinities, and/or anti-HIV activities than natural chemokines. Using these novel CXCR4-targeting SMM chemokines as receptor probes, we conducted ligand binding site mapping experiments on a panel of site-directed mutants of CXCR4. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence demonstrating that SMM chemokines interact with many residues on CXCR4 TM and extracellular domains that are important for HIV-1 entry, but not SDF-1alpha binding or signaling. The preferential overlapping in the CXCR4 binding residues of SMM chemokines with HIV-1 over SDF-1alpha illustrates a mechanism for the potent HIV-1 inhibition by these SMM chemokines. The discovery of distinct functional sites or conformational states influenced by these receptor sites mediating different functions of the natural ligand versus the viral or synthetic ligands has important implications for drug discovery, since the sites shared by SMM chemokines and HIV-1 but not by SDF-1alpha can be targeted for the development of selective HIV-1 inhibitors devoid of interference with normal SDF-1alpha function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Dong CZ, Kumar S, Choi WT, Madani N, Tian S, An J, Sodroski JG, Huang Z. Different stereochemical requirements for CXCR4 binding and signaling functions as revealed by an anti-HIV, D-amino acid-containing SMM-chemokine ligand. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7923-4. [PMID: 16335916 DOI: 10.1021/jm050829u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses a chemokine receptor, usually CXCR4 or CCR5, for entry into the target cells. Here, we used a chemical biology approach to demonstrate that binding and signaling domains in CXCR4 are possibly distinct and separate, as the new analogue, D(1-10)-vMIP-II-(9-68)-SDF-1alpha (RCP222), could not activate CXCR4 despite the fact that its binding activity was comparable to that of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha, the only natural ligand of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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35
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Tian S, Choi WT, Liu D, Pesavento J, Wang Y, An J, Sodroski JG, Huang Z. Distinct functional sites for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha on CXCR4 transmembrane helical domains. J Virol 2005; 79:12667-73. [PMID: 16188969 PMCID: PMC1235829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.12667-12673.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the cell is initiated by the interaction of the viral surface envelope protein with two cell surface components of the target cell, CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor, usually CXCR4 or CCR5. The natural ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha). Whereas the overlap between HIV-1 and SDF-1alpha functional sites on the extracellular domains of CXCR4 has been well documented, it has yet to be determined whether there are sites in the transmembrane (TM) helices of CXCR4 important for HIV-1 and/or SDF-1alpha functions, and if such sites do exist, whether they are overlapping or distinctive for the separate functions of CXCR4. For this study, by employing alanine-scanning mutagenesis, (125)I-SDF-1alpha competition binding, Ca(2+) mobilization, and cell-cell fusion assays, we found that the mutation of many CXCR4 TM residues, including Tyr(45), His(79), Asp(97), Pro(163), Trp(252), Tyr(255), Asp(262), Glu(288), His(294), and Asn(298), could selectively decrease HIV-1-mediated cell fusion but not the binding activity of SDF-1alpha. Phe(87) and Phe(292), which were involved in SDF-1alpha binding, did not play a significant role in the coreceptor activity of CXCR4, further demonstrating the disconnection between physiological and pathological activities of CXCR4 TM domains. Our data also show that four mutations of the second extracellular loop, D182A, D187A, F189A, and P191A, could reduce HIV-1 entry without impairing either ligand binding or signaling. Taken together, our first detailed characterization of the different functional roles of CXCR4 TM domains may suggest a mechanistic basis for the discovery of new selective anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Tian
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Illnois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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36
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Madani N, Perdigoto AL, Srinivasan K, Cox JM, Chruma JJ, LaLonde J, Head M, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. Localized changes in the gp120 envelope glycoprotein confer resistance to human immunodeficiency virus entry inhibitors BMS-806 and #155. J Virol 2004; 78:3742-52. [PMID: 15016894 PMCID: PMC371073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3742-3752.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-806 and the related compound, #155, are novel inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry that bind the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. BMS-806 and #155 block conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins that are induced by binding to the host cell receptor, CD4. We tested a panel of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein mutants and identified several that were resistant to the antiviral effects of BMS-806 and #155. In the CD4-bound conformation of gp120, the amino acid residues implicated in BMS-806 and #155 resistance line the "phenylalanine 43 cavity" and a water-filled channel that extends from this cavity to the inner domain. Structural considerations suggest a model in which BMS-806 and #155 bind gp120 prior to receptor binding and, upon CD4 binding, are accommodated in the Phe-43 cavity and adjacent channel. The integrity of the nearby V1/V2 variable loops and N-linked carbohydrates on the V1/V2 stem indirectly influences sensitivity to the drugs. A putative binding site for BMS-806 and #155 between the gp120 receptor-binding regions and the inner domain, which is thought to interact with the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein, helps to explain the mode of action of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Department of Pathology and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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37
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Song B, Cayabyab M, Phan N, Wang L, Axthelm MK, Letvin NL, Sodroski JG. Neutralization sensitivity of a simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2N) isolated from an infected rhesus macaque with neurological disease. Virology 2004; 322:168-81. [PMID: 15063126 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) chimerae, after in vivo passage in monkeys, can induce acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-like illness and death. A monkey infected with the molecularly cloned, pathogenic SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 exhibited multifocal granulomatous pneumonia as well as progressive neurological impairment characterized by tremors and pelvic limb weakness. SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2N was isolated from brain tissue explants and characterized. Viruses with the envelope glycoproteins of SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2N exhibited increased sensitivity to soluble CD4 and several neutralizing antibodies compared with viruses with the parental SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 envelope glycoproteins. By contrast, viruses with SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 and SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2N envelope glycoproteins were neutralized equivalently by 2G12 and 2F5 antibodies, which are rarely elicited in HIV-1-infected humans. A constellation of changes involving both gp120 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins was responsible for the difference in susceptibility to neutralization by most antibodies. Surprisingly, the gain of an N-linked glycosylation site in the gp41 ectodomain contributed greatly to neutralization sensitivity. Thus, the environment of the central nervous system, particularly in the context of immunodeficiency, allows the evolution of immunodeficiency viruses with greater susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongwoon Song
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Si Z, Madani N, Cox JM, Chruma JJ, Klein JC, Schön A, Phan N, Wang L, Biorn AC, Cocklin S, Chaiken I, Freire E, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. Small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 entry block receptor-induced conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:5036-41. [PMID: 15051887 PMCID: PMC387369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307953101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When interacting with the CD4 receptor, the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein undergoes conformational changes that allow binding to the chemokine receptor. Receptor binding is proposed to lead to conformational changes in the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein involving the creation and/or exposure of a coiled coil consisting of three heptad repeat (HR) sequences. The subsequent interaction of the HR2 region of gp41 with this coiled coil results in the assembly of a six-helix bundle that promotes the fusion of the viral and target cell membranes. Here we show that CD4 binding to gp120 induces the formation and/or exposure of the gp41 HR1 coiled coil in a process that does not involve gp120 shedding and that depends on the proteolytic maturation of the gp160 envelope glycoprotein precursor. Importantly, BMS-806 and related HIV-1 entry inhibitors bind gp120 and block the CD4 induction of HR1 exposure without significantly affecting CD4 binding. Moreover, these compounds do not disrupt gp120-chemokine receptor binding or the HR1-HR2 interaction within gp41. These studies thus define a receptor-induced conformational rearrangement of gp120-gp41 that is important for both CD4-dependent and CD4-independent HIV-1 entry and is susceptible to inhibition by low-molecular-weight compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Si
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Choe H, Li W, Wright PL, Vasilieva N, Venturi M, Huang CC, Grundner C, Dorfman T, Zwick MB, Wang L, Rosenberg ES, Kwong PD, Burton DR, Robinson JE, Sodroski JG, Farzan M. Tyrosine sulfation of human antibodies contributes to recognition of the CCR5 binding region of HIV-1 gp120. Cell 2003; 114:161-70. [PMID: 12887918 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated tyrosines at the amino terminus of the principal HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 play a critical role in its ability to bind the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and mediate HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that a number of human antibodies directed against gp120 are tyrosine sulfated at their antigen binding sites. Like that of CCR5, antibody association with gp120 is dependent on sulfate moieties, enhanced by CD4, and inhibited by sulfated CCR5-derived peptides. Most of these antibodies preferentially associate with gp120 molecules of CCR5-utilizing (R5) isolates and neutralize primary R5 isolates more efficiently than laboratory-adapted isolates. These studies identify a distinct subset of CD4-induced HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies that closely emulate CCR5 and demonstrate that tyrosine sulfation can contribute to the potency and diversity of the human humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryun Choe
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Zhou N, Luo Z, Luo J, Fan X, Cayabyab M, Hiraoka M, Liu D, Han X, Pesavento J, Dong CZ, Wang Y, An J, Kaji H, Sodroski JG, Huang Z. Exploring the stereochemistry of CXCR4-peptide recognition and inhibiting HIV-1 entry with D-peptides derived from chemokines. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17476-85. [PMID: 11880384 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202063200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays an important role in the immune system and the cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To probe the stereospecificity of the CXCR4-ligand interface, d-amino acid peptides derived from natural chemokines, viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II) and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), were synthesized and found to compete with (125)I-SDF-1alpha and monoclonal antibody 12G5 binding to CXCR4 with potency and selectivity comparable with or higher than their l-peptide counterparts. This was surprising because of the profoundly different side chain topologies between d- and l-enantiomers, which circular dichroism spectroscopy showed adopt mirror image conformations. Further direct binding experiments using d-peptide labeled with fluorescein (designated as FAM-DV1) demonstrated that d- and l-peptides shared similar or at least overlapping binding site(s) on the CXCR4 receptor. Structure-activity analyses of related peptide analogs of mixed chiralities or containing alanine replacements revealed specific residues at the N-terminal half of the peptides as key binding determinants. Acting as CXCR4 antagonists and with much higher biological stability than l-counterparts, the d-peptides showed significant activity in inhibiting the replication of CXCR4-dependent HIV-1 strains. These results show the remarkable stereochemical flexibility of the CXCR4-peptide interface. Further studies to understand the mechanism of this unusual feature of the CXCR4 binding surface might aid the development of novel CXCR4-binding molecules like the d-peptides that have high affinity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiming Zhou
- Kimmel Cancer Center and the Department of Biochemistry, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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41
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Crawford JM, Earl PL, Moss B, Reimann KA, Wyand MS, Manson KH, Bilska M, Zhou JT, Pauza CD, Parren PW, Burton DR, Sodroski JG, Letvin NL, Montefiori DC. Characterization of primary isolate-like variants of simian-human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1999; 73:10199-207. [PMID: 10559336 PMCID: PMC113073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.10199-10207.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different strains of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that contain the envelope glycoproteins of either T-cell-line-adapted (TCLA) strains or primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are now available. One of the advantages of these chimeric viruses is their application to studies of HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies in preclinical AIDS vaccine studies in nonhuman primates. In this regard, an important consideration is the spectrum of antigenic properties exhibited by the different envelope glycoproteins used for SHIV construction. The antigenic properties of six SHIV variants were characterized here in neutralization assays with recombinant soluble CD4 (rsCD4), monoclonal antibodies, and serum samples from SHIV-infected macaques and HIV-1-infected individuals. Neutralization of SHIV variants HXBc2, KU2, 89.6, and 89.6P by autologous and heterologous sera from SHIV-infected macaques was restricted to an extent that these viruses may be considered heterologous to one another in their major neutralization determinants. Little or no variation was seen in the neutralization determinants on SHIV variants 89.6P, 89.6PD, and SHIV-KB9. Neutralization of SHIV HXBc2 by sera from HXBc2-infected macaques could be blocked with autologous V3-loop peptide; this was less true in the case of SHIV 89.6 and sera from SHIV 89.6-infected macaques. The poorly immunogenic but highly conserved epitope for monoclonal antibody IgG1b12 was a target for neutralization on SHIV variants HXBc2, KU2, and 89.6 but not on 89.6P and KB9. The 2G12 epitope was a target for neutralization on all five SHIV variants. SHIV variants KU2, 89.6, 89.6P, 89.6PD, and KB9 exhibited antigenic properties characteristic of primary isolates by being relatively insensitive to neutralization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with serum samples from HIV-1-infected individuals and 12-fold to 38-fold less sensitive to inhibition with recombinant soluble CD4 than TCLA strains of HIV-1. The utility of nonhuman primate models in AIDS vaccine development is strengthened by the availability of SHIV variants that are heterologous in their neutralization determinants and exhibit antigenic properties shared with primary isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Crawford
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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43
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Cayabyab M, Karlsson GB, Etemad-Moghadam BA, Hofmann W, Steenbeke T, Halloran M, Fanton JW, Axthelm MK, Letvin NL, Sodroski JG. Changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins responsible for the pathogenicity of a multiply passaged simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-HXBc2). J Virol 1999; 73:976-84. [PMID: 9882298 PMCID: PMC103917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.2.976-984.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo passage of a poorly replicating, nonpathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-HXBc2) generated an efficiently replicating virus, KU-1, that caused rapid CD4(+) T-lymphocyte depletion and AIDS-like illness in monkeys (S. V. Joag, Z. Li, L. Foresman, E. B. Stephens, L.-J. Zhao, I. Adany, D. M. Pinson, H. M. McClure, and O. Narayan, J. Virol. 70:3189-3197, 1996). The env gene of the KU-1 virus was used to create a molecularly cloned virus, SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2, that differed from a nonpathogenic SHIV-HXBc2 virus in only 12 envelope glycoprotein residues. SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 replicated efficiently and caused rapid and persistent CD4(+) T-lymphocyte depletion in inoculated rhesus macaques. Compared with the envelope glycoproteins of the parental SHIV-HXBc2, the SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 envelope glycoproteins supported more efficient infection of rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Both the parental SHIV-HXBc2 and the pathogenic SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 used CXCR4 but none of the other seven transmembrane segment receptors tested as a second receptor. Compared with the parental virus, viruses with the SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2 envelope glycoproteins were more resistant to neutralization by soluble CD4 and antibodies. Thus, changes in the envelope glycoproteins account for the ability of the passaged virus to deplete CD4(+) T lymphocytes rapidly and specify increased replicative capacity and resistance to neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cayabyab
- Department of Cancer Immunology/AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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44
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Shen H, Cheng T, Preffer FI, Dombkowski D, Tomasson MH, Golan DE, Yang O, Hofmann W, Sodroski JG, Luster AD, Scadden DT. Intrinsic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance of hematopoietic stem cells despite coreceptor expression. J Virol 1999; 73:728-37. [PMID: 9847379 PMCID: PMC103880 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.728-737.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with hematopoietic stem cells may define restrictions on immune reconstitution following effective antiretroviral therapy and affect stem cell gene therapy strategies for AIDS. In the present study, we demonstrated mRNA and cell surface expression of HIV-1 receptors CD4 and the chemokine receptors CCR-5 and CXCR-4 in fractionated cells representing multiple stages of hematopoietic development. Chemokine receptor function was documented in subsets of cells by calcium flux in response to a cognate ligand. Productive infection by HIV-1 via these receptors was observed with the notable exception of stem cells, in which case the presence of CD4, CXCR-4, and CCR-5, as documented by single-cell analysis for expression and function, was insufficient for infection. Neither productive infection, transgene expression, nor virus entry was detectable following exposure of stem cells to either wild-type HIV-1 or lentivirus constructs pseudotyped in HIV-1 envelopes of macrophage-tropic, T-cell-tropic, or dualtropic specificity. Successful entry into stem cells of a vesicular stomatitis virus G protein-pseudotyped HIV-1 construct demonstrated that the resistance to HIV-1 was mediated at the level of virus-cell membrane fusion and entry. These data define the hematopoietic stem cell as a sanctuary cell which is resistant to HIV-1 infection by a mechanism independent of receptor and coreceptor expression that suggests a novel means of cellular protection from HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- AIDS Research Center, MGH Cancer Center, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Wyatt R, Kwong PD, Desjardins E, Sweet RW, Robinson J, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski JG. The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. Nature 1998; 393:705-11. [PMID: 9641684 DOI: 10.1038/31514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 establishes persistent infections in humans which lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, are assembled into a trimeric complex that mediates virus entry into target cells. HIV-1 entry depends on the sequential interaction of the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein with the receptors on the cell, CD4 and members of the chemokine receptor family. The gp120 glycoprotein, which can be shed from the envelope complex, elicits both virus-neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies during natural infection. Antibodies that lack neutralizing activity are often directed against the gp120 regions that are occluded on the assembled trimer and which are exposed only upon shedding. Neutralizing antibodies, by contrast, must access the functional envelope glycoprotein complex and typically recognize conserved or variable epitopes near the receptor-binding regions. Here we describe the spatial organization of conserved neutralization epitopes on gp120, using epitope maps in conjunction with the X-ray crystal structure of a ternary complex that includes a gp120 core, CD4 and a neutralizing antibody. A large fraction of the predicted accessible surface of gp120 in the trimer is composed of variable, heavily glycosylated core and loop structures that surround the receptor-binding regions. Understanding the structural basis for the ability of HIV-1 to evade the humoral immune response should assist in the design of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wyatt
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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46
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Zhang JL, Choe H, Dezube BJ, Farzan M, Sharma PL, Zhou XC, Chen LB, Ono M, Gillies S, Wu Y, Sodroski JG, Crumpacker CS. The bis-azo compound FP-21399 inhibits HIV-1 replication by preventing viral entry. Virology 1998; 244:530-41. [PMID: 9601521 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bis-azo compound FP-21399 inhibits HIV-1 infection. We now show that FP-21399 acts on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein to prevent viral replication. This compound targets the entry step of the HIV-1 replication cycle as demonstrated by time-of-addition and single cycle viral entry assays. The entry of SIVmac239, which uses the same coreceptors (CD4/CCR5) as HIV-1, was not inhibited by FP-21399, indicating that the antiviral effect of FP-21399 is specific for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and is not dependent upon the cellular receptors CD4 and CCR5. FP-21399 inhibits neither the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase nor the expression of HIV-1 early mRNA. Finally, this compound inhibits gp120 shedding of the T-tropic virus. Our results suggest that the anti-HIV activity of FP-21399 is due to its interaction with HIV-1 gp120/41 complex during viral entry.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Chlorobenzenes/pharmacology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/metabolism
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/metabolism
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Membrane Fusion/drug effects
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/drug effects
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Receptors, CXCR4/drug effects
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/drug effects
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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47
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Richardson JH, Hofmann W, Sodroski JG, Marasco WA. Intrabody-mediated knockout of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor in primary human T cells using a bicistronic lentivirus vector. Gene Ther 1998; 5:635-44. [PMID: 9797868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A bicistronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based vector is described in which the expression of a selectable marker and a second gene of interest are forcibly coupled by means of an internal ribosome entry site. The vector provides high-level expression of the coselected gene in approximately 90% of transduced cells and has been used to express an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted single-chain antibody (intrabody) directed against a subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor, IL-2R alpha. In the established T cell line Kit225 and also in primary human T cells stably transduced with the intrabody vector, the cell surface expression of IL-2R alpha could be reduced to a low or undetectable level. Responsiveness to IL-2 was reduced 10-fold in the IL-2R alpha-negative cells, consistent with a lack of high-affinity IL-2 receptors. Pseudotyping of the HIV-1 core with the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein improved particle stability by two- to three-fold and enhanced vector entry into established T cell lines up to 230-fold. Vector entry into primary human T cells was most efficient when the amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope was used. The forced, high-expression capability of the bicistronic vector, together with the capacity of HIV-1 vectors to infect nondividing cells, make this an attractive tool for the genetic manipulation of primary cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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48
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Montefiori DC, Reimann KA, Wyand MS, Manson K, Lewis MG, Collman RG, Sodroski JG, Bolognesi DP, Letvin NL. Neutralizing antibodies in sera from macaques infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus containing the envelope glycoproteins of either a laboratory-adapted variant or a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998; 72:3427-31. [PMID: 9525675 PMCID: PMC109842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3427-3431.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/1997] [Accepted: 12/06/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and breadth of neutralizing antibodies raised in response to infection with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in rhesus macaques were evaluated. Infection with either SHIV-HXB2, SHIV-89.6, or SHIV-89.6PD raised high-titer neutralizing antibodies to the homologous SHIV (SHIV-89.6P in the case of SHIV-89.6PD-infected animals) and significant titers of neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains MN and SF-2. With few exceptions, however, titers of neutralizing antibodies to heterologous SHIV were low or undetectable. The antibodies occasionally neutralized heterologous primary isolates of HIV-1; these antibodies required >40 weeks of infection to reach detectable levels. Notable was the potent neutralization of the HIV-1 89.6 primary isolate by serum samples from SHIV-89.6-infected macaques. These results demonstrate that SHIV-HXB2, SHIV-89.6, and SHIV-89.6P possess highly divergent, strain-specific neutralization epitopes. The results also provide insights into the requirements for raising neutralizing antibodies to primary isolates of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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49
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Richardson JH, Waldmann TA, Sodroski JG, Marasco WA. Inducible knockout of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain: expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor is not required for the in vitro growth of HTLV-I-transformed cell lines. Virology 1997; 237:209-16. [PMID: 9356333 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy that is associated with HTLV-I infection and characterized by constitutive expression of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. The alpha subunit of the high-affinity receptor (IL-2Ralpha), which is normally present only on activated T cells, is specifically upregulated by HTLV-I and constitutively expressed on fresh leukemic cells from ATL patients as well as cell lines transformed by HTLV-I in vitro. Here we directly address the functional significance of IL-2Ralpha expression in HTLV-I transformed cell lines by using an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted single-chain antibody to inhibit the cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha. Using constitutive and tetracycline-repressible systems to express the ER-targeted antibody against IL-2Ralpha, we have reduced cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha by more that 2 logs of mean fluorescence intensity to virtually undetectable levels in the IL-2-independent HTLV-I-transformed cell lines C8166-45 and HUT102. No toxicity was associated with the intracellular retention of IL-2Ralpha, and the growth rate of the IL-2Ralpha-negative cells was in each case comparable to that of the parental cell line. We conclude that cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha is dispensable for the in vitro growth of these HTLV-I-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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50
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Abstract
Incorporation of the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles increased virus infectivity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by two- to sevenfold. The degree of ICAM-1-mediated enhancement was greater for viruses bearing envelope glycoproteins derived from primary HIV-1 isolates than for those bearing envelope glycoproteins from laboratory-adapted strains. Treatment of target PBMCs with an antibody against LFA-1, a principal ICAM-1 receptor, was able to nullify the ICAM-1-mediated enhancement. The incorporation of ICAM-1 rendered HIV-1 virions less susceptible to neutralization by a monoclonal antibody directed against the viral envelope glycoproteins. Surprisingly, an antibody against ICAM-1 completely neutralized infection by ICAM-1-containing viruses, reducing the efficiency of virus entry by almost 100-fold. Thus, HIV-1 neutralization by an ICAM-1-directed antibody involves more than an inhibition of the contribution of ICAM-1 to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Rizzuto
- Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 01225, USA
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