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Cui X, Ma J, Pang Z, Chi L, Mai C, Liu H, Liao M, Sun H. The evolution, pathogenicity and transmissibility of quadruple reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus in China: A potential threat to public health. Virol Sin 2024; 39:205-217. [PMID: 38346538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine are regarded as "intermediate hosts" or "mixing vessels" of influenza viruses, capable of generating strains with pandemic potential. From 2020 to 2021, we conducted surveillance on swine H1N2 influenza (swH1N2) viruses in swine farms located in Guangdong, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces in southern China, as well as Henan and Shandong provinces in northern China. We systematically analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of swH1N2 isolates, and characterized their replication and transmission abilities. The isolated viruses are quadruple reassortant H1N2 viruses containing genes from pdm/09 H1N1 (PB2, PB1, PA and NP genes), triple-reassortant swine (NS gene), Eurasian Avian-like (HA and M genes), and recent human H3N2 (NA gene) lineages. The NA, PB2, and NP of SW/188/20 and SW/198/20 show high gene similarities to A/Guangdong/Yue Fang277/2017 (H3N2). The HA gene of swH1N2 exhibits a high evolutionary rate. The five swH1N2 isolates replicate efficiently in human, canine, and swine cells, as well as in the turbinate, trachea, and lungs of mice. A/swine/Shandong/198/2020 strain efficiently replicates in the respiratory tract of pigs and effectively transmitted among them. Collectively, these current swH1N2 viruses possess zoonotic potential, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance of swH1N2 viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- China/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/transmission
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mice
- Dogs
- Evolution, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Virus Replication
- Public Health
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Virulence
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinhuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingzhi Chi
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Cuishan Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Duong BT, Bal J, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Molecular Analysis of the Avian H7 Influenza Viruses Circulating in South Korea during 2018-2019: Evolutionary Significance and Associated Zoonotic Threats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112260. [PMID: 34835066 PMCID: PMC8623559 DOI: 10.3390/v13112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7, possessing the ability to mutate spontaneously from low pathogenic (LP) to highly pathogenic (HP) variants, are major concerns for enormous socio-economic losses in the poultry industry, as well as for fatal human infections. Through antigenic drift and shift, genetic reassortments of the genotypes pose serious threats of increased virulence and pathogenicity leading to potential pandemics. In this study, we isolated the H7-subtype AIVs circulating in the Republic of Korea during 2018–2019, and perform detailed molecular analysis to study their circulation, evolution, and possible emergence as a zoonotic threat. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of these isolates revealed their distribution into two distinct clusters, with the HA gene sharing the highest nucleotide identity with either the A/common teal/Shanghai/CM1216/2017, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, or the A/duck/Shimane/2014, isolated from Japan. Mutations were found in HA (S138A (H3 numbering)), M1 (N30D and T215A), NS1 (P42S), PB2 (L89V), and PA (H266R and F277S) proteins—the mutations had previously been reported to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in the virulence of AIVs. Taken together, the results firmly put forth the demand for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds to prevent possible pandemics arising from reassortant AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tuan Duong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Jyotiranjan Bal
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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Nguyen ATV, Hoang VT, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112192. [PMID: 34834997 PMCID: PMC8619638 DOI: 10.3390/v13112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of H5N2 avian influenza viruses have occasionally caused the death of thousands of birds in poultry farms. Surveillance during the 2018 winter season in South Korea revealed three H5N2 isolates in feces samples collected from wild birds (KNU18-28: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, KNU18-86: A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and KNU18-93: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these viruses arose from reassortment events among various virus subtypes circulating in South Korea and other countries in the East Asia–Australasian Flyway. The NS gene of the KNU18-28 and KNU18-86 isolates was closely related to that of China’s H10N3 strain, whereas the KNU18-93 strain originated from the H12N2 strain in Japan, showing two different reassortment events and different from a low pathogenic H5N3 (KNU18-91) virus which was isolated at the same day and same place with KNU18-86 and KNU18-93. These H5N2 isolates were characterized as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. However, many amino acid changes in eight gene segments were identified to enhance polymerase activity and increase adaptation and virulence in mice and mammals. Experiments reveal that viral replication in MDCK cells was quite high after 12 hpi, showing the ability to replicate in mouse lungs. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) lung sections indicated different degrees of pathogenicity of the three H5N2 isolates in mice compared with that of the control H1N1 strain. The continuing circulation of these H5N2 viruses may represent a potential threat to mammals and humans. Our findings highlight the need for intensive surveillance of avian influenza virus circulation in South Korea to prevent the risks posed by these reassortment viruses to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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Segreto R, Deigin Y. The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin: SARS-COV-2 chimeric structure and furin cleavage site might be the result of genetic manipulation. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000240. [PMID: 33200842 PMCID: PMC7744920 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2's origin is still controversial. Genomic analyses show SARS-CoV-2 likely to be chimeric, most of its sequence closest to bat CoV RaTG13, whereas its receptor binding domain (RBD) is almost identical to that of a pangolin CoV. Chimeric viruses can arise via natural recombination or human intervention. The furin cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 confers to the virus the ability to cross species and tissue barriers, but was previously unseen in other SARS-like CoVs. Might genetic manipulations have been performed in order to evaluate pangolins as possible intermediate hosts for bat-derived CoVs that were originally unable to bind to human receptors? Both cleavage site and specific RBD could result from site-directed mutagenesis, a procedure that does not leave a trace. Considering the devastating impact of SARS-CoV-2 and importance of preventing future pandemics, researchers have a responsibility to carry out a thorough analysis of all possible SARS-CoV-2 origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Segreto
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Yuri Deigin
- Youthereum Genetics Inc.TorontoOntarioCanada
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5
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Pollock DD, Castoe TA, Perry BW, Lytras S, Wade KJ, Robertson DL, Holmes EC, Boni MF, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Parry R, Carlton EJ, Wood JLN, Pennings PS, Goldstein RA. Viral CpG Deficiency Provides No Evidence That Dogs Were Intermediate Hosts for SARS-CoV-2. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2706-2710. [PMID: 32658964 PMCID: PMC7454803 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the scope and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic there exists a strong desire to understand where the SARS-CoV-2 virus came from and how it jumped species boundaries to humans. Molecular evolutionary analyses can trace viral origins by establishing relatedness and divergence times of viruses and identifying past selective pressures. However, we must uphold rigorous standards of inference and interpretation on this topic because of the ramifications of being wrong. Here, we dispute the conclusions of Xia (2020. Extreme genomic CpG deficiency in SARS-CoV-2 and evasion of host antiviral defense. Mol Biol Evol. doi:10.1093/molbev/masa095) that dogs are a likely intermediate host of a SARS-CoV-2 ancestor. We highlight major flaws in Xia's inference process and his analysis of CpG deficiencies, and conclude that there is no direct evidence for the role of dogs as intermediate hosts. Bats and pangolins currently have the greatest support as ancestral hosts of SARS-CoV-2, with the strong caveat that sampling of wildlife species for coronaviruses has been limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Pollock
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Blair W Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Spyros Lytras
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen J Wade
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maciej F Boni
- 5Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | - Rhys Parry
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Carlton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz, Aurora, CO
| | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pleuni S Pennings
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard A Goldstein
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Abstract
Wild mammalian species, including bats, constitute the natural reservoir of betacoronavirus (including SARS, MERS, and the deadly SARS-CoV-2). Different hosts or host tissues provide different cellular environments, especially different antiviral and RNA modification activities that can alter RNA modification signatures observed in the viral RNA genome. The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) binds specifically to CpG dinucleotides and recruits other proteins to degrade a variety of viral RNA genomes. Many mammalian RNA viruses have evolved CpG deficiency. Increasing CpG dinucleotides in these low-CpG viral genomes in the presence of ZAP consistently leads to decreased viral replication and virulence. Because ZAP exhibits tissue-specific expression, viruses infecting different tissues are expected to have different CpG signatures, suggesting a means to identify viral tissue-switching events. The author shows that SARS-CoV-2 has the most extreme CpG deficiency in all known betacoronavirus genomes. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may have evolved in a new host (or new host tissue) with high ZAP expression. A survey of CpG deficiency in viral genomes identified a virulent canine coronavirus (alphacoronavirus) as possessing the most extreme CpG deficiency, comparable with that observed in SARS-CoV-2. This suggests that the canine tissue infected by the canine coronavirus may provide a cellular environment strongly selecting against CpG. Thus, viral surveys focused on decreasing CpG in viral RNA genomes may provide important clues about the selective environments and viral defenses in the original hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Venkatesh D, Brouwer A, Goujgoulova G, Ellis R, Seekings J, Brown IH, Lewis NS. Regional Transmission and Reassortment of 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Viruses in Bulgarian Poultry 2017/18. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060605. [PMID: 32492965 PMCID: PMC7354578 DOI: 10.3390/v12060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2017 and 2018, several farms across Bulgaria reported outbreaks of H5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In this study we used genomic and traditional epidemiological analyses to trace the origin and subsequent spread of these outbreaks within Bulgaria. Both methods indicate two separate incursions, one restricted to the northeastern region of Dobrich, and another largely restricted to Central and Eastern Bulgaria including places such as Plovdiv, Sliven and Stara Zagora, as well as one virus from the Western region of Vidin. Both outbreaks likely originate from different European 2.3.4.4b virus ancestors circulating in 2017. The viruses were likely introduced by wild birds or poultry trade links in 2017 and have continued to circulate, but due to lack of contemporaneous sampling and sequences from wild bird viruses in Bulgaria, the precise route and timing of introduction cannot be determined. Analysis of whole genomes indicates a complete lack of reassortment in all segments but the matrix protein gene (MP), which presents as multiple smaller clusters associated with different European 2.3.4.4b viruses. Ancestral reconstruction of host states of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses involved in the outbreaks suggests that transmission is driven by domestic ducks into galliform poultry. Thus, according to present evidence, we suggest the surveillance of domestic ducks as they are an epidemiologically relevant species for subclinical infection. Monitoring the spread due to movement between farms within regions and links to poultry production systems in European countries can help to predict and prevent future outbreaks. The 2.3.4.4b lineage which caused the largest recorded poultry epidemic in Europe continues to circulate, and the risk of further transmission by wild birds during migration remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Adam Brouwer
- OIE/FAO/ International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.B.); (J.S.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Gabriela Goujgoulova
- National Diagnostic Research Veterinary Medical Institute, 1231 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Richard Ellis
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - James Seekings
- OIE/FAO/ International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.B.); (J.S.); (I.H.B.)
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- OIE/FAO/ International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.B.); (J.S.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
- OIE/FAO/ International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.B.); (J.S.); (I.H.B.)
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Kariithi HM, Welch CN, Ferreira HL, Pusch EA, Ateya LO, Binepal YS, Apopo AA, Dulu TD, Afonso CL, Suarez DL. Genetic characterization and pathogenesis of the first H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in Kenyan live bird markets. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 78:104074. [PMID: 31634645 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poultry production plays an important role in the economy and livelihoods of rural households in Kenya. As part of a surveillance program, avian influenza virus (AIV)-specific real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) was used to screen 282 oropharyngeal swabs collected from chickens at six live bird markets (LBMs) and 33 backyard poultry farms in Kenya and 8 positive samples were detected. Virus was isolated in eggs from five samples, sequenced, and identified as H9N2 low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) G1 lineage, with highest nucleotide sequence identity (98.6-99.9%) to a 2017 Ugandan H9N2 isolate. The H9N2 contained molecular markers for mammalian receptor specificity, implying their zoonotic potential. Virus pathogenesis and transmissibility was assessed by inoculating low and medium virus doses of a representative Kenyan H9N2 LPAIV isolate into experimental chickens and exposing them to naïve uninfected chickens at 2 -days post inoculation (dpi). Virus shedding was determined at 2/4/7 dpi and 2/5 days post placement (dpp), and seroconversion determined at 14 dpi/12 dpp. None of the directly-inoculated or contact birds exhibited any mortality or clinical disease signs. All directly-inoculated birds in the low dose group shed virus during the experiment, while only one contact bird shed virus at 2 dpp. Only two directly-inoculated birds that shed high virus titers seroconverted in that group. All birds in the medium dose group shed virus at 4/7 dpi and at 5 dpp, and they all seroconverted at 12/14 dpp. This is the first reported detection of H9N2 LPAIV from Kenya and it was shown to be infectious and transmissible in chickens by direct contact and represents a new disease threat to poultry and potentially to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya; Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Catharine N Welch
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Helena L Ferreira
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; University of Sao Paulo, ZMV- FZEA, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth A Pusch
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Leonard O Ateya
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Yatinder S Binepal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Auleria A Apopo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, Private Bag-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Thomas D Dulu
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, Private Bag-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Claudio L Afonso
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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9
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Arai Y, Kawashita N, Ibrahim MS, Elgendy EM, Daidoji T, Ono T, Takagi T, Nakaya T, Matsumoto K, Watanabe Y. PB2 mutations arising during H9N2 influenza evolution in the Middle East confer enhanced replication and growth in mammals. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007919. [PMID: 31265471 PMCID: PMC6629154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus H9N2 has been endemic in birds in the Middle East, in particular in Egypt with multiple cases of human infections since 1998. Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2, little is known about the biological properties of H9N2 in this epicentre of infection. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of H9N2 in the Middle East and identified phylogeny-associated PB2 mutations that acted cooperatively to increase H9N2 replication/transcription in human cells. The accumulation of PB2 mutations also correlated with an increase in H9N2 virus growth in the upper and lower airways of mice and in virulence. These mutations clustered on a solvent-exposed region in the PB2-627 domain in proximity to potential interfaces with host factors. These PB2 mutations have been found at high prevalence during evolution of H9N2 in the field, indicating that they have provided a selective advantage for viral adaptation to infect poultry. Therefore, continuous prevalence of H9N2 virus in the Middle East has generated a far more fit or optimized replication phenotype, leading to an expanded viral host range, including to mammals, which may pose public health risks beyond the current outbreaks. The G1-like clade of H9N2 influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment with other influenza virus subtypes to produce novel zoonotic viruses, such as the Gs/GD lineage H5N1, H7N9, H10N8, and H5N8 viruses. Since 1998, the G1-like subclade of H9N2 influenza virus has been widely circulating in birds in Central Asia and the Middle East and a number of human cases have been reported. However, little is known about the biological properties of H9N2 viruses in this epicentre of infection. Our data showed that, during about two decades of evolution in nature, G1-like subclade strains evolved to produce strains with appreciably higher replication phenotypes in Central Asia and the Middle East, which led to their expanded host range, including to humans. Therefore, G1-like subclade strains in these areas may accumulate mutations to produce novel viruses and the large gene pool in these areas would enable reassortment with other influenza viruses. This study indicated the need for studies of H9N2 viruses in such areas to monitor their evolutionary dynamics and possible genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Madiha Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Emad Mohamed Elgendy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takao Ono
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsumoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sharma A, McLaughlin RN, Basom RS, Kikawa C, OhAinle M, Yount JS, Emerman M, Overbaugh J. Macaque interferon-induced transmembrane proteins limit replication of SHIV strains in an Envelope-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007925. [PMID: 31260493 PMCID: PMC6625738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 does not persistently infect macaques due in part to restriction by several macaque host factors. This has been partially circumvented by generating chimeric SIV/HIV-1 viruses (SHIVs) that encode SIV antagonist of known restriction factors. However, most SHIVs replicate poorly in macaques unless they are further adapted in culture and/or macaques (adapted SHIVs). Therefore, development of SHIVs encoding HIV-1 sequences derived directly from infected humans without adaptation (unadapted SHIVs) has been challenging. In contrast to the adapted SHIVs, the unadapted SHIVs have lower replication kinetics in macaque lymphocytes and are sensitive to type-1 interferon (IFN). The HIV-1 Envelope (Env) in the chimeric virus determines both the reduced replication and the IFN-sensitivity differences. There is limited information on macaque restriction factors that specifically limit replication of the more biologically relevant, unadapted SHIV variants. In order to identify the IFN-induced host factor(s) that could contribute to the inhibition of SHIVs in macaque lymphocytes, we measured IFN-induced gene expression in immortalized pig-tailed macaque (Ptm) lymphocytes using RNA-Seq. We found 147 genes that were significantly upregulated upon IFN treatment in Ptm lymphocytes and 31/147 were identified as genes that encode transmembrane helices and thus are likely present in membranes where interaction with viral Env is plausible. Within this group of upregulated genes with putative membrane-localized proteins, we identified several interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) genes, including several previously uncharacterized Ptm IFITM3-related genes. An evolutionary genomic analysis of these genes suggests the genes are IFITM3 duplications not found in humans that are both within the IFITM locus and also dispersed elsewhere in the Ptm genome. We observed that Ptm IFITMs are generally packaged at higher levels in unadapted SHIVs when compared to adapted SHIVs. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Ptm IFITMs showed that depletion of IFITMs partially rescues the IFN sensitivity of unadapted SHIV. Moreover, we found that the depletion of IFITMs also increased replication of unadapted SHIV in the absence of IFN treatment, suggesting that Ptm IFITMs are likely important host factors that limit replication of unadapted SHIVs. In conclusion, this study shows that Ptm IFITMs selectively restrict replication of unadapted SHIVs. These findings suggest that restriction factors including IFITMs vary in their potency against different SHIV variants and may play a role in selecting for viruses that adapt to species-specific restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan S Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Caroline Kikawa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Molly OhAinle
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael Emerman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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11
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Souto S, Olveira JG, García-Rosado E, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. Amino acid changes in the capsid protein of a reassortant betanodavirus strain: Effect on viral replication in vitro and in vivo. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:221-227. [PMID: 30511462 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Betanodavirus reassortant strains (RGNNV/SJNNV) isolated from Senegalese sole harbour an SJNNV capsid featuring several changes with respect to the SJNNV-type strain, sharing three hallmark substitutions. Here, we have employed recombinant strains harbouring mutations in these positions (r20 and r20 + 247 + 270) and have demonstrated that the three substitutions affect different steps of the viral replication process. Adsorption ability and efficiency of viral attachment were only affected by substitutions in the C-terminal side of the capsid. However, the concurrent mutation in the N-terminal side seems to slightly decrease these properties, suggesting that this region could also be involved in viral binding. Differences in the intracellular and extracellular production of the mutant strains suggest that both the C-terminal and N-terminal regions of the capsid protein may be involved in the particle budding. Furthermore, viral replication in sole brain tissue of the mutant strains, and especially double- and triple-mutant strains, is clearly delayed with respect to the wt strain. These data support previous findings indicating that the C-terminal side plays a role in virulence because of a slower spread in the fish host brain and suggest that the concurrent participation of the N-terminal side is also important for viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Souto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Olveira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Yanagisawa H, Sano T, Hase S, Matsushita Y. Influence of the terminal left domain on horizontal and vertical transmissions of tomato planta macho viroid and potato spindle tuber viroid through pollen. Virology 2018; 526:22-31. [PMID: 30317103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Viroids can be transmitted vertically and/or horizontally by pollen. Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) has a high rate of horizontal transmission by pollen, whereas potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) does not. To specify the domain(s) involved in horizontal transmission, four viroid chimeras were created by exchanging the terminal left (TL) and/or pathogenicity (P) domains between PSTVd and TPMVd. PSTVd-based chimeras containing TPMVd-TL and P, or TPMVd-TL alone, displayed a high rate of horizontal transmission. TPMVd-based chimeras containing PSTVd-TL and P lost infectivity, and those containing PSTVd-TL alone displayed a low rate of horizontal transmission. In addition, the vertical transmission rate was also higher in the mutants containing TPMVd-TL than in the others. These findings indicate that the sequences or structures in the TL and P (although the role is limited) domains are important not only for horizontal but also for vertical transmission by pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Yanagisawa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Teruo Sano
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan.
| | - Shu Hase
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0037, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan.
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13
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Wang N, Sun M, Wang W, Ouyang G, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Wu S, Huang J, Sun H, Liao M, Jiao P. Avian Influenza (H7N9) Viruses Co-circulating among Chickens, Southern China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2100-2102. [PMID: 29148388 PMCID: PMC5708235 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2017, three avian influenza (H7N9) viruses were isolated from chickens in southern China. Each virus had different insertion points in the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin protein compared to the first identified H7N9 virus. We determined that these viruses were double or triple reassortant viruses.
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14
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Beerens N, Heutink R, Bergervoet SA, Harders F, Bossers A, Koch G. Multiple Reassorted Viruses as Cause of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Epidemic, the Netherlands, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1974-1981. [PMID: 29148396 PMCID: PMC5708218 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N8 in the Netherlands caused mass deaths among wild birds, and several commercial poultry farms and captive bird holdings were affected. We performed complete genome sequencing to study the relationship between the wild bird and poultry viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses are related to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses detected in Russia in May 2016 but contained novel polymerase basic 2 and nucleoprotein gene segments and 2 different variants of the polymerase acidic segment. Molecular dating suggests that the reassortment events most likely occurred in wild birds in Russia or Mongolia. Furthermore, 2 genetically distinct H5N5 reassortant viruses were detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. Our study provides evidence for fast and continuing reassortment of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, which might lead to rapid changes in virus characteristics, such as pathogenicity, infectivity, transmission, and zoonotic potential.
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15
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Selim AA, Erfan AM, Hagag N, Zanaty A, Samir AH, Samy M, Abdelhalim A, Arafa ASA, Soliman MA, Shaheen M, Ibraheem EM, Mahrous I, Hassan MK, Naguib MM. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1048-1051. [PMID: 28518040 PMCID: PMC5443452 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.162056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) of clade 2.3.4.4 from the common coot (Fulica atra) in Egypt, documenting its introduction into Africa through migratory birds. This virus has a close genetic relationship with subtype H5N8 viruses circulating in Europe. Enhanced surveillance to detect newly emerging viruses is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animal Migration/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Birds
- Egypt/epidemiology
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
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16
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Tsunekuni R, Yaguchi Y, Kashima Y, Yamashita K, Takemae N, Mine J, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Saito T. Spatial transmission of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among wild birds in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, 2016-2017. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1195-1207. [PMID: 29392495 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From 29 November 2016 to 24 January 2017, sixty-three cases of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections were detected in wild birds in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Here, we analyzed the genetic, temporal, and geographic correlations of these 63 HPAIVs to elucidate their dissemination throughout the prefecture. Full-genome sequence analysis of the Ibaraki isolates showed that 7 segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, NS) were derived from G1.1.9 strains while the M segment was from G1.1 strains; both groups of strains circulated in south China. Pathological studies revealed severe systemic infection in dead swans (the majority of dead birds and the only species necropsied), thus indicating high susceptibility to H5N6 HPAIVs. Coalescent phylogenetic analysis using the 7 G1.1.9-derived segments enabled detailed analysis of the short-term evolution of these highly homologous HPAIVs. This analysis revealed that the H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from wild birds in Ibaraki Prefecture were divided into 7 groups. Spatial analysis demonstrated that most of the cases concentrated around Senba Lake originated from a single source, and progeny viruses were transmitted to other locations after the infection expanded in mute swans. In contrast, within just a 5-km radius of the area in which cases were concentrated, three different intrusions of H5N6 HPAIVs were evident. Multi-segment analysis of short-term evolution showed that not only was the invading virus spread throughout Ibaraki Prefecture but also that, despite the small size of this region, multiple invasions had occurred during winter 2016-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Yuji Yaguchi
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 966-1 Nakagachityo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Yuki Kashima
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 966-1 Nakagachityo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamashita
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 966-1 Nakagachityo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0002, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan.
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17
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Lee DH, Bahl J, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Ip HS, DeLiberto TJ, Swayne DE. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses and Generation of Novel Reassortants, United States, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1283-5. [PMID: 27314845 PMCID: PMC4918163 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses spread into North America
in 2014 during autumn bird migration. Complete genome sequencing and
phylogenetic analysis of 32 H5 viruses identified novel H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8
viruses that emerged in late 2014 through reassortment with North American
low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.
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18
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Park SJ, Kim EH, Kwon HI, Song MS, Kim SM, Kim YI, Si YJ, Lee IW, Nguyen HD, Shin OS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Altered virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 reassortant viruses in mammalian models. Virulence 2018; 9:133-148. [PMID: 28873012 PMCID: PMC5955454 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1366408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently identified highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) are relatively low to moderately pathogenic in mammalian hosts compared with HPAI H5N1 viruses. In this study, we generated reassortant viruses comprised of A/MD/Korea/W452/2014(H5N8) with substitution of individual genes from A/EM/Korea/W149/2006(H5N1) to understand the contribution of each viral gene to virulence in mammals. Substituting the PB2 gene segment or the NA gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in significantly enhanced pathogenicity compared with the parental H5N8 virus in mice. Of note, substitution of the PB2 gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in a 1000-fold increase in virulence for mice compared with the parental virus (MLD50 decreased from 105.8 to 102.5 EID50). Further, the W452W149PB2 virus also induced the highest virus titers in lungs at all time points and the highest levels of inflammatory cytokine responses among all viruses tested. This high virulence phenotype was also confirmed by high viral titers in the respiratory tracts of infected ferrets. Further, a mini-genome assay revealed that W452W149PB2 has significantly increased polymerase activity (p < 0.001). Taken together, our study demonstrates that a single gene substitution from other avian influenza viruses can alter the pathogenicity of recent H5N8 viruses, and therefore emphasizes the need for intensive monitoring of reassortment events among co-circulating avian and mammalian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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19
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Mühe J, Wang F. Species-specific functions of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) reveal dual roles for initiation and maintenance of B cell immortalization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006772. [PMID: 29261800 PMCID: PMC5754137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and related lymphocryptoviruses (LCV) from non-human primates infect B cells, transform their growth to facilitate life-long viral persistence in the host, and contribute to B cell oncogenesis. Co-evolution of LCV with their primate hosts has led to species-specificity so that LCVs preferentially immortalize B cells from their natural host in vitro. We investigated whether the master regulator of transcription, EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), is involved in LCV species-specificity. Using recombinant EBVs, we show that EBNA2 orthologues of LCV isolated from chimpanzees, baboons, cynomolgus or rhesus macaques cannot replace EBV EBNA2 for the immortalization of human B cells. Thus, LCV species-specificity is functionally linked to viral proteins expressed during latent, growth-transforming infection. In addition, we identified three independent domains within EBNA2 that act through species-specific mechanisms. Importantly, the EBNA2 orthologues and species-specific EBNA2 domains separate unique roles for EBNA2 in the initiation of B cell immortalization from those responsible for maintaining the immortalized state. Investigating LCV species-specificity provides a novel approach to identify critical steps underlying EBV-induced B cell growth transformation, persistent infection, and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mühe
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Fred Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fusaro A, Monne I, Mulatti P, Zecchin B, Bonfanti L, Ormelli S, Milani A, Cecchettin K, Lemey P, Moreno A, Massi P, Dorotea T, Marangon S, Terregino C. Genetic Diversity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8/H5N5) Viruses in Italy, 2016-17. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1543-1547. [PMID: 28661831 PMCID: PMC5572881 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In winter 2016-17, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) and A(H5N5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 were identified in wild and domestic birds in Italy. We report the occurrence of multiple introductions and describe the identification in Europe of 2 novel genotypes, generated through multiple reassortment events.
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21
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Lee EK, Song BM, Lee YN, Heo GB, Bae YC, Joh SJ, Park SC, Choi KS, Lee HJ, Jang I, Kang MS, Jeong OM, Choi BK, Lee SM, Jeong SC, Park BK, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Multiple novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, South Korea, 2016. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 51:21-23. [PMID: 28284997 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N6, clade 2.3.4.4, that presumably originated from China. In addition, reassortant strains with Eurasian lineage low pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated in wild birds and poultry in South Korea. The emergence of these novel H5N6 viruses and their circulation among bird populations are of great concern because of the potential for virus dissemination with intercontinental wild bird migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Min Song
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Joh
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Park
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Kang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Mi Jeong
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Man Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chan Jeong
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Joseph U, Su YCF, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD. The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:74-84. [PMID: 27426214 PMCID: PMC5155642 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza-related events; the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and H5N6 zoonotic infections, the ongoing H7N9 infections in China and the continued zoonosis of H5N1 viruses in parts of Asia and the Middle East. The risk of a new influenza pandemic increases with the repeated interspecies transmission events that facilitate reassortment between animal influenza strains; thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors involved that promote or become a barrier to cross-species transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAVs). Here, we provide an overview of the ecology and evolutionary adaptations of IAVs, with a focus on a review of the molecular factors that enable interspecies transmission of the various virus gene segments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Asia/epidemiology
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Ducks/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geese/virology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/physiology
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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Yao Y, He B, Shao Z, Yang W, Liu W, Chen X, Ye S, Chen J. [Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of a Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Duck]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:590-596. [PMID: 30001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2016,routine influenza virus surveillance was conducted in the live poultry markets of Wuhan, Hubei Province. An H5N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)was isolated from ducks in Wuhan. The entire genome of this virus isolate was sequenced,and molecular phylogenetic analysis performed. The results indicated that the HA gene belonged to clade 2.3.4.4and contained multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, which is characteristic of highly pathogenic AIV. Sequence alignment revealed that the isolate shared a high degree of homology with different H5 subtype AIVs isolated from waterfowl in southern China in recent years. This isolate was likely a natural reassortant from different subtype AIVs. This study provides epidemiological evidence of influenza evolution. Continuation of molecular epidemiology studies of H5 subtype influenza viruses in live poultry markets is important for understanding their role in the variation and evolution of highly pathogenic AIVs and their potential hazardous effects on human health. Furthermore, this information is important for strengthening comprehensive AIV surveillance and control measures.
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24
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Makarov VV, Guliukin MI, Lvov DK. [ZOOPATHOGENIC ORTHOBUNIAVIRUSES (ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS, BUNYAVIRIDAE)]. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:53-58. [PMID: 27451495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the systematics and taxonomy of orthobunyaviruses, little-studied dangerous and new iruses Akabane, Aino, Schmallenberg, Cache Valley diseases, Oropouche fever. The significance of the reassortment mechanism of their origin and diversification is discussed.
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25
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Roy S, Rungsrisuriyachai K, Esona MD, Boom JA, Sahni LC, Rench MA, Baker CJ, Wikswo ME, Payne DC, Parashar UD, Bowen MD. G2P[4]-RotaTeq Reassortant Rotavirus in Vaccinated Child, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:2103-4. [PMID: 26488454 PMCID: PMC4622260 DOI: 10.3201/eid2111.150850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Wu H, Lu R, Wu X, Peng X, Xu L, Cheng L, Lu X, Jin C, Xie T, Yao H, Wu N. Novel reassortant H10N7 avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in Eastern China. J Clin Virol 2015; 65:58-61. [PMID: 25766990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2004, the H10N7 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused sporadic human infections with variable clinical symptoms world-wide. However, there is limited information pertaining to the molecular characteristics of H10N7 AIVs in China. OBJECTIVE To more fully characterize the genetic relationships between three novel H10N7 strains isolated from chickens in Eastern China and the strains isolated from birds throughout Asia, and to determine the pathogenicity of the H10N7 isolates in vivo. STUDY DESIGN All eight gene segments from the Chinese H10N7 strains were sequenced and compared with AIV strains available in GenBank. The virulence of the three isolates was determined in chickens and mice. RESULTS Three H10N7 subtype avian influenza viruses were isolated from chickens in live poultry markets in Eastern China in 2014: (1) A/chicken/Zhejiang/2C66/2014(H10N7) (ZJ-2C66), (2) A/chicken/Zhejiang/2CP2/2014(H10N7) (ZJ-2CP2), and (3) A/chicken/Zhejiang/2CP8/2014(H10N7) (ZJ-2CP8). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses contained genetic material from H10, H2, H7, and H3 AIV strains that were circulating at the same time. The reassortant H10N7 viruses were found to be minimally pathogenic in chickens and moderately pathogenic in mice. The viruses were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that H10N7 surveillance in poultry should be used as an early warning system for avian influenza outbreaks. The novel strains identified here may post a threat to human health in the future if they continue to circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Rufeng Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310006 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
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Moskaleychik FF, Laga VY, Delgado E, Vega Y, Fernandez-Garcia A, Kornilaeva GV, Pronin AY, Zhernov YV, Thomson MM, Bobkova MR, Karamov EV. [Rapid spread of the HIV-1 circular recombinant CRF02-AG in Russia and neighboring countries]. Vopr Virusol 2015; 60:14-19. [PMID: 27024911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the HIV-1circular recombinant CRF02-AG in countries of the former Soviet union (Commonwealth of Independent States, CIS) was studies using partial and full genome sequences. The full-genome sequence of the CRF02-AG recombinant circulating in Russia was obtained for the first time. A Global phylogenetic tree of CRF02-AG full-genome sequences was constructed. Three distinct groups of the sequences were detected as clustered by the geographical location (CIS, South Korea, and France), which is indicative of the single-virus introduction in each of the regions mentioned above. The CIS cluster exhibiting minimum genetic diversity was, therefore, relatively young. The phylogenetic analysis of the env gene sequences within the CIS cluster made it possible to clearly discriminate three branches: two of Russian and one of Uzbek origin. The low genetic diversity within the two Russian subclusters provides evidence of at least two recent independent introductions of the CRF02-AG recombinant from Central Asia into Russia. This work was performed within the framework of the 7th Federal Research Program (FP&), Project EURIPRED (European Research Infrastructures for Poverty Related Diseases), grant agreement No.312661.
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28
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Terada Y, Matsui N, Noguchi K, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Soma T, Mochizuki M, Maeda K. Emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses in cats by homologous recombination between feline and canine coronaviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106534. [PMID: 25180686 PMCID: PMC4152292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II feline coronavirus (FCoV) emerged via double recombination between type I FCoV and type II canine coronavirus (CCoV). In this study, two type I FCoVs, three type II FCoVs and ten type II CCoVs were genetically compared. The results showed that three Japanese type II FCoVs, M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627, also emerged by homologous recombination between type I FCoV and type II CCoV and their parent viruses were genetically different from one another. In addition, the 3'-terminal recombination sites of M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627 were different from one another within the genes encoding membrane and spike proteins, and the 5'-terminal recombination sites were also located at different regions of ORF1. These results indicate that at least three Japanese type II FCoVs emerged independently. Sera from a cat experimentally infected with type I FCoV was unable to neutralize type II CCoV infection, indicating that cats persistently infected with type I FCoV may be superinfected with type II CCoV. Our previous study reported that few Japanese cats have antibody against type II FCoV. All of these observations suggest that type II FCoV emerged inside the cat body and is unable to readily spread among cats, indicating that these recombination events for emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses occur frequently.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus, Canine/classification
- Coronavirus, Canine/genetics
- Coronavirus, Canine/pathogenicity
- Coronavirus, Feline/classification
- Coronavirus, Feline/genetics
- Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dogs
- Genes, Viral
- Homologous Recombination
- Japan
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Terada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Keita Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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29
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Gonzalez G, Marshall JF, Morrell J, Robb D, McCauley JW, Perez DR, Parrish CR, Murcia PR. Infection and pathogenesis of canine, equine, and human influenza viruses in canine tracheas. J Virol 2014; 88:9208-19. [PMID: 24899186 PMCID: PMC4136294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00887-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can jump species barriers and occasionally cause epidemics, epizootics, pandemics, and panzootics. Characterizing the infection dynamics at the target tissues of natural hosts is central to understanding the mechanisms that control host range, tropism, and virulence. Canine influenza virus (CIV; H3N8) originated after the transfer of an equine influenza virus (EIV) into dogs. Thus, comparing CIV and EIV isolates provides an opportunity to study the determinants of influenza virus emergence. Here we characterize the replication of canine, equine, and human IAVs in the trachea of the dog, a species to which humans are heavily exposed. We define a phenotype of infection for CIV, which is characterized by high levels of virus replication and extensive tissue damage. CIV was compared to evolutionarily distinct EIVs, and the early EIV isolates showed an impaired ability to infect dog tracheas, while EIVs that circulated near the time of CIV emergence exhibited a CIV-like infection phenotype. Inoculating dog tracheas with various human IAVs (hIAVs) showed that they infected the tracheal epithelium with various efficiencies depending on the virus tested. Finally, we show that reassortant viruses carrying gene segments of CIV and hIAV are viable and that addition of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of CIV to the 2009 human pandemic virus results in a virus that replicates at high levels and causes significant lesions. This provides important insights into the role of evolution on viral emergence and on the role of HA and NA as determinants of pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have entered new host species in recent history, sometimes with devastating consequences. Canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N8 originated from a direct transfer of an equine influenza virus (EIV) in the early 2000s. We studied the infection patterns of IAVs that circulate in dogs or to which dogs are commonly exposed and showed that CIV emergence was likely caused by an adaptive driver, as evolutionarily distinct EIVs display distinct infection phenotypes. We also showed that many human viruses can infect dog tracheas and that reassortment with CIV results in viable viruses. Finally, we showed that the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of CIV act as virulence factors. Our findings have significant implications because they show that dogs might act as "mixing vessels" in which novel viruses with pandemic potential could emerge and also provide experimental evidence supporting the role of viral evolution in influenza virus emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Gonzalez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John F Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Morrell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Robb
- Charles River Laboratories Preclinical Services, Tranent, United Kingdom
| | - John W McCauley
- Division of Virology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute of Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
The source, timing, and geographical origin of the 1918-1920 pandemic influenza A virus have remained tenaciously obscure for nearly a century, as have the reasons for its unusual severity among young adults. Here, we reconstruct the origins of the pandemic virus and the classic swine influenza and (postpandemic) seasonal H1N1 lineages using a host-specific molecular clock approach that is demonstrably more accurate than previous methods. Our results suggest that the 1918 pandemic virus originated shortly before 1918 when a human H1 virus, which we infer emerged before ∼1907, acquired avian N1 neuraminidase and internal protein genes. We find that the resulting pandemic virus jumped directly to swine but was likely displaced in humans by ∼1922 by a reassortant with an antigenically distinct H1 HA. Hence, although the swine lineage was a direct descendent of the pandemic virus, the post-1918 seasonal H1N1 lineage evidently was not, at least for HA. These findings help resolve several seemingly disparate observations from 20th century influenza epidemiology, seroarcheology, and immunology. The phylogenetic results, combined with these other lines of evidence, suggest that the high mortality in 1918 among adults aged ∼20 to ∼40 y may have been due primarily to their childhood exposure to a doubly heterosubtypic putative H3N8 virus, which we estimate circulated from ∼1889-1900. All other age groups (except immunologically naive infants) were likely partially protected by childhood exposure to N1 and/or H1-related antigens. Similar processes may underlie age-specific mortality differences between seasonal H1N1 vs. H3N2 and human H5N1 vs. H7N9 infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Biological Evolution
- Birds
- Child
- Disease Resistance/immunology
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/mortality
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Swine
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology andCentre for Infection, Immunity, and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; andFogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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Peng Y, Xie ZX, Liu JB, Pang YS, Deng XW, Xie ZQ, Xie LJ, Fan Q, Luo SS. Epidemiological surveillance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) from poultry in Guangxi Province, Southern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77132. [PMID: 24204754 PMCID: PMC3813733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) usually causes mild disease or asymptomatic infection in poultry. However, some LPAIV strains can be transmitted to humans and cause severe infection. Genetic rearrangement and recombination of even low pathogenic influenza may generate a novel virus with increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to public health. Southern China is regarded as the world “influenza epicenter”, due to a rash of outbreaks of influenza in recent years. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of LPAIV at different live bird markets (LBMs) in Guangxi province, Southern China. From January 2009 to December 2011, we collected 3,121 cotton swab samples of larynx, trachea and cloaca from the poultry at LBMs in Guangxi. Virus isolation, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and RT-PCR were used to detect and subtype LPAIV in the collected samples. Of the 3,121 samples, 336 samples (10.8%) were LPAIV positive, including 54 (1.7%) in chicken and 282 (9.1%) in duck. The identified LPAIV were H3N1, H3N2, H6N1, H6N2, H6N5, H6N6, H6N8, and H9N2, which are combinations of seven HA subtypes (H1, H3, H4, H6, H9, H10 and H11) and five NA subtypes (N1, N2, N5, N6 and N8). The H3 and H9 subtypes are predominant in the identified LPAIVs. Among the 336 cases, 29 types of mixed infection of different HA subtypes were identified in 87 of the cases (25.9%). The mixed infections may provide opportunities for genetic recombination. Our results suggest that the LPAIV epidemiology in poultry in the Guangxi province in southern China is complicated and highlights the need for further epidemiological and genetic studies of LPAIV in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-xun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jia-bo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yao-shan Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xian-wen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-qin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Li-ji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Si-si Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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32
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Guan Y, Farooqui A, Zhu H, Dong W, Wang J, Kelvin DJ. H7N9 Incident, immune status, the elderly and a warning of an influenza pandemic. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7:302-7. [PMID: 23592638 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel re-assortment A influenza H7N9 (nrH7N9) emerged in humans in the Shanghai and surrounding provinces of China in late February and early March. Three infected index patients developed severe viral pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and resulted in fatal outcome. As of 15 April 2013 there were reported 60 confirmed nrH7N9 infections with 13 fatalities. Human-to-human transmission has not been observed, but zoonotic infections of nrH7N9 from birds to humans appear to be associated with live poultry markets. Elderly patients greater than 60 years of age accounted for 61% of the cases, indicating that the elderly may be at high risk for severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre, SUMC/HKU, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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33
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Why is animal influenza dangerous for humans? Vaccine 2012; 30:7426-8. [PMID: 23330163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Kasanga CJ, Yamaguchi T, Munang'andu HM, Ohya K, Fukushi H. Genomic sequence of an infectious bursal disease virus isolate from Zambia: classical attenuated segment B reassortment in nature with existing very virulent segment A. Arch Virol 2012; 158:685-9. [PMID: 23129132 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus (IBDV) isolate (designated KZC-104) from a confirmed IBD outbreak in Lusaka in 2004. The genome consisted of 3,074 and 2,651 nucleotides in the coding regions of segments A and B, respectively. Alignment of both nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome segment A of KZC-104 was derived from a very virulent (VV) strain, whereas its segment B was derived from a classical attenuated strain. On BLAST search, the full-length segment A and B sequences showed 98 % nucleotide sequence identity to the VV strain D6948 and 99.8 % nucleotide sequence identity to the classical attenuated strain D78. This is a unique IBDV reassortant strain that has emerged in nature, involving segment B of a cell-culture-adapted attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kasanga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Section, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019, Chuo kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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35
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Yao Y, Wang H, Chen Q, Zhang H, Zhang T, Chen J, Xu B, Wang H, Sun B, Chen Z. Characterization of low-pathogenic H6N6 avian influenza viruses in central China. Arch Virol 2012; 158:367-77. [PMID: 23053524 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of H6N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) were isolated from live-poultry markets of central China during 2009-2010. A phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates originated from gene reassortment among different virus lineages of the H6 subtype. In an experimental infection of animals, the selected isolate was non-pathogenic for chickens and low-pathogenic for mice. The wild-type isolate was capable of replication in mouse lung without prior adaptation, and the virulence to mice increased rapidly during adaption in mouse lung. The genomes of viruses of passage 0 (P0), P4, and P8 were sequenced and compared, and virulence-related amino acid substitutions were found in multiple sites during mouse lung passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
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36
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Barman S, Krylov PS, Fabrizio TP, Franks J, Turner JC, Seiler P, Wang D, Rehg JE, Erickson GA, Gramer M, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of North American triple reassortant swine influenza A viruses in ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002791. [PMID: 22829764 PMCID: PMC3400563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) influenza A viruses have caused sporadic human infections since 2005, but human-to-human transmission has not been documented. These viruses have six gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, and NS) closely related to those of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. Therefore, understanding of these viruses' pathogenicity and transmissibility may help to identify determinants of virulence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses and to elucidate potential human health threats posed by the TRS viruses. Here we evaluated in a ferret model the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three groups of North American TRS viruses containing swine-like and/or human-like HA and NA gene segments. The study was designed only to detect informative and significant patterns in the transmissibility and pathogenicity of these three groups of viruses. We observed that irrespective of their HA and NA lineages, the TRS viruses were moderately pathogenic in ferrets and grew efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. All North American TRS viruses studied were transmitted between ferrets via direct contact. However, their transmissibility by respiratory droplets was related to their HA and NA lineages: TRS viruses with human-like HA and NA were transmitted most efficiently, those with swine-like HA and NA were transmitted minimally or not transmitted, and those with swine-like HA and human-like NA (N2) showed intermediate transmissibility. We conclude that the lineages of HA and NA may play a crucial role in the respiratory droplet transmissibility of these viruses. These findings have important implications for pandemic planning and warrant confirmation. North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) influenza A viruses have caused sporadic human infections, but human-to-human transmission has not been established. We wished to elucidate potential human health threats posed by the TRS viruses and to identify determinants of virulence in the TRS and closely related 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. We used a ferret model to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of North American TRS viruses with the HA and NA antigenic proteins of swine viruses and of human viruses. We observed that the North American TRS viruses grew efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and caused moderate pathogenicity in ferrets. The viruses were readily transmissible via direct contact, irrespective of their HA and NA lineages. However, transmissibility via respiratory droplets was substantially greater when the viruses carried the HA and NA of human influenza A viruses rather than of swine influenza A viruses. Because ferrets are a useful model of human influenza infection, this finding helps to predict features that increase the risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Petr S. Krylov
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Fabrizio
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John Franks
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jasmine C. Turner
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gene A. Erickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (NCVDL) System, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marie Gramer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Herfst S, Schrauwen EJA, Linster M, Chutinimitkul S, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Sorrell EM, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Smith DJ, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 2012; 336:1534-41. [PMID: 22723413 PMCID: PMC4810786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1147] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Air Microbiology
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Containment of Biohazards
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Sera
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Oseltamivir/pharmacology
- Pandemics
- Poultry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/chemistry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Respiratory System/virology
- Reverse Genetics
- Serial Passage
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
- Virus Shedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Linster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erin M. Sorrell
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David F. Burke
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Kitikoon P, Vincent AL, Gauger PC, Schlink SN, Bayles DO, Gramer MR, Darnell D, Webby RJ, Lager KM, Swenson SL, Klimov A. Pathogenicity and transmission in pigs of the novel A(H3N2)v influenza virus isolated from humans and characterization of swine H3N2 viruses isolated in 2010-2011. J Virol 2012; 86:6804-14. [PMID: 22491461 PMCID: PMC3393545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00197-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) H3N2 with triple reassorted internal genes (TRIG) has been enzootic in Unites States since 1998. Transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus to pigs in the United States was followed by reassortment with endemic SIV, resulting in reassorted viruses that include novel H3N2 genotypes (rH3N2p). Between July and December 2011, 12 cases of human infections with swine-lineage H3N2 viruses containing the pandemic matrix (pM) gene [A(H3N2)v] were detected. Whole-genome analysis of H3N2 viruses isolated from pigs from 2009 to 2011 sequenced in this study and other available H3N2 sequences showed six different rH3N2p genotypes present in the U.S. swine population since 2009. The presence of the pM gene was a common feature among all rH3N2p genotypes, but no specific genotype appeared to predominate in the swine population. We compared the pathogenic, transmission, genetic, and antigenic properties of a human A(H3N2)v isolate and two swine H3N2 isolates, H3N2-TRIG and rH3N2p. Our in vivo study detected no increased virulence in A(H3N2)v or rH3N2p viruses compared to endemic H3N2-TRIG virus. Antibodies to cluster IV H3N2-TRIG and rH3N2p viruses had reduced cross-reactivity to A(H3N2)v compared to other cluster IV H3N2-TRIG and rH3N2p viruses. Genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene indicated that although rH3N2p and A(H3N2)v are related to cluster IV of H3N2-TRIG, some recent rH3N2p isolates appeared to be forming a separate cluster along with the human isolates of A(H3N2)v. Continued monitoring of these H3N2 viruses is necessary to evaluate the evolution and potential loss of population immunity in swine and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravina Kitikoon
- Virus and Prion Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent
- Virus and Prion Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Virus and Prion Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarah N. Schlink
- Virus and Prion Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Darrell O. Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Marie R. Gramer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelly M. Lager
- Virus and Prion Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Alexander Klimov
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Shelton H, Smith M, Hartgroves L, Stilwell P, Roberts K, Johnson B, Barclay W. An influenza reassortant with polymerase of pH1N1 and NS gene of H3N2 influenza A virus is attenuated in vivo. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:998-1006. [PMID: 22323532 PMCID: PMC3541804 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses readily mutate by accumulating point mutations and also by reassortment in which they acquire whole gene segments from another virus in a co-infected host. The NS1 gene is a major virulence factor of influenza A virus. The effects of changes in NS1 sequence depend on the influenza polymerase constellation. Here, we investigated the consequences of a virus with the polymerase of pandemic H1N1 2009 acquiring an NS gene segment derived from a seasonal influenza A H3N2 virus, a combination that might arise during natural reassortment of viruses that currently circulate in humans. We generated recombinant influenza viruses with surface HA and NA genes and matrix M gene segment from A/PR/8/34 virus, but different combinations of polymerase and NS genes. Thus, any changes in phenotype were not due to differences in receptor use, entry, uncoating or virus release. In Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the virus with the NS gene from the H3N2 parent showed enhanced replication, probably a result of increased control of the interferon response. However, in mice the same virus was attenuated in comparison with the virus containing homologous pH1N1 polymerase and NS genes. Levels of viral RNA during single-cycles of replication were lower for the virus with H3N2 NS, and this virus reached lower titres in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, virus with pH1N1 polymerase genes did not increase its virulence by acquiring the H3N2 NS gene segment, and MDCK cells were a poor predictor of the outcome of infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Shelton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Matt Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Lorian Hartgroves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Peter Stilwell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Kim Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Ben Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
- Health Protection Agency Colindale, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, UK
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40
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Watanabe T, Bartrand TA, Omura T, Haas CN. Dose-response assessment for influenza A virus based on data sets of infection with its live attenuated reassortants. Risk Anal 2012; 32:555-65. [PMID: 21977924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reported data sets on infection of volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza A virus at graded doses are few. Alternatively, we aimed at developing a dose-response assessment for this virus based on the data sets for its live attenuated reassortants. Eleven data sets for live attenuated reassortants that were fit to beta-Poisson and exponential dose-response models. Dose-response relationships for those reassortants were characterized by pooling analysis of the data sets with respect to virus subtype (H1N1 or H3N2), attenuation method (cold-adapted or avian-human gene reassortment), and human age (adults or children). Furthermore, by comparing the above data sets to a limited number of reported data sets for wild-type virus, we quantified the degree of attenuation of wild-type virus with gene reassortment and estimated its infectivity. As a result, dose-response relationships of all reassortants were best described by a beta-Poisson model. Virus subtype and human age were significant factors determining the dose-response relationship, whereas attenuation method affected only the relationship of H1N1 virus infection to adults. The data sets for H3N2 wild-type virus could be pooled with those for its reassortants on the assumption that the gene reassortment attenuates wild-type virus by at least 63 times and most likely 1,070 times. Considering this most likely degree of attenuation, 10% infectious dose of H3N2 wild-type virus for adults was estimated at 18 TCID50 (95% CI = 8.8-35 TCID50). The infectivity of wild-type H1N1 virus remains unknown as the data set pooling was unsuccessful.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Child
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza, Human/etiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Models, Biological
- Models, Statistical
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/etiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Risk
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Virulence/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Watanabe
- 1Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
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41
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Hsieh EF, Lin SJ, Mok CK, Chen GW, Huang CH, Wang YC, Chen TC, Chen CJ, Ojcius DM, Shih SR. Altered pathogenicity for seasonal influenza virus by single reassortment of the RNP genes derived from the 2009 pandemic influenza virus. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:864-72. [PMID: 21849283 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2009 influenza A pandemic virus (H1N1(pdm)) may reassort with old seasonal influenza A virus (H1N1₁₄₁) in humans and potentially change their pathogenicity. METHODS AND RESULTS This study focuses on the reassortment of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) among H1N1(pdm) and seasonal influenza A viruses. A single RNP gene reassortment altered reporter gene expression levels driven by polymerase complex in transfection system. The growth rates of recombinant viruses with different RNP recombinations were changed in A549 cells. Mice were infected with recombinant viruses containing single RNP gene reassortment, and pathogenicity was examined. The results demonstrated that the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the PB2₁₄₁/PB1₁₄₁/PA(pdm)/NP₁₄₁ recombinant virus was lower than that of the seasonal H1N1 virus. Viral titers of this reassorted virus in the lung and spleen were significantly higher than that in seasonal H1N1 virus-challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS Although the changes of RNP activity did not exactly reflect to mice virulence, we consistently observed that the PA gene of H1N1(pdm) results in increased polymerase activity, better replication in mice, and lower LD₅₀. Our findings suggest that monitoring of gene reassortment for the 2009 pandemic influenza and seasonal human viruses is also important, which would help to constrain the potential emergence of a more virulent influenza A variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erh-Fang Hsieh
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, TaoYuan, Taiwan
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Zhu H, Zhou B, Fan X, Lam TTY, Wang J, Chen A, Chen X, Chen H, Webster RG, Webby R, Peiris JSM, Smith DK, Guan Y. Novel reassortment of Eurasian avian-like and pandemic/2009 influenza viruses in swine: infectious potential for humans. J Virol 2011; 85:10432-9. [PMID: 21849442 PMCID: PMC3187487 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05352-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered to be intermediate hosts and "mixing vessels," facilitating the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses, as demonstrated by the emergence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pdm/09) virus. The prevalence and repeated introduction of the pdm/09 virus into pigs raises the possibility of generating novel swine influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. To address this, an active influenza surveillance program was conducted with slaughtered pigs in abattoirs in southern China. Over 50% of the pigs tested were found to be seropositive for one or more H1 influenza viruses, most commonly pdm/09-like viruses. Out of 36 virus isolates detected, one group of novel reassortants had Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1 surface genes and pdm/09 internal genes. Animal experiments showed that this virus transmitted effectively from pig to pig and from pig to ferret, and it could also replicate in ex vivo human lung tissue. Immunization against the 2009 pandemic virus gave only partial protection to ferrets. The continuing prevalence of the pdm/09 virus in pigs could lead to the genesis of novel swine reassortant viruses with the potential to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Zhu
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Tommy T. Y. Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Wang
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Antony Chen
- Wuxi Sangosho Pet Park Co. Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Richard Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Joseph S. M. Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David K. Smith
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Phone: (852) 2819-9830. Fax: (852) 2817-1958. E-mail for Yi Guan: . E-mail for David K. Smith:
| | - Yi Guan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Phone: (852) 2819-9830. Fax: (852) 2817-1958. E-mail for Yi Guan: . E-mail for David K. Smith:
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Dong G, Xu C, Wang C, Wu B, Luo J, Zhang H, Nolte DL, Deliberto TJ, Duan M, Ji G, He H. Reassortant H9N2 influenza viruses containing H5N1-like PB1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in Southern China. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25808. [PMID: 21980538 PMCID: PMC3183077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza A viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in Asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. To evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (Pica pica) in the evolution of influenza A virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in Guangxi, China in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie H9N2 viruses (BbM viruses). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three BbM viruses were almost identical with 99.7 to 100% nucleotide homology in their whole genomes, and were reassortants containing BJ94-like (Ck/BJ/1/94) HA, NA, M, and NS genes, SH/F/98-like (Ck/SH/F/98) PB2, PA, and NP genes, and H5N1-like (Ck/YN/1252/03, clade 1) PB1 genes. Genetic analysis showed that BbM viruses were most likely the result of multiple reassortments between co-circulating H9N2-like and H5N1-like viruses, and were genetically different from other H9N2 viruses because of the existence of H5N1-like PB1 genes. Genotypical analysis revealed that BbM viruses evolved from diverse sources and belonged to a novel genotype (B46) discovered in our recent study. Molecular analysis suggested that BbM viruses were likely low pathogenic reassortants. However, results of our pathogenicity study demonstrated that BbM viruses replicated efficiently in chickens and a mammalian mouse model but were not lethal for infected chickens and mice. Antigenic analysis showed that BbM viruses were antigenic heterologous with the H9N2 vaccine strain. Our study is probably the first report to document and characterize H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from black-billed magpies in southern China. Our results suggest that black-billed magpies were susceptible to H9N2 influenza viruses, which raise concerns over possible transmissions of reassortant H9N2 viruses among poultry and wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Xu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dale Louis Nolte
- National Wildlife Disease Program, USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Jude Deliberto
- National Wildlife Disease Program, USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mingxing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HH); (GJ)
| | - Hongxuan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, National Research Center For Wildlife Born Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HH); (GJ)
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Fusaro A, Monne I, Salviato A, Valastro V, Schivo A, Amarin NM, Gonzalez C, Ismail MM, Al-Ankari AR, Al-Blowi MH, Khan OA, Maken Ali AS, Hedayati A, Garcia Garcia J, Ziay GM, Shoushtari A, Al Qahtani KN, Capua I, Holmes EC, Cattoli G. Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications. J Virol 2011; 85:8413-21. [PMID: 21680519 PMCID: PMC3147996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990s and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Center for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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Zhao X, Sun Y, Pu J, Fan L, Shi W, Hu Y, Yang J, Xu Q, Wang J, Hou D, Ma G, Liu J. Characterization of an artificial swine-origin influenza virus with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus: a genesis clue of pandemic strain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22091. [PMID: 21799774 PMCID: PMC3143117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus, derived from a reassortment of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses, possesses a unique gene segment combination that had not been detected previously in animal and human populations. Whether such a gene combination could result in the pathogenicity and transmission as H1N1/2009 virus remains unclear. In the present study, we used reverse genetics to construct a reassortant virus (rH1N1) with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus (NA and M genes from a Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine virus and another six genes from a North American triple-reassortant H1N2 swine virus). Characterization of rH1N1 in mice showed that this virus had higher replicability and pathogenicity than those of the seasonal human H1N1 and Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1 viruses, but was similar to the H1N1/2009 and triple-reassortant H1N2 viruses. Experiments performed on guinea pigs showed that rH1N1 was not transmissible, whereas pandemic H1N1/2009 displayed efficient transmissibility. To further determine which gene segment played a key role in transmissibility, we constructed a series of reassortants derived from rH1N1 and H1N1/2009 viruses. Direct contact transmission studies demonstrated that the HA and NS genes contributed to the transmission of H1N1/2009 virus. Second, the HA gene of H1N1/2009 virus, when combined with the H1N1/2009 NA gene, conferred efficient contact transmission among guinea pigs. The present results reveal that not only gene segment reassortment but also amino acid mutation were needed for the generation of the pandemic influenza virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Pandemics
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reverse Genetics
- Swine
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangpeng Ma
- China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (GM)
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- The Shandong Animal Disease Control Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (GM)
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Ignat'eva AV, Rudneva IA, Timofeeva TA, Shilov AA, Zaberezhnyĭ AD, Aliper TI, Kaverin NV, L'vov DK. [High-yield reassortant virus containing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of pandemic influenza A/Moscowl/01/2009 (H1N1) virus]. Vopr Virusol 2011; 56:9-14. [PMID: 21899062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The crossing of influenza A/Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1) virus and reassortant strain X31 (H3N2) containing the genes of internal and non-structural proteins of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain gave rise to reassortant virus ReM8. The reassortant contained hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of pandemic 2009 influenza virus and 6 genes of high-yield A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain. The reassortant ReM8 produced higher yields in the embryonated chicken eggs than the parent pandemic virus, as suggested by infectivity and HA activity titration as well as by ELISA and the measurement of HA protein content by scanning electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel slabs. High immunogenicity of ReM8 reassortant was demonstrated by immune protection studies in mice. The reassortant virus ReM8 is suitable as a candidate strain for the production of inactivated and subunit influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chick Embryo
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Animal
- Moscow
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Virulence/genetics
- Virulence/immunology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Huang YW, Dong LB, Li JH, Liu YZ, Gao LD, Zhang H, Chen Z, Hu SX, Li FC, Shu YL. [Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Hunan province, 2006 - 2009]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011; 32:709-715. [PMID: 21933546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the possible origins, genetic re-assortment and molecular characterization of 4 highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Hunan province, between 2006 and 2009. METHODS H5N1 PCR test-positive specimens were inoculated in embryonated eggs while H5N1 virus was isolated and genomes sequenced. Genome homology and genetic molecular characterization were analyzed by BLAST and MEGA 4.0. RESULTS All gene segments of the 4 viruses were avian in origin. No re-assortment was found between avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses and human seasonal influenza viruses. Viruses that isolated from domestic poultry shared high similarity with the 4 human viruses in gene homology. Data from the whole genome phylogenetic analysis showed that the 4 viruses were in clade 2.3.4, while 2 viruses belonged to genotype V, and another 2 were new genotypes. Results from molecular characterization showed that amino acid sequences of HA cleavage site of the 4 viruses were PLRERRKR/G. All 4 viruses had A160T mutation in HA, a 20 amino acid deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) stalk at position 49 - 68, and a 5 amino acid deletion in the non-structural protein 1 (NS1). Most sites in the HA molecules showed that the viruses preferentially bound to avian influenza virus receptor. However, T192I mutation that might enhance the α 2, 6-linked sialic acid human influenza receptor binding had emerged in HN/1/09 and HN/2/09. D701N mutation of PB2 that increased the virulence in mice was found in HN/1/08. Analysis on drug resistance gene amino acid showed that all 4 viruses were sensitive to amantadine and oseltamivir. CONCLUSION Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in Hunan province from 2006 to 2009 were avian in origin, and the 4 viruses belonged to different genotypes. Some mutations that related to virulence and receptor binding positions had emerged in some of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-wei Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China
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Ohnishi S, Echizenya I, Yoshimoto E, Boumin K, Inukai T, Masuta C. Multigenic system controlling viral systemic infection determined by the interactions between Cucumber mosaic virus genes and quantitative trait loci of soybean cultivars. Phytopathology 2011; 101:575-82. [PMID: 21171888 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-10-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Soybean 'Harosoy' is resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus soybean strain C (CMV-SC) and susceptible to CMV-S strain D (CMV-SD). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northern hybridization, we characterized the Harosoy resistance and found that CMV-SC did not spread systemically but was restricted to the inoculated leaves in Harosoy. Harosoy resistance was not controlled by either a dominant or recessive single gene. To dissect this system controlling long-distance movement of CMV in soybean, we constructed infectious cDNA clones of CMV-SC and CMV-SD. Using these constructs and the chimeric RNAs, we demonstrated that two viral components were required for systemic infection by the virus. The region including the entire 2b gene and the 5' region of RNA3 (mainly the 5' untranslated region) together were required. By quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using an F(2) population and the F(3) families derived from Harosoy and susceptible 'Nemashirazu', we also showed that at least three QTLs affected systemic infection of CMV in soybean. Our study on Harosoy resistance to CMV-SC revealed an interesting mechanism, in which multiple host and viral genes coordinately controlled viral systemic infection.
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Yang JR, Lin YC, Huang YP, Su CH, Lo J, Ho YL, Yao CY, Hsu LC, Wu HS, Liu MT. Reassortment and mutations associated with emergence and spread of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A/H1N1 viruses in 2005-2009. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18177. [PMID: 21483816 PMCID: PMC3069057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A dramatic increase in the frequency of the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase (NA), conferring resistance to oseltamivir, has been detected in human seasonal influenza A/H1N1 viruses since the influenza season of 2007-2008. The resistant viruses emerged in the ratio of 14.3% and quickly reached 100% in Taiwan from September to December 2008. To explore the mechanisms responsible for emergence and spread of the resistant viruses, we analyzed the complete genome sequences of 25 viruses collected during 2005-2009 in Taiwan, which were chosen from various clade viruses, 1, 2A, 2B-1, 2B-2, 2C-1 and 2C-2 by the classification of hemagglutinin (HA) sequences. Our data revealed that the dominant variant, clade 2B-1, in the 2007-2008 influenza emerged through an intra-subtype 4+4 reassortment between clade 1 and 2 viruses. The dominant variant acquired additional substitutions, including A206T in HA, H275Y and D354G in NA, L30R and H41P in PB1-F2, and V411I and P453S in basic polymerase 2 (PB2) proteins and subsequently caused the 2008-2009 influenza epidemic in Taiwan, accompanying the widespread oseltamivir-resistant viruses. We also characterized another 3+5 reassortant virus which became double resistant to oseltamivir and amantadine. Comparison of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A/H1N1 viruses belonging to various clades in our study highlighted that both reassortment and mutations were associated with emergence and spread of these viruses and the specific mutation, H275Y, conferring to antiviral resistance, was acquired in a hitch-hiking mechanism during the viral evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Rong Yang
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Pin Huang
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hui Su
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Je Lo
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Ho
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Yuan Yao
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Ching Hsu
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (H-SW); (M-TL)
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (H-SW); (M-TL)
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