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Chokkakula S, Oh S, Choi WS, Kim CI, Jeong JH, Kim BK, Park JH, Min SC, Kim EG, Baek YH, Choi YK, Song MS. Mammalian adaptation risk in HPAI H5N8: a comprehensive model bridging experimental data with mathematical insights. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2339949. [PMID: 38572657 PMCID: PMC11022924 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2339949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mammalian pathogenesis and interspecies transmission of HPAI H5N8 virus hinges on mapping its adaptive markers. We used deep sequencing to track these markers over five passages in murine lung tissue. Subsequently, we evaluated the growth, selection, and RNA load of eight recombinant viruses with mammalian adaptive markers. By leveraging an integrated non-linear regression model, we quantitatively determined the influence of these markers on growth, adaptation, and RNA expression in mammalian hosts. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the interplay of these markers can lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects when combined. The elucidation distance method then transformed these results into distinct values, facilitating the derivation of a risk score for each marker. In vivo tests affirmed the accuracy of scores. As more mutations were incorporated, the overall risk score of virus heightened, and the optimal interplay between markers became essential for risk augmentation. Our study provides a robust model to assess risk from adaptive markers of HPAI H5N8, guiding strategies against future influenza threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Jang SG, Kim YI, Casel MAB, Choi JH, Gil JR, Rollon R, Kim EH, Kim SM, Ji HY, Park DB, Hwang J, Ahn JW, Kim MH, Song MS, Choi YK. HA N193D substitution in the HPAI H5N1 virus alters receptor binding affinity and enhances virulence in mammalian hosts. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2302854. [PMID: 38189114 PMCID: PMC10840603 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2302854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
During the 2021/2022 winter season, we isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses harbouring an amino acid substitution from Asparagine(N) to Aspartic acid (D) at residue 193 of the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding domain (RBD) from migratory birds in South Korea. Herein, we investigated the characteristics of the N193D HA-RBD substitution in the A/CommonTeal/Korea/W811/2021[CT/W811] virus by using recombinant viruses engineered via reverse genetics (RG). A receptor affinity assay revealed that the N193D HA-RBD substitution in CT/W811 increases α2,6 sialic acid receptor binding affinity. The rCT/W811-HA193N virus caused rapid lethality with high virus titres in chickens compared with the rCT/W811-HA193D virus, while the rCT/W811-HA193D virus exhibited enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts with multiple tissue tropism. Surprisingly, a ferret-to-ferret transmission assay revealed that rCT/W811-HA193D virus replicates well in the respiratory tract, at a rate about 10 times higher than that of rCT/W811-HA193N, and all rCT/W811-HA193D direct contact ferrets were seroconverted at 10 days post-contact. Further, competition transmission assay of the two viruses revealed that rCT/W811-HA193D has enhanced growth kinetics compared with the rCT/W811-HA193N, eventually becoming the dominant strain in nasal turbinates. Further, rCT/W811-HA193D exhibits high infectivity in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, suggesting the potential for human infection. Taken together, the HA-193D containing HPAI H5N1 virus from migratory birds showed enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts, but not in avian hosts, with multi-organ replication and ferret-to-ferret transmission. Thus, this suggests that HA-193D change increases the probability of HPAI H5N1 infection and transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Ji
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Bin Park
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Ahn
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Si YJ, Jang SG, Kim YI, Casel MAB, Kim DJ, Ji HY, Choi JH, Gil JR, Rollon R, Jang H, Cheun SY, Kim EH, Jeong H, Choi YK. Evolutional dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 genotypes in wintering bird habitats: Insights from South Korea's 2020-2021 season. One Health 2024; 18:100719. [PMID: 38585666 PMCID: PMC10995977 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The winter of 2020-2021 in South Korea witnessed severe outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses, specifically multiple genotypes of the H5N8 subtype. These outbreaks prompted an extensive investigation into the genetic characteristics and evolutionary dynamics of these viruses. Under the auspices of the National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), we conducted a nationwide surveillance program, collecting 7588 specimens from diverse wild bird habitats. Influenza A viruses were isolated at a rate of 5.0%, with HPAI H5N8 viruses accounting for 38.5% of isolates, predominantly found in wild bird carcasses (97.3%). Genetic analysis revealed the emergence of novel HPAI genotypes due to genetic reassortment events. G1 and G2 viruses were separately introduced into Korea, with G1 viruses displaying dynamic behavior, resulting in diverse sub-genotypes (G1-1 to G1-5) and mainly isolated from clinical specimens. Conversely, the G2 virus, introduced later, became the dominant strain consistently isolated mainly from bird carcasses (88.9%). These findings underscore the emergence of numerous novel HPAI genotypes shaped by multiple reassortment events in high-density wintering grounds of migratory birds. These sites act as hotspots for genetic exchanges, significantly influencing avian ecology, including resident bird species, and contributing to HPAI H5N8 evolution. The genetic diversity and ongoing evolution of these viruses highlight the need for vigilant surveillance and adaptive control measures. Recognizing the potential spillover to human populations, a One Health approach is essential to mitigate the evolving threats posed by avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Si
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-ju Kim
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Ji
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Cheun
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Jeong
- National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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Park D, Kim SM, Jang H, Kim K, Ji HY, Yang H, Kwon W, Kang Y, Hwang S, Kim H, Casel MAB, Choi I, Yang JS, Lee JY, Choi YK. Differential beta-coronavirus infection dynamics in human bronchial epithelial organoids. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29600. [PMID: 38591240 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The lower respiratory system serves as the target and barrier for beta-coronavirus (beta-CoV) infections. In this study, we explored beta-CoV infection dynamics in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) organoids, focusing on HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Utilizing advanced organoid culture techniques, we observed robust replication for all beta-CoVs, particularly noting that SARS-CoV-2 reached peak viral RNA levels at 72 h postinfection. Through comprehensive transcriptomic analysis, we identified significant shifts in cell population dynamics, marked by an increase in goblet cells and a concurrent decrease in ciliated cells. Furthermore, our cell tropism analysis unveiled distinct preferences in viral targeting: HCoV-OC43 predominantly infected club cells, while SARS-CoV had a dual tropism for goblet and ciliated cells. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 primarily infected ciliated cells, and MERS-CoV showed a marked affinity for goblet cells. Host factor analysis revealed the upregulation of genes encoding viral receptors and proteases. Notably, HCoV-OC43 induced the unfolded protein response pathway, which may facilitate viral replication. Our study also reveals a complex interplay between inflammatory pathways and the suppression of interferon responses during beta-CoV infections. These findings provide insights into host-virus interactions and antiviral defense mechanisms, contributing to our understanding of beta-CoV infections in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbin Park
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Jang
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Ji
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heedong Yang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Kwon
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonglim Kang
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhee Hwang
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Issac Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Yu G, Choi YK, Lee S. Inflammasome diversity: exploring novel frontiers in the innate immune response. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:248-258. [PMID: 38519271 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens elicit complex mammalian immune responses by activating multiple sensors within inflammasomes, which recognize diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This simultaneous activation induces the formation of protein complexes referred to as multiple inflammasomes, that orchestrate a spectrum of programmed cell death pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. This concept is crucial for comprehending the complexity of the innate immune system's response to diverse pathogens and its implications for various diseases. Novel contributions here include emphasizing simultaneous sensor activation by pathogens, proposing the existence of multiple inflammasome complexes, and advocating for further exploration of their structural basis. Understanding these mechanisms may offer insights into disease pathogenesis, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions targeting inflammasome-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongju Yu
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangJoon Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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Kim D, Kim E, Kim S, Chung Y, Cho SD, Choi Y, Lai CJ, Dai X, Kang S, Kwak MJ, Cha I, Liu Z, Choi Y, Park SH, Choi YK, Jung JU. Self-assembling Gn head ferritin nanoparticle vaccine provides full protection from lethal challenge of Dabie Bandavirus in aged ferrets. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.19.549761. [PMID: 37503275 PMCID: PMC10370104 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Dabie Bandavirus (DBV), previously known as Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) Virus, induces a characteristic thrombocytopenia with a mortality rate ranging from 12% to as high as 30%. The sero-prevalence of DBV in healthy people is not significantly different among age groups, but clinically diagnosed SFTS patients are older than ~50 years, suggesting that age is the critical risk factor for SFTS morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, our immune-competent ferret model demonstrates an age (>4 years old)-dependent DBV infection and pathogenesis that fully recapitulates human clinical manifestation. To protect the aged population from DBV-induced SFTS, vaccine should carry robust immunogenicity with high safety profile. Previous studies have shown that glycoproteins Gn/Gc are the most effective antigens for inducing both neutralizing antibody (NAb)- and T cell-mediated immunity and, thereby, protection. Here, we report the development of a protein subunit vaccine with 24-mer self-assembling ferritin (FT) nanoparticle to present DBV Gn head region (GnH) for enhanced immunogenicity. Anion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography readily purified the GnH-FT nanoparticles to homogeneity with structural integrity. Mice immunized with GnH-FT nanoparticles induced robust NAb response and T-cell immunity against DBV Gn. Furthermore, aged ferrets immunized with GnH-FT nanoparticles were fully protected from DBV challenge without SFTS symptoms such as body weight loss, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and fatality. This study demonstrates that DBV GnH-FT nanoparticles provide an efficient vaccine efficacy in mouse and aged ferret models and should be an outstanding vaccine candidate targeted for the aged population against fatal DBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokyun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eunha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youseung Chung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dong Cho
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseo Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Inho Cha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Younho Choi
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kim D, Kim E, Kim S, Chung Y, Lai CJ, Cha I, Cho SD, Choi Y, Dai X, Kim S, Kang S, Kwak MJ, Liu Z, Choi Y, Park SH, Choi YK, Jung JU. Self-assembling Gn head ferritin nanoparticle vaccine provides full protection from lethal challenge of Dabie bandavirus in aged ferrets. mBio 2023; 14:e0186823. [PMID: 37712692 PMCID: PMC10653821 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01868-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dabie bandavirus (DBV) is an emerging tick-borne virus that causes severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in infected patients. Human SFTS symptoms progress from fever, fatigue, and muscle pain to the depletion of white blood cells and platelets with fatality rates up to 30%. The recent spread of its vector tick to over 20 states in the United States increases the potential for outbreaks of the SFTS beyond the East Asia. Thus, the development of vaccine to control this rapidly emerging virus is a high priority. In this study, we applied self-assembling ferritin (FT) nanoparticle to enhance the immunogenicity of DBV Gn head domain (GnH) as a vaccine target. Mice immunized with the GnH-FT nanoparticle vaccine induced potent antibody responses and cellular immunity. Immunized aged ferrets were fully protected from the lethal challenge of DBV. Our study describes the GnH-FT nanoparticle vaccine candidate that provides protective immunity against the emerging DBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokyun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eunha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youseung Chung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Inho Cha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sung-Dong Cho
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseo Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Younho Choi
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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8
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Sagong M, Kang YM, Kim NY, Noh EB, Heo GB, An SH, Lee YJ, Choi YK, Lee KN. Development of a Novel Korean H9-Specific rRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Korea. J Microbiol 2023; 61:929-936. [PMID: 38010587 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the Y439 lineage of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been the predominant strain circulating in poultry in Korea; however, in 2020, the Y280 lineage emerged and spread rapidly nationwide, causing large economic losses. To prevent further spread and circulation of such viruses, rapid detection and diagnosis through active surveillance programs are crucial. Here, we developed a novel H9 rRT-PCR assay that can detect a broad range of H9Nx viruses in situations in which multiple lineages of H9 AIVs are co-circulating. We then evaluated its efficacy using a large number of clinical samples. The assay, named the Uni Kor-H9 assay, showed high sensitivity for Y280 lineage viruses, as well as for the Y439 lineage originating in Korean poultry and wild birds. In addition, the assay showed no cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIV or other avian pathogens. Furthermore, the Uni Kor-H9 assay was more sensitive, and had higher detection rates, than reference H9 rRT-PCR methods when tested against a panel of domestically isolated H9 AIVs. In conclusion, the novel Uni Kor-H9 assay enables more rapid and efficient diagnosis than the "traditional" method of virus isolation followed by subtyping RT-PCR. Application of the new H9 rRT-PCR assay to AI active surveillance programs will help to control and manage Korean H9 AIVs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Kim SM, Kim EH, Casel MAB, Kim YI, Sun R, Kwak MJ, Yoo JS, Yu M, Yu KM, Jang SG, Rollon R, Choi JH, Gil J, Eun K, Kim H, Ensser A, Hwang J, Song MS, Kim MH, Jung JU, Choi YK. SARS-CoV-2 variants with NSP12 P323L/G671S mutations display enhanced virus replication in ferret upper airways and higher transmissibility. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113077. [PMID: 37676771 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of multiple predominant SARS-CoV-2 variants, it becomes important to have a comprehensive assessment of their viral fitness and transmissibility. Here, we demonstrate that natural temperature differences between the upper (33°C) and lower (37°C) respiratory tract have profound effects on SARS-CoV-2 replication and transmissibility. Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 variants containing the NSP12 mutations P323L or P323L/G671S exhibit enhanced RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity at 33°C compared with 37°C and high transmissibility. Molecular dynamics simulations and microscale thermophoresis demonstrate that the NSP12 P323L and P323L/G671S mutations stabilize the NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex through hydrophobic effects, leading to increased viral RdRp activity. Furthermore, competitive transmissibility assay reveals that reverse genetic (RG)-P323L or RG-P323L/G671S NSP12 outcompetes RG-WT (wild-type) NSP12 for replication in the upper respiratory tract, allowing markedly rapid transmissibility. This suggests that NSP12 P323L or P323L/G671S mutation of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased RdRp complex stability and enzymatic activity, promoting efficient transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogens and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogens and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Yu
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Juryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Eun
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogens and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Jeong JH, Choi JH, Kim BK, Min SC, Chokkakula S, Oh S, Park JH, Shim SM, Kim EG, Choi YK, Lee JY, Baek YH, Song MS. Evaluating Z-FA-FMK, a host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, as a potent and broad-spectrum antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105669. [PMID: 37437781 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though the World Health Organization announced the end of the COVID-19 pandemic as a global public health emergency on May 5, 2023, SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a significant health threat worldwide, resulting in substantial numbers of infections and fatalities. This study investigated the antiviral potential of Z-FA-FMK (FMK), a novel host cathepsin L protease inhibitor, against SARS-CoV-2 infection using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro assessments of FMK against a diverse set of SARS-CoV-2 strains, including the Wuhan-like strain and nine variants, demonstrated potent inhibition with EC50 values ranging from 0.55 to 2.41 μM, showcasing similar or superior efficacy compared to FDA-approved antivirals nirmatrelvir (NTV) and molnupiravir (MPV). In vivo experiments using orally administered FMK (25 mg/kg) in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18 hACE2 transgenic mice revealed improved survival rates of 60% and accelerated recovery compared to NTV and MPV treatments. Additionally, FMK displayed a longer half-life (17.26 ± 8.89 h) than NTV and MPV in the mouse model. Due to its host-targeting mechanism, FMK offers potential advantages such as reduced drug resistance and broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses. These findings indicate that FMK may serve as a promising candidate for further clinical evaluation in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kim BK, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Oh S, Park JH, Yun YS, Min SC, Kang DH, Kim EG, Ryu H, Kim HK, Baek YH, Choi YK, Song MS. A Rapid Method for Generating Infectious SARS-CoV-2 and Variants Using Mutagenesis and Circular Polymerase Extension Cloning. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0338522. [PMID: 36877070 PMCID: PMC10100849 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 variants in late 2020 raised alarming global public health concerns. Despite continued scientific progress, the genetic profiles of these variants bring changes in viral properties that threaten vaccine efficacy. Thus, it is critically important to investigate the biologic profiles and significance of these evolving variants. In this study, we demonstrate the application of circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) to the generation of full-length clones of SARS-CoV-2. We report that, combined with a specific primer design scheme, this yields a simpler, uncomplicated, and versatile approach for engineering SARS-CoV-2 variants with high viral recovery efficiency. This new strategy for genomic engineering of SARS-CoV-2 variants was implemented and evaluated for its efficiency in generating point mutations (K417N, L452R, E484K, N501Y, D614G, P681H, P681R, Δ69-70, Δ157-158, E484K+N501Y, and Ins-38F) and multiple mutations (N501Y/D614G and E484K/N501Y/D614G), as well as a large truncation (ΔORF7A) and insertion (GFP). The application of CPEC to mutagenesis also allows the inclusion of a confirmatory step prior to assembly and transfection. This method could be of value in the molecular characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the development and testing of vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antivirals. IMPORTANCE Since the first emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant in late 2020, novel variants have been continuously introduced to the human population, causing severe public health threats. In general, because these variants acquire new genetic mutation/s, it is critical to analyze the biological function of viruses that such mutations can confer. Therefore, we devised a method that can construct SARS-CoV-2 infectious clones and their variants rapidly and efficiently. The method was developed based on a PCR-based circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) combined with a specific primer design scheme. The efficiency of the newly designed method was evaluated by generating SARS-CoV-2 variants with single point mutations, multiple point mutations, and a large truncation and insertion. This method could be of value for the molecular characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and the development and testing of vaccines and antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Soo Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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12
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Choi WS, Oh S, Antigua KJC, Jeong JH, Kim BK, Yun YS, Kang DH, Min SC, Lim BK, Kim WS, Lee JH, Kim EG, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Development of a Universal Cloning System for Reverse Genetics of Human Enteroviruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0316722. [PMID: 36651758 PMCID: PMC9927166 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03167-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) have been associated with several human diseases. Due to their continuous emergence and divergence, EV species have generated more than 100 types and recombinant strains, increasing the public health threat caused by them. Hence, an efficient and universal cloning system for reverse genetics (RG) of highly divergent viruses is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of viral pathology and evolution. In this study, we generated a versatile human EV whole-genome cDNA template by enhancing the template-switching method and designing universal primers capable of simultaneous cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR of EVs. Moreover, by devising strategies to overcome limitations of previous cloning methods, we simplified significant cloning steps to be completed within a day. Of note, we successfully verified our efficient universal cloning system enabling RG of a broad range of human EVs, including EV-A (EV-A71), EV-B (CV-B5, ECHO6, and ECHO30), EV-C (CV-A24), and EV-D (EV-D68), with viral titers and phenotypes comparable to those of their wild types. This rapid and straightforward universal EV cloning strategy will help us elucidate molecular characteristics, pathogenesis, and applications of a broad range of EV serotypes for further development of genetic vaccines and delivery tools using various replication systems. IMPORTANCE Due to the broad spread, incidence, and genetic divergence of enteroviruses (EVs), it has been challenging to deal with this virus that causes severe human diseases, including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis. Therefore, an efficient and universal cloning system for the reverse genetics of highly divergent EVs contributes to an understanding of the viral pathology and molecular mechanisms of evolution. We have simplified the important cloning steps, hereby enhancing the template-switching method and designing universal primers, which enable the important cloning steps to be completed in a day. We have also successfully demonstrated recovery of a broad range of human EVs, including EV-A to -D types, using this advanced universal cloning system. This rapid and robust universal EV cloning strategy will aid in elucidating the molecular characteristics, pathogenesis, and applications of a wide range of EVs for further development of genetic vaccines and antiviral screening using various replication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Microuni Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Animal Health and Welfare Division, Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), Department of Agriculture (DA), Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Soo Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seop Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Microuni Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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13
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Sagong M, Lee KN, Lee EK, Kang H, Choi YK, Lee YJ. Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e5. [PMID: 36560837 PMCID: PMC9899936 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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14
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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15
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Jeong JH, Chokkakula S, Min SC, Kim BK, Choi WS, Oh S, Yun YS, Kang DH, Lee OJ, Kim EG, Choi JH, Lee JY, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Combination therapy with nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir improves the survival of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105430. [PMID: 36209984 PMCID: PMC9535923 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains uncontrolled owing to the continuous emergence of variants of concern, there is an immediate need to implement the most effective antiviral treatment strategies, especially for risk groups. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potency of nirmatrelvir, remdesivir and molnupiravir, and their combinations in SARS-CoV-2 infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Systemic treatment of mice with each drug (20 mg/kg) resulted in slightly enhanced antiviral efficacy and yielded an increased life expectancy of only about 20-40% survival. However, combination therapy with nirmatrelvir (20 mg/kg) and molnupiravir (20 mg/kg) in lethally infected mice showed profound inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in both the lung and brain and synergistically improved survival rates up to 80% compared to those with nirmatrelvir (36%, P < 0.001) and molnupiravir (43%, P < 0.001) administered alone. This combination therapy effectively reduced clinical severity score, virus-induced tissue damage, and viral distribution compared to those in animals treated with these monotherapies. Furthermore, all these assessments associated with this combination were also significantly higher than that of mice receiving remdesivir monotherapy (P < 0.001) and the nirmatrelvir (20 mg/kg) and remdesivir (20 mg/kg) combination (P < 0.001), underscored the clinical significance of this combination. By contrast, the nirmatrelvir and remdesivir combination showed less antiviral efficacy, with lower survival compared to nirmatrelvir monotherapy due to the insufficient plasma exposure of the remdesivir, demonstrating the inefficient therapeutic effect of this combination in the mouse model. The combination therapy with nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir contributes to alleviated morbidity and mortality, which can serve as a basis for the design of clinical studies of this combination in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Min
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Yu Soo Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Acute Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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16
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Kim SM, Kim EH, Casel MAB, Kim YI, Sun R, Kwack MJ, Yoo JS, Yu MA, Yu KM, Jang SG, Rollon R, Choi JH, Gil J, Eun K, Kim H, Ensser A, Hwang J, Song MS, Kim MH, Jung JU, Choi YK. SARS-CoV-2 variants show temperature-dependent enhanced polymerase activity in the upper respiratory tract and high transmissibility. bioRxiv 2022:2022.09.27.509689. [PMID: 36203545 PMCID: PMC9536035 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.27.509689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the convergent global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), a precise comparison study of viral fitness and transmission characteristics is necessary for the prediction of dominant VOCs and the development of suitable countermeasures. While airway temperature plays important roles in the fitness and transmissibility of respiratory tract viruses, it has not been well studied with SARS-CoV-2. Here we demonstrate that natural temperature differences between the upper (33°C) and lower (37°C) respiratory tract have profound effects on SARS-CoV-2 replication and transmission. Specifically, SARS-COV-2 variants containing the P323L or P323L/G671S mutation in the NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) exhibited enhanced RdRp enzymatic activity at 33°C compared to 37°C and high transmissibility in ferrets. MicroScale Thermophoresis demonstrated that the NSP12 P323L or P323L/G671S mutation stabilized the NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex interaction. Furthermore, reverse genetics-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants containing the NSP12 P323L or P323L/G671S mutation displayed enhanced replication at 33°C, and high transmission in ferrets. This suggests that the evolutionarily forced NSP12 P323L and P323L/G671S mutations of recent SARS-CoV-2 VOC strains are associated with increases of the RdRp complex stability and enzymatic activity, promoting the high transmissibility.
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17
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Jeong HW, Kim SM, Jung MK, Noh JY, Yoo JS, Kim EH, Kim YI, Yu K, Jang SG, Gil J, Casel MA, Rare R, Choi JH, Kim HS, Kim JH, Um J, Kim C, Kim Y, Chin BS, Jung S, Choi JY, Song KH, Kim YD, Park JS, Song JY, Shin EC, Choi YK. Enhanced antibody responses in fully vaccinated individuals against pan-SARS-CoV-2 variants following Omicron breakthrough infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100764. [PMID: 36182684 PMCID: PMC9482837 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Omicron has become the globally dominant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, creating additional challenges due to its ability to evade neutralization. Here, we report that neutralizing antibodies against Omicron variants are undetected following COVID-19 infection with ancestral or past SARS-CoV-2 variant viruses or after two-dose mRNA vaccination. Compared with two-dose vaccination, a three-dose vaccination course induces broad neutralizing antibody responses with improved durability against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, although neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron remain low. Intriguingly, among individuals with three-dose vaccination, Omicron breakthrough infection substantially augments serum neutralizing activity against a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5. Additionally, after Omicron breakthrough infection, memory T cells respond to the spike proteins of both ancestral and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 by producing cytokines with polyfunctionality. These results suggest that Omicron breakthrough infection following three-dose mRNA vaccination induces pan-SARS-CoV-2 immunity that may protect against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Early SARS-CoV-2 variant infections do not elicit NAbs against Omicron variants Three-dose vaccination induces broad, but variant-specific, NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infection elicits pan-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity T cell immunity dose not differ upon stimulation with ancestral or Omicron spike
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18
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Kang B, Lee Y, Lim J, Yong D, Ki Choi Y, Woo Yoon S, Seo S, Jang S, Uk Son S, Kang T, Jung J, Lee KS, Kim MH, Lim EK. FRET-based hACE2 receptor mimic peptide conjugated nanoprobe for simple detection of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Eng J 2022; 442:136143. [PMID: 35382003 PMCID: PMC8969299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.136143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has led to a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, namely coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This disease threatens human health and public safety. Early diagnosis, isolation, and prevention are important to suppress the outbreak of COVID 19 given the lack of specific antiviral drugs to treat this disease and the emergence of various variants of the virus that cause breakthrough infections even after vaccine administration. Simple and prompt testing is paramount to preventing further spread of the virus. However, current testing methods, namely RT-PCR, is time-consuming. Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor plays a pivotal role in host cell entry. In the present study, we developed a hACE2 mimic peptide beacon (COVID19-PEB) for simple detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer system. COVID19-PEB exhibits minimal fluorescence in its ''closed'' hairpin structure; however, in the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the specific recognition of the S protein receptor-binding domain by COVID19-PEB causes the beacon to assume an ''open'' structure that emits strong fluorescence. COVID19-PEB can detect SARS-CoV-2 within 3 h or even 50 min and exhibits strong fluorescence even at low viral concentrations, with a detection limit of 4 × 103 plaque-forming unit/test. Furthermore, in SARS-CoV-2-infected patient samples confirmed using polymerase chain reaction, COVID19-PEB accurately detected the virus. COVID19-PEB could be developed as a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghoon Kang
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Lim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 776 1sunhwan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Yoon
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbeom Seo
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Gumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Jang
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Uk Son
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sun Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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19
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Kim EH, Lee BW, Ryu B, Cho HM, Kim SM, Jang SG, Casel MAB, Rollon R, Yoo JS, Poo H, Oh WK, Choi YK. Inhibition of a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antiviral phytochemicals in hACE2 mice. Antiviral Res 2022; 204:105371. [PMID: 35777669 PMCID: PMC9239703 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although several vaccines and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are currently available, control and prevention of COVID-19 through these interventions is limited due to inaccessibility and economic issues in some regions and countries. Moreover, incomplete viral clearance by ineffective therapeutics may lead to rapid genetic evolution, resulting in the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that may escape the host immune system as well as currently available COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we report that phytochemicals extracted from Chlorella spp. and Psidium guajava possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Through chromatography-based screening, we identified four bioactive compounds and subsequently demonstrated their potential antiviral activities in vivo. Interestingly, in hACE2 mice, treatment with these compounds significantly attenuates SARS-CoV-2-induced proinflammatory responses, demonstrating their potential anti-inflammatory activity. Collectively, our study suggests that phytochemicals from edible plants may be readily available therapeutics and prophylactics against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Wool Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Moon Cho
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Park SJ, Kim YI, Casel MA, Kim EH, Kim SM, Yu KM, Rollon R, Jang SG, Jeong HW, Choi YK. Infection Route Impacts the Pathogenesis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ferrets. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061184. [PMID: 35746656 PMCID: PMC9227493 DOI: 10.3390/v14061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) to public health has been increasing due to the rapid spread of the ticks that carry the causative viral agent. The SFTS virus (SFTSV) was first identified in China and subsequently detected in neighboring countries, including South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. In addition to the tick-mediated infection, human-to-human transmission has been recently reported with a high mortality rate; however, differential study of the pathogen has been limited by the route of infection. In this study, we investigated the pathogenic potential of SFTSV based on the infection route in aged ferrets, which show clinical signs similar to that of human infections. Ferrets inoculated with SFTSV via the intramuscular and subcutaneous routes show clinical signs comparable to those of severe human infections, with a mortality rate of 100%. Contrastingly, intravascularly infected ferrets exhibit a comparatively lower mortality rate of 25%, although their early clinical signs are similar to those observed following infection via the other routes. These results indicate that the infection route could influence the onset of SFTS symptoms and the pathogenicity of SFTSV. Thus, infection route should be considered in future studies on the pathogenesis of SFTSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea; (Y.-I.K.); (M.A.C.); (S.-M.K.); (R.R.); (S.-G.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
| | - Mark Anthony Casel
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea; (Y.-I.K.); (M.A.C.); (S.-M.K.); (R.R.); (S.-G.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea; (Y.-I.K.); (M.A.C.); (S.-M.K.); (R.R.); (S.-G.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea; (Y.-I.K.); (M.A.C.); (S.-M.K.); (R.R.); (S.-G.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea; (Y.-I.K.); (M.A.C.); (S.-M.K.); (R.R.); (S.-G.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea; (Y.-I.K.); (M.A.C.); (S.-M.K.); (R.R.); (S.-G.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (E.-H.K.); (K.-M.Y.); (H.W.J.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (Y.K.C.)
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21
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Wu X, Xia T, Shin WJ, Yu KM, Jung W, Herrmann A, Foo SS, Chen W, Zhang P, Lee JS, Poo H, Comhair SAA, Jehi L, Choi YK, Ensser A, Jung JU. Viral Mimicry of Interleukin-17A by SARS-CoV-2 ORF8. mBio 2022; 13:e0040222. [PMID: 35343786 PMCID: PMC9040823 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00402-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers cytokine-mediated inflammation, leading to a myriad of clinical presentations in COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 open reading frame 8 (ORF8) is a secreted and rapidly evolving glycoprotein. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants with ORF8 deleted are associated with mild disease outcomes, but the molecular mechanism behind this is unknown. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 is a viral cytokine that is similar to but distinct from interleukin 17A (IL-17A) as it induces stronger and broader human IL-17 receptor (hIL-17R) signaling than IL-17A. ORF8 primarily targeted blood monocytes and induced the heterodimerization of hIL-17RA and hIL-17RC, triggering a robust inflammatory response. Transcriptome analysis revealed that besides its activation of the hIL-17R pathway, ORF8 upregulated gene expression for fibrosis signaling and coagulation dysregulation. A naturally occurring ORF8 L84S variant that was highly associated with mild COVID-19 showed reduced hIL-17RA binding and attenuated inflammatory responses. This study reveals how SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 by a viral mimicry of the IL-17 cytokine contributes to COVID-19 severe inflammation. IMPORTANCE Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants lacking open reading frame 8 (ORF8) have been associated with milder infection and disease outcome, but the molecular mechanism behind how this viral accessory protein mediates disease pathogenesis is not yet known. In our study, we revealed that secreted ORF8 protein mimics host IL-17 to activate IL-17 receptors A and C (IL-17RA/C) and induces a significantly stronger inflammatory response than host IL-17A, providing molecular insights into the role of ORF8 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and serving as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Woo-Jin Shin
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Florida Research & Innovation Center, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Jung
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra Herrmann
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suzy A. A. Comhair
- Respiratory Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lara Jehi
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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22
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Kim YI, Casel MAB, Choi YK. Transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants in animal models. J Microbiol 2022; 60:255-267. [PMID: 35235177 PMCID: PMC8890026 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As of February 2022, SARS-CoV-2 is still one of the most serious public health threats due to its high mortality rate and rapid spread of novel variants. Since the first outbreak in 2019, general understanding of SARS-CoV-2 has been improved through basic and clinical studies; however, knowledge gaps still exist in our understanding of the emerging novel SARSCoV-2 variants, which impacts the corresponding development of vaccines and therapeutics. Especially, accumulation of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 and rapid spread in populations with previous immunity has resulted in selection of variants that evade the host immune response. This phenomenon threatens to render current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ineffective for controlling the pandemic. Proper animal models are essential for detailed investigations into the viral etiology, transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine candidates against recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the choice of animal model for each research topic is important for researchers to gain better knowledge of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of each animal model, including mice, hamsters, ferrets, and non-human primates, to elucidate variant SARS-CoV-2 etiology and transmission and to evaluate therapeutic and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Zhang X, Zhao C, Cheng C, Zhang G, Yu T, Lawrence K, Li H, Sun J, Yang Z, Ye L, Chu H, Wang Y, Han X, Jia Y, Fan S, Kanuka H, Tanaka T, Jenkins C, Gedye K, Chandra S, Price DC, Liu Q, Choi YK, Zhan X, Zhang Z, Zheng A. Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:363-372. [PMID: 35075994 PMCID: PMC8798674 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.211532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is spreading rapidly in Asia. This virus is transmitted by the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis), which has parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing populations. Parthenogenetic populations were found in ≥15 provinces in China and strongly correlated with the distribution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. However, distribution of these cases was poorly correlated with the distribution of populations of bisexual ticks. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the parthenogenetic population spread much faster than bisexual population because colonization is independent of sexual reproduction. A higher proportion of parthenogenetic ticks was collected from migratory birds captured at an SFTSV-endemic area, implicating the contribution to the long-range movement of these ticks in China. The SFTSV susceptibility of parthenogenetic females was similar to that of bisexual females under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that parthenogenetic Asian longhorned ticks, probably transported by migratory birds, play a major role in the rapid spread of SFTSV.
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24
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Kim YI, Yu KM, Koh JY, Kim EH, Kim SM, Kim EJ, Casel MAB, Rollon R, Jang SG, Song MS, Park SJ, Jeong HW, Kim EG, Lee OJ, Kim YD, Choi Y, Lee SA, Choi YJ, Park SH, Jung JU, Choi YK. Age-dependent pathogenic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. Nat Commun 2022; 13:21. [PMID: 35013229 PMCID: PMC8748994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in healthy people does not differ significantly among age groups, those aged 65 years or older exhibit strikingly higher COVID-19 mortality compared to younger individuals. To further understand differing COVID-19 manifestations in patients of different ages, three age groups of ferrets are infected with SARS-CoV-2. Although SARS-CoV-2 is isolated from all ferrets regardless of age, aged ferrets (≥3 years old) show higher viral loads, longer nasal virus shedding, and more severe lung inflammatory cell infiltration, and clinical symptoms compared to juvenile (≤6 months) and young adult (1–2 years) groups. Furthermore, direct contact ferrets co-housed with the virus-infected aged group shed more virus than direct-contact ferrets co-housed with virus-infected juvenile or young adult ferrets. Transcriptome analysis of aged ferret lungs reveals strong enrichment of gene sets related to type I interferon, activated T cells, and M1 macrophage responses, mimicking the gene expression profile of severe COVID-19 patients. Thus, SARS-CoV-2-infected aged ferrets highly recapitulate COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms and are useful for understanding age-associated infection, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Here, Kim et al. characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection in juvenile, young, and old aged ferrets to provide a further understanding of differences in COVID-19 severity in humans at different ages. Aged ferrets have higher viral loads, shed virus longer, and mimic the transcriptomic profile of severely infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Choi
- Cancer Biology Department and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Cancer Biology Department and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Cancer Biology Department and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Cancer Biology Department and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea. .,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea. .,Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Kim YI, Kim SM, Park SJ, Kim EH, Yu KM, Chang JH, Kim EJ, Casel MAB, Rollon R, Jang SG, Um J, Song MS, Jeong HW, Kim EG, Kim Y, Kim SY, Park JS, Park MS, Kwon GY, Yeo SG, Lee SA, Choi YJ, Jung JU, Choi YK. Critical role of neutralizing antibody for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and transmission. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:152-160. [PMID: 33407005 PMCID: PMC7832474 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1872352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cases of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have been reported in a number of countries. Further, the level of natural immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully clear, nor is it clear if a primary infection is protective against reinfection. To investigate the potential association between serum antibody titres and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2, ferrets with different levels of NAb titres after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection were subjected to reinfection with a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 strain. All heterologous SARS-CoV-2 reinfected ferrets showed active virus replication in the upper respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. However, the high NAb titre group showed attenuated viral replication and rapid viral clearance. In addition, direct-contact transmission was observed only from reinfected ferrets with low NAb titres (<20), and not from other groups. Further, lung histopathology demonstrated the presence of limited inflammatory regions in the high NAb titre groups compared with control and low NAb groups. This study demonstrates a close correlation between a low NAb titre and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a recovered ferret reinfection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Chang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sun Park
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Park
- Div. of Public Health Research, Sejong Institute of Health & Environment, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Yong Kwon
- Sejong Public Health Center, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gu Yeo
- Div. of Public Health Research, Sejong Institute of Health & Environment, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Center for Global and Emerging Pathogen Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Center for Global and Emerging Pathogen Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Center for Global and Emerging Pathogen Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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26
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Schulz J, Yinda CK, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RA, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface‒Aerosol Stability and Pathogenicity of Diverse Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Strains, 2012‒2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3052-3062. [PMID: 34808078 PMCID: PMC8632154 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. Although some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, most natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. We report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV, as well as isolates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. Although most MERS-CoV isolates had similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel-derived isolate C/KSA/13 had reduced surface stability, and another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that although betacoronaviruses might have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the need for continual global viral surveillance.
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27
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Kim EH, Kim YI, Jang SG, Im M, Jeong K, Choi YK, Han HJ. Antiviral effects of human placenta hydrolysate (Laennec ®) against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in the ferret model. J Microbiol 2021; 59:1056-1062. [PMID: 34613605 PMCID: PMC8493534 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented health, social, and economic crises worldwide. However, to date, there is an only a limited effective treatment for this disease. Human placenta hydrolysate (hPH) has previously been shown to be safe and to improve the health condition in patients with hyperferritinemia and COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to determine the antiviral effects of hPH against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo models and compared with Remdesivir, an FDA-approved drug for COVID-19 treatment. To assess whether hPH inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication, we determined the CC50, EC50, and selective index (SI) in Vero cells by infection with a SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 0.01. Further, groups of ferrets infected with 105.8 TCID50/ml of SARS-CoV-2 and treated with hPH at 2, 4, 6 dpi, and compared their clinical manifestation and virus titers in respiratory tracts with PBS control-treated group. The mRNA expression of immune-related cytokines was determined by qRT-PCR. hPH treatment attenuated virus replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In a ferret infection study, treatment with hPH resulted in minimal bodyweight loss and attenuated virus replication in the nasal wash, turbinates, and lungs of infected ferrets. In addition, qRT-PCR results revealed that the hPH treatment remarkably upregulated the gene expression of type I (IFN-α and IFN-β) and II (IFN-γ) IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infected ferrets. Our data collectively suggest that hPH has antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Im
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07335, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoo Jeong
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07335, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea. .,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Jung Han
- GREENCROSS WellBeing Co., Ltd., Seoul, 07335, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Lee S, Choi CH, Yun MR, Kim DW, Kim SS, Choi YK, Choi YS. Evaluation of global evolutionary variations in the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08170. [PMID: 34660919 PMCID: PMC8511646 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the origin of variants and their evolutionary history in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, time-scaled phylogenetic and gene variation analyses were performed. The mutation patterns and evolution characteristics were examined using the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) with 349 whole-genome sequences available by March 2020. The results revealed five phylogenetic clusters (Groups A-E), with 408 nucleotide variants. The mutations including the deletion of three nucleotides underwent various and complicated changes in the whole genome over time, while some frequency or transient mutations were also observed. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 originated from China and was transmitted to other Asian countries, followed by North America and Europe. This study could help to comprehensively understand the evolutionary characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 with a special emphasis on its global variation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Pathogen Resource Management, Center for Public Vaccine Development and Support, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio Bigdata, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hwan Choi
- Division of Pathogen Resource Management, Center for Public Vaccine Development and Support, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Yun
- Division of Pathogen Resource Management, Center for Public Vaccine Development and Support, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Division of Pathogen Resource Management, Center for Public Vaccine Development and Support, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Center for Public Vaccine Development and Support, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sill Choi
- Division of Pathogen Resource Management, Center for Public Vaccine Development and Support, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
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29
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Ryu DK, Song R, Kim M, Kim YI, Kim C, Kim JI, Kwon KS, Tijsma ASL, Nuijten PM, van Baalen CA, Hermanus T, Kgagudi P, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, Choi YK, Lee SY. Therapeutic effect of CT-P59 against SARS-CoV-2 South African variant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:135-140. [PMID: 34119826 PMCID: PMC8180667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The global circulation of newly emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 is a new threat to public health due to their increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Moreover, currently available vaccines and therapeutic antibodies were shown to be less effective against new variants, in particular, the South African (SA) variant, termed 501Y.V2 or B.1.351. To assess the efficacy of the CT-P59 monoclonal antibody against the SA variant, we sought to perform as in vitro binding and neutralization assays, and in vivo animal studies. CT-P59 neutralized B.1.1.7 variant to a similar extent as to wild type virus. CT-P59 showed reduced binding affinity against a RBD (receptor binding domain) triple mutant containing mutations defining B.1.351 (K417N/E484K/N501Y) also showed reduced potency against the SA variant in live virus and pseudovirus neutralization assay systems. However, in vivo ferret challenge studies demonstrated that a therapeutic dosage of CT-P59 was able to decrease B.1.351 viral load in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, comparable to that observed for the wild type virus. Overall, although CT-P59 showed reduced in vitro neutralizing activity against the SA variant, sufficient antiviral effect in B.1.351-infected animals was confirmed with a clinical dosage of CT-P59, suggesting that CT-P59 has therapeutic potential for COVID-19 patients infected with SA variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyun Ryu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rina Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sung Kwon
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Disease, Johannesburg of the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- National Institute for Communicable Disease, Johannesburg of the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Disease, Johannesburg of the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Disease, Johannesburg of the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. 20, Academy-ro 51 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22014, Republic of Korea
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30
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Lee JS, Koh JY, Yi K, Kim YI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Kim SM, Park SH, Ju YS, Choi YK, Park SH. Single-cell transcriptome of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals sequential change of macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4567. [PMID: 34315893 PMCID: PMC8316405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have used a longitudinal approach to describe the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells longitudinally obtained from SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets. Landscape analysis of the lung immune microenvironment shows distinct changes in cell proportions and characteristics compared to uninfected control, at 2 and 5 days post-infection (dpi). Macrophages are classified into 10 distinct subpopulations with transcriptome changes among monocyte-derived infiltrating macrophages and differentiated M1/M2 macrophages, notably at 2 dpi. Moreover, trajectory analysis reveals gene expression changes from monocyte-derived infiltrating macrophages toward M1 or M2 macrophages and identifies a macrophage subpopulation that has rapidly undergone SARS-CoV-2-mediated activation of inflammatory responses. Finally, we find that M1 or M2 macrophages show distinct patterns of gene modules downregulated by immune-modulatory drugs. Overall, these results elucidate fundamental aspects of the immune response dynamics provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijong Yi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- GENOME INSIGHT Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Park JH, Kim B, Antigua KJC, Jeong JH, Kim CI, Choi WS, Oh S, Kim CH, Kim EG, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Baloxavir-oseltamivir combination therapy inhibits the emergence of resistant substitutions in influenza A virus PA gene in a mouse model. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105126. [PMID: 34217753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) treatment-emergent polymerase acid (PA) I38X amino acid substitution (AAS) in the resistant variants of influenza viruses raise concerns regarding their emergence and spread. This study investigated the impact of 1 or 5 mg/kg BXM and 25 mg/kg oseltamivir phosphate (OS) (single or combination therapy) on the occurrence of resistance-related substitutions during the sequential lung-to-lung passages of AH1N1)pdm09 virus in mice. Deep sequencing analysis revealed that 67% (n = 4/6) of the population treated with BXM single therapy (1 or 5 mg/kg) possessed the treatment-emergent PA-I38X AAS variants (I38T, I38S, and I38V). Notably, BXM-OS combination therapy impeded PA-I38X AAS emergence. Although the doses utilized in the mouse model may not be directly translated into the clinically equivalent doses of each drugs, these findings offer insights toward alternative therapies to mitigate the emergence of influenza antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomkyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Jeong HW, Chang HH, Kim EJ, Kim YK, Kim SM, Kim EH, Kim YI, Casel MAB, Kim SG, Rollon R, Jang SG, Yu KM, Kim HS, Park HS, Park SJ, Kim YD, Kim EG, Choi YK. Differences in seroprevalence between epicenter and non-epicenter areas of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. J Microbiol 2021; 59:530-533. [PMID: 33907974 PMCID: PMC8079228 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To compare the standardized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence of high epicenter region with non-epicenter region, serological studies were performed with a total of 3,268 sera from Daegu City and 3,981 sera from Chungbuk Province. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for SARS-CoV-2 IgG results showed a high seroprevalence rate in the Daegu City (epicenter) compared with a non-epicenter area (Chungbuk Province) (1.27% vs. 0.91%, P = 0.0358). It is noteworthy that the highest seroprevalence in Daegu City was found in elderly patients (70's) whereas young adult patients (20's) in Chungbuk Province showed the highest seroprevalence. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers were found in three samples from Daegu City (3/3, 268, 0.09%) while none of the samples from Chungbuk Province were NAb positive. These results demonstrated that even following the large outbreak, the seropositive rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population remained low in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ha Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sue Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Chungbuk Regional Cancer Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Casel MA, Park SJ, Choi YK. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: emerging novel phlebovirus and their control strategy. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:713-722. [PMID: 33953322 PMCID: PMC8178303 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging infectious disease first identified in central China in 2009, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) was found to be caused by a novel phlebovirus. Since SFTSV was first identified, epidemics have occurred in several East Asian countries. With the escalating incidence of SFTS and the rapid, worldwide spread of SFTSV vector, it is clear this virus has pandemic potential and presents an impending global public health threat. In this review, we concisely summarize the latest findings regarding SFTSV, including vector and virus transmission, genotype diversity and epidemiology, probable pathogenic mechanism, and clinical presentation of human SFTS. Ticks most likely transmit SFTSV to animals including humans; however, human-to-human transmission has been reported. The majority of arbovirus transmission cycle includes vertebrate hosts, and potential reservoirs include a variety of both domestic and wild animals. Reports of the seroprevalence of SFTSV in both wild and domestic animals raises the probability that domestic animals act as amplifying hosts for the virus. Major clinical manifestation of human SFTS infection is high fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and a high case-fatality rate. Several animal models were developed to further understand the pathogenesis of the virus and aid in the discovery of therapeutics and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Casel MAB, Rollon RG, Choi YK. Experimental Animal Models of Coronavirus Infections: Strengths and Limitations. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e12. [PMID: 33996168 PMCID: PMC8099610 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population in late 2019, it has spread on an unprecedented scale worldwide leading to the first coronavirus pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to fatal cases. Although intensive research has been undertaken to increase understanding of the complex biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the detailed mechanisms underpinning the severe pathogenesis and interactions between the virus and the host immune response are not well understood. Thus, the development of appropriate animal models that recapitulate human clinical manifestations and immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 is crucial. Although many animal models are currently available for the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, each has distinct advantages and disadvantages, and some models show variable results between and within species. Thus, we aim to discuss the different animal models, including mice, hamsters, ferrets, and non-human primates, employed for SARS-CoV-2 infection studies and outline their individual strengths and limitations for use in studies aimed at increasing understanding of coronavirus pathogenesis. Moreover, a significant advantage of these animal models is that they can be tailored, providing unique options specific to the scientific goals of each researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony B. Casel
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Rare G. Rollon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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35
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Abstract
Several subtypes of avian influenza (AI) viruses have caused human infections in recent years; however, there is a severe knowledge gap regarding the capacity of wild bird viruses to infect mammals. To assess the risk of mammalian infection by AI viruses from their natural reservoirs, a panel of isolates from 34 wild birds was examined in animal models. All selected AI virus subtypes were found to predominantly possess Eurasian lineage, although reassortment with North American lineage AI viruses was also noted in some isolates. When used to infect chickens, 20 AI isolates could be recovered from oropharyngeal swabs at 5 days post-infection (dpi) without causing significant morbidity. Similarly, mild to no observable disease was observed in mice infected with these viruses although the majority replicated efficiently in murine lungs. As expected, wild bird AI isolates were found to recognize avian-like receptors, while a few strains also exhibited detectable human-like receptor binding. Selected strains were further tested in ferrets, and 15 out of 20 were found to shed the virus in the upper respiratory tract until 5 dpi. Overall, we demonstrate that a diversity of low-pathogenic AI viruses carried by wild migratory birds have the capacity to infect land-based poultry and mammalian hosts while causing minimal signs of clinical disease. This study reiterates that there is a significant capacity for interspecies transmission of AI viruses harboured by wild aquatic birds. Thus, these viruses pose a significant threat to human health underscoring the need for continued surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Ll Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Virology Division, Department. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Virology Division, Department. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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36
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Kim YI, Yu KM, Koh JY, Kim EH, Kim SM, Kim EJ, Casel MA, Rollon R, Jang SG, Song MS, Park SJ, Jeong HW, Kim EG, Lee OJ, Choi Y, Lee SA, Park SH, Jung JU, Choi YK. Age-dependent pathogenic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-131380. [PMID: 33821260 PMCID: PMC8020987 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-131380/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
While the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in healthy people does not differ significantly among age groups, those aged 65 years or older exhibit strikingly higher COVID-19 mortality compared to younger individuals. To further understand differing COVID-19 manifestations in patients of different ages, three age groups of ferrets were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Although SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from all ferrets regardless of age, aged ferrets (≥ 3 years old) showed higher viral loads, longer nasal virus shedding, and more severe lung inflammatory cell infiltration and clinical symptoms compared to juvenile (≤ 6 months) and young adult (1-2 years) groups. Transcriptome analysis of aged ferret lungs revealed strong enrichment of gene sets related to type I interferon, activated T cells, and M1 macrophage responses, mimicking the gene expression profile of severe COVID-19 patients. Thus, SARS-CoV-2-infected aged ferrets highly recapitulate COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms and are useful for understanding age-associated infection, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University
| | | | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
| | | | | | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University
| | - Mark Anthony Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University
| | | | - Su-Jin Park
- Division of Applied Life Science and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae U Jung
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
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37
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Yinda CK, Schulz J, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RAPM, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface-aerosol stability and pathogenicity of diverse MERS-CoV strains from 2012 - 2018. bioRxiv 2021:2021.02.11.429193. [PMID: 33594367 PMCID: PMC7885919 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.11.429193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a coronavirus that infects both humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. While some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, the majority of natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. Here we report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV as well as SARS-CoV-2 to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. While most of the MERS-CoV isolates exhibited similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel derived isolate, C/KSA/13, exhibited reduced surface stability while another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that while betacoronaviruses may have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the importance of continual, global viral surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99111, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Michael Letko, Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, Tel: (509) 335-4058,
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99111, USA
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maged G Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria D. van Kerkhove
- Department of Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Infection Prevention and Control, Assistant Deputy Minister, Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, University of Hong-Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susan I. Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Michael Letko, Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, Tel: (509) 335-4058,
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38
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Kim YI, Kim D, Yu KM, Seo HD, Lee SA, Casel MAB, Jang SG, Kim S, Jung W, Lai CJ, Choi YK, Jung JU. Development of spike receptor-binding domain nanoparticle as a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. bioRxiv 2021:2021.01.28.428743. [PMID: 33532767 PMCID: PMC7852231 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.28.428743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, enters host cells via the interaction of its Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of Spike protein with host Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, RBD is a promising vaccine target to induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we report the development of RBD protein-based vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 using self-assembling H. pylori -bullfrog ferritin nanoparticles as an antigen delivery. RBD-ferritin protein purified from mammalian cells efficiently assembled into 24-mer nanoparticles. 16-20 months-old ferrets were vaccinated with RBD-ferritin nanoparticles (RBD-nanoparticles) by intramuscular or intranasal inoculation. All vaccinated ferrets with RBD-nanoparticles produced potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Strikingly, vaccinated ferrets demonstrated efficient protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, showing no fever, body weight loss and clinical symptoms. Furthermore, vaccinated ferrets showed rapid clearance of infectious viruses in nasal washes and lungs as well as viral RNA in respiratory organs. This study demonstrates the Spike RBD-nanoparticle as an effective protein vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyu David Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - WooRam Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogens Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ahn SJ, Baek YH, Lloren KKS, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Antigua KJC, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Kim YI, Si YJ, Hong SB, Shin KS, Chun S, Choi YK, Song MS. Correction to: Rapid and simple colorimetric detection of multiple influenza viruses infecting humans using a reverse transcriptional loopmediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:965. [PMID: 33357216 PMCID: PMC7758918 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Science, Chungbuk Health and Science University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research, Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Ko JH, Lee JY, Kim HA, Kang SJ, Baek JY, Park SJ, Hyun M, Jo IJ, Chung CR, Kim YJ, Kang ES, Choi YK, Chang HH, Jung SI, Peck KR. Serologic Evaluation of Healthcare Workers Caring for COVID-19 Patients in the Republic of Korea. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587613. [PMID: 33329460 PMCID: PMC7714715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of healthcare workers (HCWs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is an important aspect of managing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In the South Korea, highly stringent infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines are implemented, and reports of healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 transmission among HCWs are limited. However, subclinical infections may have been missed by the current symptom-based screening strategy. To evaluate the risk of undetected SARS-CoV-2 transmissions from COVID-19 patients to HCWs, we conducted a multicenter seroprevalence study after the first surge of the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 432 HCWs were evaluated, comprising 309 HCWs designated to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patient care and 123 non-designated HCWs. Designated HCWs wore personal protective equipment including an N95 respirator, eye protection, hooded overalls, shoe covers, and inner and outer gloves. Use of a powered air-purifying respirator was recommended for aerosol-generating procedures or long-duration care activities. A high-sensitivity (99.1%) fluorescence immunoassay immunoglobulin G (IgG) kit was used as the initial screening test, and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for total and IgG antibodies were used to confirm the test results. A microneutralization test was additionally performed to evaluate the neutralizing activity of positive specimens. Among the evaluated HCWs, none of the non-designated HCWs had a positive result, while one of the HCWs designated for COVID-19 patient care (1/309, 0.3%) was seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 with confirmed neutralizing activity (1:40). This finding suggests that subclinical seroconversion may occur among HCWs caring for COVID-19 patients, although the risk is low under strict IPC guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ji Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Miri Hyun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ik Joon Jo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ha Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sook In Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim YI, Casel MAB, Kim SM, Kim SG, Park SJ, Kim EH, Jeong HW, Poo H, Choi YK. Development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) thermal inactivation method with preservation of diagnostic sensitivity. J Microbiol 2020; 58:886-891. [PMID: 32989642 PMCID: PMC7522010 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various treatments and agents had been reported to inactivate RNA viruses. Of these, thermal inactivation is generally considered an effective and cheap method of sample preparation for downstream assays. The purpose of this study is to establish a safe inactivation method for SARS-CoV-2 without compromising the amount of amplifiable viral genome necessary for clinical diagnoses. In this study, we demonstrate the infectivity and genomic stability of SARSCoV- 2 by thermal inactivation at both 56°C and 65°C. The results substantiate that viable SARS-CoV-2 is readily inactivated when incubated at 56°C for 30 min or at 65°C for 10 min. qRT-PCR of specimens heat-inactivated at 56°C for 30 min or 65°C for 15 min revealed similar genomic RNA stability compared with non-heat inactivated specimens. Further, we demonstrate that 30 min of thermal inactivation at 56°C could inactivate viable viruses from clinical COVID-19 specimens without attenuating the qRT-PCR diagnostic sensitivity. Heat treatment of clinical specimens from COVID-19 patients at 56°C for 30 min or 65°C for 15 min could be a useful method for the inactivation of a highly contagious agent, SARS-CoV-2. Use of this method would reduce the potential for secondary infections in BSL2 conditions during diagnostic procedures. Importantly, infectious virus can be inactivated in clinical specimens without compromising the sensitivity of the diagnostic RT-PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Choi WS, Jeong JH, Nicolas HDG, Oh S, Antigua KJC, Park JH, Kim B, Yoon SW, Shin KS, Choi YK, Baek YH, Song MS. Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-Enhanced Specificity of a Dual-Target Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) Assay for the Detection and Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 from Related Viruses. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100775. [PMID: 33007999 PMCID: PMC7601008 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by coronaviruses to human health has necessitated the development of a highly specific and sensitive viral detection method that could differentiate between the currently circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs). In this study, we developed a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay targeting the N gene to efficiently discriminate SARS-CoV-2 from other SARSr-CoVs in human clinical samples. Without compromising the sensitivity, this method significantly enhanced the specificity of SARS-CoV-2 detection by 100-fold as compared to conventional RT-qPCR. In addition, we designed an RT-qPCR method for the sensitive and universal detection of ORF3ab-E genes of SARSr-CoV with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.3 RNA copies per microliter. Thus, the developed assay serves as a confirmative dual-target detection method. Our PNA-mediated dual-target RT-qPCR assay can detect clinical SARS-CoV-2 samples in the range of 18.10–35.19 Ct values with an 82.6–100% detection rate. Furthermore, our assay showed no cross-reactions with other coronaviruses such as human coronaviruses (229E, NL63, and OC43) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, influenza viruses (Type B, H1N1, H3N2, HPAI H5Nx, and H7N9), and other respiratory disease-causing viruses (MPV, RSV A, RSV B, PIV, AdV, and HRV). We, thus, developed a PNA-based RT-qPCR assay that differentiates emerging pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 from closely related viruses such as SARSr-CoV and allows diagnosis of infections related to already identified or new coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Halcyon Dawn G. Nicolas
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Beomkyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.B.); (M.-S.S.)
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (J.H.J.); (H.D.G.N.); (S.O.); (K.J.C.A.); (J.-H.P.); (B.K.); (Y.K.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.B.); (M.-S.S.)
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Hwang KC, Choi YK, Jeong YI, Park KB, Choi EJ, Jeong YW, Hossein MS, Hyun SH, Jeung EB, Hwang WS. Demetylation of the sex-determining region Y gene promoter and incidence of disorder of sex development in cloned dog males. J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 71. [PMID: 32991314 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2020.3.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Canine cloning is occasionally accompanied by abnormal sexual development. Some male donor cells produce cloned pups with female external genitalia and complete male gonadal dysgenesis, which is classified as an XY disorder of sex development (XY DSD). In this study, we examine the potential of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, to reduce the phenotypic abnormality XY DSD in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)- derived pups. We used a 9-year-old normal male German Shepherd dog as a cell donor. Donor cells were treated with 10 nM 5-aza-dC for 4 days before being used for SCNT. At the same stage of cell development, significantly lower levels of DNA methylation of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) promoter was observed in the treated donor cells compared to that in the untreated cells (95.2% versus 53.3% on day 4 for the control and treated groups, respectively). No significant differences were observed in the control or treatment groups concerning fusion rate, pregnancy rate (30 days or entire period), the number of pups, or the incidence of XY DSD. However, more XY DSD dogs were observed in the control group (31.25%) than in the treatment group (14.29%). Hypermethylation of the SRY promoter was observed in the XY DSD cloned pups in both the treatment (84.8%) and control groups (91.1 ± 1.4%) compared to the methylation level in the phenotypically normal male pups of the treatment (23.2 ± 20.9%) and control groups (39.1 ± 20.1%). These results suggest that 5-aza-dC treatment of donor cells can reduce the methylation level of the SRY promoter in donor cells, and thus, 5-aza-dC is advantageous for reducing the incidence of XY DSD in canine cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hwang
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y K Choi
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y I Jeong
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K B Park
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - E J Choi
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y W Jeong
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M S Hossein
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Hyun
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - E-B Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Hwang
- Abu Dhabi Biotech Research Foundation, Kyungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong HW, Kim SM, Kim HS, Kim YI, Kim JH, Cho JY, Kim SH, Kang H, Kim SG, Park SJ, Kim EH, Choi YK. Viable SARS-CoV-2 in various specimens from COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1520-1524. [PMID: 32711057 PMCID: PMC7375961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine whether various clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients contain the infectious virus. METHODS To demonstrate whether various clinical specimens contain the viable virus, we collected naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva, urine and stool samples from five COVID-19 patients and performed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess viral load. Specimens positive with qPCR were subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells. We also used urine and stool samples to intranasally inoculate ferrets and evaluated the virus titres in nasal washes on 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post infection. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in all naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva, urine and stool samples collected between days 8 and 30 of the clinical course. Notably, viral loads in urine, saliva and stool samples were almost equal to or higher than those in naso/oropharyngeal swabs (urine 1.08 ± 0.16-2.09 ± 0.85 log10 copies/mL, saliva 1.07 ± 0.34-1.65 ± 0.46 log10 copies/mL, stool 1.17 ± 0.32 log10 copies/mL, naso/oropharyngeal swabs 1.18 ± 0.12-1.34 ± 0.30 log10 copies/mL). Further, viable SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva of COVID-19 patients, as well as nasal washes of ferrets inoculated with patient urine or stool. DISCUSSION Viable SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated in saliva, urine and stool samples from COVID-19 patients up to days 11-15 of the clinical course. This result suggests that viable SARS-CoV-2 can be secreted in various clinical samples and respiratory specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Disease Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Baek YH, Um J, Antigua KJC, Park JH, Kim Y, Oh S, Kim YI, Choi WS, Kim SG, Jeong JH, Chin BS, Nicolas HDG, Ahn JY, Shin KS, Choi YK, Park JS, Song MS. Development of a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a rapid early-detection method for novel SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:998-1007. [PMID: 32306853 PMCID: PMC7301696 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1756698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have led researchers to study the role of diagnostics in impediment of further spread and transmission. With the recent emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2, the availability of rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic methods is essential for disease control. Hence, we have developed a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the specific detection of SARS-CoV-2. The primer sets for RT-LAMP assay were designed to target the nucleocapsid gene of the viral RNA, and displayed a detection limit of 102 RNA copies close to that of qRT-PCR. Notably, the assay has exhibited a rapid detection span of 30 min combined with the colorimetric visualization. This test can detect specifically viral RNAs of the SARS-CoV-2 with no cross-reactivity to related coronaviruses, such as HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and MERS-CoV as well as human infectious influenza viruses (type B, H1N1pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9), and other respiratory disease-causing viruses (RSVA, RSVB, ADV, PIV, MPV, and HRV). Furthermore, the developed RT-LAMP assay has been evaluated using specimens collected from COVID-19 patients that exhibited high agreement to the qRT-PCR. Our RT-LAMP assay is simple to perform, less expensive, time-efficient, and can be used in clinical laboratories for preliminary detection of SARS-CoV-2 in suspected patients. In addition to the high sensitivity and specificity, this isothermal amplification conjugated with a single-tube colorimetric detection method may contribute to the public health responses and disease control, especially in the areas with limited laboratory capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Sik Chin
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Halcyon Dawn G Nicolas
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sun Park
- Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Kim YI, Kim SG, Kim SM, Kim EH, Park SJ, Yu KM, Chang JH, Kim EJ, Lee S, Casel MAB, Um J, Song MS, Jeong HW, Lai VD, Kim Y, Chin BS, Park JS, Chung KH, Foo SS, Poo H, Mo IP, Lee OJ, Webby RJ, Jung JU, Choi YK. Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:704-709.e2. [PMID: 32259477 PMCID: PMC7144857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and rapidly spread worldwide. To prevent SARS-CoV-2 dissemination, understanding the in vivo characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 is a high priority. We report a ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission that recapitulates aspects of human disease. SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets exhibit elevated body temperatures and virus replication. Although fatalities were not observed, SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets shed virus in nasal washes, saliva, urine, and feces up to 8 days post-infection. At 2 days post-contact, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in all naive direct contact ferrets. Furthermore, a few naive indirect contact ferrets were positive for viral RNA, suggesting airborne transmission. Viral antigens were detected in nasal turbinate, trachea, lungs, and intestine with acute bronchiolitis present in infected lungs. Thus, ferrets represent an infection and transmission animal model of COVID-19 that may facilitate development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Chang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Dam Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Sik Chin
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sun Park
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Chung
- Research institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Pil Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard J Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Kwak JE, Kim YI, Park SJ, Jeong M, Maslow JN, Song MS, Jung JU, Shin EC, Choi YK, Park SH. Development of a DNA vaccine for SFTSV that confers complete protection against lethal infection in ferrets. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.167.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV) belonging to the Phenuiviridae family. The WHO lists SFTSV as one of the most dangerous viral pathogens, and considers it likely to cause wide epidemics in the near future. The incidence of SFTSV infection has increased from its discovery in 2012 through 2018 with a mortality rate of 10–20% and the major clinical symptoms of SFTSV infection are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and multiple organ failure. However, no effective vaccines are currently available for SFTSV. Here, we describe the development of a SFTSV-specific DNA vaccine, its immunogenicity, and its protective efficacy against SFTSV lethal challenge. Vaccine candidates induced both a neutralizing antibody response and multifunctional SFTSV-specific T cell response in mice and ferrets. To investigate the vaccine efficacy in vivo, we applied a recently developed ferret model of lethal infection that recapitulates fatal clinical symptoms in SFTSV infection in humans. Vaccinated ferrets were completely protected from lethal SFTSV challenge without developing any clinical signs. Moreover, we found that anti-envelope antibodies play an important role in protective immunity and non-envelope-specific T cell responses also can contribute to protection against SFTSV infection. This study provides important insights into the development of an effective vaccine, as well as corresponding immune parameters, to control SFTSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Kwak
- 1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- 1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, South Korea
| | | | - Su-Hyung Park
- 1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, South Korea
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48
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Yun SM, Park SJ, Kim YI, Park SW, Yu MA, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Yu KM, Jeong HW, Ryou J, Lee WJ, Jee Y, Lee JY, Choi YK. Genetic and pathogenic diversity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in South Korea. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129531. [PMID: 31877113 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate nationwide severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) infection status, we isolated SFTSVs from patients with suspected severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in 207 hospitals throughout South Korea between 2013 and April 2017. A total of 116 SFTSVs were isolated from 3137 SFTS-suspected patients, with an overall 21.6% case fatality rate. Genetic characterization revealed that at least 6 genotypes of SFTSVs were co-circulating in South Korea, with multiple reassortments among them. Of these, the genotype B-2 strains were the most prevalent, followed by the A and F genotypes. Clinical and epidemiologic investigations revealed that genotype B strains were associated with the highest case fatality rate, while genotype A caused only one fatality among 10 patients. Further, ferret infection studies demonstrated varying clinical manifestations and case mortality rates with different strains of SFTSV, which suggests this virus could exhibit genotype-dependent pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Min Yun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sun-Whan Park
- Jeju National Quarantine Station, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea, Jeju, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Min-Ah Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jungsang Ryou
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease and Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
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49
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Ahn SJ, Baek YH, Lloren KKS, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Antigua KJC, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim EH, Kim YI, Si YJ, Hong SB, Shin KS, Chun S, Choi YK, Song MS. Rapid and simple colorimetric detection of multiple influenza viruses infecting humans using a reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:676. [PMID: 31370782 PMCID: PMC6669974 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to seasonal influenza viruses recently circulating in humans, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of H5N1, H5N6 and H7N9 subtypes have also emerged and demonstrated human infection abilities with high mortality rates. Although influenza viral infections are usually diagnosed using viral isolation and serological/molecular analyses, the cost, accessibility, and availability of these methods may limit their utility in various settings. The objective of this study was to develop and optimized a multiplex detection system for most influenza viruses currently infecting humans. Methods We developed and optimized a multiplex detection system for most influenza viruses currently infecting humans including two type B (both Victoria lineages and Yamagata lineages), H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 using Reverse Transcriptional Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) technology coupled with a one-pot colorimetric visualization system to facilitate direct determination of results without additional steps. We also evaluated this multiplex RT-LAMP for clinical use using a total of 135 clinical and spiked samples (91 influenza viruses and 44 other human infectious viruses). Results We achieved rapid detection of seasonal influenza viruses (H1N1, H3N2, and Type B) and avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N6, H5N8 and H7N9) within an hour. The assay could detect influenza viruses with high sensitivity (i.e., from 100 to 0.1 viral genome copies), comparable to conventional RT-PCR-based approaches which would typically take several hours and require expensive equipment. This assay was capable of specifically detecting each influenza virus (Type B, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8 and H7N9) without cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIVs or other human infectious viruses. Furthermore, 91 clinical and spiked samples confirmed by qRT-PCR were also detected by this multiplex RT-LAMP with 98.9% agreement. It was more sensitive than one-step RT-PCR approach (92.3%). Conclusions Results of this study suggest that our multiplex RT-LAMP assay may provide a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic method for identifying recent influenza viruses infecting humans, especially in locations without access to large platforms or sophisticated equipment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4277-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Joy C Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chungbuk Health and Science University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Ku, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Yu MA, Yu KM, Park SJ, Kim YI, Robles NJ, Si YJ, Kim EH, Kwon HI, Jeong HW, Song MS, Kim SY, Choi YK. Seroprevalence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Phlebovirus in Domesticated Deer in South Korea. Virol Sin 2019; 34:501-507. [PMID: 31240618 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus (SFTSV) has a wide host range. Not only has it been found in humans, but also in many wild and domesticated animals. The infection of breeding deer on farms is a particularly worrisome public health concern due to the large amount of human contact and the diverse use of deer products, including raw blood. To investigate the prevalence of breeding domesticated deer, we examined the SFTSV infection rate on deer farms in South Korea from 2015 to 2017. Of the 215 collected blood samples, 0.9% (2/215) were found to be positive for viral RNA by PCR, and sequence analysis showed the highest homology with the KADGH human isolate. Both SFTSV-specific recombinant N and Gn protein-based ELISAs revealed that 14.0% (30/215) and 7.9% (17/215) of collected blood specimens were positive for SFTSV antibody. These results demonstrate that the breeding farm deer are exposed to SFTSV and could be a potential infection source for humans through direct contact or consumption of byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Norbert John Robles
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea. .,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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