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Larbi I, Arbi M, Souiai O, Tougorti H, Butcher GD, Nsiri J, Badr C, Behi IE, Lachhab J, Ghram A. Phylogeographic Dynamics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Tunisia. Virus Res 2024; 344:199348. [PMID: 38467378 PMCID: PMC10995884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in commercial poultry in Tunisia. This subtype affects poultry and wild birds in Tunisia and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Tunisian H9N2 strains carry, in their hemagglutinins, the human-like marker 226 L that is most influential in avian-to-human viral transmission. For a better understanding of how ecological aspects of the H9N2 virus and its circulation in poultry, migratory birds and environment shapes the spread of the dissemination of H9N2 in Tunisia, herein, we investigate the epidemiological, evolutionary and zoonotic potential of seven H9N2 poultry isolates and sequence their whole genome. Phylogeographic and phylodymanic analysis were used to examine viral spread within and among wild birds, poultry and environment at geographical scales. Genetic evolution results showed that the eight gene sequences of Tunisian H9N2 AIV were characterized by molecular markers involved with virulence and mammalian infections. The geographical distribution of avian influenza virus appears as a network interconnecting countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa. The spatiotemporal dynamics analysis showed that the H9N2 virus was transmitted from Tunisia to neighboring countries notably Libya and Algeria. Interestingly, this study also revealed, for the first time, that there was a virus transmission between Tunisia and Morocco. Bayesian analysis showed exchanges between H9N2 strains of Tunisia and those of the Middle Eastern countries, analysis of host traits showed that duck, wild birds and environment were ancestry related to chicken. The subtypes phylodynamic showed that PB1 segment was under multiple inter-subtype reassortment events with H10N7, H12N5, H5N2 and H6N1 and that PB2 was also a subject of inter-subtype reassortment with H10N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Halima Tougorti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Gary David Butcher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
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Bedair NM, Sakr MA, Mourad A, Eissa N, Mostafa A, Khamiss O. Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms. Arch Virol 2024; 169:99. [PMID: 38625394 PMCID: PMC11021324 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) affect both poultry and humans on a global level, and they are especially prevalent in Egypt. In this study, we sequenced the entire genome of AIV H9N2 isolated from chickens in Egypt in 2021, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting sequences showed that the studied strain was generally monophyletic and grouped within the G1 sublineage of the Eurasian lineage. Four segments (polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase acidic [PA], and non-structural [NS]) were related to Egyptian genotype II, while the nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and haemagglutinin (HA) segments were related to Egyptian genotype I. Molecular analysis revealed that HA protein contained amino acid residues (191H and 234L) that suggested a predilection for attaching to human-like receptors. The antigenic sites of HA had two nonsynonymous mutations: V194I at antigenic site A and M40K at antigenic site B. Furthermore, the R403W and S372A mutations, which have been observed in H3N2 and H2N2 strains that caused human pandemics, were found in the NA protein of the detected strain. The internal proteins contained virulence markers: 504V in the PB2 protein, 622G, 436Y, 207K, and 677T in the PB1 protein, 127V, 550L, and 672L in PA protein, and 64F and 69P in the M protein. These results show that the detected strain had undergone intrasubtype reassortment. Furthermore, it contains changes in the viral proteins that make it more likely to be virulent, raising a question about the tendency of AIV H9N2 to become highly pathogenic in the future for both poultry and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed M Bedair
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt
| | - Moustafa A Sakr
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Mourad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Eissa
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omaima Khamiss
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt
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Wen F, Yan Z, Chen G, Chen Y, Wang N, Li Z, Guo J, Yu H, Liu Q, Huang S. Recent H9N2 avian influenza virus lost hemagglutination activity due to a K141N substitution in hemagglutinin. J Virol 2024; 98:e0024824. [PMID: 38466094 PMCID: PMC11019909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00248-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a significant risk to both the poultry industry and public health. Our surveillance efforts in China have revealed a growing trend of recent H9N2 AIV strains exhibiting a loss of hemagglutination activity at 37°C, posing challenges to detection and monitoring protocols. This study identified a single K141N substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein as the culprit behind this diminished hemagglutination activity. The study evaluated the evolutionary dynamics of residue HA141 and studied the impact of the N141K substitution on aspects such as virus growth, thermostability, receptor-binding properties, and antigenic properties. Our findings indicate a polymorphism at residue 141, with the N variant becoming increasingly prevalent in recent Chinese H9N2 isolates. Although both wild-type and N141K mutant strains exclusively target α,2-6 sialic acid receptors, the N141K mutation notably impedes the virus's ability to bind to these receptors. Despite the mutation exerting minimal influence on viral titers, antigenicity, and pathogenicity in chicken embryos, it significantly enhances viral thermostability and reduces plaque size on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Additionally, the N141K mutation leads to decreased expression levels of HA protein in both MDCK cells and eggs. These findings highlight the critical role of the K141N substitution in altering the hemagglutination characteristics of recent H9N2 AIV strains under elevated temperatures. This emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and genetic analysis of circulating H9N2 AIV strains to develop effective control and prevention measures.IMPORTANCEThe H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently the most prevalent low-pathogenicity AIV circulating in domestic poultry globally. Recently, there has been an emerging trend of H9N2 AIV strains acquiring increased affinity for human-type receptors and even losing their ability to bind to avian-type receptors, which raises concerns about their pandemic potential. In China, there has been a growing number of H9N2 AIV strains that have lost their ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells, leading to false-negative results during surveillance efforts. In this study, we identified a K141N mutation in the HA protein of H9N2 AIV to be responsible for the loss of hemagglutination activity. This finding provides insight into the development of effective surveillance, prevention, and control strategies to mitigate the threat posed by H9N2 AIV to both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Nina Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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Han J, Chang W, Fang J, Hou X, Li Z, Wang J, Deng W. The H9N2 avian influenza virus increases APEC adhesion to oviduct epithelia by viral NS1 protein-mediated activation of the TGF-β pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0151223. [PMID: 38415626 PMCID: PMC10949501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza is a low-pathogenic avian influenza circulating in poultry and wild birds worldwide and frequently contributes to chicken salpingitis that is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), leading to huge economic losses and risks for food safety. Currently, how the H9N2 virus contributes to APEC infection and facilitates salpingitis remains elusive. In this study, in vitro chicken oviduct epithelial cell (COEC) model and in vivo studies were performed to investigate the role of H9N2 viruses on secondary APEC infection, and we identified that H9N2 virus enhances APEC infection both in vitro and in vivo. To understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon, adhesive molecules on the cell surface facilitating APEC adhesion were checked, and we found that H9N2 virus could upregulate the expression of fibronectin, which promotes APEC adhesion onto COECs. We further investigated how fibronectin expression is regulated by H9N2 virus infection and revealed that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is activated by the NS1 protein of the virus, thus regulating the expression of adhesive molecules. These new findings revealed the role of H9N2 virus in salpingitis co-infected with APEC and discovered the molecular mechanisms by which the H9N2 virus facilitates APEC infection, offering new insights to the etiology of salpingitis with viral-bacterial co-infections.IMPORTANCEH9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) widely infects poultry and is sporadically reported in human infections. The infection in birds frequently causes secondary bacterial infections, resulting in severe symptoms like pneumonia and salpingitis. Currently, the mechanism that influenza A virus contributes to secondary bacterial infection remains elusive. Here we discovered that H9N2 virus infection promotes APEC infection and further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that fibronectin protein on the cell surface is vital for APEC adhesion and also showed that H9N2 viral protein NS1 increased the expression of fibronectin by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway. Our findings offer new information on how AIV infection promotes APEC secondary infection, providing potential targets for mitigating severe APEC infections induced by H9N2 avian influenza, and also give new insights on the mechanisms on how viruses promote secondary bacterial infections in animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenchi Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyang Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Sanogo IN, Guinat C, Dellicour S, Diakité MA, Niang M, Koita OA, Camus C, Ducatez M. Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae011. [PMID: 38435712 PMCID: PMC10908551 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of the H9N2 subtype have become widespread in Western Africa since their first detection in 2017 in Burkina Faso. However, the genetic characteristics and diffusion patterns of the H9N2 virus remain poorly understood in Western Africa, mainly due to limited surveillance activities. In addition, Mali, a country considered to play an important role in the epidemiology of AIVs in the region, lacks more comprehensive data on the genetic characteristics of these viruses, especially the H9N2 subtype. To better understand the genetic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of H9N2 virus within this region, we carried out a comprehensive genetic characterization of H9N2 viruses collected through active surveillance in live bird markets in Mali between 2021 and 2022. We also performed a continuous phylogeographic analysis to unravel the dispersal history of H9N2 lineages between Northern and Western Africa. The identified Malian H9N2 virus belonged to the G1 lineage, similar to viruses circulating in both Western and Northern Africa, and possessed multiple molecular markers associated with an increased potential for zoonotic transmission and virulence. Notably, some Malian strains carried the R-S-N-R motif at their cleavage site, mainly observed in H9N2 strains in Asia. Our continuous phylogeographic analysis revealed a single and significant long-distance lineage dispersal event of the H9N2 virus to Western Africa, likely to have originated from Morocco in 2015, shaping the westward diffusion of the H9N2 virus. Our study highlights the need for long-term surveillance of H9N2 viruses in poultry populations in Western Africa, which is crucial for a better understanding of virus evolution and effective management against potential zoonotic AIV strain emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Nonmon Sanogo
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
- Faculté d’Agronomie et de Médecine Animale (FAMA), Université de Ségou, Ségou BP 24, Mali
| | - Claire Guinat
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Adama Diakité
- Service diagnostic et recherche Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Bamako BP 2295, Mali
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra BP 1628, Ghana
| | - Ousmane A Koita
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali Université de Bamako, Bamako E 3206, Mali
| | - Christelle Camus
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
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Ma L, Zheng H, Ke X, Gui R, Yao Z, Xiong J, Chen Q. Mutual antagonism of mouse-adaptation mutations in HA and PA proteins on H9N2 virus replication. Virol Sin 2024; 39:56-70. [PMID: 37967718 PMCID: PMC10877434 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian H9N2 viruses have wide host range among the influenza A viruses. However, knowledge of H9N2 mammalian adaptation is limited. To explore the molecular basis of the adaptation to mammals, we performed serial lung passaging of the H9N2 strain A/chicken/Hunan/8.27 YYGK3W3-OC/2018 (3W3) in mice and identified six mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and polymerase acidic (PA) proteins. Mutations L226Q, T511I, and A528V of HA were responsible for enhanced pathogenicity and viral replication in mice; notably, HA-L226Q was the key determinant. Mutations T97I, I545V, and S594G of PA contributed to enhanced polymerase activity in mammalian cells and increased viral replication levels in vitro and in vivo. PA-T97I increased viral polymerase activity by accelerating the viral polymerase complex assembly. Our findings revealed that the viral replication was affected by the presence of PA-97I and/or PA-545V in combination with a triple-point HA mutation. Furthermore, the double- and triple-point PA mutations demonstrated antagonistic effect on viral replication when combined with HA-226Q. Notably, any combination of PA mutations, along with double-point HA mutations, resulted in antagonistic effect on viral replication. We also observed antagonism in viral replication between PA-545V and PA-97I, as well as between HA-528V and PA-545V. Our findings demonstrated that several antagonistic mutations in HA and PA proteins affect viral replication, which may contribute to the H9N2 virus adaptation to mice and mammalian cells. These findings can potentially contribute to the monitoring of H9N2 field strains for assessing their potential risk in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huabin Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Rui Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhongzi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiasong Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430207, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430207, China.
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Youk S, Lee DH, Song CS. Differing Expression and Potential Immunological Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors of Two Different Chicken Breeds against Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Pathogens 2024; 13:95. [PMID: 38276168 PMCID: PMC10818356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse immune responses in different chicken lines can result in varying clinical consequences following avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We compared two widely used layer breeds, Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann White (LW), to examine virus replication and immune responses against H9N2 AIV infection. The transcription profile in the spleen of H9N2-infected chickens was compared using a microarray. Confirmatory real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of C-type lectin, OASL, and MX1 genes. Additionally, to investigate the role of chicken lectin receptors in vitro, two C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were expressed in DF-1 cells, and the early growth of the H9N2 virus was evaluated. The LB chickens shed a lower amount of virus from the cloaca compared with the LW chickens. Different expression levels of C-type lectin-like genes were observed in the transcription profile, with no significant differences in OASL or MX gene expression. Real-time RT-PCR indicated a sharp decrease in C-type lectin levels in the spleen of H9N2-infected LW chickens. In vitro studies demonstrated that cells overexpressing CLR exhibited lower virus replication, while silencing of homeostatic CLR had no effect on AIV replication. This study demonstrated distinct immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza in LB and LW chickens, particularly with differences in C-type lectin expression, potentially leading to lower virus shedding in LB chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Youk
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Sun X, Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Kieran TJ, Zeng H, Pappas C, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A naturally occurring HA-stabilizing amino acid (HA1-Y17) in an A( H9N2) low-pathogenic influenza virus contributes to airborne transmission. mBio 2024; 15:e0295723. [PMID: 38112470 PMCID: PMC10790695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02957-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite the accumulation of evidence showing that airborne transmissible influenza A virus (IAV) typically has a lower pH threshold for hemagglutinin (HA) fusion activation, the underlying mechanism for such a link remains unclear. In our study, by using a pair of isogenic recombinant A(H9N2) viruses with a phenotypical difference in virus airborne transmission in a ferret model due to an acid-destabilizing mutation (HA1-Y17H) in the HA, we demonstrate that an acid-stable A(H9N2) virus possesses a multitude of advantages over its less stable counterpart, including better fitness in the ferret respiratory tract, more effective aerosol emission from infected animals, and improved host susceptibility. Our study provides supporting evidence for the requirement of acid stability in efficient airborne transmission of IAV and sheds light on fundamental mechanisms for virus airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Tan M, Zeng X, Xie Y, Li X, Liu J, Yang J, Yang L, Wang D. Reported human infections of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China in 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1255969. [PMID: 38155898 PMCID: PMC10753182 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1255969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The continued emergence of human infections of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a serious threat to public health. The prevalent Y280/G9 lineage of H9N2 AIV in Chinese poultry can directly bind to human receptors, increasing the risk of spillover infections to humans. Since 2013, the number of human cases of H9N2 avian influenza has been increasing continuously, and in 2021, China reported the highest number of human cases, at 25. Methods In this study, we analyzed the age, geographic, temporal, and sex distributions of humans with H9N2 avian influenza in 2021 using data from the National Influenza Center (Beijing, China). We also conducted evolutionary, gene homology, and molecular characterization analyses of the H9N2 AIVs infecting humans. Results Our findings show that children under the age of 12 accounted for 80% of human cases in 2021, and females were more frequently affected than males. More cases occurred in winter than in summer, and most cases were concentrated in southern China. Human-infecting H9N2 viruses showed a high level of genetic homology and belonged to the prevalent G57 genotype. Several additional α2,6-SA-binding sites and sites of mammalian adaptation were also identified in the genomes of human-infecting H9N2 viruses. Discussion Therefore, continuous monitoring of H9N2 AIV and the implementation of further measures to control the H9N2 virus in poultry are essential to reduce the interspecies transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zeng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
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Zhang M, Xu G, Zhou X, Luo M, Ma N, Wang X, Wang Z, Tang H, Wang X, Li Y, Yuan X, Li Y. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate H9N2-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting caspase-3-GSDME-mediated pyroptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176148. [PMID: 37866742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection mediates the host's excessive immune response, wherein caspase-3-GSDME-mediated pyroptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells can contribute to inducing cytokine storm, leading to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Numerous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent immunomodulatory abilities and can mitigate virus-induced cytokine storm and lung injury. However, the role of MSCs in lung pyroptosis remains poorly understood. In this study, we established an ALI model using a mouse-adapted strain of avian influenza virus H9N2 (MA01) and intervened by injecting appropriate bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) into the mouse's trachea. The results obtained from animal experiments demonstrated that BMMSCs prevented and ameliorated ALI by inhibiting Caspase-3-GSDME-mediated pyroptosis of lung epithelial cells as well as hypercytokinemia. Similarly, corresponding results were observed in vitro, where BMMSCs and the lung epithelial cell line MLE-12 cells were co-cultured in a transwell compartment. Additionally, the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK could block MA01-induced GSDME activation. Furthermore, by combining RNA-Seq data with in vitro and in vivo results, we also discovered that MA01-induced pyroptosis is associated with the BAK/BAX-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Notably, BMMSCs exhibit the ability to interfere with this signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study provides novel theoretical support for the utilization of BMMSCs in the treatment of ALI induced by influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Luo
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiefang Yuan
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Yang J, Yan J, Zhang C, Li S, Yuan M, Zhang C, Shen C, Yang Y, Fu L, Xu G, Shi W, Ma Z, Luo TR, Bi Y. Genetic, biological and epidemiological study on a cluster of H9N2 avian influenza virus infections among chickens, a pet cat, and humans at a backyard farm in Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2143282. [PMID: 36328956 PMCID: PMC9769140 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2143282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During an investigation in October 2018, two people with diarrhoea, mild abdominal pain, and mild arthralgia symptoms in Guangxi, China, were identified as infected by H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV). Four H9N2 AIVs were isolated from one of two patients, a pet cat, and a dead chicken (two respective isolates from its lung and kidney tissues) bred by the patients at a backyard farm. Epidemiological investigation indicated that the newly bought chicken died first, and clinical syndromes appeared subsequently in the two owners and one cat. Furthermore, the two individuals possessed high H9N2-specific hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibodies. Shared nucleotide sequence identity (99.9% - 100%) for all genes was detected in the four H9N2 isolates, and hemagglutinin (HA) T138A located on the receptor binding domain (RBD), resulted from nucleotide polymorphisms that were exclusively found in the isolate from the female patient. Moreover, HA K137N on the RBD was found in isolates from these three host species. Importantly, these four H9N2 isolates presented an exclusive binding preference for the human-type receptor (α2-6-SA), and could replicate and cause pathological changes in mice. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these four isolates clustered together and belonged to clade C1.2, lineage Y280. In addition, H9N2 viruses of human origin are genetically divergent and interspersed with the widespread poultry-origin H9N2 AIVs. All these results indicate a high risk of H9N2 AIVs in public health, and effective prevention and control measures against H9N2 AIVs should be considered and performed for both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanqin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manhua Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China, Yuhai Bi CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; Ting Rong Luo Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Yuhai Bi CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; Ting Rong Luo Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
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Bidoudan Y, Mouahid M, Fassi Fihri O, Bollo E, Arbani O, Ducatez M, Banni B, Tligui N, Fellahi S. First Report of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 in African Houbara Bustards ( Chlamydotis undulata undulata) and Gamebirds in Morocco: Clinico-Pathological Findings, Molecular Characterization, and Associated Coinfections. Viruses 2023; 15:2374. [PMID: 38140613 PMCID: PMC10748250 DOI: 10.3390/v15122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report in this paper the first detection of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 in houbara bustards and in gamebirds in Morocco. Starting in 2019, an increase in mortality rates related to respiratory distress was recorded in these species. Necropsy of the specimens revealed fibrinous sinusitis and tracheitis with intra-bronchial fibrin casts, which are consistent with H9N2 infection in chickens; therefore, implication of the virus in these outbreaks was strongly suspected. Consequently, between January 2020 and June 2023, birds with respiratory signs were necropsied for pathological lesions, tissue samples were examined by histopathology, and samples of trachea, lungs, and cecal tonsils were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of H9N2 virus. In addition, the sequencing of isolates was performed and lastly differential diagnosis with other respiratory pathogens was carried out. During the study period, 93 samples were collected from suspected H9N2 outbreaks, of which 30 tested positive for H9N2 virus: 23 Houbara bustards, 4 partridges, 2 quails, and 1 pheasant. Moreover, sequencing of the HA gene of the virus showed 97.33% nucleotide identity with strains reported previously in broilers in Morocco in 2017 and in 2022. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Moroccan partridge isolates in the same cluster as viruses isolated in Morocco between 2016 and 2022, Algeria (2017), Burkina Faso (2017), Nigeria (2019), and Togo (2020). Additionally, 10 house sparrows from the premises of these birds were examined for the presence of H9N2 virus, revealing a 30% positivity rate. In conclusion, LPAIV H9N2 is circulating in houbara bustards and gamebirds in Morocco, and house sparrows might be a possible source of the infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LPAI H9N2 in the African species of houbara bustards worldwide and in gamebirds in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmina Bidoudan
- Mouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12010, Morocco; (M.M.); (B.B.)
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Mohamed Mouahid
- Mouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12010, Morocco; (M.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Enrico Bollo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Oumayma Arbani
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents-Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse University (ENVT), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Brahim Banni
- Mouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12010, Morocco; (M.M.); (B.B.)
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Noursaid Tligui
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
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Wang X, Liu K, Guo Y, Pei Y, Chen X, Lu X, Gao R, Chen Y, Gu M, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Jiao XA, Liu X, Wang X. Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249558. [PMID: 37585307 PMCID: PMC10467529 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose an increasing threat to the poultry industry worldwide and have pandemic potential. Vaccination has been principal prevention strategy to control H9N2 in China since 1998, but vaccine effectiveness is persistently challenged by the emergence of the genetic and/or antigenic variants. Here, we analysed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in China, including 70 HA sequences of H9N2 isolates from poultry, 7358 from online databases during 2010-2020, and 15 from the early reference strains. Bayesian analyses based on hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that a new designated clade16 emerged in April 2012, and was prevalent and co-circulated with clade 15 since 2013 in China. Clade 16 viruses exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from clade 15. Antigenic Cartography analyses showed represent strains were classified into three antigenic groups named as Group1, Group2 and Group3, and most of the strains in Group 3 (15/17, 88.2%) were from Clade 16 while most of the strains in Group2 (26/29, 89.7%) were from Clade 15. The mean distance between Group 3 and Group 2 was 4.079 (95%CI 3.605-4.554), revealing that major switches to antigenic properties were observed over the emergence of clade 16. Genetic analysis indicated that 11 coevolving amino acid substitutions primarily at antigenic sites were associated with the antigenic differences between clade 15 and clade 16. These data highlight complexities of the genetic evolution and provide a framework for the genetic basis and antigenic characterization of emerging clade 16 of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuru Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-an Jiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Arbani O, Ducatez MF, Mahmoudi S, Salamat F, Khayi S, Mouahid M, Selim KM, Kichou F, Ouchhour I, El Houadfi M, Fellahi S. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses in Morocco: Antigenic and Molecular Evolution from 2021 to 2023. Viruses 2023; 15:2355. [PMID: 38140596 PMCID: PMC10747644 DOI: 10.3390/v15122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses pose significant threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. Among them, the H9N2 subtype has gained substantial attention due to its high prevalence, especially in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; its ability to reassort with other influenza viruses; and its potential to infect humans. This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic and molecular analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Morocco from 2021 to 2023. Through an active epidemiological survey, a total of 1140 samples (trachea and lungs) and oropharyngeal swabs pooled into 283 pools, collected from 205 farms located in 7 regions of Morocco known for having a high density of poultry farms, were analyzed. Various poultry farms were investigated (159 broiler farms, 24 layer farms, 10 breeder farms, and 12 turkey breeder farms). A total of 21 AI H9N2 strains were isolated, and in order to understand the molecular evolution of the H9N2 avian influenza virus, their genetic sequences were determined using the Sanger sequencing technique. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a dataset comprising global H9N2 sequences to determine the genetic relatedness and evolutionary dynamics of the Moroccan strains. The results revealed the continued circulation and diversification of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Morocco during the study period. Real-time RT-PCR showed a positivity rate of 35.6% (73/205), with cycle threshold values ranging from 19.2 to 34.9. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Moroccan strains belonged to a G1-like lineage and regrouped into two distinct clusters. Our newly detected isolates aggregated distinctly from the genotypes previously isolated in Morocco, North and West Africa, and the Middle East. This indicats the potential of virus evolution resulting from both national circulation and cross-border transmission. A high genetic diversity at both nucleotide and amino-acid levels was observed among all the strains isolated in this study, as compared to H9N2 strains isolated in Morocco since 2016, which suggests the co-circulation of genetically diverse H9N2 variants. Newly discovered mutations were detected in hemagglutinin positions 226, 227, and 193 (H3 numbering), which highlights the genetic evolution of the H9N2 AIVs. These findings contribute to our understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of H9N2 in the region and provide valuable insights for the development of effective prevention and control strategies against this emerging avian influenza subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Arbani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Salma Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, Rabat 10106, Morocco;
| | - Faiçal Salamat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat 10101, Morocco;
| | | | - Karim M. Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Faouzi Kichou
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Ikram Ouchhour
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
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15
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Zhang J, Wang X, Chen Y, Ye H, Ding S, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li H, Huang L, Qi W, Liao M. Mutational antigenic landscape of prevailing H9N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin spectrum. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113409. [PMID: 37948179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses are globally endemic in birds, and a sharp increase in human infections with H9N2 occurred during 2021 to 2022. In this study, we assess the antigenic and pathogenic impact of 23 hemagglutinin (HA) amino acid mutations. Our study reveals that three specific mutations, labeled R164Q, N166D, and I220T, are responsible for the binding of antibodies with escape mutations. Variants containing R164Q and I220T mutations increase viral replication in avian and mammalian cells. Furthermore, T150A and I220T mutations are found to enhance viral replication in mice, indicating that these mutations may have the potential to adapt mammals. Structure analysis reveals that residues 164 and 220 bearing R164Q and I220T mutations increase interactions with the surrounding residues. Our findings enrich current knowledge about the risk assessment regarding which predominant HA immune-escape mutations of H9N2 viruses may pose the greatest threat to the emergence of pandemics in birds and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hejia Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiping Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Bóna M, Földi J, Dénes L, Harnos A, Paszerbovics B, Mándoki M. Evaluation of the Virulence of Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Strains in Broiler Chickens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:671. [PMID: 38133222 PMCID: PMC10747561 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the virulence of three recent H9N2 LPAIV strains belonging to the G1 lineage, isolated from field infections in North Africa and the Middle East. Three-week-old commercial broiler chickens (in total 62) were included and randomly allocated into three infected test groups and one control group. Each test group was inoculated intranasally/intratracheally with one of the three H9N2 isolates at a dose of 108 EID50 virus. The control group received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) via the same route of application. The pathogenicity was evaluated based on clinical signs and gross pathological and histopathological lesions, the viral antigen load was assessed through immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), and a semi-quantitative detection of the genetic material was conducted via a real-time PCR. Our findings confirmed the obvious respiratory tract tropism of the virus strains with variable renal tropism. In contrast to the highly pathogenic AIVs, the tested H9N2 strains did not show replication in the central nervous system. The virus presence and lesions, mainly in the respiratory tract, were predominant on dpi 5 and significantly reduced or disappeared by dpi 11. A clear difference was demonstrated among the three isolates: the A/chicken/Morocco/2021/2016 strain proved to be significantly more virulent than the Egyptian and Saudi Arabian ones, which showed no remarkable difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Bóna
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Lilla Dénes
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.H.); (B.P.)
| | - Bettina Paszerbovics
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.H.); (B.P.)
| | - Míra Mándoki
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
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Carnaccini S, Cáceres CJ, Gay LC, Ferreri LM, Skepner E, Burke DF, Brown IH, Geiger G, Obadan A, Rajao DS, Lewis NS, Perez DR. Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of the H9 subtype influenza A viruses using sera from Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica). J Virol 2023; 97:e0074323. [PMID: 37800947 PMCID: PMC10617583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Determining the relevant amino acids involved in antigenic drift on the surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) is critical to understand influenza virus evolution and efficient assessment of vaccine strains relative to current circulating strains. We used antigenic cartography to generate an antigenic map of the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) using sera produced in one of the most relevant minor poultry species, Japanese quail. Key antigenic positions were identified and tested to confirm their impact on the antigenic profile. This work provides a better understanding of the antigenic diversity of the H9 HA as it relates to reactivity to quail sera and will facilitate a rational approach for selecting more efficacious vaccines against poultry-origin H9 influenza viruses in minor poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquín Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eugene Skepner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Burke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Adebimpe Obadan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- World Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Guo Y, Bai X, Liu Z, Liang B, Zheng Y, Dankar S, Ping J. Exploring the alternative virulence determinants PB2 S155N and PA S49Y/D347G that promote mammalian adaptation of the H9N2 avian influenza virus in mice. Vet Res 2023; 54:97. [PMID: 37858267 PMCID: PMC10588254 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of human infections caused by avian H9N2 influenza viruses has raised concerns regarding the potential for human epidemics and pandemics. The molecular basis of viral adaptation to a new host needs to be further studied. Here, the bases of nucleotides 627 and 701 of PB2 were changed according to the uncoverable purine-to-pyrimidine transversion to block the development of PB2 627K and 701N mutations during serial passaging in mice. The purpose of this experiment was to identify key adaptive mutations in polymerase and NP genes that were obscured by the widely known host range determinants PB2 627K and 701N. Mouse-adapted H9N2 variants were obtained via twelve serial lung-to-lung passages. Sequence analysis showed that the mouse-adapted viruses acquired several mutations within the seven gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, HA, NA, and NS). One variant isolate with the highest polymerase activity possessed three substitutions, PB2 S155N, PA S49Y and D347G, which contributed to the highly virulent and mouse-adaptative phenotype. Further studies demonstrated that these three mutations resulted in increased polymerase activity, viral transcription and replication in mammalian cells, severe interstitial pneumonia, excessive inflammatory cellular infiltration and increased growth rates in mice. Our results suggest that the substitution of these three amino acid mutations may be an alternative strategy for H9N2 avian influenza viruses to adapt to mammalian hosts. The continued surveillance of zoonotic H9N2 influenza viruses should also include these mammalian adaptation markers as part of our pandemic preparedness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Guo
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bing Liang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Samar Dankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1V 8M5, Canada
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Xia J, Li YX, Dong MY, Guo ZW, Luo YW, Li NL, Zhao Y, Li M, Lin Y, Xu J, Cui M, Han XF, Cao SJ, Huang Y. Evolution of prevalent H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus during 2019 to 2022 for the development of a control strategy in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102957. [PMID: 37573848 PMCID: PMC10448327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China. At present, consensus has been reached that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines in China. This project continues to monitor the evolution characteristics of H9N2 hemagglutinin (HA) genes in China over the past 3 yr. The results showed that the current circling H9N2 viruses were diversified into h9.4.2.5 subclade, which was genetically distant from commonly used commercial vaccine strains. Compared with vaccine strains or 2014 strains, more than 42.1% of the variable antigenic sites in recent 3 yr' strains have shown significant changes and these stacked changes have caused significant differences in antigenicity. We constructed a recombinant vaccine strain rCQY-GHHA, which uses A/Chicken/China/SichuanCQY/2014 as the framework and A/Chicken/China/SichuanGH/2020 strain, which meets the recent viral antigenic characteristics, as the HA gene donor. The recombinant strain was prepared as an oil-adjuvant inactivated vaccine following an industrial process. The results of the immune protection experiment showed that the rCQY-GHHA vaccine was better than the commercial vaccine strain SS in reducing the morbidity, pathological lesion, virus shedding, and viral load. These results provide a reference for the control of H9N2 AIV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Wei Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Chengdu City, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Chengdu SG-Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Sagong M, Kang YM, Kim NY, Noh EB, Heo GB, An SH, Lee YJ, Choi YK, Lee KN. Development of a Novel Korean H9-Specific rRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Korea. J Microbiol 2023; 61:929-936. [PMID: 38010587 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the Y439 lineage of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been the predominant strain circulating in poultry in Korea; however, in 2020, the Y280 lineage emerged and spread rapidly nationwide, causing large economic losses. To prevent further spread and circulation of such viruses, rapid detection and diagnosis through active surveillance programs are crucial. Here, we developed a novel H9 rRT-PCR assay that can detect a broad range of H9Nx viruses in situations in which multiple lineages of H9 AIVs are co-circulating. We then evaluated its efficacy using a large number of clinical samples. The assay, named the Uni Kor-H9 assay, showed high sensitivity for Y280 lineage viruses, as well as for the Y439 lineage originating in Korean poultry and wild birds. In addition, the assay showed no cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIV or other avian pathogens. Furthermore, the Uni Kor-H9 assay was more sensitive, and had higher detection rates, than reference H9 rRT-PCR methods when tested against a panel of domestically isolated H9 AIVs. In conclusion, the novel Uni Kor-H9 assay enables more rapid and efficient diagnosis than the "traditional" method of virus isolation followed by subtyping RT-PCR. Application of the new H9 rRT-PCR assay to AI active surveillance programs will help to control and manage Korean H9 AIVs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Khalil NW, Elshorbagy MA, Elboraay EM, Helal AM. Live IBD vaccine exacerbates disease and pathological effects of Asian lineage H9N2 LPAIV in chickens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:351-361. [PMID: 37439655 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2236994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza H9N2 is one of the most commonly circulating viruses in numerous Egyptian poultry farms. The Asian lineage H9N2 exhibits an immunosuppressive effect, and its pathogenicity is amplified when it co-infects with other pathogens, especially with the immunosuppressive infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), resulting in increased mortality rates. Both vaccines and field infection can exacerbate the pathogenicity of H9N2, particularly in the bursa of Fabricius, causing more significant lymphoid depletion. To comprehend the impact of the IBD vaccine on the viral and pathogenic effect of H9N2 infection in specific pathogen-free chicks (SPF), the experiment was designed as four groups; group 1 served as the negative control, group 2 received (228E) IBD vaccine, group 3 was challenged with H9N2, and group-4 was vaccinated by the IBD vaccine then challenged with H9N2. The clinical signs, relative immune organs weights and histopathological lesion scores were recorded. The tracheal and cloacal H9N2 viral shedding were also measured. Group 4 exhibited a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the relative bursal weight and an increase in the bursal lesion score when compared with groups 1 and 3 at 4 and 8 days post-challenge (dpc). The tracheal lesion score of group-4 recorded a significant increase when compared with groups 1 and 3. The renal lesion score of group 4 achieved a significant increase when compared with 1 and 3 at 8 dpc. Also, group 4 recorded a significant increase in H9N2 shedding in comparison with groups 1 and 3. Consequently, our study concluded that routine vaccination with the IBD intermediate plus vaccine exacerbates the silent infection of H9N2 resulting in outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Khalil
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - M A Elshorbagy
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - E M Elboraay
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - A M Helal
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Xu S, Yu L, Teng Q, Li X, Jin Z, Qu Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Li Z, Zhao K. Enhance immune response to H9 AIV DNA vaccine based on polygene expression and DGL nanoparticle encapsulation. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102925. [PMID: 37542938 PMCID: PMC10428121 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccination has great potential to treat or prevent avian influenza pandemics, but the technique may be limited by low immunogenicity and gene delivery in clinical testing. Here, to improve the immune efficacy of DNA vaccines against avian influenza, we prepared and tested the immunogenicity of 4 recombinant DNA vaccines containing 2 or 3 AIV antigens. The results revealed that chickens and mice immunized with plasmid DNA containing 3 antigens (HA gene from H9N2, and NA and HA genes from H5N1) exhibited a robust immune response than chickens and mice immunized with plasmid DNAs containing 2 antigenic genes. Subsequently, this study used pβH9N1SH5 as a model antigen to study the effect of dendritic polylysine (DGL) nanoparticles as a gene delivery system and adjuvant on antigen-specific immunity in mice models. At a ratio of 1:3 DGL/pβH9N1SH5 (w/w), the pβH9N1SH5/DGL NPs showed excellent physical and chemical properties, induced higher levels of HI antibodies, and larger CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocyte and CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocyte population, as well as the production of cytokines, namely, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 compared with the naked pβH9N1SH5. Therefore, multiantigen gene expression methods using DGL as a delivery system may have broad application prospects in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangen Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
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23
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Davis T, Bialy D, Leng J, La Ragione R, Shelton H, Chrzastek K. Alteration of the Chicken Upper Respiratory Microbiota, Following H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1168. [PMID: 37764976 PMCID: PMC10534358 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the importance of the gut microbiota in developing immunity against viral infections in chickens. We have previously shown that H9N2 avian influenza A virus (AIV) infection retards the diversity of the natural colon-associated microbiota, which may further influence chicken health following recovery from infection. The effects of influenza infection on the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota are largely unknown. Here, we showed that H9N2 AIV infection lowers alpha diversity indices in the acute phase of infection in the URT, largely due to the family Lactobacillaceae being highly enriched during this time in the respiratory microbiota. Interestingly, microbiota diversity did not return to levels similar to control chickens in the recovery phase after viral shedding had ceased. Beta diversity followed a similar trend following the challenge. Lactobacillus associate statistically with the disturbed microbiota of infected chickens at the acute and recovery phases of infection. Additionally, we studied age-related changes in the respiratory microbiota during maturation in chickens. From 7 to 28 days of age, species richness and evenness were observed to advance over time as the microbial composition evolved. Maintaining microbiota homeostasis might be considered as a potential therapeutic target to prevent or aid recovery from H9N2 AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Davis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Joy Leng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Pathology and Animal Sciences, APHA, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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Abstract
Influenza A virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family. Based on the antigenic characteristics of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) influenza viruses are classified into subtypes. H9N2 belongs to the low pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) and is one of the widely spread viruses in poultry, which can pose a threat to humans by directly infecting or providing internal genes for various zoonotic avian influenza strains. It may directly or indirectly participate in becoming an AIV that causes a human pandemic. When the virus enters a host, the innate immune system is activated first by pattern recognition receptors. The cytokines produced at the site of infection recruit innate immune cells and antigen-presenting cells and those cells subsequently transmit antigenic signals to adaptive immune cells (i.e., B cells and T cells), to trigger specific humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, humoral and cellular immunity can clear virus and infected cells via antibody-mediated neutralization and cytotoxicity, respectively. Understanding how chicken immune systems respond to H9N2 is a top priority for effectively controlling the virus's spread and designing vaccines. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the role of the chicken immune system in defending against H9N2, and clarify the current limitations in understanding chicken immune responses to H9N2 virus, thereby providing potential directions for future research as research on the chicken respiratory mucosal immune system has been stagnant for more than 20 years especially on how the mucosal immune system in chicken responds to avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Agha ASK, Benlashehr I, Naffati KM, Bshina SA, Khashkhosha AA. Correlation of avian influenza- H9N2 with high mortality in broiler flocks in the southwest of Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J 2023; 13:715-722. [PMID: 37545701 PMCID: PMC10399647 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i6.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza (LPAI H9N2) caused by the influenza A virus which belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. It caused mild respiratory symptoms and a drop in egg production in poultry. Outbreaks of AI-H9N2 have occurred in poultry since the 1990s in many countries in USA, Europe, and Asia. Recently, outbreaks of H9N2 in commercial chicken were recorded in Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Furthermore, numerous studies demonstrated that co-infection with AI H9N2 and other pathogens results in severe respiratory illness with high mortality in broiler chickens. Outbreaks of respiratory disease with variations in mortality rate were recorded in broiler flocks growing in the southwest of Tripoli in Libya. Aim The present study was conducted to explain the variation of mortality rate on broiler flocks growing in the southwest area of Tripoli by detection of AI H9N2 antibodies and antigens. Methods A total of 453 sera samples, 60 tracheal swabs, and 60 cloacal swabs were collected from unvaccinated broiler flocks against avian influenza. Specific avian influenza type A antibodies were detected by using the Elisa test, and specific AI-H9N2 antibodies were detected by using the HI test, whereas specific AI-H9N2 antigens were detected in tracheal and cloacal swabs by using One-Step RT-PCR (M gene) technique. Results Respiratory diseases with high variations in mortality rate were recorded in broiler flocks growing in the southwest of Tripoli in Libya; the broiler mortality rate in Twisha farms was higher than other farms (62.2% and 11%, respectively). Whereas avian influenza type A antibodies were detected at a high level in Twisha and other farms (95.2%, and 76.7%, respectively). The positive samples for AI type A were tested for AI H9N2 using the HI test. Interestingly the percentage of AI-H9N2 antibodies was quite similar in high and low mortality regions (53.4% and 46.8%, respectively). Additionally, AI-H9N2 antigens were detected only in tracheal swabs in Twisha farm 3, Al-Maamoura, and Ber Al-Tota districts. Conclusion This study confirmed the endemic of AI- H9N2 in broiler flocks in the southwest of Tripoli-Libya. Also, it clarified that AI-H9N2 was not responsible for the high mortality rate by itself in broiler flocks. Moreover, this study supported the presence of other subtypes of avian influenza in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imad Benlashehr
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Salah Abdulhadi Bshina
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azzaytuna University, Tarhuna, Libya
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An SH, Hong SM, Song JH, Son SE, Lee CY, Choi KS, Kwon HJ. Engineering an Optimal Y280-Lineage H9N2 Vaccine Strain by Tuning PB2 Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108840. [PMID: 37240186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) cause economic losses in the poultry industry and provide internal genomic segments for the evolution of H5N1 and H7N9 AIVs into more detrimental strains for poultry and humans. In addition to the endemic Y439/Korea-lineage H9N2 viruses, the Y280-lineage spread to Korea since 2020. Conventional recombinant H9N2 vaccine strains, which bear mammalian pathogenic internal genomes of the PR8 strain, are pathogenic in BALB/c mice. To reduce the mammalian pathogenicity of the vaccine strains, the PR8 PB2 was replaced with the non-pathogenic and highly productive PB2 of the H9N2 vaccine strain 01310CE20. However, the 01310CE20 PB2 did not coordinate well with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the Korean Y280-lineage strain, resulting in a 10-fold lower virus titer compared to the PR8 PB2. To increase the virus titer, the 01310CE20 PB2 was mutated (I66M-I109V-I133V) to enhance the polymerase trimer integrity with PB1 and PA, which restored the decreased virus titer without causing mouse pathogenicity. The reverse mutation (L226Q) of HA, which was believed to decrease mammalian pathogenicity by reducing mammalian receptor affinity, was verified to increase mouse pathogenicity and change antigenicity. The monovalent Y280-lineage oil emulsion vaccine produced high antibody titers for homologous antigens but undetectable titers for heterologous (Y439/Korea-lineage) antigens. However, this defect was corrected by the bivalent vaccine. Therefore, the balance of polymerase and HA/NA activities can be achieved by fine-tuning PB2 activity, and a bivalent vaccine may be more effective in controlling concurrent H9N2 viruses with different antigenicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Son
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 88026, Republic of Korea
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), GBST, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- GeNiner Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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27
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Raj S, Matsuyama-Kato A, Alizadeh M, Boodhoo N, Nagy E, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Treatment with Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Ligands 3 and 21 Prevents Fecal Contact Transmission of Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040977. [PMID: 37112957 PMCID: PMC10146471 DOI: 10.3390/v15040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) can occur in poultry by direct or indirect contact with infected individuals, aerosols, large droplets and fomites. The current study investigated the potential of H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens via a fecal route. Transmission was monitored by exposing naïve chickens to fecal material from H9N2 AIV-infected chickens (model A) and experimentally spiked feces (model B). The control chickens received H9N2 AIV. Results revealed that H9N2 AIV could persist in feces for up to 60-84 h post-exposure (PE). The H9N2 AIV titers in feces were higher at a basic to neutral pH. A higher virus shedding was observed in the exposed chickens of model B compared to model A. We further addressed the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to limit transmission in the fecal model. Administration of CpG ODN 2007 or poly(I:C) alone or in combination led to an overall decrease in the virus shedding, with enhanced expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) in different segments of the small intestine. Overall, the study highlighted that the H9N2 AIV can survive in feces and transmit to healthy naïve chickens. Moreover, TLR ligands could be applied to transmission studies to enhance antiviral immunity and reduce H9N2 AIV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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28
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Liu Y, Zeng Q, Hu X, Xu Z, Pan C, Liu Q, Yu J, Wu S, Sun M, Liao M. Natural variant R246K in hemagglutinin increased zoonotic characteristics and renal inflammation in mice infected with H9N2 influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109667. [PMID: 36804565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Considered a potential pandemic candidate, the widespread among poultry of H9N2 avian influenza viruses across Asia and North Africa pose an increasing threat to poultry and human health. The massive epidemic of H9N2 viruses has expanded the host range; however, the molecular basis and characteristic underlying the transmission to poultry and mammals remains unclear. Our previous study has proved that some natural mutations in the HA gene enhanced the binding ability of the H9N2 virus to α-2,6 SA receptors. Here, we systematically analyzed the impact of these natural mutations on zoonotic characteristics and the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIVs in poultry and mammals. Our study demonstrated that mutation R246K increased the replication in human lung epithelial cells in vitro. Mutation R246K increased the virus shedding of oropharyngeal swabs during early-stage infection in chickens. Moreover, mutation R246K displayed stronger pH stability and pathogenicity in mice. The strong renal tropism and inflammatory response may accelerate the pathogenicity. In summary, we found that natural variation R246K in HA of prevalent H9N2 in China promoted the transmissibility in chicken and accelerate the pathogenicity in mice, posing a great concern for zoonotic and pandemic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qinghang Zeng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chungen Pan
- Haid Research Institute, Guangdong HaidGroup Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Minhua Sun
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China.
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29
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Lee J, Cho AY, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Live recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine expressing the haemagglutinin of H9N2 avian influenza virus suppresses viral replication in chickens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:100-107. [PMID: 36377478 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2148516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the Y280-lineage H9N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was introduced into South Korea for the first time. Current vaccines are focused on the control of Y439-like viruses; however, there are continuous reports of decrease in egg production and secondary infections caused by Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI infection in chickens. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective novel vaccines against Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI. Most commercialized avian influenza vaccines are oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines, which are labour-intensive to administer and require higher dosage. In this study, rK148/Y280-HA, a novel recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccine against Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI, was developed and evaluated using two mass-applicable administration methods, spray vaccination and drinking water vaccination. Regardless of low serum antibody haemagglutination inhibition titres against NDV and Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI after applying the rK148/Y280-HA vaccine, vaccination with either administration method protected chickens against virulent NDV and Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAIV after the challenge. Taken together, these results indicate that the rK148/Y280 vaccine can be administered using facile mass-application methods to provide protection against the Y280-lineage LPAI.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS NDV vectored vaccine harbouring Y280-lineage H9N2 HA protein was successfully generated.NDV vectored vaccine provides protection against NDV.NDV vectored vaccine with H9N2 HA protects against homologous H9N2 LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHAV Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHAV Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Zhou J, Qiao ML, Jahejo AR, Han XY, Wang P, Wang Y, Ren JL, Niu S, Zhao YJ, Zhang D, Bi YH, Wang QH, Si LL, Fan RW, Shang GJ, Tian WX. Effect of Avian Influenza Virus subtype H9N2 on the expression of complement-associated genes in chicken erythrocytes. Br Poult Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36939295 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2191308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus can infect both chickens and humans. Previous studies have reported a role for erythrocytes in immunity. However, the role of H9N2 against chicken erythrocytes and the presence of complement-related genes in erythrocytes has not been studied. This research investigated the effect of H9N2 on complement-associated gene expression in chicken erythrocytes. The expression of complement-associated genes (C1s, C1q, C2, C3, C3ar1, C4, C4a, C5, C5ar1, C7, CD93 and CFD) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyse the differential expression of complement-associated genes in chicken erythrocytes at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h and 10 h after the interaction between H9N2 virus and chicken erythrocytes in vitro and 3, 7 and 14 d after H9N2 virus nasal infection of chicks. Expression levels of C1q, C4, C1s, C2, C3, C5, C7 and CD93 were significantly up-regulated at 2 h and significantly down-regulated at 10 h. Gene expression levels of C1q, C3ar1, C4a, CFD and C5ar1 were seen to be different at each time point. The expression levels of C1q, C4, C1s, C2, C3, C5, C7, CFD, C3ar1, C4a and C5ar1 were significantly up-regulated at 7 d and the gene expression of levels of C3, CD93 and C5ar1 were seen to be different at each time point. The results confirmed that all the complement-associated genes were expressed in chicken erythrocytes and showed the H9N2 virus interaction with chicken erythrocytes and subsequent regulation of chicken erythrocyte complement-associated genes expression. This study reported, for the first time, the relationship between H9N2 and complement system of chicken erythrocytes, which will provide a foundation for further research into the prevention and control of H9N2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - M L Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - A R Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - X Y Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - P Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Y Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - J L Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - S Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Y J Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - D Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Y H Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q H Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L L Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - R W Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - G J Shang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - W X Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
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31
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Carnegie L, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Hoque MA, Debnath N, Uddin MH, Lewis NS, Brown I, Essen S, Giasuddin M, Pfeiffer DU, Samad MA, Biswas P, Raghwani J, Fournié G, Hill SC. H9N2 avian influenza virus dispersal along Bangladeshi poultry trading networks. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead014. [PMID: 36968264 PMCID: PMC10032359 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in Bangladesh's poultry population. The subtype affects poultry production and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Insufficient understanding of how the poultry trading network shapes the dissemination of avian influenza viruses has hindered the design of targeted interventions to reduce their spread. Here, we use phylodynamic analyses of haemagglutinin sequences to investigate the spatial spread and dispersal patterns of H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh's poultry population, focusing on its two largest cities (Dhaka and Chattogram) and their poultry production and distribution networks. Our analyses suggest that H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus lineage movement occurs relatively less frequently between Bangladesh's two largest cities than within each city. H9N2 viruses detected in single markets are often more closely related to viruses from other markets in the same city than to each other, consistent with close epidemiological connectivity between markets. Our analyses also suggest that H9N2 viruses may spread more frequently between chickens of the three most commonly sold types (sunali-a cross-bred of Fayoumi hen and Rhode Island Red cock, deshi-local indigenous, and exotic broiler) in Dhaka than in Chattogram. Overall, this study improves our understanding of how Bangladesh's poultry trading system impacts avian influenza virus spread and should contribute to the design of tailored surveillance that accommodates local heterogeneity in virus dispersal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - R Mahmud
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - M A Hoque
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - N Debnath
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - M H Uddin
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - N S Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - I Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S Essen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - M A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - P Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - J Raghwani
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - S C Hill
- *Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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Borkenhagen LK, Aung PP, Htay T, Thein ZW, Tin OS, Mon TS, Myint W, Bailey ES, Wanninger TG, Kandeil AM, Webby RJ, Gray GC. A cross-sectional study of avian influenza A virus in Myanmar live bird markets: Detection of a newly introduced H9N2? Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13111. [PMID: 36843223 PMCID: PMC9970615 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic influenza surveillance in Myanmar is sparse, despite the risks of introduction of such viruses from neighboring countries that could impact the poultry industry and lead to spillover to humans. METHODS In July and August 2019, our multi-institutional partnership conducted a One Health-oriented, cross-sectional surveillance (weekly for 3 weeks) for influenza A and influenza D viruses at the three largest live bird markets in Yangon, Myanmar. RESULTS The 27 bioaerosols, 90 bird cage swabs, 90 bird oropharyngeals, and 90 human nasopharyngeal samples yielded molecular influenza A detections in 8 bioaerosols (30.0%), 16 bird cages (17.8%), 15 bird oropharyngeals (16.7%), and 1 human nasopharyngeal (1.1%) samples. No influenza D was detected. Seven of the influenza A virus detections were found to be subtype A/H9N2, and one human nasopharyngeal sample was found to be subtype A/H1pdm. Among all IAV-positive samples, three of the A/H9N2-positive samples yielded live viruses from egg culture and their whole genome sequences revealing they belonged to the G9/Y280 lineage of A/H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these A/H9N2 sequences clustered separately from A/H9N2 viruses that were previously detected in Myanmar, supporting the notion that A/H9N2 viruses similar to those seen in wider Southeast Asia may have been introduced to Myanmar on multiple occasions. CONCLUSIONS These findings call for increased surveillance efforts in Myanmar to monitor for the introduction of novel influenza viruses in poultry, as well as possible reassortment and zoonotic virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Borkenhagen
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Poe Poe Aung
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Thura Htay
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Zaw Win Thein
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Ommar Swe Tin
- National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical ServicesMinistry of HealthYangonMyanmar
| | - Thet Su Mon
- Special Disease Control UnitDepartment of Public Health, Ministry of HealthNaypyitawMyanmar
| | - Win Myint
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock and IrrigationYangonMyanmar
| | - Emily S. Bailey
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Timothy G. Wanninger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Ahmed M. Kandeil
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA,Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
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33
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Rademan R, Geldenhuys M, Markotter W. Detection and Characterization of an H9N2 Influenza A Virus in the Egyptian Rousette Bat in Limpopo, South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15. [PMID: 36851712 DOI: 10.3390/v15020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bats have been shown to host various novel bat-specific influenza viruses, including H17N10 and H18N11 in the Americas and the H9N2 subtype from Africa. Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian Rousette bat) is recognized as a host species for diverse viral agents. This study focused on the molecular surveillance of a maternal colony in Limpopo, South Africa, between 2017-2018. A pan-influenza hemi-nested RT-PCR assay targeting the PB1 gene was established, and influenza A virus RNA was identified from one fecal sample out of 860 samples. Genome segments were recovered using segment-specific amplification combined with standard Sanger sequencing and Illumina unbiased sequencing. The identified influenza A virus was closely related to the H9N2 bat-influenza virus, confirming the circulation of this subtype among Egyptian fruit bat populations in Southern Africa. This bat H9N2 subtype contained amino acid residues associated with transmission and virulence in either mammalian or avian hosts, though it will likely require additional adaptations before spillover.
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34
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Tare DS, Pawar SD, Keng SS, Kode SS, Walimbe AM, Limaye VV, Mullick J. The evolution, characterization and phylogeography of avian influenza H9N2 viruses from India. Virology 2023; 579:9-28. [PMID: 36587605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus is a significant zoonotic agent and contributes genes to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H9N2 viruses are prevalent in India with a reported human case. We elucidate the spatio-temporal origins of the H9N2 viruses from India. A total of 30H9N2 viruses were isolated from poultry and environmental specimens (years 2015-2020). Genome sequences of H9N2 viruses (2003-2020) from India were analyzed, revealing several substitutions. We found five reassortant genotypes. The HA, NA and PB2 genes belonged to the Middle-Eastern B sublineage; NP and M to the classical G1 lineage; PB1, PA and NS showed resemblance to genes from either HPAI-H7N3/H5N1 viruses. Molecular clock and phylogeography revealed that the introduction of all the genes to India took place around the year 2000. This is the first report of the genesis and evolution of the H9N2 viruses from India, and highlights the need for surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
| | - Sachin S Keng
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sadhana S Kode
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Vinayak V Limaye
- Disease Investigation Section, Western Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Aundh, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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35
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Liu K, Guo Y, Zheng H, Ji Z, Cai M, Gao R, Zhang P, Liu X, Xu X, Wang X, Liu X. Enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in mammals by hemagglutinin mutations combined with PB2-627K. Virol Sin 2023; 38:47-55. [PMID: 36103978 PMCID: PMC10006187 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally in poultry and have become the dominant AIV subtype in China in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that the H9N2 virus (A/chicken/Eastern China/SDKD1/2015) naturally harbors a mammalian-adaptive molecular factor (627K) in the PB2 protein and is weakly pathogenic in mice. Here, we focused on new markers for virulence in mammals. A mouse-adapted H9N2 virus was serially passaged in mice by infecting their lungs. As expected, infected mice showed clinical symptoms and died at passage six. A comparison between the wild-type and mouse-adapted virus sequences identified amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. H9N2 viruses with the T187P + M227L double mutation exhibited an increased affinity to human-type (SAα2,6Gal) receptors and significantly enhanced viral attachment to mouse lung tissues, which contributed to enhancing viral replication and virulence in mice. Additionally, HA with the T187P + M227L mutation enabled H9N2 viral transmission in guinea pigs via direct contact. AIV pathogenicity in mice is a polygenic trait. Our results demonstrated that these HA mutations might be combined with PB2-627K to significantly increase H9N2 virulence in mice, and this enhanced virulence was achieved in other H9N2 AIVs by generating the same combination of mutations. In summary, our study identified novel key elements in the HA protein that are required for H9N2 pathogenicity in mice and provided valuable insights into pandemic preparedness against emerging H9N2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huafen Zheng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhuxing Ji
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease Prevention and Control of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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36
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He J, Hou S, Xiong C, Hu L, Gong L, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen Q, Yuan Y, He L, Zhu M, Li W, Shi Y, Sun Y, Pan H, Su B, Lu Y, Wu J. Avian influenza A virus H7N9 in China, a role reversal from reassortment receptor to the donator. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28392. [PMID: 36484390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment can introduce one or more gene segments of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into another, resulting in novel subtypes. Since 2013, a new outbreak of human highly pathogenic avian influenza has emerged in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and South-Central regions of China. In this study, using Anhui province as an example, we discuss the possible impact of H7N9 IAVs on future influenza epidemics through a series of gene reassortment events. Sixty-one human H7N9 isolates were obtained from five outbreaks in Anhui province from 2013 to 2019. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all of them were characterized by low pathogenicity and high human or mammalian tropism and had introduced novel avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtypes such as H7N2, H7N6, H9N9, H5N6, H6N6, and H10N6 through gene reassortment. In reassortment events, Anhui isolates may donate one or more segments of HA, NA, and the six internal protein-coding genes for the novel subtype AIVs. Our study revealed that H7N9, H9N2, and H5N1 can serve as stable and persistent gene pools for AIVs in the YRD and South-Central regions of China. Novel AIV subtypes might be generated continuously by reassortment. These AIVs may have obtained human-type receptor-binding abilities from their donors and prefer binding to them, which can cause human epidemics through accidental spillover infections. Facing the continual threat of emerging avian influenza, constant monitoring of AIVs should be conducted closely for agricultural and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junling Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonglin Shi
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Su
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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37
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Jin Y, Cui H, Jiang L, Zhang C, Li J, Cheng H, Chen Z, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Li J, Li L, Guo Z, Lu B, Wang Z. Evidence for human infection with avian influenza A( H9N2) virus via environmental transmission inside live poultry market in Xiamen, China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28242. [PMID: 36261874 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become prevalent in the live poultry market (LPM) worldwide, and environmental transmission mode is an important way for AIVs to infect human beings in the LPM. To find evidence of human infection with the influenza A(H9N2) virus via environmental contamination, we evaluated one human isolate and three environmental isolates inside LPMs in Xiamen, China. The phylogeny, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the four isolates were sorted out systematically. As for the H9N2 virus, which evolved alongside the "Avian-Environment-Human" spreading chain in LPMs from the summer of 2019 to the summer of 2020, its overall efficiency of contact and aerosol transmissibility improved, which might contribute to the increasing probability of human infection. This study indicated that environmental exposure might act as an important source of human infection in LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Jin
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Jiang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Cheng
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Chen
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Yidun Zhang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
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James J, Bhat S, Walsh SK, Karunarathna TK, Sadeyen JR, Chang P, Sealy JE, Mahmood S, Mollett BC, Slomka MJ, Brookes SM, Iqbal M. The Origin of Internal Genes Contributes to the Replication and Transmission Fitness of H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0129022. [PMID: 36342296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01290-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have donated internal gene segments during the emergence of zoonotic AIVs, including H7N9. We used reverse genetics to generate A/Anhui/1/13 (H7N9) and three reassortant viruses (2:6 H7N9) which contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from Anhui/13 (H7N9) and the six internal gene segments from H9N2 AIVs belonging to (i) G1 subgroup 2, (ii) G1 subgroup 3, or (iii) BJ94 lineages, enzootic in different regions throughout Asia. Infection of chickens with the 2:6 H7N9 containing G1-like H9N2 internal genes conferred attenuation in vivo, with reduced shedding and transmission to contact chickens. However, possession of BJ94-like H9N2 internal genes resulted in more rapid transmission and significantly elevated cloacal shedding compared to the parental Anhui/13 H7N9. In vitro analysis showed that the 2:6 H7N9 with BJ94-like internal genes had significantly increased replication compared to the Anhui/13 H7N9 in chicken cells. In vivo coinfection experiments followed, where chickens were coinfected with pairs of Anhui/13 H7N9 and a 2:6 H7N9 reassortant. During ensuing transmission events, the Anhui/13 H7N9 virus outcompeted 2:6 H7N9 AIVs with internal gene segments of BJ94-like or G1-like H9N2 viruses. Coinfection did lead to the emergence of novel reassortant genotypes that were transmitted to contact chickens. Some of the reassortant viruses had a greater replication in chicken and human cells compared to the progenitors. We demonstrated that the internal gene cassette determines the transmission fitness of H7N9 viruses in chickens, and the reassortment events can generate novel H7N9 genotypes with increased virulence in chickens and enhanced zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are enzootic in poultry in different geographical regions. The internal genes of these viruses can be exchanged with other zoonotic AIVs, most notably the A/Anhui/1/2013-lineage H7N9, which can give rise to new virus genotypes with increased veterinary, economic and public health threats to both poultry and humans. We investigated the propensity of the internal genes of H9N2 viruses (G1 or BJ94) in the generation of novel reassortant H7N9 AIVs. We observed that the internal genes of H7N9 which were derivative of BJ94-like H9N2 virus have a fitness advantage compared to those from the G1-like H9N2 viruses for efficient transmission among chickens. We also observed the generation of novel reassortant viruses during chicken transmission which infected and replicated efficiently in human cells. Therefore, such emergent reassortant genotypes may pose an elevated zoonotic threat.
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Mashaal D, Mahmoud SH, Müller C, Abo Shama NM, Kamer AA, Abdelaziz AA, Ali MA, Pleschka S, Mostafa A. Differential Impact of Specific Amino Acid Residues on the Characteristics of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Systems. Pathogens 2022; 11:1385. [PMID: 36422635 PMCID: PMC9698692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 was declared to be endemic in birds of the Middle East, in particular in Egypt, with multiple cases of human infections. Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2 AIV, due to the fact that its receptor specificity is similar to that of human influenza viruses, its morbidity and mortality rates in humans are so far negligible. However, the acquisition of specific adaptive amino acid (aa) mutations in the viral polymerase can enhance cross-species transmission of the virus itself or of reassortants, which gained these changes. The polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) is one of the key determinants for AIV adaptation towards mammals. Although mammalian pathogenicity-related mutations (MPMs) in PB2 genes were identified in different AIVs, the specific effect of single or multiple mutations on viral fitness has not been compared so far. Here, we studied the effect of the aa K at position 591, which was frequently reported in the PB2 of Egyptian H9N2 isolates, on the proliferation efficiency and polymerase activity of an H5N1 (clade 2.2.1.2) AIV already carrying the mammalian adaptive mutation 627K. Using reverse genetics, we generated a set of recombinant parental strains and H5N1 variants carrying the avian-like 591Q/627E or mammalian-like adaptive mutations 591K/627K (H5N1EGY, H9N2EGY, H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY, H5N1H9N2_PB2_K591Q, H5N1PB2_K627E, H5N1PB2_K627E/591K, H5N1PB2_627K/591K). Regardless of the avian-like 627E or the mammalian-adaptive 627K, both variants carrying the 591K (H5N1PB2_K627E/591K, H5N1PB2_627K/591K) and the reassortant H5N1PB2-H9N2EGY replicated to significantly higher levels in mammalian continuous MDCK and Calu-3 cell lines and primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells than the parental H5N1EGY virus (carrying solely the 627K adaptive mutation). Expectedly, the H5N1 variants carrying avian-like PB2 mutations (H5N1H9N2_PB2_K591Q, H5N1PB2_K627E) replicated to significantly lower levels than the parental H5N1EGY virus in the predefined primary and continuous mammalian cell line systems. Consistently, the activity of H5N1 subtype AIV polymerase complexes comprising PB2 segments with singular 591K or combined with 627K was significantly enhanced when compared to parental H5N1EGY and H9N2EGY. This study emphasizes the significant impact of 591K containing PB2 segments in the background of H5N1 polymerase on viral fitness in addition to the well-known MPM 627K in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayly Mashaal
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal Abo Kamer
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abdelaziz
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Zai X, Shi B, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Yao Y, Nair V, Qin A. Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing H9N2 HA Gene at the HVT005/006 Site Induces Better Protection Than That at the HVT029/031 Site. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112495. [PMID: 36423104 PMCID: PMC9698400 DOI: 10.3390/v14112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) is widely used as an effective recombinant vaccine vector for expressing protective antigens of multiple avian pathogens from different loci of the HVT genome. These include the HVT029/031 (UL22-23) locus for the insertion of IBDV VP2 and the recently identified HVT005/006 locus as a novel site for expressing heterologous proteins. In order to compare the efficacy of recombinant vaccines with the HA gene at different sites, the growth curves and the HA expression levels of HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA, HVT-005/006-MLV-HA, and HVT-029/031-MLV-HA were first examined in vitro. While the growth kinetics of three recombinant viruses were not significantly different from those of parent HVT, higher expression of the HA gene was achieved from the HVT005/006 site than that from the HVT029/031 site. The efficacy of the three recombinant viruses against avian influenza H9N2 virus was also evaluated using one-day-old SPF chickens. Chickens immunized with HVT-005/006-MLV-HA or HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA displayed reduced virus shedding compared to HVT-029/031-MLV-HA vaccinated chickens. Moreover, the overall hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers of HVT-005/006-HA-vaccinated chickens were higher than that of HVT-029/031-HA-vaccinated chickens. However, HVT-005/006-MLV-HA and HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA did not result in a significant difference in the level of HA expression in vitro and provided the same protective efficacy (100%) at 5 days after challenge. In the current study, the results suggested that recombinant HVT005/006 vaccines caused better expression of HA than recombinant HVT029/031 vaccine, and that HVT-005/006-MLV-HA or HVT-005/006-hCMV-HA could be a candidate vaccine for the protection of chickens against H9N2 influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Zai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence: (V.N.); (A.Q.); Tel.: +44-(0)1483-231-415 (V.N.); +86-(0)-514–87979217 (A.Q.)
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (V.N.); (A.Q.); Tel.: +44-(0)1483-231-415 (V.N.); +86-(0)-514–87979217 (A.Q.)
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Qin T, Chen Y, Huangfu D, Miao X, Yin Y, Yin Y, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. PA-X protein of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus suppresses the innate immunity of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102304. [PMID: 36436371 PMCID: PMC9700306 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza (AI) is an infectious disease associated with immunosuppression in poultry. Here, the regulation function of PA-X protein was determined on the host innate immune response of H9N2-infected chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBM-DCs). Based on 2 mutated viruses expressing PA-X protein (rTX) or deficient PA-X protein (rTX-FS), and the established culture system of chBM-DCs, results showed PA-X protein inhibited viral replication in chBM-DCs but not in non-immune chicken cells (DF-1). Moreover, PA-X protein downregulated the expression of phenotypic markers (CD40, CD86, and MHCII) and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-12 and IL-1β) of chBM-DCs. The mixed lymphocyte reaction between chBM-DCs and chicken T cells showed PA-X protein significantly decreased H9N2-infected chBM-DCs to induce T cell proliferation, implying a suppression of the DC-induced downstream T cell response. Taken together, these findings indicated that PA-X protein is a key viral protein to help H9N2 subtype AIVs escape the innate immunity of chBM-DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Huangfu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Corresponding author:
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P.R. China
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Xia J, Luo YW, Dong MY, Li YX, Wang AD, Li NL, Shen YX, Li SY, Cui M, Han XF, Yu SC, Li M, Huang Y. Mutation of D201G near the receptor binding site significantly drives antigenic drift of circulating H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3485-3493. [PMID: 36151953 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China. Our previous research has shown that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines. The present study sought to identify which single mutations that have naturally appeared in isolates from the past 5 years have driven antigenic drift. Six high-frequency mutation sites in/near the receptor binding site region were screened by comparing amino acid alignments of the H9N2 AIVs isolated from China between 2014 and 2019. Two substitutions (A168N and D201G) were demonstrated to have a significant impact on the antigenicity but did not change the growth kinetics of the virus. It is worth noting that the D201G substitution not only significantly changed the antigenicity but also caused immune escape against the parental virus. In conclusion, A168N and D201G substitution are newly discovered determinants that can significantly change the antigenicity of H9N2 AIV, which should be tracked during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Wen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng-Yi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Dong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nian-Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Xi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song-Cheng Yu
- Dongpo Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Meishan, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Qin T, Chen Y, Huangfu D, Yin Y, Miao X, Yin Y, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. PA-X protein assists H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in escaping immune response of mucosal dendritic cells. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3088-e3100. [PMID: 35855630 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 subtype low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a potential zoonotic risk. PA-X, a novel protein generated by PA gene ribosomal frameshift, is considered to be the virulence factor of H9N2 subtype AIVs. Our study found that rTX possessing PA-X protein enhanced the mammalian pathogenicity of H9N2 subtype AIVs compared with PA-X-deficient virus (rTX-FS). Furthermore, PA-X protein inhibited H9N2 subtype AIVs to infect dendritic cells (DCs), but not nonimmune cells (MDCK cells). Meanwhile, PA-X protein suppressed the phenotypic expression (CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHCII), early activation marker (CD69) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), whereas increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in DCs. After intranasally viral infection in mice, we found that PA-X protein of H9N2 subtype AIVs reduced CD11b+ and CD103+ subtype mucosal DCs recruitment to the nasal submucosa by inhibiting CCL20 expression. Moreover, PA-X protein abolished the migratory ability of CD11b+ and CD103+ DCs into draining cervical lymph nodes by down-regulating CCR7 expression. The rTX-infected DCs significantly impaired the allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation, suggesting PA-X protein suppressed the immune functions of DCs for hindering the downstream immune activation. These findings indicated that PA-X protein assisted H9N2 subtype AIVs in escaping immune response of mucosal DCs for enhancing the pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Huangfu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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He D, Gu M, Hao X, Zhan T, Wang X, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. A dominant internal gene cassette of high pathogenicity avian influenza H7N9 virus raised since 2018. Virus Genes 2022. [PMID: 35974285 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza virus emerged with the H9N2-origin internal gene cassette. Previous studies have reported that genetic reassortments with H9N2 were common in the first five human H7N9 epidemic waves. However, our latest work found that the circulating high pathogenicity H7N9 virus has established a dominant internal gene cassette and has decreased the frequency of reassortment with H9N2 since 2018. This dominant cassette of H7N9 was distinct from the cocirculating H9N2, although they shared a common ancestor. As a result, we suppose that this dominant cassette may benefit the viral population fitness and promote its continuous circulation in chickens.
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Han M, Gao S, Hu W, Zhou Q, Li H, Lin W, Chen F. Inhibitory effects of cedar pine needle extract on H9N2 avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2022; 574:25-36. [PMID: 35878455 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry, due to its wide-spread prevalence and propensity to induce secondary and mixed infections. Antigenic drift limits vaccine efficacy. New anti-viral therapies are needed to complement existing control measures. At the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (25 mg/mL), cedar pine needle extract inhibited H9N2 avian influenza virus proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Cedar pine needle extract reduced the haemagglutinin titre, inhibited H9N2 avian influenza virus nucleocapsid protein expression, and indirectly regulate type I and II interferon expression. Interleukin-6 expression increased during the pre-infection period but decreased during the mid-to-late stages of infection. Cedar pine needle extract may inhibit the proliferation of pathogens, regulate the immune response, and reduce host tissue damage and may serve as a potential target for drug development against H9N2 avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Han
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Bioforte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Bioforte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Bioforte Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China; Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China.
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47
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Raj S, Astill J, Alqazlan N, Boodhoo N, Hodgins DC, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Sharif S. Transmission of H9N2 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus (LPAIV) in a Challenge-Transmission Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071040. [PMID: 35891204 PMCID: PMC9316524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds are major reservoirs for avian influenza viruses (AIV), which can be transmitted to poultry and mammals. The H9N2 subtype of AIV has become prevalent in poultry over the last two decades. Despite that, there is a scarcity of detailed information on how this virus can be transmitted. The current study aimed to establish a direct contact model using seeder chickens infected with H9N2 AIV as a source of the virus for transmission to recipient chickens. Seeder chickens were inoculated with two different inoculation routes either directly or via the aerosol route. The results indicate that inoculation via the aerosol route was more effective at establishing infection compared to the direct inoculation route. Shedding was observed to be higher in aerosol-inoculated seeder chickens, with a greater percentage of chickens being infected at each time point. In terms of transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to the aerosol-inoculated seeder chickens had higher oral and cloacal virus shedding compared to the recipient chickens of the directly inoculated group. Furthermore, the aerosol route of infection resulted in enhanced antibody responses in both seeder and recipient chickens compared to the directly inoculated group. Overall, the results confirmed that the aerosol route is a preferred inoculation route for infecting seeder chickens in a direct contact transmission model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON N1L 1E3, Canada;
| | - Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Douglas C. Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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48
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Zhu R, Xu S, Sun W, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H, Liu X. HA gene amino acid mutations contribute to antigenic variation and immune escape of H9N2 influenza virus. Vet Res 2022; 53:43. [PMID: 35706014 PMCID: PMC9202205 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on differences in the amino acid sequence of the protein haemagglutinin (HA), the H9N2 avian influenza virus (H9N2 virus) has been clustered into multiple lineages, and its rapidly ongoing evolution increases the difficulties faced by prevention and control programs. The HA protein, a major antigenic protein, and the amino acid mutations that alter viral antigenicity in particular have always been of interest. Likewise, it has been well documented that some amino acid mutations in HA alter viral antigenicity in the H9N2 virus, but little has been reported regarding how these antibody escape mutations affect antigenic variation. In this study, we were able to identify 15 HA mutations that were potentially relevant to viral antigenic drift, and we also found that a key amino acid mutation, A180V, at position 180 in HA (the numbering for mature H9 HA), the only site of the receptor binding sites that is not conserved, was directly responsible for viral antigenic variation. Moreover, the recombinant virus with alanine to valine substitution at position 180 in HA in the SH/F/98 backbone (rF/HAA180V virus) showed poor cross-reactivity to immune sera from animals immunized with the SH/F/98 (F/98, A180), SD/SS/94 (A180), JS/Y618/12 (T180), and rF/HAA180V (V180) viruses by microneutralization (MN) assay. The A180V substitution in the parent virus caused a significant decrease in cross-MN titres by enhancing the receptor binding activity, but it did not physically prevent antibody (Ab) binding. The strong receptor binding avidity prevented viral release from cells. Moreover, the A180V substitution promoted H9N2 virus escape from an in vitro pAb-neutralizing reaction, which also slightly affected the cross-protection in vivo. Our results suggest that the A180V mutation with a strong receptor binding avidity contributed to the low reactors in MN/HI assays and slightly affected vaccine efficacy but was not directly responsible for immune escape, which suggested that the A180V mutation might play a key role in the process of the adaptive evolution of H9N2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunshun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wangyangji Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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49
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Li X, Feng Y, Liu W, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liao Y, Xu C, Ren T, Ding C, Qiu X. A Role for the Chicken Interferon-Stimulated Gene CMPK2 in the Host Response Against Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874331. [PMID: 35633731 PMCID: PMC9132166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection can lead to the production of interferon, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway and induces the expression of multiple downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to achieve their antiviral function. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) gene has been identified as an ISG in human and fish, and is also known as a rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondria to maintain intracellular UTP/CTP levels, which is necessary for de novo mitochondrial DNA synthesis. By mining previous microarray data, it was found that both Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infection can lead to the significant upregulation of chicken CMPK2 gene. However, little is known about the function of CMPK2 gene in chickens. In the present study, the open reading frame (ORF) of chicken CMPK2 (chCMPK2) was cloned from DF-1, a chicken embryo fibroblasts cell line, and subjected to further analysis. Sequence analysis showed that chCMPK2 shared high similarity in amino acid with CMPK2 sequences from all the other species, especially reptiles. A thymidylate kinase (TMK) domain was identified in the C-terminus of chCMPK2, which is highly conserved among all species. In vitro, AIV infection induced significant increases in chCMPK2 expression in DF-1, HD11, and the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF), while obvious increase only detected in DF-1 cells and CEF cells after NDV infection. In vivo, the expression levels of chCMPK2 were up-regulated in several tissues from AIV infected chickens, especially the brain, spleen, bursa, kidney, intestine, heart and thymus, and notable increase of chCMPK2 was detected in the bursa, kidney, duodenum, lung, heart, and thymus during NDV infection. Here, using MDA5 and IFN-β knockdown cells, we demonstrated that as a novel ISG, chCMPK2 could be regulated by the MDA5/IFN-β pathway. The high expression level of exogenous chCMPK2 displayed inhibitory effects on AIV and NDV as well as reduced viral RNA in infected cells. We further demonstrated that Asp135, a key site on the TMK catalytic domain, was identified as critical for the antiviral activities of chCMPK2. Taken together, these data demonstrated that chCMPK2 is involved in the chicken immune system and may play important roles in host anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
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50
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Zai X, Shi B, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Yao Y, Nair V, Qin A. Identification of a Novel Insertion Site HVT-005/006 for the Generation of Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Vector. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:886873. [PMID: 35694305 PMCID: PMC9174942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.886873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) has been widely used as a successful live virus vaccine against Marek's disease (MD) in chickens for more than five decades. Increasingly, HVT is also used as a highly effective recombinant vaccine vector against multiple avian pathogens. Conventional recombination, or recombineering, techniques that involve the cloning of viral genomes and, more recently, gene editing methods have been used for the generation of recombinant HVT-based vaccines. In this study, we used NHEJ-dependent CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to insert the mCherry cassette for the screening of the HVT genome and identifying new potential sites for the insertion of foreign genes. A novel intergenic site HVT-005/006 in the unique long (UL) region of the HVT genome was identified, and mCherry was found to be stably expressed when inserted at this site. To confirm whether this site was suitable for the insertion of other exogenous genes, haemagglutinin (HA) of the H9N2 virus was inserted into this site, and a recombinant HVT-005/006-HA was rescued. The recombinant HVT-HA can grow well and express HA protein stably, which demonstrated that HVT-005/006 is a promising site for the insertion of foreign genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Zai
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China
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