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Reddi TS, Merkl PE, Lim SY, Letvin NL, Knipe DM. Tripartite Motif 22 (TRIM22) protein restricts herpes simplex virus 1 by epigenetic silencing of viral immediate-early genes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009281. [PMID: 33524065 PMCID: PMC7877759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance is a crucial line of defense against virus infections, and members of the Tripartite Ring Interaction Motif (TRIM) family of proteins are major players in this system, such as cytoplasmic TRIM5α or nuclear promyelocytic leukemia (PML/TRIM19) protein. Previous reports on the antiviral function of another TRIM protein, TRIM22, emphasized its innate immune role as a Type I and Type II interferon-stimulated gene against RNA viruses. This study shows that TRIM22 has an additional intrinsic role against DNA viruses. Here, we report that TRIM22 is a novel restriction factor of HSV-1 and limits ICP0-null virus replication by increasing histone occupancy and heterochromatin, thereby reducing immediate-early viral gene expression. The corresponding wild-type equivalent of the virus evades the TRIM22-specific restriction by a mechanism independent of ICP0-mediated degradation. We also demonstrate that TRIM22 inhibits other DNA viruses, including representative members of the β- and γ- herpesviruses. Allelic variants in TRIM22 showed different degrees of anti-herpesviral activity; thus, TRIM22 genetic variability may contribute to the varying susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in humans. Collectively, these results argue that TRIM22 is a novel restriction factor and expand the list of restriction factors functioning in the infected cell nucleus to counter DNA virus infection. The host immune response to herpesviruses includes intrinsic immunity, which is a constitutively active line of defense. Members of the Tripartite Motif (TRIM) superfamily of proteins, such as cytoplasmic TRIM5α and nuclear TRIM19, are examples of such restriction factors against the prototypical α-herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Previous reports on the antiviral function of the protein encoded by TRIM22, a gene closely related to the TRIM5 gene, emphasized its antiretroviral role. We show that TRIM22 has an additional role as a restriction factor against herpesviruses. We found that TRIM22 inhibits a mutant form of HSV-1, by promoting chromatin compaction of the viral DNA encoding immediate-early viral genes–this consequently inhibits viral replication and reduces virus yields. Unlike other restriction factors that are degraded by the viral infected cell polypeptide 0 (ICP0), TRIM22 is not degraded by ICP0. We also show that TRIM22 inhibits representative members of the β-herpesvirus (cytomegalovirus) and γ- herpesviruses (Epstein-Barr virus). In addition, different TRIM22 genetic variants show differing levels of HSV-1 inhibition. Together, these results argue for the importance of the TRIM22 gene as a restriction factor against herpesviruses, and offer a novel avenue for further investigation on the role of TRIM genes in host genetic variation in herpesviral susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini S. Reddi
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Merkl
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Saunders KO, Nicely NI, Wiehe K, Bonsignori M, Meyerhoff RR, Parks R, Walkowicz WE, Aussedat B, Wu NR, Cai F, Vohra Y, Park PK, Eaton A, Go EP, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Barouch DH, Zhang R, Von Holle T, Overman RG, Anasti K, Sanders RW, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Korber B, Desaire H, Santra S, Letvin NL, Nabel GJ, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Liao HX, Alam SM, Danishefsky SJ, Haynes BF. Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2175-2188. [PMID: 28249163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that target HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. A bnAb target is the Env third variable loop (V3)-glycan site. To determine whether immunization could induce antibodies to the V3-glycan bnAb binding site, we repetitively immunized macaques over a 4-year period with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycans. Env immunizations elicited plasma antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 expressing only high-mannose glycans-a characteristic shared by early bnAb B cell lineage members. A rhesus recombinant monoclonal antibody from a vaccinated macaque bound to the V3-glycan site at the same amino acids as broadly neutralizing antibodies. A structure of the antibody bound to glycan revealed that the three variable heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions formed a cavity into which glycan could insert and neutralized multiple HIV-1 isolates with high-mannose glycans. Thus, HIV-1 Env vaccination induced mannose-dependent antibodies with characteristics of V3-glycan bnAb precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nelson R Wu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yusuf Vohra
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter K Park
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eden P Go
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Glenn Overman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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3
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Luo K, Liao HX, Zhang R, Easterhoff D, Wiehe K, Gurley TC, Armand LC, Allen AA, Von Holle TA, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Pritchett J, Foulger A, Hernandez G, Parks R, Lloyd KE, Stolarchuk C, Sawant S, Peel J, Yates NL, Dunford E, Arora S, Wang A, Bowman CM, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Xia SM, Bonsignori M, Pollara J, Edwards RW, Santra S, Letvin NL, Tartaglia J, Francis D, Sinangil F, Lee C, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Michael NL, Kim JH, Alam SM, Vandergrift NA, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Moody MA. Tissue memory B cell repertoire analysis after ALVAC/AIDSVAX B/E gp120 immunization of rhesus macaques. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88522. [PMID: 27942585 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ALVAC prime/ALVAC + AIDSVAX B/E boost RV144 vaccine trial induced an estimated 31% efficacy in a low-risk cohort where HIV‑1 exposures were likely at mucosal surfaces. An immune correlates study demonstrated that antibodies targeting the V2 region and in a secondary analysis antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in the presence of low envelope-specific (Env-specific) IgA, correlated with decreased risk of infection. Thus, understanding the B cell repertoires induced by this vaccine in systemic and mucosal compartments are key to understanding the potential protective mechanisms of this vaccine regimen. We immunized rhesus macaques with the ALVAC/AIDSVAX B/E gp120 vaccine regimen given in RV144, and then gave a boost 6 months later, after which the animals were necropsied. We isolated systemic and intestinal vaccine Env-specific memory B cells. Whereas Env-specific B cell clonal lineages were shared between spleen, draining inguinal, anterior pelvic, posterior pelvic, and periaortic lymph nodes, members of Env‑specific B cell clonal lineages were absent in the terminal ileum. Env‑specific antibodies were detectable in rectal fluids, suggesting that IgG antibodies present at mucosal sites were likely systemically produced and transported to intestinal mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Donald Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics BIOPHICS, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences-Royal Thai Army Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology
| | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Qin L, Jiang G, Han J, Letvin NL. Regulatory T Cells Modulate DNA Vaccine Immunogenicity at Early Time via Functional CD4(+) T Cells and Antigen Duration. Front Immunol 2015; 6:510. [PMID: 26483796 PMCID: PMC4586510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against HIV has proved to be difficult. Many factors including natural regulatory T cells (Treg cells) can dampen the CD8 T-cell immunogenicity. In this study, we aimed to understand how Treg cells control CD8(+) T-cell immune responses during DNA prime-boost immunization. Animals were immunized with plasmid HIV IIIB gp120 DNA following elimination of Treg cells by administration of anti-CD25 neutralizing antibody. Results demonstrated that the pool size of CD4(+) T cells producing both IL-2 and/or IFN-γ (CD4(+)/IL-2(+)/IFN-γ(+)) was increased solely during the priming phase. An increment of tetramer binding and intracellular cytokine IFN-γ expression, however, were elevated in both primary and secondary stages in CD8(+) T cells. The speed of antigen clearance was also investigated by using DNA luciferase. Surprisingly, DNA luciferase expression was declined to basal level over the ensuing observation period when Treg cells were depleted. Importantly, we found for the first time that DNA expression pattern in Treg-depleted animals was similar to that of the regular memory phase. Moreover, in mice that were exposed to antigen over 5 days prior to Treg cell depletion, CD8(+) T-cell memory response was not affected. Thus, in the present study, we propose a new concept and prove that the enhanced immune response following the depletion of Treg cells during the priming phase likely adds one more set of memory response to the immune system. Taken together, our findings support the notion that Treg cells control DNA vaccine immunogenicity at an early time via antigen duration and functional CD4(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeng Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China ; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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5
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Santra S, Tomaras GD, Warrier R, Nicely NI, Liao HX, Pollara J, Liu P, Alam SM, Zhang R, Cocklin SL, Shen X, Duffy R, Xia SM, Schutte RJ, Pemble IV CW, Dennison SM, Li H, Chao A, Vidnovic K, Evans A, Klein K, Kumar A, Robinson J, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Montefiori DC, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Soderberg KA, Giorgi EE, Blair L, Korber BT, Moog C, Shattock RJ, Letvin NL, Schmitz JE, Moody MA, Gao F, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Haynes BF. Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005042. [PMID: 26237403 PMCID: PMC4523205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4+ T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, they are not induced with current vaccine candidates. In contrast, antibodies that do not neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in the TZM-bl infection assay are readily induced by current vaccine candidates and have also been implicated as secondary correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate in vivo rectal mucosal transmission of a high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques. 7B2 IgG1 or A32 IgG1, each containing mutations to enhance Fc function, was administered passively to rhesus macaques but afforded no protection against productive clinical infection while the positive control antibody CH22 IgG1 prevented infection in 4 of 6 animals. Enumeration of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed that passive infusion of each of the three antibodies significantly reduced the number of T/F genomes. Thus, some antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but fail to neutralize virus in traditional neutralization assays may limit the number of T/F viruses involved in transmission without leading to enhancement of viral infection. For one of these mAbs, gp41 mAb 7B2, we provide the first co-crystal structure in complex with a common cyclical loop motif demonstrated to be critical for infection by other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan I. Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schutte
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Pemble IV
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Chao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kora Vidnovic
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Soderberg
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lily Blair
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christiane Moog
- U1109, INSERM University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. A. Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
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6
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Korioth-Schmitz B, Perley CC, Sixsmith JD, Click EM, Lee S, Letvin NL, Frothingham R. Rhesus immune responses to SIV Gag expressed by recombinant BCG vectors are independent from pre-existing mycobacterial immunity. Vaccine 2015; 33:5715-5722. [PMID: 26192357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) vector expressing HIV transgenes is an attractive candidate as a dual vaccine against HIV and TB. However, pre-existing immune responses to mycobacteria may influence immune responses to rBCG. We analyzed data from a rhesus rBCG trial to determine the effect of pre-existing mycobacterial immune responses on the vaccine-induced responses to the vector and expressed transgene. METHODS Indian-origin rhesus macaques were primed with rBCG expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and boosted with attenuated vaccinia NYVAC gag-pol. Mycobacteria responses were measured by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) purified protein derivative (PPD) interferon-γ ELISpot and Mtb whole cell lysate (WCL) ELISA. SIV Gag responses were measured by SIV Gag ELISpot and by p11C tetramer binding. RESULTS Baseline Mtb PPD ELISpot responses and Mtb WCL antibody responses in rhesus macaques overlapped those in human populations. Cellular and antibody responses boosted sharply 4 weeks after rBCG vaccination. Mtb WCL antibody titers at 4 weeks correlated with baseline titers. Primates vaccinated with rBCG developed strong SIV Gag ELISpot and p11C tetramer responses after rBCG prime and NYVAC boost. There were no correlations between the pre-existing mycobacterial immune responses and the SIV Gag T cell responses after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Rhesus immune responses to SIV Gag expressed by rBCG vectors were independent from pre-existing anti-mycobacterial immunity. Rhesus macaques may serve as a surrogate for investigations of pre-existing anti-mycobacterial immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Korioth-Schmitz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Casey C Perley
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Jaimie D Sixsmith
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Eva M Click
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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7
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Liu MA, Yasutomi Y, Davies ME, Perry HC, Freed DC, Letvin NL, Shiver JW. Vaccination of mice and nonhuman primates using HIV-gene-containing DNA. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 48:100-4. [PMID: 8726511 DOI: 10.1159/000425163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Liu
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pa., USA
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8
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Pegu A, Yang ZY, Boyington JC, Wu L, Ko SY, Schmidt SD, McKee K, Kong WP, Shi W, Chen X, Todd JP, Letvin NL, Huang J, Nason MC, Hoxie JA, Kwong PD, Connors M, Rao SS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 envelope protect more effectively in vivo than those to the CD4 receptor. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:243ra88. [PMID: 24990883 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection depends on effective viral entry mediated by the interaction of its envelope (Env) glycoprotein with specific cell surface receptors. Protective antiviral antibodies generated by passive or active immunization must prevent these interactions. Because the HIV-1 Env is highly variable, attention has also focused on blocking the HIV-1 primary cell receptor CD4. We therefore analyzed the in vivo protective efficacy of three potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HIV-1 Env compared to an antibody against the CD4 receptor. Protection was assessed after mucosal challenge of rhesus macaques with simian/HIV (SHIV). Despite its comparable or greater neutralization potency in vitro, the anti-CD4 antibody did not provide effective protection in vivo, whereas the HIV-1-specific mAbs VRC01, 10E8, and PG9, targeting the CD4 binding site, membrane-proximal, and V1V2 glycan Env regions, respectively, conferred complete protection, albeit at different relative potencies. These findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to the HIV-1 Env and suggest that targeting the HIV-1 Env is preferable to the cell surface receptor CD4 for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-yong Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, RE113, P. O. Box 15732, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Asmal M, Luedemann C, Lavine CL, Mach LV, Balachandran H, Brinkley C, Denny TN, Lewis MG, Anderson H, Pal R, Sok D, Le K, Pauthner M, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Seaman MS, Letvin NL, Burton DR, Sodroski JG, Haynes BF, Santra S. Infection of monkeys by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses with transmitted/founder clade C HIV-1 envelopes. Virology 2014; 475:37-45. [PMID: 25462344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) that mirror natural transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses in man are needed for evaluation of HIV-1 vaccine candidates in nonhuman primates. Currently available SHIVs contain HIV-1 env genes from chronically-infected individuals and do not reflect the characteristics of biologically relevant HIV-1 strains that mediate human transmission. We chose to develop clade C SHIVs, as clade C is the major infecting subtype of HIV-1 in the world. We constructed 10 clade C SHIVs expressing Env proteins from T/F viruses. Three of these ten clade C SHIVs (SHIV KB9 C3, SHIV KB9 C4 and SHIV KB9 C5) replicated in naïve rhesus monkeys. These three SHIVs are mucosally transmissible and are neutralized by sCD4 and several HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, like natural T/F viruses, they exhibit low Env reactivity and a Tier 2 neutralization sensitivity. Of note, none of the clade C T/F SHIVs elicited detectable autologous neutralizing antibodies in the infected monkeys, even though antibodies that neutralized a heterologous Tier 1 HIV-1 were generated. Challenge with these three new clade C SHIVs will provide biologically relevant tests for vaccine protection in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Corinne Luedemann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linh V Mach
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christie Brinkley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khoa Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norman L Letvin
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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10
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Giorgi EE, Balachandran H, Muldoon M, Letvin NL, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Santra S. Cross-reactive potential of human T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-1 infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:3995-4000. [PMID: 24837783 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit sufficient breadth of immune recognition to protect against the genetically diverse forms of the circulating virus. Evaluation of the breadth and magnitude of cellular immune responses to epitope variants is important for HIV-1 vaccine assessment. We compared HIV-1 Gag-specific T-lymphocyte responses in 20 HIV-1-infected individuals representing two different HIV-1 subtypes, B and C. By assessing T lymphocyte responses with peptides based on natural HIV-1 variants, we found evidence for limited cross-reactivity and significantly enhanced within-clade responses among clade B-infected subjects, and not among clade C-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark Muldoon
- University of Manchester School of Mathematics, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Norman L Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bette T Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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11
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Osuna CE, Gonzalez AM, Chang HH, Hung AS, Ehlinger E, Anasti K, Alam SM, Letvin NL. TCR affinity associated with functional differences between dominant and subdominant SIV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in Mamu-A*01+ rhesus monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004069. [PMID: 24743648 PMCID: PMC3990730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the factors that contribute to CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchies during viral infection are known. However, the functional differences that exist between dominant and subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic and functional differences between dominant and subdominant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) epitope-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele Mamu-A*01 during acute and chronic SIV infection. Whole genome expression analyses during acute infection revealed that dominant SIV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells had a gene expression profile consistent with greater maturity and higher cytotoxic potential than subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Flow-cytometric measurements of protein expression and anti-viral functionality during chronic infection confirmed these phenotypic and functional differences. Expression analyses of exhaustion-associated genes indicated that LAG-3 and CTLA-4 were more highly expressed in the dominant epitope-specific cells during acute SIV infection. Interestingly, only LAG-3 expression remained high during chronic infection in dominant epitope-specific cells. We also explored the binding interaction between peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes and their cognate TCRs to determine their role in the establishment of immunodominance hierarchies. We found that epitope dominance was associated with higher TCR:pMHC affinity. These studies demonstrate that significant functional differences exist between dominant and subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells within MHC-restricted immunodominance hierarchies and suggest that TCR:pMHC affinity may play an important role in determining the frequency and functionality of these cell populations. These findings advance our understanding of the regulation of T cell immunodominance and will aid HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E. Osuna
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Maria Gonzalez
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy Shi Hung
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Ehlinger
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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12
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Asmal M, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. Natural Killer cell-dependent and non-dependent anti-viral activity of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin against HIV. Int Trends Immun 2013; 1:69-77. [PMID: 24244928 PMCID: PMC3826819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-cys peroxiredoxins (Prx), a group of anti-oxidative enzyme proteins, act directly on virally-infected cells to inhibit HIV-1 replication, and indirectly through destruction of HIV infected cells by stimulation of Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated immune responses. We assayed for antibody-dependent NK cell mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI) using plasma from SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We found that Prx-1 strongly increased ADCVI in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting augmentation of NK cell killing. We also investigated the effect of Prx-1 on NK cell-independent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibition. We found that primary HIV isolates were potently inhibited at nM concentrations, regardless of viral clade, receptor usage or anti-retroviral drug resistance. During NK cell independent inhibition, we found that Prx-1 reversed the HIV-1 induced gene expression of Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha (cystolic), class A member 2, (HSP90), a protein of the stress pathway. Prx-1 highly activated Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B), a gene of the TGF-β pathway, and Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 2 (Birc-2), an anti-apoptotic gene of the NF-κB pathway. We identified gene-expression networks highly dependent on the NFκB and ERK1/2 pathways. Our findings demonstrate that Prx-1 inhibits HIV replication through NK cell-dependent and NK cell-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Geiben-Lynn
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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Hellmann I, Letvin NL, Schmitz JE. KIR2DL4 copy number variation is associated with CD4+ T-cell depletion and function of cytokine-producing NK cell subsets in SIV-infected Mamu-A*01-negative rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:5305-10. [PMID: 23449795 PMCID: PMC3624297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02949-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that KIR2DL4 copy number variation (CNV) is associated with CD4(+) T-cell decline and functionality of cytokine-producing NK cells during primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in Mamu-A*01(-) Indian-origin rhesus macaques, with higher KIR2DL4 copy numbers being associated with a better preservation of CD4(+) T cells and an increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production from stimulated cytokine-producing NK cell subsets during acute SIVmac251 infection. These findings underscore the crucial role of activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in NK cell-mediated SIV responses during early SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hellmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Frencher JT, Ryan-Pasyeur BK, Huang D, Wang RC, McMullen PD, Letvin NL, Collins WE, Freitag NE, Malkovsky M, Chen CY, Shen L, Chen ZW. SHIV antigen immunization alters patterns of immune responses to SHIV/malaria coinfection and protects against life-threatening SHIV-related malaria. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:260-70. [PMID: 23568175 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether vaccination against a virus can protect against more virulent coinfection with the virus and additional pathogen(s) remains poorly characterized. Overlapping endemicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria suggests that HIV/malaria coinfection frequently complicates acute and chronic HIV infection. Here we showed that vaccination of macaques with recombinant Listeria ΔactA prfA* expressing simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) gag and env elicited Gag- and Env-specific T-cell responses, and protected against life-threatening SHIV-related malaria after SHIV/Plasmodium fragile coinfection. SHIV antigen immunization reduced peak viremia, resisted SHIV/malaria-induced lymphoid destruction, and blunted coinfection-accelerated decline of CD4(+) T-cell counts after SHIV/malaria coinfection. SHIV antigen immunization also weakened coinfection-driven overreactive proinflammatory interferon-γ (IFNγ) responses and led to developing T helper cell 17/22 (Th17/Th22) responses after SHIV/malaria coinfection. The findings suggest that vaccination against AIDS virus can alter patterns of immune responses to the SHIV/malaria coinfection and protect against life-threatening SHIV-related malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Frencher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Liao HX, Bonsignori M, Alam SM, McLellan JS, Tomaras GD, Moody MA, Kozink DM, Hwang KK, Chen X, Tsao CY, Liu P, Lu X, Parks RJ, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Pollara J, Rao M, Peachman KK, Santra S, Letvin NL, Karasavvas N, Yang ZY, Dai K, Pancera M, Gorman J, Wiehe K, Nicely NI, Rerks-Ngarm S, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Tartaglia J, Sinangil F, Kim JH, Michael NL, Kepler TB, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Pinter A, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF. Vaccine induction of antibodies against a structurally heterogeneous site of immune pressure within HIV-1 envelope protein variable regions 1 and 2. Immunity 2013; 38:176-86. [PMID: 23313589 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The RV144 HIV-1 trial of the canary pox vector (ALVAC-HIV) plus the gp120 AIDSVAX B/E vaccine demonstrated an estimated efficacy of 31%, which correlated directly with antibodies to HIV-1 envelope variable regions 1 and 2 (V1-V2). Genetic analysis of trial viruses revealed increased vaccine efficacy against viruses matching the vaccine strain at V2 residue 169. Here, we isolated four V2 monoclonal antibodies from RV144 vaccinees that recognize residue 169, neutralize laboratory-adapted HIV-1, and mediate killing of field-isolate HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells. Crystal structures of two of the V2 antibodies demonstrated that residue 169 can exist within divergent helical and loop conformations, which contrasted dramatically with the β strand conformation previously observed with a broadly neutralizing antibody PG9. Thus, RV144 vaccine-induced immune pressure appears to target a region that may be both sequence variable and structurally polymorphic. Variation may signal sites of HIV-1 envelope vulnerability, providing vaccine designers with new options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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16
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Sircar P, Furr KL, Letvin NL. Systemic vaccination induces clonally diverse SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations in systemic and mucosal compartments. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:93-103. [PMID: 22763409 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine must elicit a clonally diverse virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response to contain mutant virus forms, and these responses must be present in mucosal tissues, which are the site of early HIV-1 replication. We show that systemic delivery of prototype vaccine vectors in rhesus monkeys induced SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in systemic and mucosal compartments with comparable clonal compositions. Although clonal sharing was maintained between the peripheral blood and lungs, the clonal constituents of the vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell populations in the gastrointestinal mucosal tissues evolved away from the peripheral blood population. A phenotypic characterization indicated that the divergence was a consequence of differential trafficking and retention of the vaccine-induced cells in mucosal compartments. These findings highlight the circulation of vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell populations between systemic and mucosal compartments and the importance of the expression of specific homing molecules for localization in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sircar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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17
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Bivas-Benita M, Gillard GO, Bar L, White KA, Webby RJ, Hovav AH, Letvin NL. Airway CD8(+) T cells induced by pulmonary DNA immunization mediate protective anti-viral immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:156-66. [PMID: 22806099 PMCID: PMC3534169 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies for protection against a number of respiratory pathogens must induce T-cell populations in both the pulmonary airways and peripheral lymphoid organs. In this study, we show that pulmonary immunization using plasmid DNA formulated with the polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI-DNA) induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the airways that persisted long after antigen local clearance. The persistence of the cells was not mediated by local lymphocyte proliferation or persistent antigen presentation within the lung or airways. These vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells effectively mediated protective immunity against respiratory challenges with vaccinia virus and influenza virus. Moreover, this protection was not dependent upon the recruitment of T cells from peripheral sites. These findings demonstrate that pulmonary immunization with PEI-DNA is an efficient approach for inducing robust pulmonary CD8(+) T-cell populations that are effective at protecting against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bivas-Benita
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,()
| | - G O Gillard
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Bar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K A White
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A-H Hovav
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N L Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Asmal M, Whitney JB, Luedemann C, Carville A, Steen R, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. In vivo anti-HIV activity of the heparin-activated serine protease inhibitor antithrombin III encapsulated in lymph-targeting immunoliposomes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48234. [PMID: 23133620 PMCID: PMC3487854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are anti-inflammatory mediators with multiple biologic functions. Several serpins have been reported to modulate HIV pathogenesis, or exhibit potent anti-HIV activity in vitro, but the efficacy of serpins as therapeutic agents for HIV in vivo has not yet been demonstrated. In the present study, we show that heparin-activated antithrombin III (hep-ATIII), a member of the serpin family, significantly inhibits lentiviral replication in a non-human primate model. We further demonstrate greater than one log10 reduction in plasma viremia in the nonhuman primate system by loading of hep-ATIII into anti-HLA-DR immunoliposomes, which target tissue reservoirs of viral replication. We also demonstrate the utility of hep-ATIIII as a potential salvage agent for HIV strains resistant to standard anti-retroviral treatment. Finally, we applied gene-expression arrays to analyze hep-ATIII-induced host cell interactomes and found that downstream of hep-ATIII, two independent gene networks were modulated by host factors prostaglandin synthetase-2, ERK1/2 and NFκB. Ultimately, understanding how serpins, such as hep-ATIII, regulate host responses during HIV infection may reveal new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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19
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Asmal M, Seaman M, Lin W, Chung RT, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. Inhibition of HCV by the serpin antithrombin III. Virol J 2012; 9:226. [PMID: 23031791 PMCID: PMC3519617 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there have been dramatic strides made recently in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, interferon-α based therapy remains challenging for certain populations, including those with unfavorable IL28B genotypes, psychiatric co-morbidity, HIV co-infection, and decompensated liver disease. We have recently shown that ATIII, a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), has broad antiviral properties. Results We now show that ATIII is capable of inhibiting HCV in the OR6 replicon model at micromolar concentrations. At a mechanistic level using gene-expression arrays, we found that ATIII treatment down-regulated multiple host cell signal transduction factors involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, including Jun, Myc and BMP2. Using a protein interactive network analysis we found that changes in gene-expression caused by ATIII were dependent on three nodes previously implicated in HCV disease progression or HCV replication: NFκB, P38 MAPK, and ERK1/2. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ATIII stimulates a novel innate antiviral host cell defense different from current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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20
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Grant EV, Thomas M, Fortune J, Klibanov AM, Letvin NL. Enhancement of plasmid DNA immunogenicity with linear polyethylenimine. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2937-48. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evita V. Grant
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Mini Thomas
- Department of Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Jennifer Fortune
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Alexander M. Klibanov
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
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21
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Chang HH, Soderberg K, Skinner JA, Banchereau J, Chaussabel D, Haynes BF, Ramoni M, Letvin NL. Transcriptional network predicts viral set point during acute HIV-1 infection. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012; 19:1103-9. [PMID: 22700869 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1-infected individuals with higher viral set points progress to AIDS more rapidly than those with lower set points. Predicting viral set point early following infection can contribute to our understanding of early control of HIV-1 replication, to predicting long-term clinical outcomes, and to the choice of optimal therapeutic regimens. METHODS In a longitudinal study of 10 untreated HIV-1-infected patients, we used gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to identify transcriptional networks for viral set point prediction. At each sampling time, a statistical analysis inferred the optimal transcriptional network that best predicted viral set point. We then assessed the accuracy of this transcriptional model by predicting viral set point in an independent cohort of 10 untreated HIV-1-infected patients from Malawi. RESULTS The gene network inferred at time of enrollment predicted viral set point 24 weeks later in the independent Malawian cohort with an accuracy of 87.5%. As expected, the predictive accuracy of the networks inferred at later time points was even greater, exceeding 90% after week 4. The composition of the inferred networks was largely conserved between time points. The 12 genes comprising this dynamic signature of viral set point implicated the involvement of two major canonical pathways: interferon signaling (p<0.0003) and membrane fraction (p<0.02). A silico knockout study showed that HLA-DRB1 and C4BPA may contribute to restricting HIV-1 replication. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute HIV-1 infection can be used to create transcriptional network models to early predict viral set point with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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22
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Santra S, Muldoon M, Watson S, Buzby A, Balachandran H, Carlson KR, Mach L, Kong WP, McKee K, Yang ZY, Rao SS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Korber BT, Letvin NL. Breadth of cellular and humoral immune responses elicited in rhesus monkeys by multi-valent mosaic and consensus immunogens. Virology 2012; 428:121-7. [PMID: 22521913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To create an HIV-1 vaccine that generates sufficient breadth of immune recognition to protect against the genetically diverse forms of the circulating virus, we have been exploring vaccines based on consensus and mosaic protein designs. Increasing the valency of a mosaic immunogen cocktail increases epitope coverage but with diminishing returns, as increasingly rare epitopes are incorporated into the mosaic proteins. In this study we compared the immunogenicity of 2-valent and 3-valent HIV-1 envelope mosaic immunogens in rhesus monkeys. Immunizations with the 3-valent mosaic immunogens resulted in a modest increase in the breadth of vaccine-elicited T lymphocyte responses compared to the 2-valent mosaic immunogens. However, the 3-valent mosaic immunogens elicited significantly higher neutralizing responses to Tier 1 viruses than the 2-valent mosaic immunogens. These findings underscore the potential utility of polyvalent mosaic immunogens for eliciting both cellular and humoral immune responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Santra
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Hellmann I, Lim SY, Letvin NL. 121 Effect of Activating KIR Copy Number Variation on NK Cell Containment of SIV Replication in Rhesus Monkeys. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000413740.45104.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Hellmann I, Lim SY, Gelman RS, Letvin NL. Association of activating KIR copy number variation of NK cells with containment of SIV replication in rhesus monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002436. [PMID: 22194686 PMCID: PMC3240609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the contribution of CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes to early containment of HIV-1 spread is well established, a role for NK cells in controlling HIV-1 replication during primary infection has been uncertain. The highly polymorphic family of KIR molecules expressed on NK cells can inhibit or activate these effector cells and might therefore modulate their activity against HIV-1-infected cells. In the present study, we investigated copy number variation in KIR3DH loci encoding the only activating KIR receptor family in rhesus monkeys and its effect on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication during primary infection in rhesus monkeys. We observed an association between copy numbers of KIR3DH genes and control of SIV replication in Mamu-A*01⁻ rhesus monkeys that express restrictive TRIM5 alleles. These findings provide further evidence for an association between NK cells and the early containment of SIV replication, and underscore the potential importance of activating KIRs in stimulating NK cell responses to control SIV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hellmann
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Gelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Dennison SM, Sutherland LL, Jaeger FH, Anasti KM, Parks R, Stewart S, Bowman C, Xia SM, Zhang R, Shen X, Scearce RM, Ofek G, Yang Y, Kwong PD, Santra S, Liao HX, Tomaras G, Letvin NL, Chen B, Alam SM, Haynes BF. Induction of antibodies in rhesus macaques that recognize a fusion-intermediate conformation of HIV-1 gp41. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27824. [PMID: 22140469 PMCID: PMC3227606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A component to the problem of inducing broad neutralizing HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER) antibodies is the need to focus the antibody response to the transiently exposed MPER pre-hairpin intermediate neutralization epitope. Here we describe a HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp140 oligomer prime followed by MPER peptide-liposomes boost strategy for eliciting serum antibody responses in rhesus macaques that bind to a gp41 fusion intermediate protein. This Env-liposome immunization strategy induced antibodies to the 2F5 neutralizing epitope ⁶⁶⁴DKW residues, and these antibodies preferentially bound to a gp41 fusion intermediate construct as well as to MPER scaffolds stabilized in the 2F5-bound conformation. However, no serum lipid binding activity was observed nor was serum neutralizing activity for HIV-1 pseudoviruses present. Nonetheless, the Env-liposome prime-boost immunization strategy induced antibodies that recognized a gp41 fusion intermediate protein and was successful in focusing the antibody response to the desired epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Moses Dennison
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Sutherland
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frederick H. Jaeger
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kara M. Anasti
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Parks
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shelley Stewart
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cindy Bowman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Scearce
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gilad Ofek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sampa Santra
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMA); (BFH)
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMA); (BFH)
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26
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Pelak K, Need AC, Fellay J, Shianna KV, Feng S, Urban TJ, Ge D, De Luca A, Martinez-Picado J, Wolinsky SM, Martinson JJ, Jamieson BD, Bream JH, Martin MP, Borrow P, Letvin NL, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF, Telenti A, Carrington M, Goldstein DB, Alter G. Copy number variation of KIR genes influences HIV-1 control. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001208. [PMID: 22140359 PMCID: PMC3226550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors that the number of activating and inhibitory KIR genes varies between individuals and plays a role in the regulation of immune mechanisms that determine HIV-1 control. A genome-wide screen for large structural variants showed that a copy number variant (CNV) in the region encoding killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) associates with HIV-1 control as measured by plasma viral load at set point in individuals of European ancestry. This CNV encompasses the KIR3DL1-KIR3DS1 locus, encoding receptors that interact with specific HLA-Bw4 molecules to regulate the activation of lymphocyte subsets including natural killer (NK) cells. We quantified the number of copies of KIR3DS1 and KIR3DL1 in a large HIV-1 positive cohort, and showed that an increase in KIR3DS1 count associates with a lower viral set point if its putative ligand is present (p = 0.00028), as does an increase in KIR3DL1 count in the presence of KIR3DS1 and appropriate ligands for both receptors (p = 0.0015). We further provide functional data that demonstrate that NK cells from individuals with multiple copies of KIR3DL1, in the presence of KIR3DS1 and the appropriate ligands, inhibit HIV-1 replication more robustly, and associated with a significant expansion in the frequency of KIR3DS1+, but not KIR3DL1+, NK cells in their peripheral blood. Our results suggest that the relative amounts of these activating and inhibitory KIR play a role in regulating the peripheral expansion of highly antiviral KIR3DS1+ NK cells, which may determine differences in HIV-1 control following infection. There is marked intrinsic variation in the extent to which individuals are able to control HIV-1. We have identified a genetic copy number variable region (CNV) in humans that plays a significant role in the control of HIV-1. This CNV is located in the genomic region that encodes the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and specifically affects the KIR3DS1 and KIR3DL1 genes, encoding two KIRs that interact with human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) ligands. KIRs are expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, which serve as important players in the innate immune response, and are involved in the recognition of infected and malignant cells through a loss or alteration in “self” ligands. We use both genetic association and functional evidence to show a strong interaction between KIR3DL1 and KIR3DS1, indicating that increasing gene counts for KIR3DL1 confer increasing levels of protection against HIV-1, but only in the presence of at least one copy of KIR3DS1. This effect was associated with a dramatic increase in the abundance of KIR3DS1+ NK cells in the peripheral blood, and strongly associated with a more robust capacity of peripheral NK cells to suppress HIV-1 replication in vitro. This work provides one of the few examples of an association between a relatively common CNV and a human complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Pelak
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Need
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin V. Shianna
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Urban
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dongliang Ge
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- irsiCaixa Foundation and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Martinson
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jay H. Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maureen P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford and Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center; and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mary Carrington
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David B. Goldstein
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Gnanakaran S, Bhattacharya T, Daniels M, Keele BF, Hraber PT, Lapedes AS, Shen T, Gaschen B, Krishnamoorthy M, Li H, Decker JM, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Wang S, Jiang C, Gao F, Swanstrom R, Anderson JA, Ping LH, Cohen MS, Markowitz M, Goepfert PA, Saag MS, Eron JJ, Hicks CB, Blattner WA, Tomaras GD, Asmal M, Letvin NL, Gilbert PB, DeCamp AC, Magaret CA, Schief WR, Ban YEA, Zhang M, Soderberg KA, Sodroski JG, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Korber B. Recurrent signature patterns in HIV-1 B clade envelope glycoproteins associated with either early or chronic infections. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002209. [PMID: 21980282 PMCID: PMC3182927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have identified HIV-1 B clade Envelope (Env) amino acid signatures from early in infection that may be favored at transmission, as well as patterns of recurrent mutation in chronic infection that may reflect common pathways of immune evasion. To accomplish this, we compared thousands of sequences derived by single genome amplification from several hundred individuals that were sampled either early in infection or were chronically infected. Samples were divided at the outset into hypothesis-forming and validation sets, and we used phylogenetically corrected statistical strategies to identify signatures, systematically scanning all of Env. Signatures included single amino acids, glycosylation motifs, and multi-site patterns based on functional or structural groupings of amino acids. We identified signatures near the CCR5 co-receptor-binding region, near the CD4 binding site, and in the signal peptide and cytoplasmic domain, which may influence Env expression and processing. Two signatures patterns associated with transmission were particularly interesting. The first was the most statistically robust signature, located in position 12 in the signal peptide. The second was the loss of an N-linked glycosylation site at positions 413-415; the presence of this site has been recently found to be associated with escape from potent and broad neutralizing antibodies, consistent with enabling a common pathway for immune escape during chronic infection. Its recurrent loss in early infection suggests it may impact fitness at the time of transmission or during early viral expansion. The signature patterns we identified implicate Env expression levels in selection at viral transmission or in early expansion, and suggest that immune evasion patterns that recur in many individuals during chronic infection when antibodies are present can be selected against when the infection is being established prior to the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcus Daniels
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Hraber
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Lapedes
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tongye Shen
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian Gaschen
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mohan Krishnamoorthy
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Decker
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Li-Hua Ping
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, an affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Saag
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Infectious Diseases Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Hicks
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William A. Blattner
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Asmal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America
| | - Allan C. DeCamp
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United State of America
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yih-En Andrew Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Arzeda Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhang
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Soderberg
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Medical Center, the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ma BJ, Alam SM, Go EP, Lu X, Desaire H, Tomaras GD, Bowman C, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Santra S, Letvin NL, Kepler TB, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Envelope deglycosylation enhances antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 epitopes for both broad neutralizing antibodies and their unmutated ancestor antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002200. [PMID: 21909262 PMCID: PMC3164629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 gp41 envelope (Env) membrane proximal external region (MPER) is an important vaccine target that in rare subjects can elicit neutralizing antibodies. One mechanism proposed for rarity of MPER neutralizing antibody generation is lack of reverted unmutated ancestor (putative naive B cell receptor) antibody reactivity with HIV-1 envelope. We have studied the effect of partial deglycosylation under non-denaturing (native) conditions on gp140 Env antigenicity for MPER neutralizing antibodies and their reverted unmutated ancestor antibodies. We found that native deglycosylation of clade B JRFL gp140 as well as group M consensus gp140 Env CON-S selectively increased the reactivity of Env with the broad neutralizing human mAbs, 2F5 and 4E10. Whereas fully glycosylated gp140 Env either did not bind (JRFL), or weakly bound (CON-S), 2F5 and 4E10 reverted unmutated ancestors, natively deglycosylated JRFL and CON-S gp140 Envs did bind well to these putative mimics of naive B cell receptors. These data predict that partially deglycoslated Env would bind better than fully glycosylated Env to gp41-specific naïve B cells with improved immunogenicity. In this regard, immunization of rhesus macaques demonstrated enhanced immunogenicity of the 2F5 MPER epitope on deglyosylated JRFL gp140 compared to glycosylated JRFL gp140. Thus, the lack of 2F5 and 4E10 reverted unmutated ancestor binding to gp140 Env may not always be due to lack of unmutated ancestor antibody reactivity with gp41 peptide epitopes, but rather, may be due to glycan interference of binding of unmutated ancestor antibodies of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41. Critical to the design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine that will induce long-lasting broadly neutralizing antibodies is to understand why broad neutralizing antibodies are not induced. One hypothesis is that there are “holes” in the naïve B cell repertoires for unmutated B cell receptors that can bind to HIV-1 envelope (Env) neutralizing epitopes. In this paper, we test this hypothesis for the rare HIV-1 envelope gp41 broad neutralizing monoclonal antibodes (mAbs), called 2F5 and 4E10, and show that indeed, fully glycosylated Env does not bind to inferred unmutated ancestor antibodies (mimics of naïve B cell receptors) of mAbs 2F5 and 4E10, but that partially deglycosylated Envs that have had glycans removed under non-denaturing conditions, did bind to 2F5 and 4E10 unmutated ancestor antibodies. Thus, rather than there being a lack of existence of germline B cell receptors for gp41 broad neutralizing antibodies, one impediment to induction of gp41 broad neutralizing antibodies may be glycan interference with unmutated antibody binding to gp41 envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Jiang Ma
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eden P. Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Deparment of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cindy Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (H-XL); (BFH)
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (H-XL); (BFH)
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Mahlokozera T, Kang HH, Goonetilleke N, Stacey AR, Lovingood RV, Denny TN, Kalilani L, Bunn JEG, Meshnick SR, Borrow P, Letvin NL, Permar SR. The magnitude and kinetics of the mucosal HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response and virus RNA load in breast milk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23735. [PMID: 21886819 PMCID: PMC3160326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of postnatal HIV transmission is associated with the magnitude of the milk virus load. While HIV-specific cellular immune responses control systemic virus load and are detectable in milk, the contribution of these responses to the control of virus load in milk is unknown. METHODS We assessed the magnitude of the immunodominant GagRY11 and subdominant EnvKY9-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response in blood and milk of 10 A*3002+, HIV-infected Malawian women throughout the period of lactation and correlated this response to milk virus RNA load and markers of breast inflammation. RESULTS The magnitude and kinetics of the HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses were discordant in blood and milk of the right and left breast, indicating independent regulation of these responses in each breast. However, there was no correlation between the magnitude of the HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response and the milk virus RNA load. Further, there was no correlation between the magnitude of this response and markers of breast inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of the HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response in milk does not appear to be solely determined by the milk virus RNA load and is likely only one of the factors contributing to maintenance of low virus load in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Mahlokozera
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen H. Kang
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea R. Stacey
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V. Lovingood
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Linda Kalilani
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - James E. G. Bunn
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve R. Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Asmal M, Hellmann I, Liu W, Keele BF, Perelson AS, Bhattacharya T, Gnanakaran S, Daniels M, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Letvin NL. A signature in HIV-1 envelope leader peptide associated with transition from acute to chronic infection impacts envelope processing and infectivity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23673. [PMID: 21876761 PMCID: PMC3158090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in a bottleneck in viral genetic diversity. Gnanakaran and colleagues used a computational strategy to identify signature amino acids at particular positions in Envelope that were associated either with transmitted sequences sampled very early in infection, or sequences sampled during chronic infection. Among the strongest signatures observed was an enrichment for the stable presence of histidine at position 12 at transmission and in early infection, and a recurrent loss of histidine at position 12 in chronic infection. This amino acid lies within the leader peptide of Envelope, a region of the protein that has been shown to influence envelope glycoprotein expression and virion infectivity. We show a strong association between a positively charged amino acid like histidine at position 12 in transmitted/founder viruses with more efficient trafficking of the nascent envelope polypeptide to the endoplasmic reticulum and higher steady-state glycoprotein expression compared to viruses that have a non-basic position 12 residue, a substitution that was enriched among viruses sampled from chronically infected individuals. When expressed in the context of other viral proteins, transmitted envelopes with a basic amino acid position 12 were incorporated at higher density into the virus and exhibited higher infectious titers than did non-signature envelopes. These results support the potential utility of using a computational approach to examine large viral sequence data sets for functional signatures and indicate the importance of Envelope expression levels for efficient HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Cale EM, Bazick HS, Rianprakaisang TA, Alam SM, Letvin NL. Mutations in a dominant Nef epitope of simian immunodeficiency virus diminish TCR:epitope peptide affinity but not epitope peptide:MHC class I binding. J Immunol 2011; 187:3300-13. [PMID: 21841125 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses like HIV and SIV escape from containment by CD8(+) T lymphocytes through generating mutations that interfere with epitope peptide:MHC class I binding. However, mutations in some viral epitopes are selected for that have no impact on this binding. We explored the mechanism underlying the evolution of such epitopes by studying CD8(+) T lymphocyte recognition of a dominant Nef epitope of SIVmac251 in infected Mamu-A*02(+) rhesus monkeys. Clonal analysis of the p199RY-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte repertoire in these monkeys indicated that identical T cell clones were capable of recognizing wild-type (WT) and mutant epitope sequences. However, we found that the functional avidity of these CD8(+) T lymphocytes for the mutant peptide:Mamu-A*02 complex was diminished. Using surface plasmon resonance to measure the binding affinity of the p199RY-specific TCR repertoire for WT and mutant p199RY peptide:Mamu-A*02 monomeric complexes, we found that the mutant p199RY peptide:Mamu-A*02 complexes had a lower affinity for TCRs purified from CD8(+) T lymphocytes than did the WT p199RY peptide:Mamu-A*02 complexes. These studies demonstrated that differences in TCR affinity for peptide:MHC class I ligands can alter functional p199RY-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses to mutated epitopes, decreasing the capacity of these cells to contain SIVmac251 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Cale
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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32
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Gillard GO, Bivas-Benita M, Hovav AH, Grandpre LE, Panas MW, Seaman MS, Haynes BF, Letvin NL. Thy1+ NK [corrected] cells from vaccinia virus-primed mice confer protection against vaccinia virus challenge in the absence of adaptive lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002141. [PMID: 21829360 PMCID: PMC3150274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While immunological memory has long been considered the province of T- and B- lymphocytes, it has recently been reported that innate cell populations are capable of mediating memory responses. We now show that an innate memory immune response is generated in mice following infection with vaccinia virus, a poxvirus for which no cognate germline-encoded receptor has been identified. This immune response results in viral clearance in the absence of classical adaptive T and B lymphocyte populations, and is mediated by a Thy1+ subset of natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrate that immune protection against infection from a lethal dose of virus can be adoptively transferred with memory hepatic Thy1+ NK cells that were primed with live virus. Our results also indicate that, like classical immunological memory, stronger innate memory responses form in response to priming with live virus than a highly attenuated vector. These results demonstrate that a defined innate memory cell population alone can provide host protection against a lethal systemic infection through viral clearance. Immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity and provides the basis for our ability to become ‘immune’ to pathogens to which we have previously been exposed, and provides the basis for vaccination. For decades, the paradigm held that only the classical adaptive lymphocytes were capable of forming and maintaining protective immunological memory. Recently, several papers have shown the capacity of an innate cell population, a subset of natural killer (NK) cells, to exhibit certain aspects of immunological memory. Here we show that innate memory forms in response to infection with vaccinia virus and resides in a discrete subset of NK cells. We further demonstrate that this innate memory provides significant host protection against a subsequent systemic infection with a lethal dose of vaccinia virus, in some cases resulting in the complete clearance of detectable virus. We also demonstrate that priming with live, replicating virus stimulates innate memory more robustly than a highly attenuated vector. These findings shed new light on this emergent area of immunology, and hold significant implications for harnessing innate memory as part of creating novel vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O. Gillard
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maytal Bivas-Benita
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lauren E. Grandpre
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Panas
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Letvin NL, Rao SS, Montefiori DC, Seaman MS, Sun Y, Lim SY, Yeh WW, Asmal M, Gelman RS, Shen L, Whitney JB, Seoighe C, Lacerda M, Keating S, Norris PJ, Hudgens MG, Gilbert PB, Buzby AP, Mach LV, Zhang J, Balachandran H, Shaw GM, Schmidt SD, Todd JP, Dodson A, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Immune and Genetic Correlates of Vaccine Protection Against Mucosal Infection by SIV in Monkeys. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:81ra36. [PMID: 21543722 PMCID: PMC3718279 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The RV144 vaccine trial in Thailand demonstrated that an HIV vaccine could prevent infection in humans and highlights the importance of understanding protective immunity against HIV. We used a nonhuman primate model to define immune and genetic mechanisms of protection against mucosal infection by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). A plasmid DNA prime/recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) boost vaccine regimen was evaluated for its ability to protect monkeys from infection by SIVmac251 or SIVsmE660 isolates after repeat intrarectal challenges. Although this prime-boost vaccine regimen failed to protect against SIVmac251 infection, 50% of vaccinated monkeys were protected from infection with SIVsmE660. Among SIVsmE660-infected animals, there was about a one-log reduction in peak plasma virus RNA in monkeys expressing the major histocompatibility complex class I allele Mamu-A*01, implicating cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the control of SIV replication once infection is established. Among Mamu-A*01-negative monkeys challenged with SIVsmE660, no CD8(+) T cell response or innate immune response was associated with protection against virus acquisition. However, low levels of neutralizing antibodies and an envelope-specific CD4(+) T cell response were associated with vaccine protection in these monkeys. Moreover, monkeys that expressed two TRIM5 alleles that restrict SIV replication were more likely to be protected from infection than monkeys that expressed at least one permissive TRIM5 allele. This study begins to elucidate the mechanisms of vaccine protection against immunodeficiency viruses and highlights the need to analyze these immune and genetic correlates of protection in future trials of HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L. Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srinivas S. Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy W. Yeh
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammed Asmal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Gelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ling Shen
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James B. Whitney
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cathal Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Miguel Lacerda
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sheila Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip J. Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. Buzby
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linh V. Mach
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinrong Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen D. Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hulot SL, Cale EM, Korber BT, Letvin NL. Vaccine-Induced CD8+T Lymphocytes of Rhesus Monkeys Recognize Variant Forms of an HIV Epitope but Do Not Mediate Optimal Functional Activity. J I 2011; 186:5663-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Whitney JB, Hraber PT, Luedemann C, Giorgi EE, Daniels MG, Bhattacharya T, Rao SS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Korber BT, Letvin NL. Genital tract sequestration of SIV following acute infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001293. [PMID: 21379569 PMCID: PMC3040679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the evolution of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the male genital tract by examining blood- and semen-associated virus from experimentally and sham vaccinated rhesus monkeys during primary infection. At the time of peak virus replication, SIV sequences were intermixed between the blood and semen supporting a scenario of high-level virus “spillover” into the male genital tract. However, at the time of virus set point, compartmentalization was apparent in 4 of 7 evaluated monkeys, likely as a consequence of restricted virus gene flow between anatomic compartments after the resolution of primary viremia. These findings suggest that SIV replication in the male genital tract evolves to compartmentalization after peak viremia resolves. Methods to reduce the transmission of HIV-1 are hindered by a lack of information regarding early viral dynamics and evolution in the male genital tract. In the present study, we show that SIV in the blood and genital tract are homogeneous during early infection, indicating facile virus gene flow between these compartments. Importantly, the coincidence of the resolution of primary viremia with the decreased virus levels in genital secretions suggest that the dramatic fall in virus replication during early infection underlies the development of viral compartmentalization. Our demonstration of early virus compartmentalization in the male genital tract has important implications for the understanding of early events leading to infection of the male genital tract and the nature of the transmitted virus during primary retrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitney
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Wilks AB, Christian EC, Seaman MS, Sircar P, Carville A, Gomez CE, Esteban M, Pantaleo G, Barouch DH, Letvin NL, Permar SR. Robust vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses in breast milk following systemic simian immunodeficiency virus DNA prime and live virus vector boost vaccination of lactating rhesus monkeys. J Immunol 2010; 185:7097-106. [PMID: 21041730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk transmission of HIV remains an important mode of infant HIV acquisition. Enhancement of mucosal HIV-specific immune responses in milk of HIV-infected mothers through vaccination may reduce milk virus load or protect against virus transmission in the infant gastrointestinal tract. However, the ability of HIV/SIV strategies to induce virus-specific immune responses in milk has not been studied. In this study, five uninfected, hormone-induced lactating, Mamu A*01(+) female rhesus monkey were systemically primed and boosted with rDNA and the attenuated poxvirus vector, NYVAC, containing the SIVmac239 gag-pol and envelope genes. The monkeys were boosted a second time with a recombinant Adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing matching immunogens. The vaccine-elicited immunodominant epitope-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte response in milk was of similar or greater magnitude than that in blood and the vaginal tract but higher than that in the colon. Furthermore, the vaccine-elicited SIV Gag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte polyfunctional cytokine responses were more robust in milk than in blood after each virus vector boost. Finally, SIV envelope-specific IgG responses were detected in milk of all monkeys after vaccination, whereas an SIV envelope-specific IgA response was only detected in one vaccinated monkey. Importantly, only limited and transient increases in the proportion of activated or CCR5-expressing CD4(+) T lymphocytes in milk occurred after vaccination. Therefore, systemic DNA prime and virus vector boost of lactating rhesus monkeys elicits potent virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in milk and may warrant further investigation as a strategy to impede breast milk transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Wilks
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Barker BR, Gladstone MN, Gillard GO, Panas MW, Letvin NL. Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3085-96. [PMID: 21061439 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that CD8(+) T cells generated in the absence of CD4(+) T cells mediate defective recall responses, the mechanism by which CD4(+) T cells confer help in the generation of CD8(+) T-cell responses remains poorly understood. To determine whether CD4(+) T-cell-derived IL-21 is an important regulator of CD8(+) T-cell responses in help-dependent and -independent viral infections, we examined these responses in the IL-21Rα(-/-) mouse model. We show that IL-21 has a role in primary CD8(+) T-cell responses and in recall CD8(+) T-cell responses in help-dependent viral infections. This effect is due to a direct action of IL-21 in enhancing the proliferation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and reducing their TRAIL expression. These findings indicate that IL-21 is an important mediator of CD4(+) T-cell help to CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne R Barker
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Sun Y, Santra S, Buzby AP, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Letvin NL. Recombinant vector-induced HIV/SIV-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in rhesus monkeys. Virology 2010; 406:48-55. [PMID: 20667574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The recently reported modest success of the RV144 Thai trial vaccine regimen in preventing HIV-1 acquisition has focused interest on the potential contribution to that protection of vaccine-elicited CD4(+) T cell responses. We evaluated the induction of virus-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in rhesus monkeys using a series of diverse vaccine vectors. We assessed both the magnitudes and functional profiles of the antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells by measuring cytokine production, memory differentiation, and the expression of mucosal homing molecules. We found that DNA prime/recombinant MVA boost immunizations induced particularly high-frequency virus-specific CD4(+) T cell responses with polyfunctional repertoires, and these responses were partially preserved following SHIV-89.6P challenge. The majority of the vaccine-elicited CD4(+) T cells were CD28(+) memory T cells that expressed low levels of beta7. Neither the magnitudes nor the functional profiles of the virus-specific CD4(+) T cells generated by vaccination were associated with a preservation of CD4(+) T cells or control of viral replication following SHIV-89.6P challenge. Interestingly, monkeys primed with recombinant Ad5 immunogens showed a dramatic expansion of both the magnitude and polyfunctionality of the vaccine-elicited CD4(+) T cell responses following envelope protein boost. These results demonstrate that vaccine strategies that include recombinant MVA or recombinant Ad5 vectors can elicit robust CD4(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Sircar P, Furr KL, Dorosh LA, Letvin NL. Clonal Repertoires of Virus-Specific CD8+T Lymphocytes Are Shared in Mucosal and Systemic Compartments during Chronic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rhesus Monkeys. J I 2010; 185:2191-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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40
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Rogers TF, Lim SY, Sundsvold TJ, Chan T, Hsu A, Letvin NL. Variability in a dominant block to SIV early reverse transcription in rhesus monkey cells predicts in vivo viral replication and time to death. Virol J 2010; 7:79. [PMID: 20416115 PMCID: PMC2874537 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has long been appreciated that there is considerable variability in host containment of HIV/SIV replication, the determinants of that variability are not fully understood. Previous studies demonstrated that the degree of permissivity of a macaque's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vitro predicted that animal's peak plasma virus RNA levels following SIV infection in vivo. The present study was conducted to define the mechanisms underlying the variable intrinsic susceptibility of rhesus monkey PBMC to SIVsmE660 infection. In a cohort of 15 unrelated Indian-origin rhesus monkeys, infectability of PBMC of individual animals with SIVsmE660, as defined by tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), varied by more than 3 logs and was a stable phenotype over time. Susceptibility of a monkey's PBMC to wild type SIVsmE660 infection correlated with the susceptibility of that monkey's PBMC to infection with VSV-G pseudotyped SIVsm543-GFP. Moreover, the permissivity of an individual monkey's PBMC for infection with this construct correlated with the permissivity of a B-lymphoblastoid cell line (B-LCL) generated from PBMC of the same animal. We found that the degree of intrinsic resistance of monkey B-LCL correlated with the copy number of early reverse transcription (ERT) SIV DNA. The resistance of monkey B-LCL to SIVsmE660 replication could be abrogated by preincubation of cells with the SIV virus-like particles (VLPs) and SIV resistance phenotype could be transferred to a SIV susceptible B-LCL through cell fusion. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between susceptibility of monkey B-LCL to SIV infection with a VSV-G pseudotyped SIV-GFP construct in vitro and both the peak plasma virus RNA levels in vivo and time to death following wild type SIV infection. These findings suggest that a dominant early RT restricting factor that can be saturated by SIV capsid may contribute to the variable resistance to SIV infection in rhesus monkey B-LCL and that this differential intrinsic susceptibility contributes to the clinical outcome of an SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Rogers
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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41
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Permar SR, Kang HH, Carville A, Wilks AB, Mansfield KG, Rao SS, Letvin NL. Preservation of memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes in breast milk of lactating rhesus monkeys during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:302-10. [PMID: 20001855 DOI: 10.1086/649229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is associated with a massive depletion of memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract. To define the dynamics of the CD4(+) T lymphocyte subpopulations in breast milk during acute HIV or SIV infection, lymphocyte populations were monitored in blood and milk of 4 Mamu-A*01(+) rhesus monkeys after SIVmac251 inoculation. Strikingly, although the CD4(+) T lymphocytes in blood were depleted during the peak of viremia, the milk CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts remained unchanged, despite active virus replication in the breast milk compartment. Moreover, CD4(+) memory T lymphocytes were preserved in breast milk during acute infection. CD4(+) T lymphocytes in breast milk and other mucosal compartments of uninfected monkeys were similar in their memory phenotype, activation status, and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 expression. Interestingly, the number and proportion of effector CD8(+) T lymphocytes in milk were increased during acute SIV infection, suggesting effective control of virus-mediated CD4(+) T lymphocyte destruction in the breast milk compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallie R Permar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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42
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Permar SR, Kang HH, Wilks AB, Mach LV, Carville A, Mansfield KG, Learn GH, Hahn BH, Letvin NL. Local replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in the breast milk compartment of chronically-infected, lactating rhesus monkeys. Retrovirology 2010; 7:7. [PMID: 20122164 PMCID: PMC2825190 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk transmission remains a major mode of infant HIV acquisition, yet anatomic and immunologic forces shaping virus quasispecies in milk are not well characterized. In this study, phylogenic analysis of envelope sequences of milk SIV variants revealed groups of nearly identical viruses, indicating local virus production. However, comparison of the patterns and rates of CTL escape of blood and milk virus demonstrated only subtle differences between the compartments. These findings suggest that a substantial fraction of milk viruses are produced by locally-infected cells, but are shaped by cellular immune pressures similar to that in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallie R Permar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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43
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Lim SY, Rogers T, Chan T, Whitney JB, Kim J, Sodroski J, Letvin NL. TRIM5alpha Modulates Immunodeficiency Virus Control in Rhesus Monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000738. [PMID: 20107597 PMCID: PMC2809762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic TRIM5α proteins of certain mammalian lineages efficiently recognize the incoming capsids of particular retroviruses and potently restrict infection in a species-specific manner. Successful retroviruses have evolved capsids that are less efficiently recognized by the TRIM5α proteins of the natural hosts. To address whether TRIM5α contributes to the outcome of retroviral infection in a susceptible host species, we investigated the impact of TRIM5 polymorphisms in rhesus monkeys on the course of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Full-length TRIM5α cDNAs were derived from each of 79 outbred monkeys and sequenced. Associations were explored between the expression of particular TRIM5 alleles and both the permissiveness of cells to SIV infection in vitro and clinical sequelae of SIV infection in vivo. Natural variation in the TRIM5α B30.2(SPRY) domain influenced the efficiency of SIVmac capsid binding and the in vitro susceptibility of cells from the monkeys to SIVmac infection. We also show the importance in vivo of the interaction of SIVmac with different allelic forms of TRIM5, demonstrating that particular alleles are associated with as much as 1.3 median log difference in set-point viral loads in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys. Moreover, these allelic forms of TRIM5 were associated with the extent of loss of central memory (CM) CD4+ T cells and the rate of progression to AIDS in the infected monkeys. These findings demonstrate a central role for TRIM5α in limiting the replication of an immunodeficiency virus infection in a primate host. The cytoplasmic TRIM5α restricts the replication of a broad range of retroviruses in a species-specific manner. In the present study we show that TRIM5α is more than a species barrier for retroviruses. We show that naturally occurring B30.2(SPRY) polymorphisms affect retrovirus infection. These observations demonstrate the importance of SIV/B30.2(SPRY) interactions in vivo. These findings are the first demonstration of the importance of such a pathogen/host protein interaction in vivo. Importantly, the striking variability in the clinical course of HIV-infected individuals has long puzzled the biomedical community. A large number of investigators have devoted considerable effort to determine what genetically determined factors might contribute to the containment of HIV replication, reasoning that an understanding of the determinants of effective control of HIV spread will provide important targets for both drug and vaccine development. Our demonstration in the present study that B30.2(SPRY) polymorphisms have a dramatic effect on the clinical outcome of an AIDS virus infection highlight the extraordinary importance of TRIM5α on the control of an AIDS virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yon Lim
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Rogers
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Chan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Whitney
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Letvin
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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45
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Fellay J, Ge D, Shianna KV, Colombo S, Ledergerber B, Cirulli ET, Urban TJ, Zhang K, Gumbs CE, Smith JP, Castagna A, Cozzi-Lepri A, De Luca A, Easterbrook P, Günthard HF, Mallal S, Mussini C, Dalmau J, Martinez-Picado J, Miro JM, Obel N, Wolinsky SM, Martinson JJ, Detels R, Margolick JB, Jacobson LP, Descombes P, Antonarakis SE, Beckmann JS, O'Brien SJ, Letvin NL, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF, Carrington M, Feng S, Telenti A, Goldstein DB. Common genetic variation and the control of HIV-1 in humans. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000791. [PMID: 20041166 PMCID: PMC2791220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To extend the understanding of host genetic determinants of HIV-1 control, we performed a genome-wide association study in a cohort of 2,554 infected Caucasian subjects. The study was powered to detect common genetic variants explaining down to 1.3% of the variability in viral load at set point. We provide overwhelming confirmation of three associations previously reported in a genome-wide study and show further independent effects of both common and rare variants in the Major Histocompatibility Complex region (MHC). We also examined the polymorphisms reported in previous candidate gene studies and fail to support a role for any variant outside of the MHC or the chemokine receptor cluster on chromosome 3. In addition, we evaluated functional variants, copy-number polymorphisms, epistatic interactions, and biological pathways. This study thus represents a comprehensive assessment of common human genetic variation in HIV-1 control in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Fellay
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dongliang Ge
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin V. Shianna
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Genomic Analysis Facility, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara Colombo
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Ledergerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth T. Cirulli
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Urban
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kunlin Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Behavioral Genetics Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Curtis E. Gumbs
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason P. Smith
- Genomic Analysis Facility, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Diagnostica and Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippa Easterbrook
- Academic Department of HIV/GUM, Kings College London at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Weston Education Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Mallal
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Judith Dalmau
- IrsiCaixa Foundation and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa Foundation and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Miro
- Hospital Clinic – IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Martinson
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa P. Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Genomics Platform, National Centre of Competence in Research “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, and Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sheng Feng
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (DBG); (AT)
| | - David B. Goldstein
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DBG); (AT)
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Geiben-Lynn R, Greenland JR, Frimpong-Boateng K, Letvin NL. Non-classical natural killer T cells modulate plasmid DNA vaccine antigen expression and vaccine-elicited immune responses by MCP-1 secretion after interaction with a beta2-microglobulin-independent CD1d. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33800-6. [PMID: 19833737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.019638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and durability of a plasmid DNA vaccine-induced immune response is shaped by immune effector molecules at the site of vaccination. In the present study, we show that antigen expression is modified by type II NKT cells, after interaction with a beta2-microglobulin-independent CD1d receptor. After activation, during the first days following plasmid DNA vaccination, NKT cells release IL-5 and MCP-1, leading to a T helper 0 (T(H)0) cytokine/chemokine profile and a stronger CD8(+)/CD4(+) T cell immune response. Our data indicate that this phenomenon was induced through the strong T(H)1 chemokine MCP-1 during the early phases of plasmid DNA vaccination because injecting the type II NKT cell-associated MCP-1 during the first 5 days led to 2-3-fold increases in vaccine-elicited T cell responses. This study demonstrates a critical role for NKT cells in plasmid DNA vaccine-induced immune responses. Manipulation of NKT cell function or co-administration of MCP-1 may represent novel methods for enhancing immune responses to plasmid DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Geiben-Lynn
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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47
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Hulot SL, Seaman MS, Dorosh LA, Korber BT, Letvin NL. P17-09. Immunization with a single HIV-1 envelope sequence can generate CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of recognizing multiple variant forms of envelope. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767794 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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48
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Fischer W, Apetrei C, Hahn BH, Letvin NL, Nabel GJ, Korber BT. P20-21 LB. Gene-to-gene differences in evolutionary rate between HIV-1 and natural SIV from sooty mangabeys: implications for vaccine tests in non-human primates. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767943 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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49
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Yeh WW, Rahman I, Hraber P, Giri A, Nevidomskyte D, Coffey RT, Asmal M, Miljkovic S, Whitney JB, Keele BF, Shaw GM, Korber BT, Seaman MS, Letvin NL. P03-07. Autologous neutralizing antibodies that select viral escape variants emerge late after SIV infection of rhesus monkeys. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767737 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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50
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Rodríguez A, Mintardjo R, Tax D, Gillissen G, Custers J, Pau MG, Klap J, Santra S, Balachandran H, Letvin NL, Goudsmit J, Radošević K. Evaluation of a prime-boost vaccine schedule with distinct adenovirus vectors against malaria in rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2009; 27:6226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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