1
|
Tong O, Duette G, O’Neil TR, Royle CM, Rana H, Johnson B, Popovic N, Dervish S, Brouwer MAE, Baharlou H, Patrick E, Ctercteko G, Palmer S, Lee E, Hunter E, Harman AN, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009522. [PMID: 33872331 PMCID: PMC8084337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HIV infection inhibits interferon responses in its target cells in vitro, interferon signatures can be detected in vivo soon after sexual transmission, mainly attributed to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In this study, we examined the physiological contributions of pDCs to early HIV acquisition using coculture models of pDCs with myeloid DCs, macrophages and the resting central, transitional and effector memory CD4 T cell subsets. pDCs impacted infection in a cell-specific manner. In myeloid cells, HIV infection was decreased via antiviral effects, cell maturation and downregulation of CCR5 expression. In contrast, in resting memory CD4 T cells, pDCs induced a subset-specific increase in intracellular HIV p24 protein expression without any activation or increase in CCR5 expression, as measured by flow cytometry. This increase was due to reactivation rather than enhanced viral spread, as blocking HIV entry via CCR5 did not alter the increased intracellular p24 expression. Furthermore, the load and proportion of cells expressing HIV DNA were restricted in the presence of pDCs while reverse transcriptase and p24 ELISA assays showed no increase in particle associated reverse transcriptase or extracellular p24 production. In addition, pDCs also markedly induced the expression of CD69 on infected CD4 T cells and other markers of CD4 T cell tissue retention. These phenotypic changes showed marked parallels with resident memory CD4 T cells isolated from anogenital tissue using enzymatic digestion. Production of IFNα by pDCs was the main driving factor for all these results. Thus, pDCs may reduce HIV spread during initial mucosal acquisition by inhibiting replication in myeloid cells while reactivating latent virus in resting memory CD4 T cells and retaining them for immune clearance. IFNs constitute one of the first and most important innate immune controls to restrict initial viral replication and spread. As HIV has evolved mechanisms to block IFN-I induction in its target cells, but not in infiltrating pDCs, understanding how pDCs influence HIV infection of target cells upon initial transmission is critical to prevent or control initial infection. Therefore, we modelled the early events occurring immediately as HIV enters the human genital mucosa. We showed that IFNα secreting pDC compensated for HIV inhibition of IFN-I production in its target cells in two different ways: i) reduced infection in DCs and macrophages which would limit viral spread to resident or newly infiltrating memory CD4 T cells; ii) reactivation of latent HIV in all subsets of resting memory CD4 T cell subsets, accompanied by limited viral spread, upregulation of MHC-I and induction of a tissue retention phenotype. The increased HIV protein, MHC-I expression and retention may enhance exposure to CD8 T cell surveillance. This model suggests that IFNα reactivation of latent HIV combined with adoptive immunotherapy using CD8 T cells or those expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) could provide a novel ‘kick and kill’ approach to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas R. O’Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline M. Royle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake Johnson
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Popovic
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suat Dervish
- Westmead research Hub, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eunok Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jayachandran P, Garcia-Cremades M, Vučićević K, Bumpus NN, Anton P, Hendrix C, Savić R. A Mechanistic In Vivo/Ex Vivo Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model of Tenofovir for HIV Prevention. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2021; 10:179-187. [PMID: 33547874 PMCID: PMC7965838 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining tissue and plasma-specific prophylactic drug concentrations is central to pre-exposure prophylaxis product development for sexual transmission of HIV-1. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from study RMP-02/MTN-006 comparing single dose oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with single and multiple dose rectal tenofovir (TFV) gel administration in HIV-1 seronegative adults was used to construct a multicompartment plasma-rectal tissue population PK model for TFV and tenofovir-diphosphate (TFVdp) in plasma and rectal tissue. PK data were collected in five matrices: TFV (plasma, rectal tissue homogenate), TFVdp (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, rectal mononuclear cells (MMCs), rectal tissue homogenate). A viral growth compartment and a delayed effect compartment for p24 antigen expression measured from an ex vivo explant assay described HIV-1 infection and replication. Using a linear PK/pharmacodynamic model, MMC TFVdp levels over 9,000 fmol/million cells in the explant assay provided apparent viral replication suppression down to 1%. Parameters were estimated using NONMEM version 7.4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Jayachandran
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria Garcia-Cremades
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katarina Vučićević
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Namandjé N. Bumpus
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Peter Anton
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Craig Hendrix
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Radojka Savić
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peyret H, Ponndorf D, Meshcheriakova Y, Richardson J, Lomonossoff GP. Covalent protein display on Hepatitis B core-like particles in plants through the in vivo use of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17095. [PMID: 33051543 PMCID: PMC7555512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be used as nano-carriers and antigen-display systems in vaccine development and therapeutic applications. Conjugation of peptides or whole proteins to VLPs can be achieved using different methods such as the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. Here we investigate the conjugation of tandem Hepatitis B core (tHBcAg) VLPs and the model antigen GFP in vivo in Nicotiana benthamiana. We show that tHBcAg VLPs could be successfully conjugated with GFP in the cytosol and ER without altering VLP formation or GFP fluorescence. Conjugation in the cytosol was more efficient when SpyCatcher was displayed on tHBcAg VLPs instead of being fused to GFP. This effect was even more obvious in the ER, showing that it is optimal to display SpyCatcher on the tHBcAg VLPs and SpyTag on the binding partner. To test transferability of the GFP results to other antigens, we successfully conjugated tHBcAg VLPs to the HIV capsid protein P24 in the cytosol. This work presents an efficient strategy which can lead to time and cost saving post-translational, covalent conjugation of recombinant proteins in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Daniel Ponndorf
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Jake Richardson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karadsheh R, Meuser ME, Cocklin S. Composition and Orientation of the Core Region of Novel HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors Influences Metabolic Stability. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061430. [PMID: 32245167 PMCID: PMC7144373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fostemsavir/temsavir is an investigational HIV-1 entry inhibitor currently in late-stage clinical trials. Although it holds promise to be a first-in-class Env-targeted entry inhibitor for the clinic, issues with bioavailability relegate its use to salvage therapies only. As such, the development of a small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor that can be used in standard combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) remains a longstanding goal for the field. We previously demonstrated the ability of extending the chemotypes available to this class of inhibitor as the first step towards this overarching goal. In addition to poor solubility, metabolic stability is a crucial determinant of bioavailability. Therefore, in this short communication, we assess the metabolic stabilities of five of our novel chemotype entry inhibitors. We found that changing the piperazine core region of temsavir alters the stability of the compound in human liver microsome assays. Moreover, we identified an entry inhibitor with more than twice the metabolic stability of temsavir and demonstrated that the orientation of the core replacement is critical for this increase. This work further demonstrates the feasibility of our long-term goal—to design an entry inhibitor with improved drug-like qualities—and warrants expanded studies to achieve this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Cocklin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-762-7234 or +1-215-762-4979; Fax: 215-762-4452
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han H, Huang Y, Dong Q, Huang Y, Lu J, Wang W, Chen K. Clinical Application Evaluation of a Fourth-Generation HIV Antigen Antibody Combination Screening Assay. Clin Lab 2020; 65. [PMID: 31625366 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.190220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are infectious diseases with high mortality. Early diagnosis is crucial. Combining HIV antibody and p24 antigen, the Elecsys HIV combi PT assay is a fourth generation HIV screening assay. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay was examined. METHODS A total of 111,556 samples was conducted from January 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018 in Zhongshan Hospital of Yat-Sen University. We conducted a fourth-generation HIV test of retrospective HIV screening samples and assessed the reliability of using signal-to-cutoff (S/CO) ratios to distinguish false positive HIV antibody reactions and analyzed false positives. RESULTS A total of 122 specimens were confirmed as HIV-1 infected by western blot (WB) and HIV nucleic acid assays. The median S/CO ratio for HIV false positive specimens was 3.27, while for the HIV-infected specimen it was 391.7. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the best diagnostic point for HIV was 22.85 S/CO. The sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index were 100%, 97.8%, and 0.978, respectively. The highest false positive rate of 26.4% was found in patients with malignant tumors and blood diseases. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that the fourth-generation Elecsys HIV combination PT test can identify early HIV infected and can be a useful adjunct to help clinicians to manage the disease by viral load testing and starting an appropriate therapy. Our research data provides a reference for subsequent research and HIV testing in the region.
Collapse
|
6
|
Trinh QD, Pham NTK, Fuwa K, Takada K, Komine-Aizawa S, Honda M, Ushijima H, Hayakawa S. High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Enhances HIV Replication in Newly Infected Primary T Cells. Clin Lab 2017; 62:2305-2311. [PMID: 28164548 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2016.150928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding protein, has recently been shown to have effects on HIV replication, but the effects are dependent on the cell type and the timing of infection. Using human primary T cells, this study aimed to investigate the role of HMGB1 in HIV-1 replication in newly infected cells. METHODS Human primary T cells were infected with the HIV-1 LAI (X4) strain and then cultured in the presence of recombinant HMGB1 protein or an anti-HMGB1 antibody at various concentrations. At the indicated time points, HIV-1 p24 concentrations in the culture media were measured by ELISA. Cell proliferation, basal HMGB1 concentration, and CD3, CD4, CXCR4, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression were also examined. RESULTS Recombinant HMGB1 could enhance HIV replication in newly infected primary T cells. In the presence of an anti-HMGB1 antibody (5 µg/mL or higher), significantly lower concentrations of HIV-1 p24 were observed in the cultures of primary T cells during the post-infection period. CONCLUSIONS The data presented suggest that HMGB1 plays a role in the enhancement of HIV-1 replication in newly infected T cells. This finding provides useful information toward understanding HIV pathogenesis and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Barahimipour R, Neupert J, Bock R. Efficient expression of nuclear transgenes in the green alga Chlamydomonas: synthesis of an HIV antigen and development of a new selectable marker. Plant Mol Biol 2016; 90:403-18. [PMID: 26747175 PMCID: PMC4766212 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become an invaluable model system in plant biology. There is also considerable interest in developing this microalga into an efficient production platform for biofuels, pharmaceuticals, green chemicals and industrial enzymes. However, the production of foreign proteins in the nucleocytosolic compartment of Chlamydomonas is greatly hampered by the inefficiency of transgene expression from the nuclear genome. We have recently addressed this limitation by isolating mutant algal strains that permit high-level transgene expression and by determining the contributions of GC content and codon usage to gene expression efficiency. Here we have applied these new tools and explored the potential of Chlamydomonas to produce a recombinant biopharmaceutical, the HIV antigen P24. We show that a codon-optimized P24 gene variant introduced into our algal expression strains give rise to recombinant protein accumulation levels of up to 0.25% of the total cellular protein. Moreover, in combination with an expression strain, a resynthesized nptII gene becomes a highly efficient selectable marker gene that facilitates the selection of transgenic algal clones at high frequency. By establishing simple principles of successful transgene expression, our data open up new possibilities for biotechnological research in Chlamydomonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Barahimipour
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Juliane Neupert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dinesh S, Menon T, Hanna LE, Suresh V, Sathuvan M, Manikannan M. In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of fucoidan from Sargassum swartzii. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:83-8. [PMID: 26472515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sargassum swartzii, a marine brown algae with wide range of biological properties belongs to the family Sargassaceae. Bioactive fucoidan fractions (CFF, FF1 and FF2) were isolated from S. swartzii and characterized by linear gradient anion-exchange chromatography and FT-IR. The characterized fucoidan fractions contained mainly sugars, sulfate and uronic acid. In the present study, anti-HIV-1 property of the fucoidan fractions was investigated. Fraction FF2 was found to exhibit significant anti-HIV-1 activity at concentrations of 1.56 and 6.25 μg/ml as observed by >50% reduction in HIV-1 p24 antigen levels and reverse transcriptase activity. Fucoidan fractions have no cytotoxic effects on PBMCs at the concentration range of 1.56-1000 μg/ml. These results suggest that fucoidan fractions could have inhibitory activity against HIV and has potential as an anti-HIV-1 agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Dinesh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Thangam Menon
- Department of Microbiology, Dr ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, TN, India.
| | - Luke E Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, TN, India
| | - V Suresh
- Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TN, India
| | - M Sathuvan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, TN, India
| | - M Manikannan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilkinson E, Engelbrecht S, de Oliveira T. History and origin of the HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in South Africa and the greater southern African region. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16897. [PMID: 26574165 PMCID: PMC4648088 DOI: 10.1038/srep16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV has spread at an alarming rate in South Africa, making it the country with the highest number of HIV infections. Several studies have investigated the histories of HIV-1 subtype C epidemics but none have done so in the context of social and political transformation in southern Africa. There is a need to understand how these processes affects epidemics, as socio-political transformation is a common and on-going process in Africa. Here, we genotyped strains from the start of the epidemic and applied phylodynamic techniques to determine the history of the southern Africa and South African epidemic from longitudinal sampled data. The southern African epidemic's estimated dates of origin was placed around 1960 (95% HPD 1956-64), while dynamic reconstruction revealed strong growth during the 1970s and 80s. The South African epidemic has a similar origin, caused by multiple introductions from neighbouring countries, and grew exponentially during the 1980s and 90s, coinciding with socio-political changes in South Africa. These findings provide an indication as to when the epidemic started and how it has grown, while the inclusion of sequence data from the start of the epidemic provided better estimates. The epidemic have stabilized in recent years with the expansion of antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduan Wilkinson
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg Coastal, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun D, An X, Zhou Y, Ji B, Song X, Xu D. [Expressions and co-localization of HIV capsid protein p24 and TRIM22 in HEK293T cells]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 31:1081-4. [PMID: 26271984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the co-localization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid protein p24 and tripartite motif containing 22 (TRIM22) in HEK293T cells. METHODS The retroviral packaging vector pLP1 was used as the template of p24. After the amplification by PCR, the sequence of p24 was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pDsRed-Monomer-N1. The recombinant vector was confirmed by colony PCR, double restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the vector pDsRed-Monomer-N1-p24 together with pEGFP-N3-TRIM22. After 24 hours, the co-localization of p24-DsRed-Monomer and TRIM22-EGFP was detected under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS Colony PCR, double restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing confirmed that the eukaryotic expression vector pDsRed-Monomer-N1-p24 was constructed successfully. Fluorescence microscope showed that p24-DsRed-Monomer was co-localized with TRIM22-EGFP in HEK293T cells. CONCLUSION HIV capsid protein p24 is co-localized with TRIM22 in HEK293T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dakang Sun
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Xinye An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Bing Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Xiangqin Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Dianhong Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bashir T, Patgaonkar M, Kumar C S, Pasi A, Reddy KVR. HbAHP-25, an In-Silico Designed Peptide, Inhibits HIV-1 Entry by Blocking gp120 Binding to CD4 Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124839. [PMID: 25915507 PMCID: PMC4411102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) poses a serious threat to the developing world and sexual transmission continues to be the major source of new infections. Therefore, the development of molecules, which prevent new HIV-1 infections, is highly warranted. In the present study, a panel of human hemoglobin (Hb)-α subunit derived peptides and their analogues, with an ability to bind gp120, were designed in-silico and their anti-HIV-1 activity was evaluated. Of these peptides, HbAHP-25, an analogue of Hb-α derived peptide, demonstrated significant anti-HIV-1 activity. HbAHP-25 was found to be active against CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains (ADA5 and BaL) and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 strains (IIIB and NL4-3). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and ELISA revealed direct interaction between HbAHP-25 and HIV-1 envelope protein, gp120. The peptide prevented binding of CD4 to gp120 and blocked subsequent steps leading to entry and/or fusion or both. Anti-HIV activity of HbAHP-25 appeared to be specific as it failed to inhibit the entry of HIV-1 pseudotyped virus (HIV-1 VSV). Further, HbAHP-25 was found to be non-cytotoxic to TZM-bl cells, VK2/E6E7 cells, CEM-GFP cells and PBMCs, even at higher concentrations. Moreover, HbAHP-25 retained its anti-HIV activity in presence of seminal plasma and vaginal fluid. In brief, the study identified HbAHP-25, a novel anti-HIV peptide, which directly interacts with gp120 and thus has a potential to inhibit early stages of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Bashir
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Selvaa Kumar C
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Achhelal Pasi
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Kudumula Venkata Rami Reddy
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) may increase the risk of HIV-1. The current studies were designed to identify potential underlying biological mechanisms. Methods Human vaginal epithelial (VK2/E6E7), peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC), and polarized endometrial (HEC-1-A) cells were treated with a range of concentrations of MPA (0.015-150 μg/ml) and the impact on gene expression, protein secretion, and HIV infection was evaluated. Results Treatment of VK2/E6E7 cells with high doses (>15μg/ml] of MPA significantly upregulated proinflammatory cytokines, which resulted in a significant increase in HIV p24 levels secreted by latently infected U1 cells following exposure to culture supernatants harvested from MPA compared to mock-treated cells. MPA also increased syndecan expression by VK2/E6E7 cells and cells treated with 15 μg/ml of MPA bound and transferred more HIV-1 to T cells compared to mock-treated cells. Moreover, MPA treatment of epithelial cells and PBMC significantly decreased cell proliferation resulting in disruption of the epithelial barrier and decreased cytokine responses to phytohaemagglutinin, respectively. Conclusion We identified several molecular mechanisms that could contribute to an association between DMPA and HIV including proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses that could activate the HIV promoter and recruit immune targets, increased expression of syndecans to facilitate the transfer of virus from epithelial to immune cells and decreased cell proliferation. The latter could impede the ability to maintain an effective epithelial barrier and adversely impact immune cell function. However, these responses were observed primarily following exposure to high (15-150 μg/ml) MPA concentrations. Clinical correlation is needed to determine whether the prolonged MPA exposure associated with contraception activates these mechanisms in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Irvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that some galectins bind to enveloped viruses. They include influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Nipah virus. It is also suggested that the interaction between viruses and galectins influences viral attachment to their susceptible cells, affecting the viral infectivity. Our work suggests that galectin-1 increases the infectivity of HIV-1 and HTVL-1. Indeed, galectin-1 promotes the initial adsorption of HIV-1 to CD4(+) cells through its binding to viral envelope gp120 and facilitates HIV-1 infection in a manner that is dependent on its recognition of β-galactoside residues. Thus, as galectin-1 can be considered as a pattern recognition receptor, HIV-1 exploits this host factor to promote its transmission or replication. In this chapter, we describe methods used to investigate this potential role of galectins in HIV-1 infection as a case in point for future studies on galectin-virus interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ouellet
- Laboratory of Human Immuno-Retrovirology, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Experimental evidence for in vivo capsid assembly suggests that capsid formation initiates from interactions between capsid (CA) proteins and lipids in the viral envelope. Various in vitro studies aiming to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of capsid self-assembly products have been carried out in conditions far removed from those, which would be encountered in a physiological environment. In this work we used lipid bilayers as a platform for studying the assembly of the CA protein with the rationale that the lipid-CA interactions play an important role in the nucleation of these structures. Observations using atomic force microscopy (AFM) have allowed a 'curling tadpole' mechanism to be suggested for the capsid self-assembly process. Stable dimeric CA proteins are able to move across the lipid bilayer to associate into trimers-of-dimers. These trimers form distinctly curved chains, which coil up to form larger features. As the feature grows additional trimers associate with the feature, giving a tadpole-like appearance. By comparing capsid assembly on mica, on single component lipid bilayers, and phase separated lipid bilayers, it was possible to determine the effect of lipid-protein interactions on capsid assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penny Miles
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Puligujja P, Balkundi SS, Kendrick LM, Baldridge HM, Hilaire JR, Bade AN, Dash PK, Zhang G, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Liu XM, Ying T, Feng Y, Wang Y, Dimitrov DS, McMillan JM, Gendelman HE. Pharmacodynamics of long-acting folic acid-receptor targeted ritonavir-boosted atazanavir nanoformulations. Biomaterials 2014; 41:141-50. [PMID: 25522973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) that targets monocyte-macrophages could improve the drug's half-life and protein-binding capacities while facilitating cell and tissue depots. To this end, ART nanoparticles that target the folic acid (FA) receptor and permit cell-based drug depots were examined using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PD) tests. FA receptor-targeted poloxamer 407 nanocrystals, containing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r), significantly increased drug bioavailability and PD by five and 100 times, respectively. Drug particles administered to human peripheral blood lymphocyte reconstituted NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice and infected with HIV-1ADA led to ATV/r drug concentrations that paralleled FA receptor beta staining in both the macrophage-rich parafollicular areas of spleen and lymph nodes. Drug levels were higher in these tissues than what could be achieved by either native drug or untargeted nanoART particles. The data also mirrored potent reductions in viral loads, tissue viral RNA and numbers of HIV-1p24+ cells in infected and treated animals. We conclude that FA-P407 coating of ART nanoparticles readily facilitates drug carriage and antiretroviral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Puligujja
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shantanu S Balkundi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Kansas University Innovation and Collaboration, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lindsey M Kendrick
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Hannah M Baldridge
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - James R Hilaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Xin-Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vetter BN, Orlowski V, Fransen K, Niederhauser C, Aubert V, Brandenberger M, Ciardo D, Dollenmaier G, Klimkait T, Regenass S, Schmid P, Schottstedt V, Suter-Riniker F, Yerly S, Shah C, Böni J, Schüpbach J. Generation of a recombinant Gag virus-like-particle panel for the evaluation of p24 antigen detection by diagnostic HIV tests. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111552. [PMID: 25343245 PMCID: PMC4208835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen permits early identification of primary HIV infection and timely intervention to limit further spread of the infection. Principally, HIV screening should equally detect all viral variants, but reagents for a standardised test evaluation are limited. Therefore, we aimed to create an inexhaustible panel of diverse HIV-1 p24 antigens. Methods We generated a panel of 43 recombinantly expressed virus-like particles (VLPs), containing the structural Gag proteins of HIV-1 subtypes A-H and circulating recombinant forms (CRF) CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF12_BF, CRF20_BG and group O. Eleven 4th generation antigen/antibody tests and five antigen-only tests were evaluated for their ability to detect VLPs diluted in human plasma to p24 concentrations equivalent to 50, 10 and 2 IU/ml of the WHO p24 standard. Three tests were also evaluated for their ability to detect p24 after heat-denaturation for immune-complex disruption, a pre-requisite for ultrasensitive p24 detection. Results Our VLP panel exhibited an average intra-clade p24 diversity of 6.7%. Among the 4th generation tests, the Abbott Architect and Siemens Enzygnost Integral 4 had the highest sensitivity of 97.7% and 93%, respectively. Alere Determine Combo and BioRad Access were least sensitive with 10.1% and 40.3%, respectively. Antigen-only tests were slightly more sensitive than combination tests. Almost all tests detected the WHO HIV-1 p24 standard at a concentration of 2 IU/ml, but their ability to detect this input for different subtypes varied greatly. Heat-treatment lowered overall detectability of HIV-1 p24 in two of the three tests, but only few VLPs had a more than 3-fold loss in p24 detection. Conclusions The HIV-1 Gag subtype panel has a broad diversity and proved useful for a standardised evaluation of the detection limit and breadth of subtype detection of p24 antigen-detecting tests. Several tests exhibited problems, particularly with non-B subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice N. Vetter
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses (SNCR), Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Vanessa Orlowski
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses (SNCR), Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien Fransen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITG), Clinical Science, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Aubert
- University Hospital, Service of Immunology and Allergy, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department Biomedicine, Haus Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Schmid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen (KSSG), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sabine Yerly
- University Hospitals (HUG), Laboratory of Virology, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Shah
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses (SNCR), Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses (SNCR), Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Schüpbach
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses (SNCR), Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Behbahani M. Evaluation of anti-HIV-1 activity of a new iridoid glycoside isolated from Avicenna marina, in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:262-6. [PMID: 25239814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to check the efficacy of methanol seed extract of Avicenna marina and its column chromatographic fractions on Peripheral Blood Mono nuclear Cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication. The anti-HIV-1 activities of crude methanol extract and its fractions were performed by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and HIV-1 p24 antigen kit. A time of drug addiction approach was also done to identify target of anti-HIV compound. The activity of the extracts on CD4, CD3, CD19 and CD45 expression in lymphocytes population was performed by use of flow cytometry. The most active anti-HIV agent was detected by spectroscopic analysis as 2'-O-(4-methoxycinnamoyl) mussaenosidic acid. The apparent effective concentrations for 50% virus replication (EC50) of methanol extract and iridoid glycoside were 45 and 0.1 μg/ml respectively. The iridoid glycoside also did not have any observable effect on the proportion of CD4, CD3, CD19 and CD45 cells or on the intensity of their expressions on PBMCs. In addition, the expression level of C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) on CD4(+) T cells were decreased in cells treated with this iridoid glycoside. The reduction of these two HIV coreceptors and the result of time of addition study demonstrated that this iridoid glycoside restricts HIV-1 replication on the early stage of HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moraes ML, Rodrigues VC, Soares JC, Ferreira M, de Souza NC, Oliveira ON. Immunosensor for HIV-1 diagnostics based on immobilization of the antigenic peptide p24-3 into liposomes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:6638-6645. [PMID: 25924310 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.9361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we developed an immunosensor for HIV-1 diagnostics that exploits the biorecognition between the antibody anti-p24 and the antigenic peptide p24-3 (AMATLRAEQASQEVKNWMTETL- LVQNA) derived from the HIV-1 p24 protein. p24-3 was encapsulated in phospholipid liposomes and immobilized in layer-by-layer (LbL) films produced with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The incorporation of p24-3 into liposomes was investigated using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, from which an increase in the alpha helix conformation could be noted. The maximum fluorescence emission for p24-3 occurred at 340 nm in solution, compatible with the tryptophan residue being exposed to the solvent, and at 335 and 322 nm when in liposomes and PEI/p24-3-liposome LbL films, respectively. This blue shift is consistent with the tryptophan being in a partially buried environment. With the preserved structure in the LbL films, p24-3 could recognize the anti-p24 antibody in impedance spectroscopy measurements. Therefore, LbL films containing p24-3 may be suitable for detecting HIV-1 in a low-cost, easy-to-use immunosensing assay.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) allows retrieval of replication-competent viral variants. In order to impose the smallest possible selective pressure on the viral isolates, isolation must be carried out in primary cultures of cells and not in tumor derived cell lines. The procedure involves culture of PBMCs from an infected patient with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMC from seronegative donors, which provide susceptible target cells for HIV replication. HIV can be isolated from the bulk population of PBMCs or after cloning of the cells to obtain viral biological clones. Viral production is determined with p24 antigen (Ag) detection assays or with reverse transcriptase (RT) activity assay. Once isolated, HIV-1 can be propagated by infecting PHA-stimulated PBMCs from healthy donors. Aliquots from culture with a high production of virus are stored for later use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ryndak MB, Singh KK, Peng Z, Zolla-Pazner S, Li H, Meng L, Laal S. Transcriptional profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicating ex vivo in blood from HIV- and HIV+ subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94939. [PMID: 24755630 PMCID: PMC3995690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) occurs during both primary and reactivated tuberculosis (TB). Although hematogenous dissemination occurs in non-HIV TB patients, in ∼80% of these patients, TB manifests exclusively as pulmonary disease. In contrast, extrapulmonary, disseminated, and/or miliary TB is seen in 60–70% of HIV-infected TB patients, suggesting that hematogenous dissemination is likely more common in HIV+ patients. To understand M. tb adaptation to the blood environment during bacteremia, we have studied the transcriptome of M. tb replicating in human whole blood. To investigate if M. tb discriminates between the hematogenous environments of immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals, we compared the M. tb transcriptional profiles during replication in blood from HIV- and HIV+ donors. Our results demonstrate that M. tb survives and replicates in blood from both HIV- and HIV+ donors and enhances its virulence/pathogenic potential in the hematogenous environment. The M. tb blood-specific transcriptome reflects suppression of dormancy, induction of cell-wall remodeling, alteration in mode of iron acquisition, potential evasion of immune surveillance, and enhanced expression of important virulence factors that drive active M. tb infection and dissemination. These changes are accentuated during bacterial replication in blood from HIV+ patients. Furthermore, the expression of ESAT-6, which participates in dissemination of M. tb from the lungs, is upregulated in M. tb growing in blood, especially during growth in blood from HIV+ patients. Preliminary experiments also demonstrate that ESAT-6 promotes HIV replication in U1 cells. These studies provide evidence, for the first time, that during bacteremia, M. tb can adapt to the blood environment by modifying its transcriptome in a manner indicative of an enhanced-virulence phenotype that favors active infection. Additionally, transcriptional modifications in HIV+ blood may further accentuate M. tb virulence and drive both M. tb and HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B. Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hualin Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lu Meng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao K, Luo B, Li Y, Xu H, Han Z, Liang C. [Detection of intracellular HIV-1 p24 antigen in CD4(+);T cells by flow cytometry and its application for auxiliary diagnosis of HIV-1 infection]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 30:426-429. [PMID: 24721412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigen in CD4(+);T cells by flow cytometry (FCM) and assess its application for auxiliary diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. METHODS CD4(+);T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals and normal controls (negative controls) were detected for intracellular p24 antigen by FCM. Samples from early-HIV-infected individuals were collected, and the intracellular p24 antigen in CD4(+);T cells was detected by FCM. P24 antigen in plasma was detected by ELISA and nucleic acids were tested by nest-PCR. The results of these 3 assays were compared. RESULTS The rates of p24(+);CD4(+);T cells of the infected individuals were significantly higher than those of the negative controls (P<0.01); the 95th percentile of p24(+);CD4(+);T cell rates of the infected individuals was 1.92% and the cutoff value was 2.00%. Infected individuals with CD4(+);T ≤350 cells/μL had higher p24(+);CD4(+);T cell rates than those with CD4(+);T >350 cells/μL (P<0.05). The detection of p24 antigen in CD4(+);T cells of early-HIV-1-infected patients could identify HIV-1 infection timely, and the detection efficiency of FCM was better than that of the ELISA of p24 antigen in plasma and was equal to that of nucleic acid testing. CONCLUSION The FCM detection of p24 antigen in CD4(+);T cells could be a promising auxiliary approach for the diagnosis of early HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mamik MK, Ghorpade A. Chemokine CXCL8 promotes HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages and primary microglia via nuclear factor-κB pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92145. [PMID: 24662979 PMCID: PMC3963875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine CXCL8 is an important neutrophil chemoattractant implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders. Cytokine/chemokine imbalance, with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α within the central nervous system, is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. We previously reported that HIV-1 infection is linked to upregulation of CXCL8 in brain tissues and human astrocytes. Chemokines play crucial roles in trafficking of leukocytes and trafficking of HIV-1-infected across the blood-brain barrier play an important role in HIV-1 central nervous system disease. In the post-antiretroviral therapy era, low level of productive replication of HIV-1 in brain is a critical component of neuropathogenesis regulation. The present study investigated the effect of CXCL8 on productive infection of HIV-1 in human monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM) and primary human microglia. RESULTS Human MDM and microglia were infected with the blood or brain derived HIV-1 isolates, HIV-1ADA or HIV-1JRFL. Treatment with CXCL8 significantly upregulated HIV-1p24 levels in supernatants of both HIV-1-infected MDM as well as microglia. In addition, the formation of 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) circles, a measure of viral genome integration, was significantly higher in CXCL8-treated, HIV-1-infected MDM and microglia. Transient transfection of U937 cells with HIV-1 LTR luciferase reporter construct resulted in increased promoter activity when treated with CXCL8. Moreover, increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB was seen in HIV-1-infected MDM following CXCL8 treatment. Blocking CXCL8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 abrogated the CXCL8-mediated enhanced HIV-1 replication. CONCLUSION Our results show that CXCL8 mediates productive infection of HIV-1 in MDM and microglia via receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. These results demonstrate that CXCL8 exerts its downstream effects by increasing translocation of nuclear factor-κB into the nucleus, thereby promoting HIV-1 LTR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet K. Mamik
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hilditch L, Towers GJ. A model for cofactor use during HIV-1 reverse transcription and nuclear entry. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 4:32-6. [PMID: 24525292 PMCID: PMC3969716 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviruses have evolved to infect and replicate in a variety of cell types in vivo whilst avoiding the powerful inhibitory activities of restriction factors or cell autonomous innate immune responses. In this review we offer our opinions on how HIV-1 uses a series of host proteins as cofactors for infection. We present a model that may explain how the capsid protein has a fundamental role in the early part of the viral lifecycle by utilising cyclophilin A (CypA), cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor-6 (CPSF6), Nup358 and TNPO3 to orchestrate a coordinated process of DNA synthesis, capsid uncoating and integration targeting that evades innate responses and promotes integration into preferred areas of chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hilditch
- University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Towers
- University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 90 Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fleta-Soriano E, Martinez JP, Hinkelmann B, Gerth K, Washausen P, Diez J, Frank R, Sasse F, Meyerhans A. The myxobacterial metabolite ratjadone A inhibits HIV infection by blocking the Rev/CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:17. [PMID: 24475978 PMCID: PMC3910686 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear export of unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 mRNA is mediated by the recognition of a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the HIV Rev protein by the host protein CRM1/Exportin1. This makes the CRM1-Rev complex an attractive target for the development of new antiviral drugs. Here we tested the anti-HIV efficacy of ratjadone A, a CRM1 inhibitor derived from myxobacteria. RESULTS Ratjadone A inhibits HIV infection in vitro in a dose-dependent manner with EC₅₀ values at the nanomolar range. The inhibitory effect of ratjadone A occurs around 12 hours post-infection and is specific for the Rev/CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. By using a drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay we could demonstrate that ratjadone A interferes with the formation of the CRM1-Rev-NES complex by binding to CRM1 but not to Rev. CONCLUSION Ratjadone A exhibits strong anti-HIV activity but low selectivity due to toxic effects. Although this limits its potential use as a therapeutic drug, further studies with derivatives of ratjadones might help to overcome these difficulties in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fleta-Soriano
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bettina Hinkelmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerth
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Washausen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juana Diez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronald Frank
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florenz Sasse
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wiley CA, Cysique LA. The cost of silencing HIV in the brain. Neurology 2013; 80:1363-4. [PMID: 23486870 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31828c3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
26
|
Mousseau G, Clementz MA, Bakeman WN, Nagarsheth N, Cameron M, Shi J, Baran P, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Valente ST. An analog of the natural steroidal alkaloid cortistatin A potently suppresses Tat-dependent HIV transcription. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:97-108. [PMID: 22817991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) Tat protein, a potent activator of HIV gene expression, is essential for integrated viral genome expression and represents a potential antiviral target. Tat binds the 5'-terminal region of HIV mRNA's stem-bulge-loop structure, the transactivation-responsive (TAR) element, to activate transcription. We find that didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA), an analog of a natural steroidal alkaloid from a marine sponge, inhibits Tat-mediated transactivation of the integrated provirus by binding specifically to the TAR-binding domain of Tat. Working at subnanomolar concentrations, dCA reduces Tat-mediated transcriptional initiation/elongation from the viral promoter to inhibit HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in acutely and chronically infected cells. Importantly, dCA abrogates spontaneous viral particle release from CD4(+)T cells from virally suppressed subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Thus, dCA defines a unique class of anti-HIV drugs that may inhibit viral production from stable reservoirs and reduce residual viremia during HAART.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alkaloids/chemical synthesis
- Alkaloids/chemistry
- Alkaloids/pharmacokinetics
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
- Binding Sites
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/virology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- HIV Core Protein p24/metabolism
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/physiology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Humans
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Polycyclic Compounds/chemistry
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proviruses/drug effects
- Proviruses/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mousseau
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, 33458, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shanmugabalaji V, Besagni C, Piller LE, Douet V, Ruf S, Bock R, Kessler F. Dual targeting of a mature plastoglobulin/fibrillin fusion protein to chloroplast plastoglobules and thylakoids in transplastomic tobacco plants. Plant Mol Biol 2013; 81:13-25. [PMID: 23086498 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastoglobules (PG) are lipid droplets in chloroplasts and other plastid types having important functions in lipid metabolism. Plastoglobulins (PGL) also known as fibrillins (FBN) are evolutionary conserved proteins present at the PG surface but also to various extents at the thylakoid membrane. PGLs are thought to have structural functions in PG formation and maintenance. The targeting of an Arabidopsis PGL (PGL34) to PG required the full protein sequence with the exception of a short C-terminal stretch. This indicated that PGL targeting relies on correct folding rather than a discrete sequence. PGLs lack strongly hydrophic regions and may therefore extrinsically associate with PG and thylakoid membranes via interaction with hydrophilic headgroups of surface lipids. Here, we report on the expression of the Arabidopsis plastoglobulin of 35kD (PGL35 or FBN1a) expressed as a mature protein fused to HIVp24 (human immunodeficiency virus capsid particle p24) or HCV (hepatitis C virus core protein) in transplastomic tobacco. A PGL35-HIVp24 fusion targeted in part to plastoglobules but a larger proportion was recovered in the thylakoid fraction. The findings indicate that transplastomic PGL35-HIVp24 folded correctly after its synthesis inside the chloroplast and then dually targeted to plastoglobules as well as thylakoid membranes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Y, Holte S, Rao U, McClure J, Konopa P, Swain JV, Lanxon-Cookson E, Kim M, Chen L, Mullins JI. A sensitive real-time PCR based assay to estimate the impact of amino acid substitutions on the competitive replication fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cell culture. J Virol Methods 2012. [PMID: 23201292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), such as those conferring drug resistance and immune escape, can result in a change in replication fitness. To assess these changes, a real-time TaqMan PCR detection assay and statistical methods for data analysis were developed to estimate sensitively relative viral fitness in competitive viral replication experiments in cell culture. Chimeric viruses with the gene of interest in an HIV-1NL4-3 backbone were constructed in two forms, vifA (native vif gene in NL4-3) and vifB (vif gene with six synonymous nucleotide differences from vifA). Subsequently, mutations of interest were introduced into the chimeric viruses in NL4-3VifA backbones, and the mutants were competed against the chimera with the isogenic viral sequence in the NL4-3VifB backbone in cell culture. In order to assess subtle fitness differences, culture supernatants were sampled longitudinally, and the viruses differentially quantified using vifA- and vifB-specific primers in real-time PCR assays. Based on an exponential net growth model, the growth rate of each virus was determined and the fitness cost of the mutation(s) distinguishing the two viruses represented as the net growth rate difference between the mutant and the native variants. Using this assay, the fitness impact of eight amino acid substitutions was quantitated at highly conserved sites in HIV-1 Gag and Env.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Helma J, Schmidthals K, Lux V, Nüske S, Scholz AM, Kräusslich HG, Rothbauer U, Leonhardt H. Direct and dynamic detection of HIV-1 in living cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50026. [PMID: 23209635 PMCID: PMC3509150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In basic and applied HIV research, reliable detection of viral components is crucial to monitor progression of infection. While it is routine to detect structural viral proteins in vitro for diagnostic purposes, it previously remained impossible to directly and dynamically visualize HIV in living cells without genetic modification of the virus. Here, we describe a novel fluorescent biosensor to dynamically trace HIV-1 morphogenesis in living cells. We generated a camelid single domain antibody that specifically binds the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) at subnanomolar affinity and fused it to fluorescent proteins. The resulting fluorescent chromobody specifically recognizes the CA-harbouring HIV-1 Gag precursor protein in living cells and is applicable in various advanced light microscopy systems. Confocal live cell microscopy and super-resolution microscopy allowed detection and dynamic tracing of individual virion assemblies at the plasma membrane. The analysis of subcellular binding kinetics showed cytoplasmic antigen recognition and incorporation into virion assembly sites. Finally, we demonstrate the use of this new reporter in automated image analysis, providing a robust tool for cell-based HIV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Helma
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmidthals
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- ChromoTek GmbH, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vanda Lux
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Nüske
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Armin M. Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- ChromoTek GmbH, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- * E-mail: (UR); (HL)
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (UR); (HL)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tarakanova IN, Dmitriev DA, Massino IS, Smirnova MB, Segal OL, Fartushnaia OV, Iakovleva DA, Koliaskina GI, Lavrov VF, Dmitriev AD. [Effect of conditions of monoclonal antibody adsorption on antigen-binding activity]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 2012; 48:557-563. [PMID: 23101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the antigen-binding activity of immobilized antibodies on pH of a saturating buffer has been investigated. We analyzed 28 monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) produced by various hybridomas to three virus antigens, i.e., the nuclear p23 protein of hepatitis C virus (C core protein p23), p24 protein of HIV 1, and the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg). Antibodies were adsorbed on the surfaces of immune plates in acidic (pH 2.8), neutral (pH 7.5), and alkaline (pH 9.5) buffers. The binding of labeled antigens, i.e., biotinylated or conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, with immobilized antigens was tested. It was shown that 10 out of 28 analyzed MCAs (36%) considerably better preserved their antigen-binding activity if their passive adsorption was carried out on the surface of polystyrene plates in an acidic buffer (pH 2.8). This approach allowed constructing a highly sensitive sandwich method for HBsAg assay with a minimal reliably determined antigen concentration of 0.013-0.017 ng/ml. The described approach may be recommended for the optimization of sandwich methods and solid-phase competitive methods.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bozzacco L, Yu H, Dengjel J, Trumpfheller C, Zebroski HA, Zhang N, Küttner V, Ueberheide BM, Deng H, Chait BT, Steinman RM, Mojsov S, Fenyö D. Strategy for identifying dendritic cell-processed CD4+ T cell epitopes from the HIV gag p24 protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41897. [PMID: 22860026 PMCID: PMC3408443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is becoming a preferred method to identify class I and class II peptides presented on major histocompability complexes (MHC) on antigen presenting cells (APC). We describe a combined computational and MS approach to identify exogenous MHC II peptides presented on mouse spleen dendritic cells (DCs). This approach enables rapid, effective screening of a large number of possible peptides by a computer-assisted strategy that utilizes the extraordinary human ability for pattern recognition. To test the efficacy of the approach, a mixture of epitope peptide mimics (mimetopes) from HIV gag p24 sequence were added exogenously to Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-mobilized splenic DCs. We identified the exogenously added peptide, VDRFYKTLRAEQASQ, and a second peptide, DRFYKLTRAEQASQ, derived from the original exogenously added 15-mer peptide. Furthermore, we demonstrated that our strategy works efficiently with HIV gag p24 protein when delivered, as vaccine protein, to Flt3L expanded mouse splenic DCs in vitro through the DEC-205 receptor. We found that the same MHC II-bound HIV gag p24 peptides, VDRFYKTLRAEQASQ and DRFYKLTRAEQASQ, were naturally processed from anti-DEC-205 HIV gag p24 protein and presented on DCs. The two identified VDRFYKTLRAEQASQ and DRFYKLTRAEQASQ MHC II-bound HIV gag p24 peptides elicited CD4+ T-cell mediated responses in vitro. Their presentation by DCs to antigen-specific T cells was inhibited by chloroquine (CQ), indicating that optimal presentation of these exogenously added peptides required uptake and vesicular trafficking in mature DCs. These results support the application of our strategy to identify and characterize peptide epitopes derived from vaccine proteins processed by DCs and thus has the potential to greatly accelerate DC-based vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonia Bozzacco
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Haiqiang Yu
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Trumpfheller
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Henry A. Zebroski
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nawei Zhang
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victoria Küttner
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beatrix M. Ueberheide
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian T. Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Mojsov
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Fenyö
- Laboratory of Computational Proteomics, Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fadda L, Körner C, Kumar S, van Teijlingen NH, Piechocka-Trocha A, Carrington M, Altfeld M. HLA-Cw*0102-restricted HIV-1 p24 epitope variants can modulate the binding of the inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptor and primary NK cell function. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002805. [PMID: 22807681 PMCID: PMC3395618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for Natural Killer (NK) cells in the control of HIV-1 infection. Recently, it was shown that NK cell-mediated immune pressure can result in the selection of HIV-1 escape mutations. A potential mechanism for this NK cell escape is the selection of HLA class I-presented HIV-1 epitopes that allow for the engagement of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), notably KIR2DL2. We therefore investigated the consequences of sequence variations within HLA-Cw*0102-restricted epitopes on the interaction of HLA-Cw*0102 with KIR2DL2 using a large panel of overlapping HIV-1 p24 Gag peptides. 217 decameric peptides spanning the HIV-1 p24 Gag consensus sequence were screened for HLA-Cw*0102 stabilization by co-incubation with Cw*0102⁺/TAP-deficient T2 cells using a flow cytometry-based assay. KIR2DL2 binding was assessed using a KIR2DL2-IgG fusion construct. Function of KIR2DL2⁺ NK cells was flow cytometrically analyzed by measuring degranulation of primary NK cells after co-incubation with peptide-pulsed T2 cells. We identified 11 peptides stabilizing HLA-Cw*0102 on the surface of T2 cells. However, only one peptide (p24 Gag₂₀₉₋₂₁₈ AAEWDRLHPV) allowed for binding of KIR2DL2. Notably, functional analysis showed a significant inhibition of KIR2DL2⁺ NK cells in the presence of p24 Gag₂₀₉₋₂₁₈-pulsed T2 cells, while degranulation of KIR2DL2⁻ NK cells was not affected. Moreover, we demonstrated that sequence variations in position 7 of this epitope observed frequently in naturally occurring HIV-1 sequences can modulate binding to KIR2DL2. Our results show that the majority of HIV-1 p24 Gag peptides stabilizing HLA-Cw*0102 do not allow for binding of KIR2DL2, but identified one HLA-Cw*0102-presented peptide (p24 Gag₂₀₉₋₂₁₈) that was recognized by the inhibitory NK cell receptor KIR2DL2 leading to functional inhibition of KIR2DL2-expressing NK cells. Engagement of KIR2DL2 might protect virus-infected cells from NK cell-mediated lysis and selections of sequence polymorphisms that increase avidity to KIR2DL2 might provide a mechanism for HIV-1 to escape NK cell-mediated immune pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Fadda
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Körner
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Swati Kumar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Leteane MM, Ngwenya BN, Muzila M, Namushe A, Mwinga J, Musonda R, Moyo S, Mengestu YB, Abegaz BM, Andrae-Marobela K. Old plants newly discovered: Cassia sieberiana D.C. and Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Oliv. root extracts inhibit in vitro HIV-1c replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by different modes of action. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141:48-56. [PMID: 22326358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Despite advances in anti-retroviral therapy which has transformed HIV/AIDS from a fatal to a manageable chronic disease, increasing viral drug resistance, side effects and uneven access to anti-retroviral drugs remain considerable therapeutic challenges. Partly as a consequence of these shortcomings and partly based on the fact that HIV/AIDS gives rise to opportunistic infections whose symptoms have been managed in Africa in an HIV/AIDS-independent context by traditional healers for centuries, many HIV/AIDS patients use herbal medicines. The aim of this study was to screen selected medicinal plants from Botswana, used by traditional healers to treat/manage HIV/AIDS, for inhibitory activities on HIV replication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on an ethnomedical survey, ethanolic tannin-containing and tannin-free extracts from 10 medicinal plants were tested for inhibitory properties against a clone of HIV-1c (MJ(4)) measuring cytopathic effect protection and levels of viral p24 antigen in infected PBMCs. RESULTS Cassia sieberiana D.C., Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Oliv. and Plumbago zeylanica L. extracts showed significant inhibition of HIV-1c (MJ(4)) replication. The inhibitory activity of the Plumbago zeylanica extract could be attributed to its tannin content. Anti-HIV activity of Cassia sieberiana root and bark extracts, and Cassia abbreviata root extracts occurred in a concentration-dependent manner with an effective concentration (EC(50)) of 65.1μg/ml, 85.3μg/ml and 102.8μg/ml, respectively. Experiments to elucidate possible mechanism(s) of action revealed that Cassia sieberiana root and bark extracts blocked HIV replication at its binding- (EC(50)=70.2μg/ml and 90.8μg/ml, respectively) and entry stage (EC(50)=88.9μg/ml and 100.5μg/ml, respectively) while Cassia abbreviata extracts did not. CONCLUSIONS We report here for the first time a direct inhibitory effect on HIV-1c replication of extracts from two extremely popular medicinal plants, Cassia sieberiana and Cassia abbreviata. Considering the traditional uses of both Cassia species, our findings strongly suggest pilot clinical observational studies involving traditional healers to further evaluate the therapeutic potential of the Cassia extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin M Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kitchen SG, Levin BR, Bristol G, Rezek V, Kim S, Aguilera-Sandoval C, Balamurugan A, Yang OO, Zack JA. In vivo suppression of HIV by antigen specific T cells derived from engineered hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002649. [PMID: 22511873 PMCID: PMC3325196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is a critical component in controlling viral replication in vivo, but ultimately fails in its ability to eradicate the virus. Our intent in these studies is to develop ways to enhance and restore the HIV-specific CTL response to allow long-term viral suppression or viral clearance. In our approach, we sought to genetically manipulate human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) such that they differentiate into mature CTL that will kill HIV infected cells. To perform this, we molecularly cloned an HIV-specific T cell receptor (TCR) from CD8+ T cells that specifically targets an epitope of the HIV-1 Gag protein. This TCR was then used to genetically transduce HSCs. These HSCs were then introduced into a humanized mouse containing human fetal liver, fetal thymus, and hematopoietic progenitor cells, and were allowed to differentiate into mature human CD8+ CTL. We found human, HIV-specific CTL in multiple tissues in the mouse. Thus, genetic modification of human HSCs with a cloned TCR allows proper differentiation of the cells to occur in vivo, and these cells migrate to multiple anatomic sites, mimicking what is seen in humans. To determine if the presence of the transgenic, HIV-specific TCR has an effect on suppressing HIV replication, we infected with HIV-1 mice expressing the transgenic HIV-specific TCR and, separately, mice expressing a non-specific control TCR. We observed significant suppression of HIV replication in multiple organs in the mice expressing the HIV-specific TCR as compared to control, indicating that the presence of genetically modified HIV-specific CTL can form a functional antiviral response in vivo. These results strongly suggest that stem cell based gene therapy may be a feasible approach in the treatment of chronic viral infections and provide a foundation towards the development of this type of strategy. There is a desperate need for the development of new therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV infection. HIV actively subverts the potent natural immune responses against it, particularly cellular cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. The development of a therapy that allows long-lived immune self-containment of HIV and restoration of these CTL responses by the host would be ideal. Through genetic manipulation of human blood-forming stem cells, we introduced a molecule– an HIV-targeting T cell receptor (TCR)–that allowed the generation of functional HIV-specific CTLs following differentiation within human tissues in a humanized mouse model. To assess if these newly developed, HIV-specific CTLs can allow active suppression of HIV replication, we infected these mice with HIV. We found that the development of genetically modified, HIV-specific CTLs in these mice results in the presence of a functional antiviral CTL response in vivo that significantly lowers viral replication following HIV infection. These results have strong implications for the use of this technology to engineer the human immune response to combat viral infections and suggest that genetic engineering via HSCs may allow tailoring of the immune response to target and eradicate HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rajanala K, Nandicoori VK. Localization of nucleoporin Tpr to the nuclear pore complex is essential for Tpr mediated regulation of the export of unspliced RNA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29921. [PMID: 22253824 PMCID: PMC3258255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporin Tpr is a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that localizes exclusively to intranuclear filaments. Tpr functions as a scaffolding element in the nuclear phase of the NPC and plays a role in mitotic spindle checkpoint signalling. Export of intron-containing mRNA in Mason Pfizer Monkey Virus is regulated by direct interaction of cellular proteins with the cis-acting Constitutive Transport Element (CTE). In mammalian cells, the transport of Gag/Pol-CTE reporter construct is not very efficient, suggesting a regulatory mechanism to retain this unspliced RNA. Here we report that the knockdown of Tpr in mammalian cells leads to a drastic enhancement in the levels of Gag proteins (p24) in the cytoplasm, which is rescued by siRNA resistant Tpr. Tpr's role in the retention of unspliced RNA is independent of the functions of Sam68 and Tap/Nxf1 proteins, which are reported to promote CTE dependent export. Further, we investigated the possible role for nucleoporins that are known to function in nucleocytoplasmic transport in modulating unspliced RNA export. Results show that depletion of Nup153, a nucleoporin required for NPC anchoring of Tpr, plays a role in regulating the export, while depletion of other FG repeat-containing nucleoporins did not alter the unspliced RNA export. Results suggest that Tpr and Nup153 both regulate the export of unspliced RNA and they are most likely functioning through the same pathway. Importantly, we find that localization of Tpr to the NPC is necessary for Tpr mediated regulation of unspliced RNA export. Collectively, the data indicates that perinuclear localization of Tpr at the nucleopore complex is crucial for regulating intron containing mRNA export by directly or indirectly participating in the processing and degradation of aberrant mRNA transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Rajanala
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chang JR, Mukerjee R, Bagashev A, Del Valle L, Chabrashvili T, Hawkins BJ, He JJ, Sawaya BE. HIV-1 Tat protein promotes neuronal dysfunction through disruption of microRNAs. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41125-34. [PMID: 21956116 PMCID: PMC3220514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.268466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, small noncoding RNA molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of eukaryotic genomes. It has been suggested that viral infections and neurological disease outcome may also be shaped by the influence of small RNAs. This has prompted us to suggest that HIV infection alters the endogenous miRNA expression patterns, thereby contributing to neuronal deregulation and AIDS dementia. Therefore, using primary cultures and neuronal cell lines, we examined the impact of a viral protein (HIV-1 Tat) on the expression of miRNAs due to its characteristic features such as release from the infected cells and taken up by noninfected cells. Using microRNA array assay, we demonstrated that Tat deregulates the levels of several miRNAs. Interestingly, miR-34a was among the most highly induced miRNAs in Tat-treated neurons. Tat also decreases the levels of miR-34a target genes such as CREB protein as shown by real time PCR. The effect of Tat was neutralized in the presence of anti-miR-34a. Using in situ hybridization assay, we found that the levels of miR-34a increase in Tat transgenic mice when compared with the parental mice. Therefore, we conclude that deregulation of neuronal functions by HIV-1 Tat protein is miRNA-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Robert Chang
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Ruma Mukerjee
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Asen Bagashev
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Luis Del Valle
- the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, and Department of Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Tinatin Chabrashvili
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Brian J. Hawkins
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, and
| | - Johnny J. He
- the Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Bassel E. Sawaya
- From the Department of Neurology, Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Asmal M, Hellmann I, Liu W, Keele BF, Perelson AS, Bhattacharya T, Gnanakaran S, Daniels M, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Letvin NL. A signature in HIV-1 envelope leader peptide associated with transition from acute to chronic infection impacts envelope processing and infectivity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23673. [PMID: 21876761 PMCID: PMC3158090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in a bottleneck in viral genetic diversity. Gnanakaran and colleagues used a computational strategy to identify signature amino acids at particular positions in Envelope that were associated either with transmitted sequences sampled very early in infection, or sequences sampled during chronic infection. Among the strongest signatures observed was an enrichment for the stable presence of histidine at position 12 at transmission and in early infection, and a recurrent loss of histidine at position 12 in chronic infection. This amino acid lies within the leader peptide of Envelope, a region of the protein that has been shown to influence envelope glycoprotein expression and virion infectivity. We show a strong association between a positively charged amino acid like histidine at position 12 in transmitted/founder viruses with more efficient trafficking of the nascent envelope polypeptide to the endoplasmic reticulum and higher steady-state glycoprotein expression compared to viruses that have a non-basic position 12 residue, a substitution that was enriched among viruses sampled from chronically infected individuals. When expressed in the context of other viral proteins, transmitted envelopes with a basic amino acid position 12 were incorporated at higher density into the virus and exhibited higher infectious titers than did non-signature envelopes. These results support the potential utility of using a computational approach to examine large viral sequence data sets for functional signatures and indicate the importance of Envelope expression levels for efficient HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Coyle JH, Bor YC, Rekosh D, Hammarskjold ML. The Tpr protein regulates export of mRNAs with retained introns that traffic through the Nxf1 pathway. RNA 2011; 17:1344-56. [PMID: 21613532 PMCID: PMC3138570 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2616111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA includes restriction mechanisms to prevent export and expression of mRNAs that are incompletely spliced. Here we present evidence that the mammalian protein Tpr is involved in this restriction. To study the role of Tpr in export of mRNA with retained introns, we used reporters in which the mRNA was exported either via the Nxf1/Nxt1 pathway using a CTE or via the Crm1 pathway using Rev/RRE. Our data show that even modest knockdown of Tpr using RNAi leads to a significant increase in export and translation from the mRNA containing the CTE. In contrast, Tpr perturbation has no effect on export of mRNA containing the RRE, either in the absence or presence of Rev. Also, no effects were observed on export of a completely spliced mRNA. Taken together, our results indicate that Tpr plays an important role in quality control of mRNA trafficked on the Nxf1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Coyle
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Yeou-Cherng Bor
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - David Rekosh
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjold
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail .
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein, Rev, mediates the nuclear export of unspliced gag and singly spliced env mRNAs by bridging viral RNA and the export receptor, CRM1. Recently, rat CRM1 was found to be less efficient than human CRM1 in supporting Rev function in rats. In this study, to understand the role of CRM1 in HIV propagation, the mechanism underlying the function of human and rat CRM1 in HIV-1 replication was investigated in rat cells. The production of viral particles, represented by the p24 Gag protein, was greatly enhanced by hCRM1 expression in rat cells; however, this effect was not simply because of the enhanced export of gag mRNA. The translation initiation rate of gag mRNA was not increased, nor was the Gag protein stabilized in the presence of hCRM1. However, the processing of the p55 Gag precursor and the release of viral particles were facilitated. These results indicated that hCRM1 exports gag mRNA to the cytoplasm, not only more efficiently than rCRM1 but also correctly, leading to efficient processing of Gag proteins and particle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Nagai-Fukataki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dong B, Ma T, Zhang T, Zhou CM, Liu G, Wang L, Tao PZ, Zhang XQ. [Anti-HIV-1 activity and structure-activity relationship of pyranocoumarin analogs]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2011; 46:35-38. [PMID: 21465806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find out anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)/protease (PR) activity and inhibition of virus replication in cell cultures of novel coumarin analogs and determine their structure-activity relationship. Coumarin derivatives have been demonstrated to inhibit the activity of HIV-1 RT/PR in cell free system. It also shows inhibition effects to HIV-1 replication in cell culture. Based on the Chinese traditional pharmacological characteristics and protein three dimension computer aided design, analogs of tetracyclic dipyranocoumarin were synthesized from natural leading compounds. We studied the relationship of antiviral effects and chemical structures via HIV-1 PR/RT enzyme models and cell culture model system. Seven compounds were designed and tested. Several compounds showed anti-HIV-1 activity in varying degrees, especially V0201 showed much higher anti-HIV-1 activity with 3.56 and 0.78 micromol x L(-1) of IC50 against HIV-1 PR/RT and 0.036 micromol x L(-1) against HIV-1 replication in PBMC cultures. V0201 with a novel structure may be a new leading compound. These new compounds are valuable for development of new anti-HIV drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang D, Li LB, Hou ZW, Kang XJ, Xie QD, Yu XJ, Ma MF, Ma BL, Wang ZS, Lei Y, Huang TH. The integrated HIV-1 provirus in patient sperm chromosome and its transfer into the early embryo by fertilization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28586. [PMID: 22194862 PMCID: PMC3237474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete understanding of the route of HIV-1 transmission is an important prerequisite for curbing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. So far, the known routes of HIV-1 transmission include sexual contact, needle sharing, puncture, transfusion and mother-to-child transmission. Whether HIV can be vertically transmitted from human sperm to embryo by fertilization is largely undetermined. Direct research on embryo derived from infected human sperm and healthy human ova have been difficult because of ethical issues and problems in the collection of ova. However, the use of inter-specific in vitro fertilization (IVF) between human sperm and hamster ova can avoid both of these problems. Combined with molecular, cytogenetical and immunological techniques such as the preparation of human sperm chromosomes, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunofluorescence assay (IFA), this study mainly explored whether any integrated HIV provirus were present in the chromosomes of infected patients' sperm, and whether that provirus could be transferred into early embryos by fertilization and maintain its function of replication and expression. Evidence showed that HIV-1 nucleic acid was present in the spermatozoa of HIV/AIDS patients, that HIV-1 provirus is present on the patient sperm chromosome, that the integrated provirus could be transferred into early embryo chromosomally integrated by fertilization, and that it could replicate alongside the embryonic genome and subsequently express its protein in the embryo. These findings indicate the possibility of vertical transmission of HIV-1 from the sperm genome to the embryonic genome by fertilization. This study also offers a platform for the research into this new mode of transmission for other viruses, especially sexually transmitted viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Forensic Medicine Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lian-Bing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Kang
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qing-Dong Xie
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiao-jun Yu
- Forensic Medicine Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ming-Fu Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo-Lu Ma
- Jiangbei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Song Wang
- Jiangbei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Jiangbei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian-Hua Huang
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schaubert KL, Price DA, Salkowitz JR, Sewell AK, Sidney J, Asher TE, Blondelle SE, Adams S, Marincola FM, Joseph A, Sette A, Douek DC, Ayyavoo V, Storkus W, Leung MY, Ng HL, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Wilson DB, Kan-Mitchell J. Generation of robust CD8+ T-cell responses against subdominant epitopes in conserved regions of HIV-1 by repertoire mining with mimotopes. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1950-62. [PMID: 20432235 PMCID: PMC3086652 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A 0201-restricted virus-specific CD8(+) CTL do not appear to control HIV effectively in vivo. To enhance the immunogenicity of a highly conserved subdominant epitope, TV9 (TLNAWVKVV, p24 Gag(19-27)), mimotopes were designed by screening a large combinatorial nonapeptide library with TV9-specific CTL primed in vitro from healthy donors. A mimic peptide with a low binding affinity to HLA-A 0201, TV9p6 (KINAWIKVV), was studied further. Parallel cultures of in vitro-primed CTL showed that TV9p6 consistently activated cross-reactive and equally functional CTL as measured by cytotoxicity, cytokine production and suppression of HIV replication in vitro. Comparison of TCRB gene usage between CTL primed from the same donors with TV9 or TV9p6 revealed a degree of clonal overlap in some cases and an example of a conserved TCRB sequence encoded distinctly at the nucleotide level between individuals (a "public" TCR); however, in the main, distinct clonotypes were recruited by each peptide antigen. These findings indicate that mimotopes can mobilize functional cross-reactive clonotypes that are less readily recruited from the naïve T-cell pool by the corresponding WT epitope. Mimotope-induced repertoire diversification could potentially override subdominance under certain circumstances and enhance vaccine-induced responses to conserved but poorly immunogenic determinants within the HIV proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri L. Schaubert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Janelle R. Salkowitz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tedi E. Asher
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sylvie E. Blondelle
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
- Mixture Sciences Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Sharon Adams
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aviva Joseph
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Walter Storkus
- Departments of Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ming-Ying Leung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Darcy B. Wilson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
- Mixture Sciences Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
After membrane fusion with a target cell, the core of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enters into the cytoplasm, where uncoating occurs. The cone-shaped core is composed of the viral capsid protein (CA), which disassembles during uncoating. The underlying factors and mechanisms governing uncoating are poorly understood. Several CA mutations can cause changes in core stability and a block at reverse transcription, demonstrating the requirement for optimal core stability during viral replication. HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion of the viral cDNA into the host genome, and certain IN mutations are pleiotropic. Similar to some CA mutants, two IN mutants, one with a complete deletion of IN (NL-DeltaIN) and the other with a Cys-to-Ser substitution (NL-C130S), were noninfectious, with a replication block at reverse transcription. Compared to the wild type (WT), the cytoplasmic CA levels of the IN mutants in infected cells were reduced, suggesting accelerated uncoating. The role of IN during uncoating was examined by isolating and characterizing cores from NL-DeltaIN and NL-C130S. Both IN mutants could form functional cores, but the core yield and stability were decreased. Also, virion incorporation of cyclophilin A (CypA), a cellular peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that binds specifically to CA, was decreased in the IN mutants. Cores isolated from WT virus depleted of CypA had an unstable-core phenotype, confirming a role of CypA in promoting optimal core stability. Taken together, our results indicate that IN is required during uncoating for maintaining CypA-CA interaction, which promotes optimal stability of the viral core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa S. Briones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute and UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Charles W. Dobard
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute and UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Samson A. Chow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute and UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., CHS 23-133, Los Angeles, CA 90095. Phone: (310) 825-9600. Fax: (310) 825-6267. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Garg M, Asthana A, Agashe HB, Agrawal GP, Jain NK. Stavudine-loaded mannosylated liposomes: in-vitro anti-HIV-I activity, tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:605-16. [PMID: 16640829 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.5.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) are important hosts for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lectin receptors, which act as molecular targets for sugar molecules, are found on the surface of these cells of the MPS. Stavudine-loaded mannosylated liposomal formulations were developed for targeting to HIV-infected cells. The mannose-binding protein concanavalin A was employed as model system for the determination of in-vitro ligand-binding capacity. Antiretroviral activity was determined using MT-2 cell line. Haematological changes, tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic studies of free, liposomal and mannosylated liposomal drug were performed following a bolus intravenous injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. The entrapment efficiency of mannosylated liposomes was found to be 47.H ± 1.57%. Protein-carbohydrate interaction has been utilized for the effective delivery of mannosylated formulations. Cellular drug uptake was maximal when mannosylated liposomes were used. MT2 cells treated continuously with uncoated liposomal formulation had p24 levels 8–12 times lower than the level of free drug solution. Further, the mannosylated liposomes have shown p24 levels that were 14–20 and 1.42.3 times lower than the level of free drug and uncoated liposomal formulation treatment, respectively. Similar results were observed when infected MT2 cells were treated overnight. Stavudine, either given plain or incorporated in liposomes, led to development of anaemia and leucocytopenia while mannosylated liposomes overcame these drawbacks. These systems maintained a significant level of stavudine in the liver, spleen and lungs up to 12 h and had greater systemic clearance as compared with free drug or the uncoated liposomal formulation. Mannosylated liposomes have shown potential for the site-specific and ligand-directed delivery systems with desired therapeutics and better pharmacological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Garg
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar 470003, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Furtak V, Mulky A, Rawlings SA, Kozhaya L, Lee K, KewalRamani VN, Unutmaz D. Perturbation of the P-body component Mov10 inhibits HIV-1 infectivity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9081. [PMID: 20140200 PMCID: PMC2816699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous retroviruses are obligate cellular parasites that co-opt a number of host proteins and functions to enable their replication and spread. Several host factors that restrict HIV and other retroviral infections have also recently been described. Here we demonstrate that Mov10, a protein associated with P-bodies that has a putative RNA-helicase domain, when overexpressed in cells can inhibit the production of infectious retroviruses. Interestingly, reducing the endogenous Mov10 levels in virus-producing cells through siRNA treatment also modestly suppresses HIV infectivity. The actions of Mov10 are not limited to HIV, however, as ectopic expression of Mov10 restricts the production of other lentiviruses as well as the gammaretrovirus, murine leukemia virus. We found that HIV produced in the presence of high levels of Mov10 is restricted at the pre-reverse transcription stage in target cells. Finally, we show that either helicase mutation or truncation of the C-terminal half of Mov10, where a putative RNA-helicase domain is located, maintained most of its HIV inhibition; whereas removing the N-terminal half of Mov10 completely abolished its activity on HIV. Together these results suggest that Mov10 could be required during the lentiviral lifecycle and that its perturbation disrupts generation of infectious viral particles. Because Mov10 is implicated as part of the P-body complex, these findings point to the potential role of cytoplasmic RNA processing machinery in infectious retroviral production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Furtak
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alok Mulky
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Rawlings
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - KyeongEun Lee
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vineet N. KewalRamani
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VK); (DU)
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VK); (DU)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Peng ZG, Jiang JD, Wu DZ, Chen HS. [Inhibition of the replication of HIV-1 by norcantharidin in vitro]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2010; 45:224-227. [PMID: 21351432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For obtaining new structural compounds with unique resistance profiles or novel mechanisms of action on HIV-1 from natural products, anti-HIV-1 drug screening models were used in vitro. Norcantharidin (NCTD), a derivative from cantharidin, was found to have inhibitory activities on HIV-1(IIIB) p24 antigen in lymphocyte lines MT-4, CEM and H9. It inhibited HIV-1 strain 018a (sensitive to zidovudine) from replicating with EC50 (50% effective concentration) of 14.9 micromol L(-1) and also inhibited HIV-1 strain 018c (resistant to zidovudine) from replicating with EC50 of 20.2 micromol L(-1) in primary lymphocytes peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Norcantharidin showed synergistic activity with zidovudine on HIV-1(IIIB) in MT-4 cells, the combination index was less than 0.3. But, it was not active on HIV-1 integrase, reverse transcriptase or protease in vitro. As the structure of norcantharidin is unique and different from that of all clinic drugs approved, it would be possible to obtain new and effective compounds against HIV-1 with low toxicities after modification of norcantharidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-gen Peng
- Institute of Medicinal and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nishizawa R, Nishiyama T, Hisaichi K, Hirai K, Habashita H, Takaoka Y, Tada H, Sagawa K, Shibayama S, Maeda K, Mitsuya H, Nakai H, Fukushima D, Toda M. Spirodiketopiperazine-based CCR5 antagonists: Improvement of their pharmacokinetic profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:763-6. [PMID: 20005712 PMCID: PMC7553643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spirodiketopiperazine-based CCR5 antagonists, showing improved pharmacokinetic profiles without reduction in antagonist activity, were designed and synthesized. We also demonstrate the anti-HIV activity of a representative compound 12, as measured in a p24 assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rena Nishizawa
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Regnard GL, Halley-Stott RP, Tanzer FL, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. High level protein expression in plants through the use of a novel autonomously replicating geminivirus shuttle vector. Plant Biotechnol J 2010; 8:38-46. [PMID: 19929900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a novel autonomously replicating gene expression shuttle vector, with the aim of developing a system for transiently expressing proteins at levels useful for commercial production of vaccines and other proteins in plants. The vector, pRIC, is based on the mild strain of the geminivirus Bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV-m) and is replicationally released into plant cells from a recombinant Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid. pRIC differs from most other geminivirus-based vectors in that the BeYDV replication-associated elements were included in cis rather than from a co-transfected plasmid, while the BeYDV capsid protein (CP) and movement protein (MP) genes were replaced by an antigen encoding transgene expression cassette derived from the non-replicating A. tumefaciens vector, pTRAc. We tested vector efficacy in Nicotiana benthamiana by comparing transient cytoplasmic expression between pRIC and pTRAc constructs encoding either enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or the subunit vaccine antigens, human papillomavirus subtype 16 (HPV-16) major CP L1 and human immunodeficiency virus subtype C p24 antigen. The pRIC constructs were amplified in planta by up to two orders of magnitude by replication, while 50% more HPV-16 L1 and three- to seven-fold more EGFP and HIV-1 p24 were expressed from pRIC than from pTRAc. Vector replication was shown to be correlated with increased protein expression. We anticipate that this new high-yielding plant expression vector will contribute towards the development of a viable plant production platform for vaccine candidates and other pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Regnard
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Salemi M, Lamers SL, Huysentruyt LC, Galligan D, Gray RR, Morris A, McGrath MS. Distinct patterns of HIV-1 evolution within metastatic tissues in patients with non-Hodgkins lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8153. [PMID: 19997510 PMCID: PMC2780293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), AIDS related lymphoma (ARL) occurs at a significantly higher rate in patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) than in the general population. HIV-infected macrophages are a known viral reservoir and have been shown to have lymphomagenic potential in SCID mice; therefore, there is an interest in determining if a viral component to lymphomagenesis also exists. We sequenced HIV-1 envelope gp120 clones obtained post mortem from several tumor and non-tumor tissues of two patients who died with AIDS-related Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARL-NH). Similar results were found in both patients: 1) high-resolution phylogenetic analysis showed a significant degree of compartmentalization between lymphoma and non-lymphoma viral sub-populations while viral sub-populations from lymph nodes appeared to be intermixed within sequences from tumor and non-tumor tissues, 2) a 100-fold increase in the effective HIV population size in tumor versus non-tumor tissues was associated with the emergence of lymphadenopathy and aggressive metastatic ARL, and 3) HIV gene flow among lymph nodes, normal and metastatic tissues was non-random. The different population dynamics between the viruses found in tumors versus the non-tumor associated viruses suggest that there is a significant relationship between HIV evolution and lymphoma pathogenesis. Moreover, the study indicates that HIV could be used as an effective marker to study the origin and dissemination of lymphomas in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Leanne C. Huysentruyt
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Derek Galligan
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Gray
- Department of Pathology Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alanna Morris
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. McGrath
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yeung ML, Houzet L, Yedavalli VSRK, Jeang KT. A genome-wide short hairpin RNA screening of jurkat T-cells for human proteins contributing to productive HIV-1 replication. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19463-73. [PMID: 19460752 PMCID: PMC2740572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been used to inhibit HIV-1 replication. The durable inhibition of HIV-1 replication by RNA interference has been impeded, however, by a high mutation rate when viral sequences are targeted and by cytotoxicity when cellular genes are knocked down. To identify cellular proteins that contribute to HIV-1 replication that can be chronically silenced without significant cytotoxicity, we employed a shRNA library that targets 54,509 human transcripts. We used this library to select a comprehensive population of Jurkat T-cell clones, each expressing a single discrete shRNA. The Jurkat clones were then infected with HIV-1. Clones that survived viral infection represent moieties silenced for a human mRNA needed for virus replication, but whose chronic knockdown did not cause cytotoxicity. Overall, 252 individual Jurkat mRNAs were identified. Twenty-two of these mRNAs were secondarily verified for their contributions to HIV-1 replication. Five mRNAs, NRF1, STXBP2, NCOA3, PRDM2, and EXOSC5, were studied for their effect on steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. We discuss the similarities and differences between our shRNA findings for HIV-1 using a spreading infection assay in human Jurkat T-cells and results from other investigators who used siRNA-based screenings in HeLa or 293T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Lung Yeung
- From the Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460
| | - Laurent Houzet
- From the Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460
| | - Venkat S. R. K. Yedavalli
- From the Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460
| | - Kuan-Teh Jeang
- From the Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460
| |
Collapse
|