1
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Xiang F, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Chen T, Duan F, Zhou Q, Li X, Fang M, Li X, Li B, Zhao X. Photosynthetic characteristics and genetic mapping of a new yellow leaf mutant crm1 in Brassica napus. Mol Breed 2023; 43:80. [PMID: 37954030 PMCID: PMC10635920 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is one of the key factors for photosynthesis and plays an important role in plant growth and development. We previously isolated an EMS mutagenized rapeseed chlorophyll-reduced mutant (crm1), which had yellow leaf, reduced chlorophyll content and fewer thylakoid stacks. Here, we found that crm1 showed attenuated utilization efficiency of both light energy and CO2 but enhanced heat dissipation efficiency and greater tolerance to high-light intensity. BSA-Seq analysis identified a single nucleotide change (C to T) and (G to A) in the third exon of the BnaA01G0094500ZS and BnaC01G0116100ZS, respectively. These two genes encode the magnesium chelatase subunit I 1 (CHLI1) that catalyzes the insertion of magnesium into protoporphyrin IX, a pivotal step in chlorophyll synthesis. The mutation sites resulted in an amino acid substitution P144S and G128E within the AAA+ domain of the CHLI1 protein. Two KASP markers were developed and co-segregated with the yellow leaf phenotype in segregating F2 population. Loss of BnaA01.CHLI1 and BnaC01.CHLI1 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing recapitulated the mutant phenotype. BnaA01.CHLI1 and BnaC01.CHLI1 were located in chloroplast and highly expressed in the leaves. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses revealed the expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes were upregulated in the crm1 mutant. These findings provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll synthesis in rapeseed and suggest a novel target for improving the photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to high-light intensity in crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01429-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Fujiang Xiang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Yiming Guo
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Tingzhou Chen
- Hunan Cotton Research Institute, Changde, 415100 Hunan China
| | - Feifei Duan
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | | | - Xinmei Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Bao Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
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2
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Taylor J, Sendino M, Gorelick AN, Pastore A, Chang MT, Penson AV, Gavrila EI, Stewart C, Melnik EM, Herrejon Chavez F, Bitner L, Yoshimi A, Lee SCW, Inoue D, Liu B, Zhang XJ, Mato AR, Dogan A, Kharas MG, Chen Y, Wang D, Soni RK, Hendrickson RC, Prieto G, Rodriguez JA, Taylor BS, Abdel-Wahab O. Altered Nuclear Export Signal Recognition as a Driver of Oncogenesis. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1452-1467. [PMID: 31285298 PMCID: PMC6774834 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of XPO1, the main nuclear export receptor in eukaryotic cells, has been observed in cancer, and XPO1 has been a focus of anticancer drug development. However, mechanistic evidence for cancer-specific alterations in XPO1 function is lacking. Here, genomic analysis of 42,793 cancers identified recurrent and previously unrecognized mutational hotspots in XPO1. XPO1 mutations exhibited striking lineage specificity, with enrichment in a variety of B-cell malignancies, and introduction of single amino acid substitutions in XPO1 initiated clonal, B-cell malignancy in vivo. Proteomic characterization identified that mutant XPO1 altered the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of hundreds of proteins in a sequence-specific manner that promoted oncogenesis. XPO1 mutations preferentially sensitized cells to inhibitors of nuclear export, providing a biomarker of response to this family of drugs. These data reveal a new class of oncogenic alteration based on change-of-function mutations in nuclear export signal recognition and identify therapeutic targets based on altered nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. SIGNIFICANCE: Here, we identify that heterozygous mutations in the main nuclear exporter in eukaryotic cells, XPO1, are positively selected in cancer and promote the initiation of clonal B-cell malignancies. XPO1 mutations alter nuclear export signal recognition in a sequence-specific manner and sensitize cells to compounds in clinical development inhibiting XPO1 function.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1325.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Genes, bcl-2
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Karyopherins/chemistry
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Nuclear Export Signals
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria Sendino
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alexander N Gorelick
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alessandro Pastore
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Matthew T Chang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander V Penson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elena I Gavrila
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Connor Stewart
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ella M Melnik
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Lillian Bitner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Akihide Yoshimi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stanley Chun-Wei Lee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daichi Inoue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bo Liu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiao J Zhang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony R Mato
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald C Hendrickson
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gorka Prieto
- Department of Communications Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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3
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Jain P, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Wierda W, Keating M, Sarwari N, Rozovski U, Thompson P, Burger J, Kantarjian H, Patel KP, Medeiros LJ, Luthra R, Estrov Z. Clinical and molecular characteristics of XPO1 mutations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:E478-E479. [PMID: 27468087 PMCID: PMC5073031 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The XPO1 (exportin) gene (also referred to as chromosome region maintenance 1; CRM1 ) is a karyopherin that exports proteins and RNA fragments from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.1 ,2 The human XPO1 gene, located on chromosome 2 (2p15), is believed to encode an oncogenic protein since many of the molecules exported by XPO1 into the cytoplasm are associated with either known tumor-suppressor genes, such as TP53 or FOXO3A , or transcription factors that contribute to cell proliferation and survival such as IkB-α3 or STAT3 4 whose accumulation in the nucleus results in cell death. The binding of XPO1 to various proteins is mediated by recognizing the leucine-rich nuclear export signals (LR-NES) on the N-terminus of snurportin 1 (SNUPN) forming a nuclear pore complex or a cargo, thereby transporting proteins out of the nuclear membrane. Overexpression, deregulation, or dysfunction of XPO1 has been reported in various types of cancer.5 XPO1 is a therapeutic target in CLL,6 and selective inhibitors of nuclear transport (SINE) such as selinexor are now being investigated in clinical trials in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bone Marrow/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation, Missense
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetesh Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nawid Sarwari
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Uri Rozovski
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip Thompson
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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4
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Miyake T, Pradeep S, Wu SY, Rupaimoole R, Zand B, Wen Y, Gharpure KM, Nagaraja AS, Hu W, Cho MS, Dalton HJ, Previs RA, Taylor ML, Hisamatsu T, Kang Y, Liu T, Shacham S, McCauley D, Hawke DH, Wiktorowicz JE, Coleman RL, Sood AK. XPO1/ CRM1 Inhibition Causes Antitumor Effects by Mitochondrial Accumulation of eIF5A. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3286-97. [PMID: 25878333 PMCID: PMC4506247 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE XPO1 inhibitors have shown promise for cancer treatment, and yet the underlying mechanisms for the antitumor effects are not well understood. In this study, we explored the usefulness of selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) compounds that are specific inhibitors of XPO1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used proteomic analysis in XPO1 inhibitor-treated ovarian cancer cell lines and examined antitumor effects in ovarian and breast cancer mouse models. We also studied the effects of XPO1 inhibitor in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. RESULTS XPO1 inhibitor treatment substantially increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (60%) after 72 hours of incubation. XPO1 inhibitor promoted the accumulation of eIF5A in mitochondria, leading to cancer cell death. Topotecan showed the greatest synergistic effect with XPO1 inhibitor. XPO1 inhibitors prevented the translocation of IGF2BP1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, thereby permitting the localization of eIF5A in the mitochondria. This process was p53, RB, and FOXO independent. Significant antitumor effects were observed with XPO1 inhibitor monotherapy in orthotopic ovarian (P < 0.001) and breast (P < 0.001) cancer mouse models, with a further decrease in tumor burden observed in combination with topotecan or paclitaxel (P < 0.05). This mitochondrial accumulation of eIF5A was highly dependent on the cytoplasmic IGF2BP1 levels. CONCLUSIONS We have unveiled a new understanding of the role of eIF5A and IGF2BP1 in XPO1 inhibitor-mediated cell death and support their clinical development for the treatment of ovarian and other cancers. Our data also ascertain the combinations of XPO1 inhibitors with specific chemotherapy drugs for therapeutic trials.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Peptide Initiation Factors/metabolism
- Proteomics
- RNA, Small Interfering
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Transfection
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Miyake
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rajesha Rupaimoole
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yunfei Wen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kshipra M Gharpure
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Archana S Nagaraja
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Soon Cho
- Department of Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rebecca A Previs
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Morgan L Taylor
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Takeshi Hisamatsu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - David H Hawke
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John E Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, NHLBI Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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5
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Jia H, Zhang X, Wang W, Bai Y, Ling Y, Cao C, Ma RZ, Zhong H, Wang X, Xu Q. A putative N-terminal nuclear export sequence is sufficient for Mps1 nuclear exclusion during interphase. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:6. [PMID: 25886724 PMCID: PMC4373099 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mps1, an essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, is also an important interphase regulator and has roles in DNA damage response, cytokinesis and centrosome duplication. Mps1 predominantly resides in the cytoplasm and relocates into the nucleus at the late G2 phase. So far, the mechanism underlying the Mps1 translocation between the cytoplasm and nucleus has been unclear. RESULTS In this work, a dynamic export process of Mps1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm in interphase was revealed- a process blocked by the Crm1 inhibitor, Leptomycin B, suggesting that export of Mps1 is Crm1 dependent. Consistent with this speculation, a direct association between Mps1 and Crm1 was found. Furthermore, a putative nuclear export sequence (pNES) motif at the N-terminal of Mps1 was identified by analyzing the motif of Mps1. This motif shows a high sequence similarity to the classic NES, a fusion of this motif with EGFP results in dramatic exclusion of the fusion protein from the nucleus. Additionally, Mps1 mutant loss of pNES integrity was shown by replacing leucine with alanine which produced a diffused subcellular distribution, compared to the wild type protein which resides predominantly in cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Taken these findings together, it was concluded that the pNES sequence is sufficient for the Mps1 export from nucleus during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Jia
- Navy General Hospital of China, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Taiping road 27, POB 130(8), Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Taiping road 27, POB 130(8), Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Youguo Ling
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Taiping road 27, POB 130(8), Beijing, 100850, China.
- Department of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Taiping road 27, POB 130(8), Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Runlin Z Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Taiping road 27, POB 130(8), Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Taiping road 27, POB 130(8), Beijing, 100850, China.
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6
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Conway AE, Haldeman JM, Wechsler DS, Lavau CP. A critical role for CRM1 in regulating HOXA gene transcription in CALM-AF10 leukemias. Leukemia 2015; 29:423-32. [PMID: 25027513 PMCID: PMC4297268 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The leukemogenic CALM-AF10 fusion protein is found in patients with immature acute myeloid and T-lymphoid malignancies. CALM-AF10 leukemias display abnormal H3K79 methylation and increased HOXA cluster gene transcription. Elevated expression of HOXA genes is critical for leukemia maintenance and progression; however, the precise mechanism by which CALM-AF10 alters HOXA gene expression is unclear. We previously determined that CALM contains a CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES), which is both necessary and sufficient for CALM-AF10-mediated leukemogenesis. Here, we find that interaction of CALM-AF10 with the nuclear export receptor CRM1 is necessary for activating HOXA gene expression. We show that CRM1 localizes to HOXA loci where it recruits CALM-AF10, leading to transcriptional and epigenetic activation of HOXA genes. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the CALM-CRM1 interaction prevents CALM-AF10 enrichment at HOXA chromatin, resulting in immediate loss of transcription. These results provide a comprehensive mechanism by which the CALM-AF10 translocation activates the critical HOXA cluster genes. Furthermore, this report identifies a novel function of CRM1: the ability to bind chromatin and recruit the NES-containing CALM-AF10 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Conway
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Haldeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel S. Wechsler
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine P. Lavau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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7
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Gravina GL, Tortoreto M, Mancini A, Addis A, Di Cesare E, Lenzi A, Landesman Y, McCauley D, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Zaffaroni N, Festuccia C. XPO1/ CRM1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) reduce tumor spreading and improve overall survival in preclinical models of prostate cancer (PCa). J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:46. [PMID: 25284315 PMCID: PMC4283114 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin 1 (XPO1), also called chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), is the sole exportin mediating transport of many multiple tumor suppressor proteins out of the nucleus. AIM AND METHODS To verify the hypothesis that XPO1 inhibition affects prostate cancer (PCa) metastatic potential, orally available, potent and selective, SINE compounds, Selinexor (KPT- 330) and KPT-251, were tested in preclinical models known to generate bone lesions and systemic tumor spread. RESULTS In vitro, Selinexor reduced both secretion of proteases and ability to migrate and invade of PCa cells. SINEs impaired secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-osteolytic cytokines and reduced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. In the intra-prostatic growth model, Selinexor reduced DU145 tumor growth by 41% and 61% at the doses of 4 mg/Kg qd/5 days and 10 mg/Kg q2dx3 weeks, respectively, as well as the incidence of macroscopic visceral metastases. In a systemic metastasis model, following intracardiac injection of PCb2 cells, 80% (8/10) of controls, 10% (1/10) Selinexor- and 20% (2/10) KPT-251-treated animals developed radiographic evidence of lytic bone lesions. Similarly, after intra-tibial injection, the lytic areas were higher in controls than in Selinexor and KPT-251 groups. Analogously, the serum levels of osteoclast markers (mTRAP and type I collagen fragment, CTX), were significantly higher in controls than in Selinexor- and KPT-251-treated animals. Importantly, overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly higher in Selinexor- and KPT-251-treated animals when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Selective blockade of XPO1-dependent nuclear export represents a completely novel approach for the treatment of advanced and metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- />Department of Experimental Medicine, Pathophysiology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Tortoreto
- />Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Addis
- />Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Cesare
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- />Department of Experimental Medicine, Pathophysiology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- />Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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8
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Sun H, Hattori N, Chien W, Sun Q, Sudo M, E-Ling GL, Ding L, Lim SL, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Nakamaki T, Koeffler HP. KPT-330 has antitumour activity against non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:281-91. [PMID: 24946002 PMCID: PMC4102938 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the biologic and pharmacologic activities of a chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) inhibitor against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The in vitro and in vivo effects of a novel CRM1 inhibitor (KPT-330) for a large number of anticancer parameters were evaluated using a large panel of 11 NSCLC cell lines containing different key driver mutations. Mice bearing human NSCLC xenografts were treated with KPT-330, and tumour growth was assessed. RESULTS KPT-330 inhibited proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-related proteins in 11 NSCLC cells lines. Moreover, the combination of KPT-330 with cisplatin synergistically enhanced the cell kill of the NSCLC cells in vitro. Human NSCLC tumours growing in immunodeficient mice were markedly inhibited by KPT-330. Also, KPT-330 was effective even against NSCLC cells with a transforming mutation of either exon 20 of EGFR, TP53, phosphatase and tensin homologue, RAS or PIK3CA, suggesting the drug might be effective against a variety of lung cancers irrespective of their driver mutation. CONCLUSIONS Our results support clinical testing of KPT-330 as a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Hattori
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W Chien
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Q Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Sudo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G L E-Ling
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S L Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Boston, MA 01760, USA
| | - M Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Boston, MA 01760, USA
| | - T Nakamaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H P Koeffler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Cheng Y, Holloway MP, Nguyen K, McCauley D, Landesman Y, Kauffman MG, Shacham S, Altura RA. XPO1 ( CRM1) inhibition represses STAT3 activation to drive a survivin-dependent oncogenic switch in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:675-86. [PMID: 24431073 PMCID: PMC3954411 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of XPO1 (CRM1)-mediated nuclear export of multiple tumor suppressor proteins has been proposed as a novel cancer therapeutic strategy to turn off oncogenic signals and enhance tumor suppression. Survivin is a multifunctional protein with oncogenic properties when expressed in the cytoplasm that requires the XPO1-RanGTP complex for its nuclear export. We investigated the antitumor mechanisms of the drug-like selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) XPO1 antagonists KPT-185, KPT-251 KPT-276, and KPT-330 in estrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and xenograft models of human breast tumors. KPT compounds significantly inhibited breast cancer cell growth and induced tumor cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. These drugs initially promoted survivin accumulation within tumor cell nuclei. However, their major in vitro effect was to decrease survivin cytoplasmic protein levels, correlating with the onset of apoptosis. XPO1 inhibition repressed Survivin transcription by inhibiting CREB-binding protein-mediated STAT3 acetylation, and blocking STAT3 binding to the Survivin promoter. In addition, caspase-3 was activated to cleave survivin, rendering it unavailable to bind X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and block the caspase cascade. Collectively, these data demonstrate that XPO1 inhibition by SINE compounds represses STAT3 transactivation to block the selective oncogenic properties of survivin and supports their clinical use in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Corresponding Author: Rachel A. Altura, Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903.
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10
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Fleta-Soriano E, Martinez JP, Hinkelmann B, Gerth K, Washausen P, Diez J, Frank R, Sasse F, Meyerhans A. The myxobacterial metabolite ratjadone A inhibits HIV infection by blocking the Rev/ CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:17. [PMID: 24475978 PMCID: PMC3910686 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear export of unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 mRNA is mediated by the recognition of a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the HIV Rev protein by the host protein CRM1/Exportin1. This makes the CRM1-Rev complex an attractive target for the development of new antiviral drugs. Here we tested the anti-HIV efficacy of ratjadone A, a CRM1 inhibitor derived from myxobacteria. RESULTS Ratjadone A inhibits HIV infection in vitro in a dose-dependent manner with EC₅₀ values at the nanomolar range. The inhibitory effect of ratjadone A occurs around 12 hours post-infection and is specific for the Rev/CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. By using a drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay we could demonstrate that ratjadone A interferes with the formation of the CRM1-Rev-NES complex by binding to CRM1 but not to Rev. CONCLUSION Ratjadone A exhibits strong anti-HIV activity but low selectivity due to toxic effects. Although this limits its potential use as a therapeutic drug, further studies with derivatives of ratjadones might help to overcome these difficulties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fleta-Soriano
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bettina Hinkelmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerth
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Washausen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juana Diez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronald Frank
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florenz Sasse
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Schmidt J, Braggio E, Kortuem KM, Egan JB, Zhu YX, Xin CS, Tiedemann RE, Palmer SE, Garbitt VM, McCauley D, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Stewart AK. Genome-wide studies in multiple myeloma identify XPO1/ CRM1 as a critical target validated using the selective nuclear export inhibitor KPT-276. Leukemia 2013; 27:2357-65. [PMID: 23752175 PMCID: PMC3922416 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference screening identified XPO1 (exportin 1) among the 55 most vulnerable targets in multiple myeloma (MM). XPO1 encodes CRM1, a nuclear export protein. XPO1 expression increases with MM disease progression. Patients with MM have a higher expression of XPO1 compared with normal plasma cells (P<0.04) and to patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance/smoldering MM (P<0.0001). The highest XPO1 level was found in human MM cell lines (HMCLs). A selective inhibitor of nuclear export compound KPT-276 specifically and irreversibly inhibits the nuclear export function of XPO1. The viability of 12 HMCLs treated with KTP-276 was significantly reduced. KPT-276 also actively induced apoptosis in primary MM patient samples. In gene expression analyses, two genes of probable relevance were dysregulated by KPT-276: cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), both of which are associated with c-MYC pathway. Western blotting and reverse transcription-PCR confirm that c-MYC, CDC25A and BRD4 are all downregulated after treatment with KPT-276. KPT-276 reduced monoclonal spikes in the Vk*MYC transgenic MM mouse model, and inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft MM mouse model. A phase I clinical trial of an analog of KPT-276 is ongoing in hematological malignancies including MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - E Braggio
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - KM Kortuem
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - JB Egan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - YX Zhu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - CS Xin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - RE Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - SE Palmer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - VM Garbitt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - D McCauley
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - M Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - S Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - M Chesi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - PL Bergsagel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - AK Stewart
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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12
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Muqbil I, Bao B, Abou-Samra AB, Mohammad RM, Azmi AS. Nuclear export mediated regulation of microRNAs: potential target for drug intervention. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14:1094-100. [PMID: 23834155 PMCID: PMC4167361 DOI: 10.2174/1389450111314100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that have been recognized to regulate the expression of uncountable number of genes. Their aberrant expression has been found to be linked to the pathology of many diseases including cancer. There is a drive to develop miRNA targeted therapeutics for different diseases especially cancer. Nevertheless, reining in these short non-coding RNAs is not as straightforward as originally thought. This is in view of the recent discoveries that miRNAs are under epigenetic regulations at multiple levels. Exportin 5 protein (XPO5) nuclear export mediated regulation of miRNAs is one such important epigenetic mechanism. XPO5 is responsible for exporting precursor miRNAs through the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm, and is thus a critical step in miRNA biogenesis. A number of studies have shown that variations in components of the miRNA biogenesis pathways, particularly the aberrant expression of XPO5, increase the risk of developing cancer. In addition to XPO5, the Exportin 1 protein (XPO1) or chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) can also carry miRNA export function. These findings are supported by pathway analyses that reveal certain miRNAs as direct interaction partners of CRM1. An in depth understanding of miRNA export mediated regulatory mechanisms is important for the successful design of clinically viable therapeutics. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the mechanisms of miRNA nuclear transport mediated regulation and propose strategies to selectively block this important mechanism in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU Aligarh, 202002 UP, INDIA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | | | - Ramzi M. Mohammad
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha Qatar
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit MI, USA
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
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13
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Hayashi K, Morita T. Differences in the nuclear export mechanism between myocardin and myocardin-related transcription factor A. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5743-55. [PMID: 23283978 PMCID: PMC3581383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardin (Mycd), a key factor in smooth muscle cell differentiation, is constitutively located in the nucleus, whereas myocardin-related transcription factors A and B (MRTF-A/B) reside mostly in the cytoplasm and translocate to the nucleus in a Rho-dependent manner. Here, we investigated the nuclear export of Mycd family members. They possess two leucine-rich sequences: L1 in the N terminus and L2 in the Gln-rich domain. Although L2 (but not L1) served as a CRM1-binding site for Mycd, CRM1-mediated nuclear export did not affect its subcellular localization. Serum response factor (SRF) competitively inhibited Mycd/CRM1 interaction. Furthermore, such interaction was autonomously inhibited. The N terminus of Mycd bound intramolecularly to Mycd, resulting in masking L2. In contrast, the CRM1-binding affinity of MRTF-A was much higher than that of Mycd because both L1 and L2 of MRTF-A served as functional CRM1-binding sites, and the autoinhibition observed in the Mycd/CRM1 interaction was absent in the MRTF-A/CRM1 interaction. Additionally, because the SRF-binding affinity of MRTF-A was lower than that of Mycd, the inhibitory effect of SRF on the MRTF-A/CRM1 interaction was weak. Thus, MRTF-A is much more likely to be exported from the nucleus. These differences could be the reason for the distinct subcellular localization of Mycd and MRTF-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken'ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Neuroscience (D13), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Roloff S, Spillner C, Kehlenbach RH. Several phenylalanine-glycine motives in the nucleoporin Nup214 are essential for binding of the nuclear export receptor CRM1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:3952-63. [PMID: 23264634 PMCID: PMC3567648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.433243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporins containing phenylalanine glycine (FG) repeats play an important role in nucleocytoplasmic transport as they bind to transport receptors and mediate translocation of transport complexes across the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Nup214/CAN, a nucleoporin that is found at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, interacts with both import and export receptors. In functional assays, dominant-negative fragments of Nup214 inhibited CRM1-dependent nuclear export, as the export receptor became rate-limiting. Several nuclear import pathways, by contrast, were not affected by the Nup214 fragments. We now characterize the CRM1-binding region of Nup214 in detail and identify several FG motives that are required for this interaction. Our results support a model where CRM1, like other transport receptors, contacts FG-Nups via multiple binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Roloff
- From the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Spillner
- From the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph H. Kehlenbach
- From the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Etchin J, Sun Q, Kentsis A, Farmer A, Zhang ZC, Sanda T, Mansour MR, Barcelo C, McCauley D, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Christie AL, Kung AL, Rodig SJ, Chook YM, Look AT. Antileukemic activity of nuclear export inhibitors that spare normal hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2013; 27:66-74. [PMID: 22847027 PMCID: PMC3542631 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that target the chief mediator of nuclear export, chromosome region maintenance 1 protein (CRM1) have potential as therapeutics for leukemia, but existing CRM1 inhibitors show variable potencies and a broad range of cytotoxic effects. Here, we report the structural analysis and antileukemic activity of a new generation of small-molecule inhibitors of CRM1. Designated selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE), these compounds were developed using molecular modeling to screen a small virtual library of compounds against the nuclear export signal (NES) groove of CRM1. The 2.2-Å crystal structure of the CRM1-Ran-RanBP1 complex bound to KPT-251, a representative molecule of this class of inhibitors, shows that the drug occupies part of the groove in CRM1 that is usually occupied by the NES, but penetrates much deeper into the groove and blocks CRM1-directed protein export. SINE inhibitors exhibit potent antileukemic activity, inducing apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations in a panel of 14 human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines representing different molecular subtypes of the disease. When administered orally to immunodeficient mice engrafted with human AML cells, KPT-251 had potent antileukemic activity with negligible toxicity to normal hematopoietic cells. Thus, KPT-SINE CRM1 antagonists represent a novel class of drugs that warrant further testing in AML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Crystallization
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/physiology
- Karyopherins/chemistry
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Nuclear Export Signals
- Nuclear Proteins/chemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Small Molecule Libraries
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/chemistry
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- J Etchin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Kentsis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Farmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Z C Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - T Sanda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M R Mansour
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Barcelo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D McCauley
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - M Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - S Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - A L Christie
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A L Kung
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y M Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A T Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Sullivan DM. Nuclear export of proteins and drug resistance in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1021-32. [PMID: 22209898 PMCID: PMC4521586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular location of a protein is crucial to its normal functioning in a cell. Cancer cells utilize the normal processes of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport through the nuclear pore complex of a cell to effectively evade anti-neoplastic mechanisms. CRM1-mediated export is increased in various cancers. Proteins that are exported in cancer include tumor-suppressive proteins such as retinoblastoma, APC, p53, BRAC1, FOXO proteins, INI1/hSNF5, galectin-3, Bok, nucleophosmin, RASSF2, Merlin, p21(CIP), p27(KIP1), N-WASP/FAK, estradiol receptor and Tob, drug targets topoisomerase I and IIα and BCR-ABL, and the molecular chaperone protein Hsp90. Here, we review in detail the current processes and known structures involved in the export of a protein through the nuclear pore complex. We also discuss the export receptor molecule CRM1 and its binding to the leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the cargo protein and the formation of a nuclear export trimer with RanGTP. The therapeutic potential of various CRM1 inhibitors will be addressed, including leptomycin B, ratjadone, KOS-2464, and specific small molecule inhibitors of CRM1, N-azolylacrylate analogs, FOXO export inhibitors, valtrate, acetoxychavicol acetate, CBS9106, and SINE inhibitors. We will also discuss examples of how drug resistance may be reversed by targeting the exported proteins topoisomerase IIα, BCR-ABL, and galectin-3. As effective and less toxic CRM1 export inhibitors become available, they may be used as both single agents and in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. We believe that the future development of low-toxicity, small-molecule CRM1 inhibitors may provide a new approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jana Dawson
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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17
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Brodie KM, Henderson BR. Characterization of BRCA1 protein targeting, dynamics, and function at the centrosome: a role for the nuclear export signal, CRM1, and Aurora A kinase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7701-16. [PMID: 22262852 PMCID: PMC3293534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.327296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is a DNA damage response protein and functions in the nucleus to stimulate DNA repair and at the centrosome to inhibit centrosome overduplication in response to DNA damage. The loss or mutation of BRCA1 causes centrosome amplification and abnormal mitotic spindle assembly in breast cancer cells. The BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer binds and ubiquitinates γ-tubulin to inhibit centrosome amplification and promote microtubule nucleation; however regulation of BRCA1 targeting and function at the centrosome is poorly understood. Here we show that both N and C termini of BRCA1 are required for its centrosomal localization and that BRCA1 moves to the centrosome independently of BARD1 and γ-tubulin. Mutations in the C-terminal phosphoprotein-binding BRCT domain of BRCA1 prevented localization to centrosomes. Photobleaching experiments identified dynamic (60%) and immobilized (40%) pools of ectopic BRCA1 at the centrosome, and these are regulated by the nuclear export receptor CRM1 (chromosome region maintenance 1) and BARD1. CRM1 mediates nuclear export of BRCA1, and mutation of the export sequence blocked BRCA1 regulation of centrosome amplification in irradiated cells. CRM1 binds to undimerized BRCA1 and is displaced by BARD1. Photobleaching assays implicate CRM1 in driving undimerized BRCA1 to the centrosome and revealed that when BRCA1 subsequently binds to BARD1, it is less well retained at centrosomes, suggesting a mechanism to accelerate BRCA1 release after formation of the active heterodimer. Moreover, Aurora A binding and phosphorylation of BRCA1 enhanced its centrosomal retention and regulation of centrosome amplification. Thus, CRM1, BARD1 and Aurora A promote the targeting and function of BRCA1 at centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M. Brodie
- From the Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, Darcy Road (P.O. Box 412), Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Beric R. Henderson
- From the Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, Darcy Road (P.O. Box 412), Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Here, we review the sn- and sno-RNA transport pathways in S. cerevisiae and humans, aiming at understanding how they evolved and how common factors can have distinct functions depending on the RNA they bind. We give a particular emphasis on Tgs1, the cap hypermethylase that is conserved from yeast to humans and appears to play a central role in both sn- and sno-RNA biogenesis. In yeast, Tgs1 hypermethylates sn- and sno-RNAs in the nucleolus. In humans, Tgs1 occurs in two forms: a long isoform (Tgs1 LF), which locates in the cytoplasm and Cajal bodies, which is predominantly associated with snRNAs and a short isoform (Tgs1 SF), which is nuclear and mainly associates with snoRNAs. We show that Tgs1 LF is exported by CRM1 and that interaction with CRM1 competes for binding with the C-terminal domain of the core protein Nop58, which contains the Nucleolar localization signal of Box C/D snoRNPs (NoLS). Our data suggest a model where CRM1 removes Tgs1 LF from snoRNPs, thereby promoting nucleolar targeting via activation of their NoLS. In this review, we argue that CRM1, while first described as an export receptor, can also control the composition of nucleoplasmic complexes. Thus, it could coordinate the fate of these complexes with the general nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Verheggen
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier; Université Montpellier I and II; Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier; Université Montpellier I and II; Montpellier, France
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19
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Leskov KS, Araki S, Lavik JP, Gomez JA, Gama V, Gonos ES, Trougakos IP, Matsuyama S, Boothman DA. CRM1 protein-mediated regulation of nuclear clusterin (nCLU), an ionizing radiation-stimulated, Bax-dependent pro-death factor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40083-90. [PMID: 21953454 PMCID: PMC3220538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.252957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the clusterin (CLU) gene results in the synthesis of a conventional secretory isoform set (pre- and mature secretory clusterin proteins, psCLU/sCLU), as well as another set of intracellular isoforms, appearing in the cytoplasm (pre-nuclear CLU, pnCLU) and in the nucleus as an ∼55-kDa mature nuclear clusterin (nCLU) form. These two isoform sets have opposing cell functions: pro-survival and pro-death, respectively. Although much is known about the regulation and function of sCLU as a pro-survival factor, the regulation and function of endogenous nCLU in cell death are relatively unexplored. Here, we show that depletion of endogenous nCLU protein using siRNA specific to its truncated mRNA increased clonogenic survival of ionizing radiation (IR)-exposed cells. nCLU-mediated apoptosis was Bax-dependent, and lethality correlated with accumulation of mature nCLU protein. nCLU accumulation was regulated by CRM1 because binding between CRM1 and nCLU proteins was significantly diminished by leptomycin B (LMB), and nuclear levels of nCLU protein were significantly enhanced by LMB and IR co-treatment. Moreover, LMB treatment significantly enhanced IR-induced nCLU-mediated cell death responses. Importantly, bax(-/-) and bax(-/-)/bak(-/-) double knock-out cells were resistant to nCLU-mediated cell death, whereas bak(-/-) or wild-type bax(+/+)/bak(+/+) cells were hypersensitive. The regulation of nCLU by CRM1 nuclear export/import may explain recent clinical results showing that highly malignant tumors have lost the ability to accumulate nCLU levels, thereby avoiding growth inhibition and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinako Araki
- the Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Stress Responses, Program in Cell Stress and Cancer Nanomedicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807
| | - John-Paul Lavik
- Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Jose A. Gomez
- Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Vivian Gama
- Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - Efstathios S. Gonos
- the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Aging, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- the Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece, and
| | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
| | - David A. Boothman
- the Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Stress Responses, Program in Cell Stress and Cancer Nanomedicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807
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20
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Noske A, Schwabe M, Weichert W, Darb-Esfahani S, Buckendahl AC, Sehouli J, Braicu EI, Budczies J, Dietel M, Denkert C. An intracellular targeted antibody detects EGFR as an independent prognostic factor in ovarian carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:294. [PMID: 21756326 PMCID: PMC3149030 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ovarian cancer, the reported rate of EGFR expression varies between 4-70% depending on assessment method and data on patient outcome are conflicting. METHODS In this study we investigated EGFR expression and its prognostic value in a cohort of 121 invasive ovarian carcinomas, using a novel antibody against the intracellular domain of the receptor. We further evaluated an association between EGFR, the nuclear transporter CRM1 as well as COX-2. Furthermore, we evaluated EGFR expression in ten ovarian cancer cell lines and incubated cancer cells with Leptomycin B, a CRM1 specific inhibitor. RESULTS We observed a membranous and cytoplasmic EGFR expression in 36.4% and 64% of ovarian carcinomas, respectively. Membranous EGFR was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival in ovarian cancer patients (HR 2.7, CI 1.1-6.4, p = 0.02) which was also found in the serous subtype (HR 4.6, CI 1.6-13.4, p = 0.004). We further observed a significant association of EGFR with COX-2 and nuclear CRM1 expression (chi-square test for trends, p = 0.006 and p = 0.013, respectively). In addition, combined membranous EGFR/COX-2 expression was significantly related to unfavorable overall survival (HR 7.2, CI 2.3-22.1, p = 0.001).In cell culture, we observed a suppression of EGFR protein levels after exposure to Leptomycin B in OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the EGFR/COX-2/CRM1 interaction might be involved in progression of ovarian cancer and patient prognosis. Hence, it is an interesting anti-cancer target for a combination therapy. Further studies will also be needed to investigate whether EGFR is also predictive for benefit from EGFR targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Carcinoma/chemistry
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cohort Studies
- Cyclooxygenase 2/analysis
- ErbB Receptors/analysis
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Karyopherins/analysis
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/chemistry
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Single-Blind Method
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Noske
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schwabe
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena I Braicu
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Germany
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21
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Nelson DE, Laman H. A Competitive binding mechanism between Skp1 and exportin 1 ( CRM1) controls the localization of a subset of F-box proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19804-15. [PMID: 21378169 PMCID: PMC3103358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression. As the F-box protein is the substrate-specifying subunit of this family of ligases, their availability dictates the timing and the location of the ubiquitination of substrates. We report here our investigation into the regulation of the localization of F-box proteins, in particular Fbxo7, whose mislocalization is associated with human disease. We identified a motif in Fbxo7 that we have characterized as a functional leucine-rich nuclear export sequence (NES), and which allowed binding to the nuclear export protein, exportin 1 (CRM1). Unusually, the NES was embedded within the F-box domain, which is bound by Skp1 and enables the F-box protein to form part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The NES of Fbxo7 controlled its localization and was conserved in Fbxo7 homologues in other species. Skp1 binding prevented Fbxo7 from contacting CRM1. We propose that this competitive binding allowed Fbxo7 to accumulate within the nucleus starting at the G1/S transition. More than ten other F-box proteins also contain an NES at the same location in their F-box domains, indicating that this competitive binding mechanism may contribute to the regulation of a sixth of the known F-box proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Nelson
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Heike Laman
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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22
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Pradet-Balade B, Girard C, Boulon S, Paul C, Azzag K, Bordonné R, Bertrand E, Verheggen C. CRM1 controls the composition of nucleoplasmic pre-snoRNA complexes to licence them for nucleolar transport. EMBO J 2011; 30:2205-18. [PMID: 21522132 PMCID: PMC3117649 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport of C/D snoRNPs to nucleoli involves nuclear export factors. In particular, CRM1 binds nascent snoRNPs, but its precise role remains unknown. We show here that both CRM1 and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking are required to transport snoRNPs to nucleoli, but the snoRNPs do not transit through the cytoplasm. Instead, CRM1 controls the composition of nucleoplasmic pre-snoRNP complexes. We observed that Tgs1 long form (Tgs1 LF), the long isoform of the cap hypermethylase, contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal, shuttles in a CRM1-dependent manner, and binds to the nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) of the core snoRNP protein Nop58. In vitro data indicate that CRM1 binds Tgs1 LF and promotes its dissociation from Nop58 NoLS, and immunoprecipitation experiments from cells indicate that the association of Tgs1 LF with snoRNPs increases upon CRM1 inhibition. Thus, CRM1 appears to promote nucleolar transport of snoRNPs by removing Tgs1 LF from the Nop58 NoLS. Microarray/IP data show that this occurs on most snoRNPs, from both C/D and H/ACA families, and on the telomerase RNA. Hence, CRM1 provides a general molecular link between nuclear events and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Pradet-Balade
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cyrille Girard
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Séverine Boulon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Conception Paul
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Karim Azzag
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rémy Bordonné
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Céline Verheggen
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, Université Montpellier I and II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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23
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Hilliard M, Frohnert C, Spillner C, Marcone S, Nath A, Lampe T, Fitzgerald DJ, Kehlenbach RH. The anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 inhibits CRM1-dependent nuclear protein export. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22202-10. [PMID: 20457605 PMCID: PMC2903415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.131821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling molecule 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) has been described as the "anti-inflammatory prostaglandin." Here we show that substrates of the nuclear export receptor CRM1 accumulate in the nucleus in the presence of 15d-PGJ(2), identifying this prostaglandin as a regulator of CRM1-dependent nuclear protein export that can be produced endogenously. Like leptomycin B (LMB), an established fungal CRM1-inhibitor, 15d-PGJ(2) reacts with a conserved cysteine residue in the CRM1 sequence. This covalent modification prevents the formation of nuclear export complexes. Cells that are transfected with mutant CRM1 (C528S) are resistant to the inhibitory effects of LMB and 15d-PGJ(2), demonstrating that the same single amino acid is targeted by the two compounds. Inhibition of the CRM1 pathway by endogenously produced prostaglandin and/or exogenously applied 15d-PGJ(2) may contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-viral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hilliard
- From the UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Cornelia Frohnert
- the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Spillner
- the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Marcone
- From the UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Annegret Nath
- the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tina Lampe
- the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ralph H. Kehlenbach
- the Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Koyama M, Matsuura Y. An allosteric mechanism to displace nuclear export cargo from CRM1 and RanGTP by RanBP1. EMBO J 2010; 29:2002-13. [PMID: 20485264 PMCID: PMC2892370 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The karyopherin CRM1 mediates nuclear export of proteins and ribonucleoproteins bearing a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES). To elucidate the precise mechanism by which NES-cargos are dissociated from CRM1 in the cytoplasm, which is important for transport directionality, we determined a 2.0-A resolution crystal structure of yeast CRM1:RanBP1:RanGTP complex, an intermediate in the disassembly of the CRM1 nuclear export complex. The structure shows that on association of Ran-binding domain (RanBD) of RanBP1 with CRM1:NES-cargo:RanGTP complex, RanBD and the C-terminal acidic tail of Ran induce a large movement of the intra-HEAT9 loop of CRM1. The loop moves to the CRM1 inner surface immediately behind the NES-binding site and causes conformational rearrangements in HEAT repeats 11 and 12 so that the hydrophobic NES-binding cleft on the CRM1 outer surface closes, squeezing out the NES-cargo. This allosteric mechanism accelerates dissociation of NES by over two orders of magnitude. Structure-based mutagenesis indicated that the HEAT9 loop also functions as an allosteric autoinhibitor to stabilize CRM1 in a conformation that is unable to bind NES-cargo in the absence of RanGTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Koyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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Chang JS, Huypens P, Zhang Y, Black C, Kralli A, Gettys TW. Regulation of NT-PGC-1alpha subcellular localization and function by protein kinase A-dependent modulation of nuclear export by CRM1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18039-50. [PMID: 20351112 PMCID: PMC2878565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) plays a central role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism and metabolic adaptation to environmental and nutritional stimuli. We recently described a novel, biologically active splice variant of PGC-1alpha (NT-PGC-1alpha, amino acids 1-270) that retains the ability to interact with and transactivate nuclear hormone receptors through its N-terminal transactivation domain. Whereas PGC-1alpha is an unstable nuclear protein sensitive to ubiquitin-mediated targeting to the proteasome, NT-PGC-1alpha is relatively stable and predominantly cytoplasmic, suggesting that its ability to interact with and activate nuclear receptors and transcription factors is dependent upon regulated access to the nucleus. We provide evidence that NT-PGC-1alpha interacts with the nuclear exportin, CRM1, through a specific leucine-rich domain (nuclear export sequence) that regulates its export to the cytoplasm. The nuclear export of NT-PGC-1alpha is inhibited by protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-194, Ser-241, and Thr-256 on NT-PGC-1alpha, which effectively increases its nuclear concentration. Using site-directed mutagenesis to prevent or mimic phosphorylation at these sites, we show that the transcriptional activity of NT-PGC-1alpha is regulated in part through regulation of its subcellular localization. These findings suggest that the function of NT-PGC-1alpha as a transcriptional co-activator is regulated by protein kinase A-dependent inhibition of CRM1-mediated export from the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Suk Chang
- From the Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Peter Huypens
- From the Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Yubin Zhang
- From the Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
- the Department of Biochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chelsea Black
- From the Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Anastasia Kralli
- the Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- From the Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
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26
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Takeda A, Sarma NJ, Abdul-Nabi AM, Yaseen NR. Inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export of transcription factors by leukemogenic NUP98 fusion proteins. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16248-57. [PMID: 20233715 PMCID: PMC2871492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NUP98 is a nucleoporin that plays complex roles in the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules. Rearrangements of the NUP98 gene in human leukemia result in the expression of numerous fusion oncoproteins whose effect on nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of leukemogenic NUP98 fusion proteins on CRM1-mediated nuclear export. NUP98-HOXA9, a prototypic NUP98 fusion, inhibited the nuclear export of two known CRM1 substrates: mutated cytoplasmic nucleophosmin and HIV-1 Rev. In vitro binding assays revealed that NUP98-HOXA9 binds CRM1 through the FG repeat motif in a Ran-GTP-dependent manner similar to but stronger than the interaction between CRM1 and its export substrates. Two NUP98 fusions, NUP98-HOXA9 and NUP98-DDX10, whose fusion partners are structurally and functionally unrelated, interacted with endogenous CRM1 in myeloid cells as shown by co-immunoprecipitation. These leukemogenic NUP98 fusion proteins interacted with CRM1, Ran, and the nucleoporin NUP214 in a manner fundamentally different from that of wild-type NUP98. NUP98-HOXA9 and NUP98-DDX10 formed characteristic aggregates within the nuclei of a myeloid cell line and primary human CD34+ cells and caused aberrant localization of CRM1 to these aggregates. These NUP98 fusions caused nuclear accumulation of two transcription factors, NFAT and NFkappaB, that are regulated by CRM1-mediated export. The nuclear entrapment of NFAT and NFkappaB correlated with enhanced transcription from promoters responsive to these transcription factors. Taken together, the results suggest a new mechanism by which NUP98 fusions dysregulate transcription and cause leukemia, namely, inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export with aberrant nuclear retention of transcriptional regulators.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Antigens, CD34
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Guanosine Triphosphate/genetics
- Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/pathology
- Mutation
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics
- NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- ran GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takeda
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Nayan J. Sarma
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Anmaar M. Abdul-Nabi
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Nabeel R. Yaseen
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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27
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Latré de Laté P, Pépin A, Assaf-Vandecasteele H, Espinasse C, Nicolas V, Asselin-Labat ML, Bertoglio J, Pallardy M, Biola-Vidamment A. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) promotes the nuclear exclusion of FOXO3 in a Crm1-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:5594-605. [PMID: 20018851 PMCID: PMC2820786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.068346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper) is an ubiquitous protein whose expression is induced by glucocorticoids in lymphoid cells. We previously showed that GILZ expression is rapidly induced upon interleukin 2 deprivation in T-cells, protecting cells from apoptosis induced by forkhead box subgroup O3 (FOXO3). The aim of this work is to elucidate the molecular mechanism of FOXO factor inhibition by GILZ. We show in the myeloid cell line HL-60 and the lymphoid CTLL-2 T-cell line that GILZ down-regulates the expression of p27(KIP1) and Bim, two FOXO targets involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, respectively. GILZ inhibits FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4 transcriptional activities measured with natural or synthetic FOXO-responsive promoters in HL-60 cells. This inhibitory effect is independent of protein kinase B and IkappaB kinase phosphorylation sites. GILZ does not hinder FOXO3 DNA-binding activity and does not physically interact with FOXO3. However, using fluorescence microscopy, we observe that GILZ expression provokes a Crm-1-dependent nuclear exclusion of FOXO3 leading to its relocalization to the cytoplasm. Moreover, GILZ exclusive cytoplasmic localization is a prerequisite for FOXO3 inhibition and relocalization. We propose that GILZ is a general inhibitor of FOXO factors acting through an original mechanism by preventing them from reaching target genes within the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latré de Laté
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Aurélie Pépin
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Hind Assaf-Vandecasteele
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Christophe Espinasse
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- the Plate-Forme Imagerie Cellulaire, IFR141-ITFM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Jacques Bertoglio
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Marc Pallardy
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
| | - Armelle Biola-Vidamment
- From the Université Paris Sud, INSERM UMR-S 749, Faculté de Pharmacie, and INSERM, Université Paris-Sud 11, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France and
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28
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Wang P, Liu GH, Wu K, Qu J, Huang B, Zhang X, Zhou X, Gerace L, Chen C. Repression of classical nuclear export by S-nitrosylation of CRM1. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3772-9. [PMID: 19812309 PMCID: PMC2758806 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.057026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The karyopherin chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is the major receptor for classical nuclear protein export. However, little is known about the regulation of CRM1 itself. Here, we report that cellular CRM1 became S-nitrosylated after extensive exposure to endogenous or exogenous nitric oxide (NO). This abrogated the interaction of CRM1 with nuclear export signals (NESs) and repressed classical protein export. Analysis by mass spectrometry and involving the use of S-nitrosylation mimetic mutations indicated that modification at either of two specific cysteines of CRM1 was sufficient to abolish the CRM1-NES association. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of the corresponding S-nitrosylation-resistant CRM1 mutants rescued NO-induced repression of nuclear export. We also found that inactivation of CRM1 by NO facilitated the nuclear accumulation of the antioxidant response transcription factor Nrf2 and transcriptional activation of Nrf2-controlled genes. Together, these data demonstrate that CRM1 is negatively regulated by S-nitrosylation under nitrosative stress. We speculate that this is important for promoting a cytoprotective transcriptional response to nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 PR China
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29
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Turner JG, Marchion DC, Dawson JL, Emmons MF, Hazlehurst LA, Washausen P, Sullivan DM. Human multiple myeloma cells are sensitized to topoisomerase II inhibitors by CRM1 inhibition. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6899-905. [PMID: 19690141 PMCID: PMC2744372 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIalpha (topo IIalpha) is exported from the nucleus of human myeloma cells by a CRM1-dependent mechanism at cellular densities similar to those found in patient bone marrow. When topo IIalpha is trafficked to the cytoplasm, it is not in contact with the DNA; thus, topo IIalpha inhibitors are unable to induce DNA-cleavable complexes and cell death. Using a CRM1 inhibitor or a CRM1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), we were able to block nuclear export of topo IIalpha as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. Human myeloma cell lines and patient myeloma cells isolated from bone marrow were treated with a CRM1 inhibitor or CRM1-specific siRNA and exposed to doxorubicin or etoposide at high cell densities. CRM1-treated cell lines or myeloma patient cells were 4-fold more sensitive to topo II poisons as determined by an activated caspase assay. Normal cells were not significantly affected by CRM1-topo II inhibitor combination treatment. Cell death was correlated with increased DNA double-strand breaks as shown by the comet assay. Band depletion assays of CRM1 inhibitor-exposed myeloma cells showed increased topo IIalpha covalently bound to DNA. Topo IIalpha knockdown by a topo IIalpha-specific siRNA abrogated the CRM1-topo II therapy synergistic effect. These results suggest that blocking topo IIalpha nuclear export sensitizes myeloma cells to topo II inhibitors. This method of sensitizing myeloma cells suggests a new therapeutic approach to multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Douglas C. Marchion
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Jana L. Dawson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Michael F. Emmons
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Lori A. Hazlehurst
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Peter Washausen
- HZI/Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Mascheroder Weg1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Experimental Therapeutics Program and the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
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30
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Hasegawa H, Kakuguchi W, Kuroshima T, Kitamura T, Tanaka S, Kitagawa Y, Totsuka Y, Shindoh M, Higashino F. HuR is exported to the cytoplasm in oral cancer cells in a different manner from that of normal cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:1943-8. [PMID: 19513080 PMCID: PMC2714239 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HuR, a ubiquitously expressed member of the Hu protein family that binds and stabilizes an AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNAs, is known to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via several export pathways. When normal cells were treated with heat shock, HuR was exported to the cytoplasm in a chromosome maintenance region 1 (CRM1)-dependent manner. However, in this study, we demonstrate that HuR is exported to the cytoplasm in oral cancer cells even if the cells were treated with the inhibitor of the CRM1-independent export pathway. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses showed that HuR existed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in oral cancer cells, such as HSC-3 and Ca9.22, but existed entirely inside the nucleus in normal cells. AU-rich element-mRNAs were also exported to the cytoplasm and stabilised in the oral cancer cells, which were inhibited by HuR knockdown. This export of HuR was not affected by at least 7 h of treatment of leptomycin B (LMB), which is an inhibitor of the CRM1-dependent export pathway. These findings suggest that HuR is exported to the cytoplasm in oral carcinoma cells in a different manner from that of normal cells, and is likely to occur through the perturbation of a normal export pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- ELAV Proteins
- ELAV-Like Protein 1
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gingival Neoplasms/genetics
- Gingival Neoplasms/metabolism
- Gingival Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Hybridization
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tongue Neoplasms/genetics
- Tongue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Tongue Neoplasms/pathology
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasegawa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - W Kakuguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - T Kuroshima
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - T Kitamura
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Y Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Y Totsuka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - M Shindoh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - F Higashino
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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31
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van der Watt PJ, Maske CP, Hendricks DT, Parker MI, Denny L, Govender D, Birrer MJ, Leaner VD. The Karyopherin proteins, Crm1 and Karyopherin beta1, are overexpressed in cervical cancer and are critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1829-40. [PMID: 19117056 PMCID: PMC6944291 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Karyopherin proteins are involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and are critical for protein and RNA subcellular localization. Recent studies suggest they are important in nuclear envelope component assembly, mitosis and replication. Since these are all critical cellular functions, alterations in the expression of the Karyopherins may have an impact on the biology of cancer cells. In this study, we examined the expression of the Karyopherins, Crm1, Karyopherin beta1 (Kpnbeta1) and Karyopherin alpha2 (Kpnalpha2), in cervical tissue and cell lines. The functional significance of these proteins to cancer cells was investigated using individual siRNAs to inhibit their expression. Microarrays, quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence revealed significantly higher expression of Crm1, Kpnbeta1 and Kpnalpha2 in cervical cancer compared to normal tissue. Expression levels were similarly elevated in cervical cancer cell lines compared to normal cells, and in transformed epithelial and fibroblast cells. Inhibition of Crm1 and Kpnbeta1 in cancer cells significantly reduced cell proliferation, while Kpnalpha2 inhibition had no effect. Noncancer cells were unaffected by the inhibition of Crm1 and Kpnbeta1. The reduction in proliferation of cancer cells was associated with an increase in a subG1 population by cell cycle analysis and Caspase-3/7 assays revealed increased apoptosis. Crm1 and Kpnbeta1 siRNA-induced apoptosis was accompanied by an increase in the levels of growth inhibitory proteins, p53, p27, p21 and p18. Our results demonstrate that Crm1, Kpnbeta1 and Kpnalpha2 are overexpressed in cervical cancer and that inhibiting the expression of Crm1 and Kpnbeta1, not Kpnalpha2, induces cancer cell death, making Crm1 and Kpnbeta1 promising candidates as both biomarkers and potential anticancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline J van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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32
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Abstract
The export protein CRM1 is required for the nuclear export of a wide variety of cancer-related "cargo" proteins including p53, c-Abl, and FOXO-3A. Leptomycin B (LMB) is a highly specific inhibitor of CRM1 with significant in vitro potency but limited in vivo efficacy due to toxicity. We now report a series of semisynthetic LMB derivatives showing substantially improved therapeutic windows. Exposure of cancer cells to these compounds leads to a rapid and prolonged block of nuclear export and apoptosis. In contrast to what is observed in cancer cells, these agents induce cell cycle arrest, but not apoptosis, in normal lung fibroblasts. These new nuclear export inhibitors (NEI) maintain the high potency of LMB, are up to 16-fold better tolerated than LMB in vivo, and show significant efficacy in multiple mouse xenograft models. These NEIs show the potential of CRM1 inhibitors as novel and potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Mutka
- Kosan Biosciences, Inc, Hayward, California 92121, USA.
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33
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Cai X, Liu X. Inhibition of Thr-55 phosphorylation restores p53 nuclear localization and sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16958-63. [PMID: 18952844 PMCID: PMC2579360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804608105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Because these functions are achieved largely by the transcriptional properties of p53, nuclear localization of the protein is essential. Indeed, the tumors with aberrant cytoplasmic localization of wild-type p53 often exhibit an impaired response to DNA damage. In this study, we report that Thr-55 phosphorylation induces the association of p53 with the nuclear export factor CRM1, leading to p53 nuclear export. We further show that MDM2 also promotes the CRM1-p53 association and Thr-55 phosphorylation is required for this process. Interestingly, inhibition of Thr-55 phosphorylation by a dietary flavonoid, apigenin, specifically blocks the CRM1-p53 association, restores p53 nuclear localization, and sensitizes tumor cells with cytoplasm localized wild-type p53 to DNA damage. These data provide insights into the regulation of p53 nuclear localization by post-translational modification and suggest an avenue for targeted therapy for cancers caused by aberrant cytoplasm localization of wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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34
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Rosas-Acosta G, Wilson VG. Identification of a nuclear export signal sequence for bovine papillomavirus E1 protein. Virology 2008; 373:149-62. [PMID: 18201744 PMCID: PMC2292128 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated nuclear export by papillomavirus E1 proteins, but the requisite export sequence(s) for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) E1 were not defined. In this report we identify three functional nuclear export sequences (NES) present in BPV E1, with NES2 being the strongest in reporter assays. Nuclear localization of BPV1 E1 was modulated by over- or under-expression of CRM1, the major cellular exportin, and export was strongly reduced by the CRM1 inhibitor, Leptomycin B, indicating that E1 export occurs primarily through a CRM1-dependent process. Consistent with the in vivo functional results, E1 bound CRM1 in an in vitro pull-down assay. In addition, sumoylated E1 bound CRM1 more effectively than unmodified E1, suggesting that E1 export may be regulated by SUMO modification. Lastly, an E1 NES2 mutant accumulated in the nucleus to a greater extent than wild-type E1, yet was defective for viral origin replication in vivo. However, NES2 exhibited no intrinsic replication defect in an in vitro replication assay, implying that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may be required to maintain E1 in a replication competent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Rosas-Acosta
- Department of Molecular and Microbial Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine. College Station, TX 77843-1114
| | - Van G. Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Microbial Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine. College Station, TX 77843-1114
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35
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Brooks WS, Banerjee S, Crawford DF. G2E3 is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein with DNA damage responsive localization. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:665-76. [PMID: 17239372 PMCID: PMC1876774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
G2E3 was originally described as a G2/M-specific gene with DNA damage responsive expression. The presence of a conserved HECT domain within the carboxy-terminus of the protein indicated that it likely functions as a ubiquitin ligase or E3. Although HECT domains are known to function in this capacity for many proteins, we demonstrate that a portion of the HECT domain from G2E3 plays an important role in the dynamic subcellular localization of the protein. We have shown that G2E3 is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein with nuclear export mediated by a novel nuclear export domain that functions independently of CRM1. In full-length G2E3, a separate region of the HECT domain suppresses the function of the NES. Additionally, G2E3 contains a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) in its amino terminus. Localization of G2E3 to the nucleolus is a dynamic process, and the protein delocalizes from the nucleolus rapidly after DNA damage. Cell cycle phase-specific expression and highly regulated subcellular localization of G2E3 suggest a possible role in cell cycle regulation and the cellular response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Brooks
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35233
| | - Sami Banerjee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35233
| | - David F. Crawford
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35233
- From the Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35233
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36
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Mostaqul Huq MD, Gupta P, Tsai NP, White R, Parker MG, Wei LN. Suppression of receptor interacting protein 140 repressive activity by protein arginine methylation. EMBO J 2006; 25:5094-104. [PMID: 17053781 PMCID: PMC1630415 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140), a ligand-dependent corepressor for nuclear receptors, can be modified by arginine methylation. Three methylated arginine residues, at Arg-240, Arg-650, and Arg-948, were identified by mass spectrometric analysis. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated the functionality of these arginine residues. The biological activity of RIP140 was suppressed by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) due to RIP140 methylation, which reduced the recruitment of histone deacetylases to RIP140 and facilitated its nuclear export by enhancing interaction with exportin 1. A constitutive negative (Arg/Ala) mutant of RIP140 was resistant to the effect of PRMT1, and a constitutive positive (Arg/Phe) mutation mimicked the effect of arginine methylation. The biological activities of the wild type and the mutant proteins were examined in RIP140-null MEF cells. This study uncovered a novel means to inactivate, or suppress, RIP140, and demonstrated protein arginine methylation as a critical type of modification for corepressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Mostaqul Huq
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nien-Pei Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Roger White
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Malcolm G Parker
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Li-Na Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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37
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Abstract
The cell cycle is an intricate process of DNA replication and cell division that concludes with the formation of two genetically equivalent daughter cells. In this progression, the centrosome is duplicated once and only once during the G1/S transition to produce the bipolar spindle and ensure proper chromosome segregation. The presence of multiple centrosomes in cancer cells suggests that this process is mis-regulated during carcinogenesis. This suggests that certain factors exist that license the progression of centrosome duplication and serve to inhibit further duplications during a single cell cycle. Recent studies suggest that the Ran/Crm1 complex not only regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport but is also independently involved in mitotic spindle assembly. Factors that are capable of interacting with Ran/Crm1 through their nuclear export sequences, such as cyclins/cdks, p53 and Brca1/2, may potentially function as centrosome checkpoints akin to the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints of the cell cycle. Our recent findings indicate that nucleophosmin, a protein whose trafficking is mediated by the Ran/Crm1 network, is one of such checkpoint factors for maintaining proper centrosome duplication. We propose that Ran/Crm1 may act as a 'loading dock' to coordinate various checkpoint factors in regulating the fidelity of centrosome duplication during cell cycle progression, and the disruption of these processes may lead to genomic instability and an acceleration of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha S. Budhu
- Liver Carcinogenesis Section; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis; Center for Cancer Research; NCI; NIH; Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Xin W. Wang
- Liver Carcinogenesis Section; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis; Center for Cancer Research; NCI; NIH; Bethesda, Maryland USA
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38
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Song H, Nie M, Qiao F, Bowie JU, Courey AJ. Antagonistic regulation of Yan nuclear export by Mae and Crm1 may increase the stringency of the Ras response. Genes Dev 2005; 19:1767-72. [PMID: 16027171 PMCID: PMC1182338 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1327405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Yan, a major target of Ras signaling, leads to Crm1-dependent Yan nuclear export, a response that is regulated by Yan polymerization. Yan SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain mutations preventing polymerization result in Ras-independent, but Crm1-dependent Yan nuclear export, suggesting that polymerization prevents Yan export. Mae, which depolymerizes Yan, competes with Crm1 for binding to Yan. Phosphorylation of Yan favors Crm1 in this competition and counteracts inhibition of nuclear export by Mae. These findings suggest that, prior to Ras activation, the Mae/Yan interaction blocks premature nuclear export of Yan monomers. After activation, transcriptional up-regulation of Mae apparently leads to complete depolymerization and export of Yan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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39
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Abstract
The subcellular localization of the alphaNAC coactivator is regulated, but the signaling pathways controlling its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and coactivation function are not completely characterized. We report here that casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylated alphaNAC on several phosphoacceptor sites, especially in an amino-terminal cluster. Deletion or mutation of the clustered CK2 sites induced nuclear accumulation of alphaNAC in cells. alphaNAC also localized to the nucleus when endogenous CK2 activity was inhibited by quercetin or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). These observations suggested that phosphorylation by CK2 might play a signaling role in the nuclear export of alphaNAC. Interestingly, inhibition of the chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) exportin by leptomycin B (LMB) led to accumulation of alphaNAC in the nucleus. We conclude that CK2 phosphorylation of the N-terminal cluster corresponds to the signal for alphaNAC's nuclear export via a CRM1-dependent pathway. Finally, the nuclear accumulation of the protein resulting from the lack of CK2 phosphorylation mediated a slight but significant increase of the alphaNAC coactivating function on AP-1 transcriptional activity. Thus, alphaNAC's exit from the nucleus and capacity to potentiate transcription appear dependent on its phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Quélo
- *Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal (Quebec) Canada H3G 1A6
| | - Claude Gauthier
- *Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal (Quebec) Canada H3G 1A6
| | - René St-Arnaud
- *Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal (Quebec) Canada H3G 1A6
- †Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal (Quebec), Canada H3A 2T5
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40
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Abstract
Many cellular processes rely on the ordered assembly of macromolecular structures. Here, we uncover an unexpected link between two such processes, endocytosis and transcription. Many endocytic proteins, including eps15, epsin1, the clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia (CALM), and alpha-adaptin, accumulate in the nucleus when nuclear export is inhibited. Endocytosis and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of endocytic proteins are apparently independent processes, since inhibition of endocytosis did not appreciably alter nuclear translocation of endocytic proteins, and blockade of nuclear export did not change the initial rate of endocytosis. In the nucleus, eps15 and CALM acted as positive modulators of transcription in a GAL4-based transactivation assay, thus raising the intriguing possibility that some endocytic proteins play a direct or indirect role in transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Vecchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Polo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Viviane Poupon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicalé E9925, Faculté Necker-Enfants Malades, 75730 Paris, France
| | - Jan-Willem van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicalé E9925, Faculté Necker-Enfants Malades, 75730 Paris, France
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Institut de Formation aux Metiers Paramedicaux, Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Institute for Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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41
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Lindsay ME, Holaska JM, Welch K, Paschal BM, Macara IG. Ran-binding protein 3 is a cofactor for Crm1-mediated nuclear protein export. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:1391-402. [PMID: 11425870 PMCID: PMC2150735 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.7.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2001] [Accepted: 05/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crm1 is a member of the karyopherin family of nucleocytoplasmic transport receptors and mediates the export of proteins from the nucleus by forming a ternary complex with cargo and Ran:GTP. This complex translocates through the nuclear pores and dissociates in the cytosol. The yeast protein Yrb2p participates in this pathway and binds Crm1, but its mechanism of action has not been established. We show that the human orthologue of Yrb2p, Ran-binding protein 3 (RanBP3), acts as a cofactor for Crm1-mediated export in a permeabilized cell assay. RanBP3 binds directly to Crm1, and the complex possesses an enhanced affinity for both Ran:GTP and cargo. RanBP3 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by a Crm1-dependent mechanism, and the Crm1--RanBP3-NES-Ran:GTP quarternary complex can associate with nucleoporins. We infer that this complex translocates through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm where it is disassembled by RanBP1 and Ran GTPase--activating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lindsay
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22098, USA.
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42
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Hofmann W, Reichart B, Ewald A, Müller E, Schmitt I, Stauber RH, Lottspeich F, Jockusch BM, Scheer U, Hauber J, Dabauvalle MC. Cofactor requirements for nuclear export of Rev response element (RRE)- and constitutive transport element (CTE)-containing retroviral RNAs. An unexpected role for actin. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:895-910. [PMID: 11238447 PMCID: PMC2198816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.5.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2000] [Accepted: 01/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear export of proteins containing leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NESs) is mediated by the export receptor CRM1/exportin1. However, additional protein factors interacting with leucine-rich NESs have been described. Here, we investigate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev-mediated nuclear export and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) constitutive transport element (CTE)-mediated nuclear export in microinjected Xenopus laevis oocytes. We show that eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is essential for Rev and Rev-mediated viral RNA export, but not for nuclear export of CTE RNA. In vitro binding studies demonstrate that eIF-5A is required for efficient interaction of Rev-NES with CRM1/exportin1 and that eIF-5A interacts with the nucleoporins CAN/nup214, nup153, nup98, and nup62. Quite unexpectedly, nuclear actin was also identified as an eIF-5A binding protein. We show that actin is associated with the nucleoplasmic filaments of nuclear pore complexes and is critically involved in export processes. Finally, actin- and energy-dependent nuclear export of HIV-1 Rev is reconstituted by using a novel in vitro egg extract system. In summary, our data provide evidence that actin plays an important functional role in nuclear export not only of retroviral RNAs but also of host proteins such as protein kinase inhibitor (PKI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Hofmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Reichart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ewald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Müller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iris Schmitt
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte M. Jockusch
- Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38092 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Scheer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Dabauvalle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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43
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Black BE, Holaska JM, Lévesque L, Ossareh-Nazari B, Gwizdek C, Dargemont C, Paschal BM. NXT1 is necessary for the terminal step of Crm1-mediated nuclear export. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:141-55. [PMID: 11149927 PMCID: PMC2193657 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2000] [Accepted: 11/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble factors are required to mediate nuclear export of protein and RNA through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). These soluble factors include receptors that bind directly to the transport substrate and regulators that determine the assembly state of receptor-substrate complexes. We recently reported the identification of NXT1, an NTF2-related export factor that stimulates nuclear protein export in permeabilized cells and undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in vivo (Black, B.E., L. Lévesque, J.M. Holaska, T.C. Wood, and B.M. Paschal. 1999. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:8616-8624). Here, we describe the molecular characterization of NXT1 in the context of the Crm1-dependent export pathway. We find that NXT1 binds directly to Crm1, and that the interaction is sensitive to the presence of Ran-GTP. Moreover, mutations in NXT1 that reduce binding to Crm1 inhibit the activity of NXT1 in nuclear export assays. We show that recombinant Crm1 and Ran are sufficient to reconstitute nuclear translocation of a Rev reporter protein from the nucleolus to an antibody accessible site on the cytoplasmic side of the NPC. Further progress on the export pathway, including the terminal step of Crm1 and Rev reporter protein release, requires NXT1. We propose that NXT1 engages with the export complex in the nucleoplasm, and that it facilitates delivery of the export complex to a site on the cytoplasmic side of NPC where the receptor and substrate are released into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben E. Black
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - James M. Holaska
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Lyne Lévesque
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Batool Ossareh-Nazari
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Carol Gwizdek
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Dargemont
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Bryce M. Paschal
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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44
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Alt JR, Cleveland JL, Hannink M, Diehl JA. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of cyclin D1 nuclear export and cyclin D1-dependent cellular transformation. Genes Dev 2000; 14:3102-14. [PMID: 11124803 PMCID: PMC317128 DOI: 10.1101/gad.854900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2000] [Accepted: 11/02/2000] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at Thr-286 promotes the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic redistribution of cyclin D1 during S phase of the cell cycle, but how phosphorylation regulates redistribution has not been resolved. For example, phosphorylation of nuclear cyclin D1 could increase its rate of nuclear export relative to nuclear import; alternatively, phosphorylation of cytoplasmic cyclin D1 by GSK-3beta could inhibit nuclear import. Here, we report that GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation promotes cyclin D1 nuclear export by facilitating the association of cyclin D1 with the nuclear exportin CRM1. D1-T286A, a cyclin D1 mutant that cannot be phosphorylated by GSK-3beta, remains nuclear throughout the cell cycle, a consequence of its reduced binding to CRM1. Constitutive overexpression of the nuclear cyclin D1-T286A in murine fibroblasts results in cellular transformation and promotes tumor growth in immune compromised mice. Thus, removal of cyclin D1 from the nucleus during S phase appears essential for regulated cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Alt
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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45
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Abstract
AU-rich elements (AREs) present in the 3' untranslated regions of many protooncogene, cytokine, and lymphokine messages target them for rapid degradation. HuR, a ubiquitously expressed member of the ELAV (embryonic lethal abnormal vision) family of RNA binding proteins, selectively binds AREs and stabilizes ARE-containing mRNAs in transiently transfected cells. Here, we identify four mammalian proteins that bind regions of HuR known to be essential for its ability to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and to stabilize mRNA: SETalpha, SETbeta, pp32, and acidic protein rich in leucine (APRIL). Three have been reported to be protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors. All four ligands contain long, acidic COOH-terminal tails, while pp32 and APRIL share a second motif: rev-like leucine-rich repeats in their NH(2)-terminal regions. We show that pp32 and APRIL are nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins that interact with the nuclear export factor CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance protein 1). The inhibition of CRM1 by leptomycin B leads to the nuclear retention of pp32 and APRIL, their increased association with HuR, and an increase in HuR's association with nuclear poly(A)+ RNA. Furthermore, transcripts from the ARE-containing c-fos gene are selectively retained in the nucleus, while the cytoplasmic distribution of total poly(A)+ RNA is not altered. These data provide evidence that interaction of its ligands with HuR modulate HuR's ability to bind its target mRNAs in vivo and suggest that CRM1 is instrumental in the export of at least some cellular mRNAs under certain conditions. We discuss the possible role of these ligands upstream of HuR in pathways that govern the stability of ARE-containing mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Brennan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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46
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Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T, Gerace L. A role for RanBP1 in the release of CRM1 from the nuclear pore complex in a terminal step of nuclear export. J Cell Biol 1999; 145:645-57. [PMID: 10330396 PMCID: PMC2133185 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.4.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1998] [Revised: 03/11/1999] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed an assay in which nuclear export of the shuttling transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) can be reconstituted in permeabilized cells with the GTPase Ran and the nuclear export receptor CRM1. We have now used this assay to identify another export factor. After preincubation of permeabilized cells with a Ran mutant that cannot hydrolyze GTP (RanQ69L), cytosol supports NFAT export, but CRM1 and Ran alone do not. The RanQ69L preincubation leads to accumulation of CRM1 at the cytoplasmic periphery of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in association with the p62 complex and Can/Nup214. RanGTP-dependent association of CRM1 with these nucleoporins was reconstituted in vitro. By biochemical fractionation and reconstitution, we showed that RanBP1 restores nuclear export after the RanQ69L preincubation. It also stimulates nuclear export in cells that have not been preincubated with RanQ69L. RanBP1 as well as Ran-binding domains of the cytoplasmic nucleoporin RanBP2 promote the release of CRM1 from the NPC. Taken together, our results indicate that RanGTP is important for the targeting of export complexes to the cytoplasmic side of the NPC and that RanBP1 and probably RanBP2 are involved in the dissociation of nuclear export complexes from the NPC in a terminal step of transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Kehlenbach
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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47
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Yang J, Bardes ES, Moore JD, Brennan J, Powers MA, Kornbluth S. Control of cyclin B1 localization through regulated binding of the nuclear export factor CRM1. Genes Dev 1998; 12:2131-43. [PMID: 9679058 PMCID: PMC317017 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.14.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/1997] [Accepted: 05/18/1998] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the Cyclin B/Cdc2 kinase complex triggers entry into mitosis in all eukaryotic cells. Cyclin B1 localization changes dramatically during the cell cycle, precipitously transiting from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at the beginning of mitosis. Presumably, this relocalization promotes the phosphorylation of nuclear targets critical for chromatin condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. We show here that the previously characterized cytoplasmic retention sequence of Cyclin B1, responsible for its interphase cytoplasmic localization, is actually an autonomous nuclear export sequence, capable of directing nuclear export of a heterologous protein, and able to bind specifically to the recently identified export mediator, CRM1. We propose that the observed cytoplasmic localization of Cyclin B1 during interphase reflects the equilibrium between ongoing nuclear import and rapid CRM1-mediated export. In support of this hypothesis, we found that treatment of cells with leptomycin B, which disrupted Cyclin B1-CRM1 interactions, led to a marked nuclear accumulation of Cyclin B1. In mitosis, Cyclin B1 undergoes phosphorylation at several sites, a subset of which have been proposed to play a role in Cyclin B1 accumulation in the nucleus. Both CRM1 binding and the ability to direct nuclear export were affected by mutation of these phosphorylation sites; thus, we propose that Cyclin B1 phosphorylation at the G2/M transition prevents its interaction with CRM1, thereby reducing nuclear export and facilitating nuclear accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710 USA
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