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Coles CH, Mulvaney RM, Malla S, Walker A, Smith KJ, Lloyd A, Lowe KL, McCully ML, Martinez Hague R, Aleksic M, Harper J, Paston SJ, Donnellan Z, Chester F, Wiederhold K, Robinson RA, Knox A, Stacey AR, Dukes J, Baston E, Griffin S, Jakobsen BK, Vuidepot A, Harper S. TCRs with Distinct Specificity Profiles Use Different Binding Modes to Engage an Identical Peptide-HLA Complex. J Immunol 2020; 204:1943-1953. [PMID: 32102902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular rules driving TCR cross-reactivity are poorly understood and, consequently, it is unclear the extent to which TCRs targeting the same Ag recognize the same off-target peptides. We determined TCR-peptide-HLA crystal structures and, using a single-chain peptide-HLA phage library, we generated peptide specificity profiles for three newly identified human TCRs specific for the cancer testis Ag NY-ESO-1157-165-HLA-A2. Two TCRs engaged the same central peptide feature, although were more permissive at peripheral peptide positions and, accordingly, possessed partially overlapping peptide specificity profiles. The third TCR engaged a flipped peptide conformation, leading to the recognition of off-target peptides sharing little similarity with the cognate peptide. These data show that TCRs specific for a cognate peptide recognize discrete peptide repertoires and reconciles how an individual's limited TCR repertoire following negative selection in the thymus is able to recognize a vastly larger antigenic pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Coles
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel M Mulvaney
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sunir Malla
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew Walker
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kathrine J Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kate L Lowe
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Milos Aleksic
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jane Harper
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Samantha J Paston
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zoe Donnellan
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Fiona Chester
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Katrin Wiederhold
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ross A Robinson
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew Knox
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrea R Stacey
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Joseph Dukes
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emma Baston
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sue Griffin
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Bent K Jakobsen
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Annelise Vuidepot
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen Harper
- Immunocore, Ltd., Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom; and
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Harper J, Adams KJ, Bossi G, Wright DE, Stacey AR, Bedke N, Martinez-Hague R, Blat D, Humbert L, Buchanan H, Le Provost GS, Donnellan Z, Carreira RJ, Paston SJ, Weigand LU, Canestraro M, Sanderson JP, Botta Gordon-Smith S, Lowe KL, Rygiel KA, Powlesland AS, Vuidepot A, Hassan NJ, Cameron BJ, Jakobsen BK, Dukes J. An approved in vitro approach to preclinical safety and efficacy evaluation of engineered T cell receptor anti-CD3 bispecific (ImmTAC) molecules. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205491. [PMID: 30321203 PMCID: PMC6188753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust preclinical testing is essential to predict clinical safety and efficacy and provide data to determine safe dose for first-in-man studies. There are a growing number of examples where the preclinical development of drugs failed to adequately predict clinical adverse events in part due to their assessment with inappropriate preclinical models. Preclinical investigations of T cell receptor (TCR)-based immunotherapies prove particularly challenging as these biologics are human-specific and thus the conventional testing in animal models is inadequate. As these molecules harness the full force of the immune system, and demonstrate tremendous potency, we set out to design a preclinical package that would ensure adequate evaluation of these therapeutics. Immune Mobilising Monoclonal TCR Against Cancer (ImmTAC) molecules are bi-specific biologics formed of an affinity-enhanced TCR fused to an anti-CD3 effector function. ImmTAC molecules are designed to activate human T lymphocytes and target peptides within the context of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA), thus require an intact human immune system and peptidome for suitable preclinical screening. Here we draw upon the preclinical testing of four ImmTAC molecules, including IMCgp100, the first ImmTAC molecule to reach the clinic, to present our comprehensive, informative and robust approach to in vitro preclinical efficacy and safety screening. This package comprises a broad range of cellular and molecular assays using human tissues and cultured cells to test efficacy, safety and specificity, and hence predict human responses in clinical trials. We propose that this entirely in vitro package offers a potential model to be applied to screening other TCR-based biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Harper
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Bedke
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dan Blat
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate L. Lowe
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Dukes
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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3
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Yates NL, Stacey AR, Nolen TL, Vandergrift NA, Moody MA, Montefiori DC, Weinhold KJ, Blattner WA, Borrow P, Shattock R, Cohen MS, Haynes BF, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 gp41 envelope IgA is frequently elicited after transmission but has an initial short response half-life. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:692-703. [PMID: 23299618 PMCID: PMC3663876 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of HIV-1 transmission at mucosal surfaces will likely require durable pre-existing mucosal anti-HIV-1 antibodies (Abs). Defining the ontogeny, specificities and potentially protective nature of the initial mucosal virus-specific B-cell response will be critical for understanding how to induce protective Ab responses by vaccination. Genital fluids from patients within the earliest stages of acute HIV-1 infection (Fiebig I-VI) were examined for multiple anti-HIV specificities. Gp41 (but not gp120) Env immunoglobulin (Ig)A Abs were frequently elicited in both plasma and mucosal fluids within the first weeks of transmission. However, shortly after induction, these initial mucosal gp41 Env IgA Abs rapidly declined with a t(½) of ∼2.7 days. B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) was elevated immediately preceding the appearance of gp41 Abs, likely contributing to an initial T-independent Ab response. HIV-1 transmission frequently elicits mucosal HIV-1 envelope-specific IgA responses targeted to gp41 that have a short half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A R Stacey
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T L Nolen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - N A Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M A Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - K J Weinhold
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - W A Blattner
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology Epidemiology Division, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - M S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - B F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - G D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,()
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Frleta D, Ochoa CE, Kramer HB, Khan SA, Stacey AR, Borrow P, Kessler BM, Haynes BF, Bhardwaj N. HIV-1 infection-induced apoptotic microparticles inhibit human DCs via CD44. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4685-97. [PMID: 23160198 DOI: 10.1172/jci64439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV-1 infection results in dysregulated immunity, which contributes to poor control of viral infection. DCs are key regulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses needed for controlling HIV-1, and we surmised that factors elicited during acute HIV-1 infection might impede DC function. We derived immature DCs from healthy donor peripheral blood monocytes and treated them with plasma from uninfected control donors and donors with acute HIV-1 infections. We found that the plasma from patients with HIV specifically inhibited DC function. This suppression was mediated by elevated apoptotic microparticles derived from dying cells during acute HIV-1 infection. Apoptotic microparticles bound to and inhibited DCs through the hyaluronate receptor CD44. These data suggest that targeting this CD44-mediated inhibition by apoptotic microparticles could be a novel strategy to potentiate DC activation of HIV-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Frleta
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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5
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Frleta D, Ochoa CE, Kramer HB, Khan SA, Stacey AR, Borrow P, Kessler BM, Haynes BF, Bhardwaj N. Apoptotic microparticles generated during acute HIV-1 infection inhibit human dendritic cells via CD44. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441553 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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6
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Mahlokozera T, Kang HH, Goonetilleke N, Stacey AR, Lovingood RV, Denny TN, Kalilani L, Bunn JEG, Meshnick SR, Borrow P, Letvin NL, Permar SR. The magnitude and kinetics of the mucosal HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response and virus RNA load in breast milk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23735. [PMID: 21886819 PMCID: PMC3160326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of postnatal HIV transmission is associated with the magnitude of the milk virus load. While HIV-specific cellular immune responses control systemic virus load and are detectable in milk, the contribution of these responses to the control of virus load in milk is unknown. METHODS We assessed the magnitude of the immunodominant GagRY11 and subdominant EnvKY9-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response in blood and milk of 10 A*3002+, HIV-infected Malawian women throughout the period of lactation and correlated this response to milk virus RNA load and markers of breast inflammation. RESULTS The magnitude and kinetics of the HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses were discordant in blood and milk of the right and left breast, indicating independent regulation of these responses in each breast. However, there was no correlation between the magnitude of the HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response and the milk virus RNA load. Further, there was no correlation between the magnitude of this response and markers of breast inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of the HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response in milk does not appear to be solely determined by the milk virus RNA load and is likely only one of the factors contributing to maintenance of low virus load in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Mahlokozera
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen H. Kang
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea R. Stacey
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V. Lovingood
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Linda Kalilani
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - James E. G. Bunn
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve R. Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Kramer HB, Lavender KJ, Qin L, Stacey AR, Liu MKP, di Gleria K, Simmons A, Gasper-Smith N, Haynes BF, McMichael AJ, Borrow P, Kessler BM. Elevation of intact and proteolytic fragments of acute phase proteins constitutes the earliest systemic antiviral response in HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000893. [PMID: 20463814 PMCID: PMC2865525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest immune responses activated in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (AHI) exert a critical influence on subsequent virus spread or containment. During this time frame, components of the innate immune system such as macrophages and DCs, NK cells, beta-defensins, complement and other anti-microbial factors, which have all been implicated in modulating HIV infection, may play particularly important roles. A proteomics-based screen was performed on a cohort from whom samples were available at time points prior to the earliest positive HIV detection. The ability of selected factors found to be elevated in the plasma during AHI to inhibit HIV-1 replication was analyzed using in vitro PBMC and DC infection models. Analysis of unique plasma donor panels spanning the eclipse and viral expansion phases revealed very early alterations in plasma proteins in AHI. Induction of acute phase protein serum amyloid A (A-SAA) occurred as early as 5-7 days prior to the first detection of plasma viral RNA, considerably prior to any elevation in systemic cytokine levels. Furthermore, a proteolytic fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), termed virus inhibitory peptide (VIRIP), was observed in plasma coincident with viremia. Both A-SAA and VIRIP have anti-viral activity in vitro and quantitation of their plasma levels indicated that circulating concentrations are likely to be within the range of their inhibitory activity. Our results provide evidence for a first wave of host anti-viral defense occurring in the eclipse phase of AHI prior to systemic activation of other immune responses. Insights gained into the mechanism of action of acute-phase reactants and other innate molecules against HIV and how they are induced could be exploited for the future development of more efficient prophylactic vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger B. Kramer
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry J. Lavender
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Oxford, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Li Qin
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrea R. Stacey
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Oxford, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K. P. Liu
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katalin di Gleria
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Gasper-Smith
- AIDS Vaccine Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- AIDS Vaccine Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Oxford, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Outbreaks of infection caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus are common in hospitals and nursing homes, but until now none have been reported in the community. This is a report of an outbreak involving five members of a rugby football team.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Stacey
- Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
A survey of operating theatres in Great Britain and Ireland by postal questionnaire was undertaken to determine the number of non-ventilated theatres in use, the number of designated theatres for specialist surgery and how and when bacterial sampling is conducted. Replies were received from 147 centres covering 438 operating theatre suites. Eighty-seven (59%) centres contained three or fewer suites and only 32% did not have a designated theatre for any specialist surgery. One hundred and seventy-three (40%) theatre suites were built over 20 years ago and 28 non-ventilated theatres were identified, mainly used for minor surgery (e.g. removal of 'lumps'). Four percent of plenum and 9% of ultraclean theatres are never monitored bacteriologically and settle plates are used in 72 (49%) centres. This survey suggests there is some confusion over the indications for bacteriological monitoring and what constitutes acceptable standards. The use of non-ventilated theatres, except for the most minor of procedures, is of some concern and should be phased out.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Humphreys
- Division of Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, Yarnell JW, Stacey AR, Wald N, Sitas F. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ 1991; 302:1302-5. [PMID: 2059685 PMCID: PMC1670011 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.302.6788.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 905] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between gastric cancer and prior infection with Helicobacter pylori. DESIGN Case-control comparison of prevalence of IgG antibodies to H pylori in blood samples collected prospectively, before diagnosis of gastric cancer in the cases. Presence of H pylori antibody (greater than 10 micrograms IgG/ml) determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SUBJECTS 29 men with a subsequent diagnosis of gastric cancer and 116 aged matched controls selected from over 22,000 middle aged men participating in two ongoing cohort studies (the British United Provident Association study and the Caerphilly collaborative heart disease study), who had provided blood samples during 1975-1982. RESULTS 20 of the 29 cases (69%) and 54 of the 116 controls (47%) were positive for H pylori specific antibody. The median specific IgG concentration was significantly higher in the cases than controls (90 micrograms/ml v 3.6 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.01). The estimated odds ratio for the risk of gastric cancer in those with a history of infection with H pylori was 2.77 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 7.97, 2p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS H pylori infection may be an important cause of gastric cancer; between 35% and 55% of all cases may be associated with such an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Forman
- ICRF Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe, Infirmary, Oxford
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11
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Newell DG, Hawtin PR, Stacey AR, MacDougall MH, Ruddle AC. Estimation of prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in an asymptomatic elderly population comparing [14C] urea breath test and serology. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44:385-7. [PMID: 2045496 PMCID: PMC496868 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.44.5.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A non-invasive serological assay devised in this laboratory had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% as determined by culture and confirmed by histology in a group of 47 patients who had undergone endoscopy. The correlation between serology and the non-invasive [14C] breath test was very good. Only one of 24 culture positive patients was, while all 23 culture negative patients were, breath test negative. In a group of 46 healthy elderly persons, however, significant anomalies between serology and breath test were observed. Only 83% of the breath test negative persons were seronegative, while only 68% of the breath test positive persons were seropositive. These results can be explained in terms of age related atrophic gastritis and immune incompetence, causing reduced colonisation and decreased antibody production, respectively. These investigations suggest that non-invasive tests for H pylori infection may not be reliable in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Public Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilshire
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12
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Forman D, Sitas F, Newell DG, Stacey AR, Boreham J, Peto R, Campbell TC, Li J, Chen J. Geographic association of Helicobacter pylori antibody prevalence and gastric cancer mortality in rural China. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:608-11. [PMID: 2210881 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910460410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To examine the geographic association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer, we have assessed the prevalence of IgG antibodies to H. pylori in plasma samples taken in 1983 from 1882 men, aged 35-64 years, in 46 rural counties of the People's Republic of China. The gastric cancer mortality rates in these countries in 1973-75 varied from 3 per 1,000 (cumulative rate, 0-64 years) to 69 per 1,000, while the proportions of the population positive for H. pylori antibodies (based on an average of about 41 men per county) varied from 28% to 96%. After correction for the limited number of blood samples per county, the estimated correlation between H. pylori antibody prevalence and gastric cancer mortality was 40% (p = 0.02). No other type of cancer showed a significant association with H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Forman
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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13
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Hawtin PR, Stacey AR, Newell DG. Investigation of the structure and localization of the urease of Helicobacter pylori using monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Microbiol 1990; 136:1995-2000. [PMID: 2269872 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-136-10-1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The urease of Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) has been partly purified by fast protein liquid chromatography. This material contained 10 nm doughnut-like structures when examined by electron microscopy and comprised three major polypeptides (61 kDa, 56 kDa and 28 kDa). Only two of these polypeptides (61 kDa and 28 kDa) were observed in urease-containing material isolated by preparative non-denatured PAGE. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced which were directed against two of these polypeptides (56 kDa and 28 kDa). Only mAbs directed against the 28 kDa polypeptide inhibited or captured urease activity. These results suggest that the 56 kDa polypeptide is not essential for enzyme activity. Anti-urease mAbs were used in an indirect immunogold technique to localize the enzyme at the ultrastructural level. In both prefixed bacteria and ultrathin cryosectioned bacteria the enzyme was located on the cell surface and in material apparently shed from that surface.
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Stacey AR, Hawtin PR, Newell DG. Antigenicity of fractions of Helicobacter pylori prepared by fast protein liquid chromatography and urease captured by monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 9:732-7. [PMID: 2261918 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antigenicity of Helicobacter pylori protein fractions separated by fast protein liquid chromatography size exclusion was investigated by EIA with sera from patients of well defined Helicobacter pylori status. The antigenic material of Helicobacter pylori was confined to fractions 8 and 14 to 21. Urease containing fractions (14/15) and flagella containing fractions (17/18) were identified. Fraction 8 non-specifically bound human immunoglobulin as demonstrated by the binding of Helicobacter pylori negative sera. The remaining fractions 14 to 21 when used individually as EIA antigens were 91-100% specific, however fractions 16 to 19 showed a reduced sensitivity (78%) compared with the acid extract (95%). The urease fractions were 91% sensitive. Purified urease antigen captured by antiurease monoclonal antibodies was 83% sensitive and 93.3% specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Stacey
- Pathology Division, Public Health Laboratory Service Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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Newell DG, Lee A, Hawtin PR, Hudson MJ, Stacey AR, Fox J. Antigenic conservation of the ureases of spiral- and helical-shaped bacteria colonising the stomachs of man and animals. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989; 53:183-6. [PMID: 2693196 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1097(89)90388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, CP11, has been produced which is directed against the ureas of Campylobacter pylori. This antibody has been used to look for antigenic cross-reactivity, in other ureolytic and non-ureolytic campylobacters, by immunohistological techniques. It has also been used to investigate the helical-shaped organisms found in the stomach of the human, monkey and cat (CS1) and the ileum of the rat (ST1). Interestingly the antibody cross-reacted with the gastric helical organisms from the human, monkey and cat but not with the rat helical organism. No cross-reactivity was observed with C. mustelae or the other ureolytic campylobacters, C. nitrofigilis and the urease positive thermophilic campylobacters. These results are discussed in relation to the phylotaxonomy of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Division of Pathology, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, U.K
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Abstract
We present a case of Mycobacterium chelonei infection in a corneal graft. The chronic ulceration and stromal infiltration followed a well defined course and eventually responded to topical amikacin, though a further graft was required. Previous cases of keratitis due to the M. fortuitum complex are reviewed.
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Stacey AR. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex from faeces of patients with AIDS. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293:1194. [PMID: 3096428 PMCID: PMC1341977 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.293.6556.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty faecal specimens from 22 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome were examined by microscopy after Ziehl-Neelsen staining and by culture after decontamination with sodium hydroxide. Thirteen specimens (from 11 patients) were positive for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum on culture, and only five of these on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Five of the 11 patients had evidence of disseminated infection. Lipid analysis showed six of the nine strains tested to be indistinguishable. These findings support the theory that the gastrointestinal tract is a portal of entry for the organism.
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Abstract
One hundred sterile intraocular lenses were placed on the external eye of 50 patients during cataract surgery. Half of the specimens were cultured for bacteria, the other half were examined under the light microscope after fixing and staining. A bacterial contamination rate of 26% was recorded. This is significantly higher than that found in conjunctival swabs (6%) or irrigation specimens (8%) taken at the same time, and higher than that recorded in a group of control lenses (15.2%) exposed to operating theatre air alone. We propose that intraocular lenses contaminated with viable bacteria may be implanted into the eye and thereby account for some cases of postoperative uveitis in the pseudophakic eye.
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