1
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Ruppel AM, Lomis MJ, Schneider SE. Unilateral Pushup-Induced Acute Median Neuritis. Cureus 2024; 16:e57549. [PMID: 38707043 PMCID: PMC11068286 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute median nerve neuropathy is most often due to trauma; acute carpal tunnel syndrome is considered a surgical emergency and must be ruled out. A right-hand dominant male presented to the emergency department with progressive unilateral pain and numbness in the median nerve distribution after experiencing a pop while doing pushups. The evaluation was limited to pain, but there was no gross deformity, and the distal right upper extremity was neurovascularly intact. All imaging was unremarkable. The patient received adequate pain control and complete resolution of symptoms. Despite presenting with symptoms congruent with possible carpal tunnel syndrome, the patient's physical exam and imaging findings were inconsistent with the diagnosis. Acute median nerve neuritis is less commonly described, and no cases have been reported secondary to push-ups, but it should be considered in nontraumatic patients. With conservative management, patients can have complete resolution and no reoccurrence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ruppel
- Medicine, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Mitchell J Lomis
- Medicine, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Athens, USA
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2
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deCamp AC, Corcoran MM, Fulp WJ, Willis JR, Cottrell CA, Bader DLV, Kalyuzhniy O, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hyrien O, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Mahoney CR, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Mullen TM, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Roederer M, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath JM, McDermott AB, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Schief WR. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:58. [PMID: 38467663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine priming immunogens that activate germline precursors for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have promise for development of precision vaccines against major human pathogens. In a clinical trial of the eOD-GT8 60mer germline-targeting immunogen, higher frequencies of vaccine-induced VRC01-class bnAb-precursor B cells were observed in the high dose compared to the low dose group. Through immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genotyping, statistical modeling, quantification of IGHV1-2 allele usage and B cell frequencies in the naive repertoire for each trial participant, and antibody affinity analyses, we found that the difference between dose groups in VRC01-class response frequency was best explained by IGHV1-2 genotype rather than dose and was most likely due to differences in IGHV1-2 B cell frequencies for different genotypes. The results demonstrate the need to define population-level immunoglobulin allelic variations when designing germline-targeting immunogens and evaluating them in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel L V Bader
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dagna S Laufer
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Scholte LLS, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hoeweler L, Erwin GC, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Laufer DS, Siefers H, Ruppel AM, Brand J, Maenza J, Bronson R, Prabhakaran M, Jean-Baptiste J, Kolokythas O, Desrosiers AA, Thoreson CK, Heit A, Khati NJ, Malkin E, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR, Diemert D, Bethony JM. Ultrasound-guided lymph node fine-needle aspiration for evaluating post-vaccination germinal center responses in humans. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102576. [PMID: 37733596 PMCID: PMC10519838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is a critical biological site for immune maturation after vaccination as it includes several cell populations critical for priming the antibody response. Here, we present a protocol for sampling the LN and isolating cell populations to evaluate immunogens targeting germline cells. We describe steps for media and tube preparation and sample collection using an ultrasound-guided LN fine-needle aspiration procedure. This protocol is safe, quick, low-cost, and less invasive than excisional biopsy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Leggat et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa L S Scholte
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - David J Leggat
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lara Hoeweler
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Guacyara C Erwin
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rhi Bronson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jalen Jean-Baptiste
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aimee A Desrosiers
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Caroline K Thoreson
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Antje Heit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nadia J Khati
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Elissa Malkin
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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4
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deCamp AC, Corcoran MM, Fulp WJ, Willis JR, Cottrell CA, Bader DLV, Kalyuzhniy O, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hyrien O, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Mahoney CR, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Mullen TM, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Roederer M, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath JM, McDermott AB, Hedestam GBK, Schief WR. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.10.23287126. [PMID: 36993183 PMCID: PMC10055468 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.23287126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine priming immunogens that activate germline precursors for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have promise for development of precision vaccines against major human pathogens. In a clinical trial of the eOD-GT8 60mer germline-targeting immunogen, higher frequencies of vaccine-induced VRC01-class bnAb-precursor B cells were observed in the high dose compared to the low dose group. Through immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genotyping, statistical modeling, quantification of IGHV1-2 allele usage and B cell frequencies in the naive repertoire for each trial participant, and antibody affinity analyses, we found that the difference between dose groups in VRC01-class response frequency was best explained by IGHV1-2 genotype rather than dose and was most likely due to differences in IGHV1-2 B cell frequencies for different genotypes. The results demonstrate the need to define population-level immunoglobulin allelic variations when designing germline-targeting immunogens and evaluating them in clinical trials. One-Sentence Summary Human genetic variation can modulate the strength of vaccine-induced broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cell responses.
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5
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Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Willis JR, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Kalyuzhniy O, Cottrell CA, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Schiffner T, Liguori A, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Yates NL, Williams LD, Greene K, Gao H, Mahoney CR, Corcoran MM, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Hu X, Tingle R, Georgeson E, Eskandarzadeh S, Alavi N, Lu D, Mullen TM, Kubitz M, Groschel B, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Crotty S, Roederer M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori D, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR. Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans. Science 2022; 378:eadd6502. [PMID: 36454825 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare bnAb-precursor B cells. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial, the HIV vaccine-priming candidate eOD-GT8 60mer adjuvanted with AS01B had a favorable safety profile and induced VRC01-class bnAb precursors in 97% of vaccine recipients with median frequencies reaching 0.1% among immunoglobulin G B cells in blood. bnAb precursors shared properties with bnAbs and gained somatic hypermutation and affinity with the boost. The results establish clinical proof of concept for germline-targeting vaccine priming, support development of boosting regimens to induce bnAbs, and encourage application of the germline-targeting strategy to other targets in HIV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - LaTonya D Williams
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nushin Alavi
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danny Lu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gunilla B Karlsson Hedestam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | | | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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