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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Fau J, El‐Cheikh R, Brillac C, Koiwai K, Mace N, Campana F, Semiond D, Nguyen L. Drug-Disease Interaction and Time-Dependent Population Pharmacokinetics of Isatuximab in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2020; 9:649-658. [PMID: 33021075 PMCID: PMC7679075 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Isatuximab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) of immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype, specifically targets the cluster of differentiation 38 antigen overexpressed in malignant plasma cells. Isatuximab is used to treat multiple myeloma (MM), characterized by the excessive production of abnormal "myeloma proteins" (M-proteins) that may interact with therapeutic IgG mAb on the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling pathway. The clinical pharmacology profile of isatuximab was investigated by population pharmacokinetics (PKs) modeling in 476 patients with MM who received 1-20 mg/kg isatuximab either as single agent or in combination with pomalidomide-dexamethasone in 4 clinical trials. Isatuximab PKs were characterized by a two-compartment model with parallel time-varying linear clearance (CL) and nonlinear elimination. Due to a mechanism-based drug-disease interaction, patients secreting IgG M-protein exhibited a twofold lower drug exposure compared with patients with non-IgG MM. No dose adjustment was required based on MM immunoglobulin type because efficacy and safety profiles were comparable between IgG and non-IgG MM subpopulations. β2-microglobulin, body weight, sex, drug material, and race have a limited effect on drug exposure and do not require any dose adjustment. A typical 50% decrease in linear CL from initial treatment to steady-state was predicted, and this decrease correlated with the best overall response rate and was slower for patients with IgG MM. These findings suggest that the time-dependent effect of isatuximab is likely mediated by a combined factor of both disease state evolution and the perturbation of the FcRn-mediated recycling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Case-Control Studies
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Dexamethasone/therapeutic use
- Drug Interactions
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Myeloma Proteins/drug effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Pharmaceutical Preparations
- Receptors, Fc/drug effects
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Recurrence
- Thalidomide/administration & dosage
- Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives
- Thalidomide/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
- beta 2-Microglobulin/drug effects
- beta 2-Microglobulin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raouf El‐Cheikh
- Sanofi Translational Medicine & Early DevelopmentParisFrance
| | - Claire Brillac
- Sanofi Translational Medicine & Early DevelopmentParisFrance
| | - Kimiko Koiwai
- Sanofi Translational Medicine & Early DevelopmentParisFrance
| | - Nathalie Mace
- Sanofi Translational Medicine & Early DevelopmentParisFrance
| | | | - Dorothee Semiond
- Sanofi Translational Medicine and Early DevelopmentCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Sanofi Translational Medicine & Early DevelopmentParisFrance
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3
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Toubi E, Vadasz Z. Highlights in Autoimmunity: 2020. Isr Med Assoc J 2020; 11:717-719. [PMID: 33249794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune response dysregulations are equally involved in the induction of autoimmunity. Toll-like receptors play a leading role in the activation of innate immune cells, thus priming auto-reactive T cells. Th17 cells and related cytokines are widely involved in many immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, the recent introduction of anti-IL-17 therapies should be further evaluated. Janus kinase inhibitors and Fc receptor-targeting drugs are some of the new therapeutic strategies that are being implemented when old classical therapies lack sufficient beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Toubi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, affiliated with Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zehava Vadasz
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, affiliated with Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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4
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Poetsch V, Bennani-Baiti B, Neuhaus W, Muchitsch EM, Noe CR. Serum-derived immunoglobulins alter amyloid beta transport across a blood-brain barrier in vitro model. Pharmazie 2010; 65:267-273. [PMID: 20432623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since passive immunization with serum-derived immunoglobulins (intravenous immunoglobulins) showed several positive effects in some patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are discussed as a possible treatment option. IVIG, an antibody product derived from human plasma, contains natural antibodies against amyloid beta(Abeta) peptide. Until now it is not known, how IVIG interferes with pathogenesis in AD, but several proposed mechanisms are in discussion. Receptor types which are involved in transport processes at the BBB are LRP, RAGE and hFcRn. We were looking for an in vitro BBB model expressing these receptors and studied the alteration of transport of Abeta peptides across this model under the influence of immunoglobulins. Cell line ECV304 was found to be suitable for our experiments. We found evidence for involvement of an improved clearance of Abeta across the BBB as well as a decreased Abeta influx from blood to the brain probably following complex formation of immunoglobulins with free Abeta in the periphery. Furthermore, we were able to confirm the activity of IVIG preparations which acted the same way but showed slightly less efficacy in comparison to monoclonal anti-Abeta antibodies. Based on these results we suggest multiple mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Poetsch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Rosa JS, Mitsuhashi M, Oliver SR, Ogura M, Flores RL, Pontello AM, Galassetti PR. Ex vivo TCR-induced leukocyte gene expression of inflammatory mediators is increased in type 1 diabetic patients but not in overweight children. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:33-9. [PMID: 19943328 PMCID: PMC2815026 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal systemic concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines have been implicated in the development of long-term cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and obesity. Whether leukocyte white blood cell (WBC) gene expression of these proinflammatory mediators contributes to their increased systemic levels, however, remains unclear, especially in the pediatric patient populations. This study examines mRNA changes of 9 cytokines and chemokines in WBCs following ex vivo immunostimulation from 9 T1DM (13.4 +/- 0.5 year, 4F/5 M), 23 overweight (OW, 12.3 +/- 0.5 year, 10F/13M, BMI% 97.1 +/- 0.5 and > 90.0), and 21 healthy (CL, 13.8 +/- 0.7 year, 9F/12 M, BMI% 59.6 +/- 4.6 and < 85.0) children. METHODS All subjects had been maintained in euglycemic conditions for at least 90 min before blood draws. Whole blood was then sampled and incubated with anti-T-cell receptor (TCR) antibody or heat-aggregated IgG (HAG) to stimulate T-cell and Fc receptors (FcR), respectively. After lysis of leukocytes, mRNA levels of six tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokines (TNFSF2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14) and three chemokines (CCL8, 20, and CXCL10) were measured using RT-PCR. RESULTS Following TCR stimulation, T1DM displayed significantly greater mRNA responses than CL for TNFSF5, 7, 9, and CCL8, and CXCL10; TNFSF9, CCL8, and CXCL10 were also significantly higher in T1DM than OW; no difference was observed between OW and CL. FcR stimulation induced similar responses across groups. CONCLUSIONS Leukocytes of T1DM children displayed exaggerated gene expression in response to ex vivo TCR induction of five key proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. This elevated leukocyte gene expression may be one of the pathophysiological contributors to the development of vascular complications in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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6
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Elsner J, Roesler J, Emmendörffer A, Zeidler C, Lohmann-Matthes ML, Welte K. Altered function and surface marker expression of neutrophils induced by rhG-CSF treatment in severe congenital neutropenia. Eur J Haematol 2009; 48:10-9. [PMID: 1370419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1992.tb01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils from patients suffering from severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), who were receiving recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF), were investigated in order to analyze the previously described decrease in chemotaxis. This study demonstrated the decreased chemotaxis to five well-known chemoattractants, FMLP, C5a, IL-8, LTB4 and PAF. To further investigate this impairment of patients' neutrophils, receptors and receptor turnover for chemoattractants were examined using flow cytometry. We found 1) increased FMLP receptor and decreased C5a receptor expression, 2) a normal expression of intracellular FMLP receptors after incubation with PMA, 3) increased loss and decreased re-expression of FMLP receptors after incubation with this peptide, 4) normal expression of adhesion glycoproteins CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and LFA1 (CD11a/CD18), 5) further signs of in vivo preactivation: high expression of Fc gamma-RI (CD64) and Fc gamma-RII (CD32), decreased expression of Fc gamma-RIII (CD16), increased expression of CD14, and low expression of HLA-DR. These data demonstrate that the decrease of chemotaxis of neutrophils from SCN patients is not due: a) to a decrease in the number of intra- or extracellular FMLP receptors; b) to a decrease of adhesion molecules. However, the decreased chemotaxis could result from an altered FMLP receptor turnover. The relevance of the altered Fc gamma-receptor pattern for the in vivo occurrence of side-effects, e.g. the necrotic vasculitis, of G-CSF treatment is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Differentiation/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Complement C5a/pharmacology
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-8/pharmacology
- Leukotriene B4/pharmacology
- N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine/pharmacology
- Neutropenia/blood
- Neutropenia/congenital
- Neutropenia/drug therapy
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/physiology
- Receptors, Fc/drug effects
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide
- Receptors, IgG
- Receptors, Immunologic/drug effects
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Reference Values
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elsner
- Fraunhofer Institute ITA, Department of Immunobiology, Hannover, FRG
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7
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Tracey D, Klareskog L, Sasso EH, Salfeld JG, Tak PP. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: a comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:244-79. [PMID: 18155297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1085] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past 30 years, elucidation of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis at the cellular and molecular levels has revealed that these diseases share common mechanisms and are more closely related than was previously recognized. Research on the complex biology of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has uncovered many mechanisms and pathways by which TNF may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. There are 3 TNF antagonists currently available: adalimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody; etanercept, a soluble receptor construct; and infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody. Two other TNF antagonists, certolizumab and golimumab, are in clinical development. The remarkable efficacy of TNF antagonists in these diseases places TNF in the center of our understanding of the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biology of TNF and related family members in the context of the potential mechanisms of action of TNF antagonists in a variety of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Possible mechanistic differences between TNF antagonists are addressed with regard to their efficacy and safety profiles.
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8
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Youssef LA, Schuyler M, Gilmartin L, Pickett G, Bard JDJ, Tarleton CA, Archibeque T, Qualls C, Wilson BS, Oliver JM. Histamine release from the basophils of control and asthmatic subjects and a comparison of gene expression between "releaser" and "nonreleaser" basophils. J Immunol 2007; 178:4584-94. [PMID: 17372017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most human blood basophils respond to FcepsilonRI cross-linking by releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Basophils that do not degranulate after anti-IgE challenge, known as "nonreleaser" basophils, characteristically have no or barely detectable levels of the Syk tyrosine kinase. The true incidence of the nonreleaser phenotype, its relationship (if any) to allergic asthma, and its molecular mechanism are not well understood. In this study, we report statistical analyses of degranulation assays performed in 68 control and 61 asthmatic subjects that establish higher basal and anti-IgE-stimulated basophil degranulation among the asthmatics. Remarkably, 28% of the control group and 13% of the asthmatic group were nonreleasers for all or part of our 4-year long study and cycling between the releaser and nonreleaser phenotypes occurred at least once in blood basophils from 8 (of 8) asthmatic and 16 (of 23) control donors. Microarray analysis showed that basal gene expression was generally lower in nonreleaser than releaser basophils. In releaser cells, FcepsilonRI cross-linking up-regulated >200 genes, including genes encoding receptors (the FcepsilonRI alpha and beta subunits, the histamine 4 receptor, the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1), signaling proteins (Lyn), chemokines (IL-8, RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta) and transcription factors (early growth response-1, early growth response-3, and AP-1). FcepsilonRI cross-linking induced fewer, and quite distinct, transcriptional responses in nonreleaser cells. We conclude that "nonreleaser" and "cycler" basophils represent a distinct and reversible natural phenotype. Although histamine is more readily released from basophils isolated from asthmatics than controls, the presence of nonreleaser basophils does not rule out the diagnosis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama A Youssef
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 2325 Camino de Salud, NM 87131, USA
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10
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Colaco CALS. The state of primary care. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2595; author reply 2595. [PMID: 17167938 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc062650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Fu Y, Xie C, Chen J, Zhu J, Zhou H, Thomas J, Zhou XJ, Mohan C. Innate Stimuli Accentuate End-Organ Damage by Nephrotoxic Antibodies via Fc Receptor and TLR Stimulation and IL-1/TNF-α Production. J Immunol 2005; 176:632-9. [PMID: 16365459 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate stimuli are well recognized as adjuvants of the systemic immune response. However, their role in driving end-organ disease is less well understood. Whereas the passive transfer of glomerular-targeting Abs alone elicited minimal renal disease, the concomitant delivery of innate stimuli triggered severe nephritis, characterized by proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescent formation, and tubulointerstitial disease. Specifically, stimulating TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 by using peptidoglycan, poly(I:C), LPS, and flagellin, respectively, all could facilitate anti-glomerular Ab-elicited nephritis. In this model, innate and immune triggers synergistically activated several cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and MCP-1, some of which were demonstrated to be absolutely essential for the development of renal disease. Genetic studies revealed that, whereas the innate trigger is dependent on TLR/IL-1R-associated kinase-mediated signaling, the immune component was contingent on FcR-mediated signals. Importantly, infiltrating leukocytes as well as intrinsic glomerular cells may both serve to integrate these diverse signals. Extrapolating to spontaneous immune-mediated nephritis, although the adaptive immune system may be important in generating end-organ targeting Abs, the extent of damage inflicted by these Abs may be heavily dependent on cues from the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fu
- Division of Rheumatology, and Center for Immunology, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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12
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Gómez-Guerrero C, Hernández-Vargas P, López-Franco O, Ortiz-Muñoz G, Egido J. Mesangial Cells and Glomerular Inflammation: From the Pathogenesis to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 4:341-51. [PMID: 16101544 DOI: 10.2174/1568010054022169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mesangium occupies a central anatomical position in the glomerulus, and also plays an important regulatory role in immune-mediated glomerular diseases, with an active participation in the response to local inflammation. In general, the mesangial cell responses to the pathological stimuli are associated with the main events of glomerular injury: leukocyte infiltration, cell proliferation and fibrosis. Leukocyte migration and infiltration into the glomerulus is responsible for the initiation and amplification of glomerular injury, and is mediated by adhesion molecules and chemokines, which can be locally synthesized by mesangial cells. The increase in mesangial cell number is also due to proliferation of intrinsic mesangial cell population. Regulatory mechanisms of mesangial cell replication include a complex array of factors which control cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis. Mesangial matrix accumulation leading to glomerulosclerosis, is a consequence of an imbalance between matrix production and degradation, and is controlled by growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The initial phase of immune-mediated glomerular inflammation depends on the interaction of immune complexes with specific Fc receptors in infiltrating leukocytes and resident mesangial cells, the ability of immune complexes to activate complement system, and on local inflammatory processes. Activated mesangial cells then produce many inflammatory mediators leading to amplification of the injury. This review will focus on the biological functions of mesangial cells that contribute to glomerular injury, with special attention to immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, new therapies based on the pathophysiology of the mesangial cell that are being developed in experimental models are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gómez-Guerrero
- Renal and Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Pasquier B, Lepelletier Y, Baude C, Hermine O, Monteiro RC. Differential expression and function of IgA receptors (CD89 and CD71) during maturation of dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1134-41. [PMID: 15371488 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0204101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells residing in mainly peripheral tissues. Antigen uptake by DC is particularly efficient, being mediated by various receptors such as lectin, scavenger receptors, and Fc receptors (FcRs). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is part of the first-line immune barrier in mucosae, where DC are numerous. A member of the FcR family, FcalphaRI, is expressed on interstitial DC. We report here that monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) express another IgA receptor (IgA-R), the transferrin receptor (TfR), even in the absence of DC proliferation in vitro. Upon incubation with inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta or maturating agents (lipopolysaccharide, CD40 ligand), FcalphaRI and TfR expression on Mo-DC was specifically up-regulated, whereas FcgammaRs and FcepsilonRI expression was down-regulated. Both IgA-Rs were functional, being able to mediate endocytosis by immature and activated Mo-DC. Although FcalphaRI internalized IgA complexes on both types of DC, TfR was only able to mediate IgA complex internalization by immature cells. Cross-linking of FcalphaRI but not of TfR resulted in up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II/CD86 expression and secretion of IL-10 and IL-12 by immature Mo-DC. Moreover, in activated Mo-DC, cross-linking of FcalphaRI could up-regulated MHC class II/CD86 and triggered IL-10 secretion. Our findings led us to propose that FcalphaRI expressed by interstitial-type DC could play a critical role to sample IgA-recognized antigens and also during DC activation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/drug effects
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgE/drug effects
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/drug effects
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Transferrin/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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14
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Dzidic A, Mohr A, Meyer K, Bauer J, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW. Effects of mycophenolic acid (MPA) treatment on expression of Fc receptor (FcRn) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) mRNA in adult sheep tissues. Croat Med J 2004; 45:130-5. [PMID: 15103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To quantify the expression of Fc receptor (FcRn) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) mRNA under a long-term influence of mycotoxin mycophenolic acid (MPA), which is used in human transplantation medicine due to its immunosuppressive properties and is a common contaminant in silage. METHOD We applied 300 mg MPA/day in nine sheep for nine weeks and compared them with untreated animals (n=9). The expression level of Ig receptor mRNA was determined in eight different adult ovine tissues (liver, kidney, jejunum, ileum, spleen, thymus, mesenteric and pharyngeal lymph nodes). For a reliable and sensitive mRNA quantification of Ig receptor subtypes, a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used with a relative- and tissue-specific efficiency corrected quantification model (REST). RESULTS Each tissue exhibited an individual expression pattern of FcRn and pIgR mRNA. Both types of Ig receptors were highly expressed in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. Medium-to-low expressions were found in the spleen, thymus, mesenteric and pharyngeal lymph nodes. FcRn mRNA was significantly down-regulated by MPA in the liver (p=0.02). After MPA treatment, a significant up-regulation of pIgR mRNA expression was observed in the ileum and liver (p=0.04 for both). Expression level of FcRn mRNA in the tissues in decreasing order was as follows: liver > kidney > jejunum > ileum > spleen > thymus > mesenterial lymph node > pharyngeal lymph node; whereas expression level for pIgR mRNA was the following: liver > kidney > jejunum > ileum > pharyngeal lymph node > spleen > thymus > mesenterial lymph node. CONCLUSION The MPA exhibited immunomodulatory effects in the liver and ileum of treated sheep. Its possible immunosuppressive effects may be explained by lowering the level of FcRn expression in the liver, which resulted in a lower IgG serum-to-bile transport. However, MPA showed stimulatory effects on pIgR expression in the liver and ileum, suggesting good IgA and IgM transport in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Dzidic
- Institute of Physiology, FML-Weihenstephan, Center of Life and Food Science, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The treatment of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is currently based on the early recognition of the condition and replacement immunoglobulin combined with prompt treatment of infections and complications. The route of administration, dose and frequency of administration of immunoglobulin still vary between centres and countries. Other interventions aimed at overcoming the immunological defects in CVID such as interleukin-2 therapy are being studied but there is as yet insufficient evidence to support their routine use. The treatment of complications such as suppurative lung disease uses principles broadly similar to those used for cystic fibrosis, whereas the granulomatous complications involving the lungs and other organ systems are in need of much more research to define optimum therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Carrock Sewell
- Path Links Immunology, Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, UK
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16
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Kogut MH, Lowry VK, Farnell M. The use of selective pharmacological inhibitors to delineate signal transduction pathways activated during complement receptor-mediated degranulation in chicken heterophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:693-706. [PMID: 12757738 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptors (CRs), along with Fc receptors, play a primary role in the removal of bacterial pathogens in poultry. The binding of serum-opsonized bacteria to CR results in the secretion of both toxic oxygen metabolites and antibacterial granules. We have previously shown that the stimulation of chicken heterophils with serum-opsonized Salmonella enteritidis induced tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation regulated degranulation. In the present studies, we used selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of protein tyrosine kinases, phospholipases C and D (PLC and PLD), phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-K), and the super family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) on CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. Inhibitors of receptor-linked tyrosine kinases (the tryphostins AG1478 and AG1296) had no attenuating effects on CR-mediated degranulation. However, PP2, a selective inhibitor of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases, and piceatannol, an inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinases, both significantly attenuated the CR-mediated degranulation. Additionally, the specific inhibitors of PLC, U73122, and PI3-K, LY294002, significantly decreased CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. Two inhibitors of PLD-mediated signaling, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and 1-butanol, hindered degranulation. Addition of purified PLD restored control levels of degranulation in heterophils in which PLD was inhibited. Lastly, SP600125, a selective inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), inhibited degranulation; whereas neither PD98059, the inhibitor of p38 MAPK, nor SB203580, the inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, had any effect on CR-mediated heterophil degranulation. These studies demonstrate that CRs on chicken heterophils lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but that binding of serum-opsonized bacteria activates both proximal tyrosine kinases (src and Syk kinases), but differentially activates downstream tyrosine kinases (JNK, but not p38 nor ERK). Activation of src and Syk kinases plays a significant role in signal transduction of heterophil degranulation probably by stimulating downstream phosphorylation of PLC, PLD, and PI3-K. PI3-K has also been recently shown to be an upstream mediator of JNK activation, suggesting that this enzyme can induce signaling as both a lipid kinase and protein kinase. Engaging CRs on chicken heterophils activates a proximal tyrosine kinase (src and Syk kinases)-->PLC (PLD)-->PI3-K-->JNK signal transduction pathway that induces degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kogut
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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17
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Herting E, Schiffmann H, Roth C, Johansson J. Surfactant lavage demonstrates protein fibrils in a neonate with congenital surfactant protein b deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1292-4. [PMID: 12403703 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.166.9.267e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Sada K, Miah SMS, Maeno K, Kyo S, Qu X, Yamamura H. Regulation of FcepsilonRI-mediated degranulation by an adaptor protein 3BP2 in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. Blood 2002; 100:2138-44. [PMID: 12200378 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of high-affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRI induces sequential activation of nonreceptor-type protein-tyrosine kinases and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, leading to degranulation in mast cells. A hematopoietic cell-specific adaptor protein, 3BP2, that was originally identified as an Abl SH3-binding protein was rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated by the aggregation of FcepsilonRI on rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of 3BP2 did not depend on calcium influx from external sources. To examine the role of 3BP2 in mast cells, we overexpressed the SH2 domain of 3BP2 in the RBL-2H3 cells. Overexpression of 3BP2-SH2 domain resulted in a suppression of antigen-induced degranulation as assessed by beta-hexosaminidase release. Even though overall tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular protein was not altered, antigen-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and calcium mobilization were significantly suppressed in the cells overexpressing the 3BP2-SH2 domain. Furthermore, antigen stimulation induced the association of 3BP2-SH2 domain with LAT and other signaling molecule complexes in the RBL-2H3 cells. FcepsilonRI-mediated phosphorylation of JNK and ERK was not affected by the overexpression of 3BP2-SH2 domain. These data indicate that 3BP2 functions to positively regulate the FcepsilonRI-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma and thereby the signals leading to degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonao Sada
- Division of Proteomics, Department of Genome Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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19
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Chung KF. Anti-IgE therapy of asthma. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 3:1157-60. [PMID: 12211407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong association between serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and asthma development. Allergen binds to IgE on basophils and mast cells, leading to cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. A humanized antibody to IgE that reduces circulating free IgE, omalizumab (Genentech Inc/Novartis AG/Tanox Inc), inhibits the early- and late-phase response to allergen. In clinical trials of moderate-to-severe asthma, omalizumab allowed a reduction in oral and inhaled corticosteroids while improving peakflows and reducing exacerbations, particularly in patients at high risk of serious asthma-related morbidity. Omalizumab is a useful addition to the treatment armamentarium for patients with moderate-to-severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK.
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20
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Kwiatkowski P, Juszczak M, Mrozek A, Wilgus J, Fiedor P, Michler RE. Generation of H(2)O(2) prevents Fc receptor-mediated changes in redox potential, reducing beta integrin avidity and natural killer cell adhesion to porcine endothelium. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:691-3. [PMID: 12009667 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kwiatkowski
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center, Ohio State University College of Medicine, MRF Bldg. Room 218, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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21
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Local anesthetics inhibit migration, enzyme release and superoxide anion generation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Due to their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria PMN represent a major defense mechanism in the circulating blood. In this study we determined the influence of racemic bupivacaine and its enantiomers on neutrophil phagocytic activity, oxidative burst as well as surface expression of complement and Fcgamma receptors. METHODS Venous blood was pre-incubated with different concentrations of either racemic bupivacaine, R-(+) or S-(-) bupivacaine. Fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled antibodies against Fcgamma receptor III (CD16), complement receptor 1 (CD35) and complement receptor 3 (CD11b) were used to determine surface receptor expression. Phagocytic activity was measured by ingestion of FITC-labeled vital Staphylococcus aureus. Oxidative burst was determined by conversion of nonfluorescent dihydrorhodamine 123 into fluorescent rhodamine 123. Fluorescent intensity of each sample was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Racemic bupivacaine inhibited surface receptor expression, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Although the S-(-) enantiomer exerted significantly less inhibitory action on neutrophil function compared to R-(+) and racemic bupivacaine, these effects were small compared to the overall changes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that bupivacaine impairs surface receptor expression and may thereby contribute to reduced phagocytic activity and oxidative burst. Enantiomer-specific effects of bupivacaine may play a minor role in the inhibition of these leukocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Welters
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vaidya
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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24
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Fischer MJ, de Mol NJ. Mechanism of action of the nonlipophilic antiallergic drug eclazolast (REV 2871) in the inhibition of mediator release in a mast cell model. Inflamm Res 1999; 48:569-74. [PMID: 10598012 DOI: 10.1007/s000110050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN In this study, we compared eclazolast with other lipophilic antiallergic drugs, relating to effects on signal transduction pathways, leading to inhibition of exocytosis in a rat basophilic leukemia cell (RBL-2H3). MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of the drugs on mediator release (beta-hexosaminidase, arachidonic acid metabolites) after Fc(epsilon)RI activation in RBL-2H3 cell were quantified. Furthermore, effects of the drugs on cellular signalling (Ca2+ influx, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) concentration) were assayed. Effects of the drugs on bilayer and cell membranes have been recorded. RESULTS It is shown that eclazolast down-regulates IP3 levels. In contrast to lipophilic drugs, eclazolast does not affect artificial bilayers and erythrocyte membranes, and there is no effect on thapsigargin induced Ca2+ influx. The effect of eclazolast was highly dependent on the antigen concentration with which the cells were triggered. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of action of eclazolast is deviant from lipophilic antiallergic agents. It inhibits exocytosis by intracellularly affecting only direct Fc(epsilon)RI linked processes and not through inhibition of Ca2+ influx channels, as found for membrane disturbing lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fischer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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25
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Mouthon L, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Pashov A, Kaveri SV, Kazatchkine MD. [Immunomodulatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulins in autoimmune diseases]. Rev Med Interne 1999; 20 Suppl 4:423s-430s. [PMID: 10522317 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(00)88673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) therapy has been reported to be beneficial in a large number of autoantibody-mediated or self-reactive T cells-associated autoimmune diseases. Thus, the beneficial effect of IVIg is probably due to multiple distinct mechanisms. MAIN POINTS The immunoregulatory effect of IVIg in autoimmune diseases is dependent on: interaction of the Fc portion of IVIg with Fc receptors on leucocyte surfaces; interaction of infused IgG with complement components; modulation of synthesis and release of cytokines produced by lymphocytes and monocytes: V region-dependent neutralization of circulating autoantibodies by infused IgG; selection of immune repertoires; modulation of cell proliferation, particularly through modulation of Fas-induced apoptosis; interaction of IVIg with numerous other molecules onto the surface of T and B cells. PERSPECTIVES Better understanding of these mechanisms should allow a better definition of the spectrum of diseases likely to benefit from IVIg treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mouthon
- Inserm U430, Hôpital Broussais, Paris
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26
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Abstract
In contrast to the studies that describes the effects of conagenin (CNG) on the cellular immunity of lymphocytes (references), we investigated the in vitro effect of CNG on macrophage function. Phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages (AM) against opsonized-sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was significantly enhanced following in vitro incubation with CNG for 12 hours at 37 degrees C, which was closely associated with increased expression of Fc-receptor in AM membranes. Macrophage-activating factor (MAF), prepared from splenic lymphocytes in vitro stimulated with concanavarin A (Con A) for 48 hours at 37 degrees C, had also the enhancing effect on phagocytosis of AM against opsonized-SRBC. Preincubation with CNG (0.1 microg/ml) and MAF (1/100 dilution) induced the additional effect on phagocytosis of AM, which was associated with the increased expression of Fc-receptor in AM membranes. These results suggest that CNG enhances AM phagocytosis by increasing the expression of Fc-receptor on their membranes via either effecting different sub-populations of AM cells or by activating independent mechanism on the same AM cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamada
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Japan
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27
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Launay P, Patry C, Lehuen A, Pasquier B, Blank U, Monteiro RC. Alternative endocytic pathway for immunoglobulin A Fc receptors (CD89) depends on the lack of FcRgamma association and protects against degradation of bound ligand. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:7216-25. [PMID: 10066783 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.11.7216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal areas but is only the second most common antibody isotype in serum because it is catabolized faster than IgG. IgA exists in monomeric and polymeric forms that function through receptors expressed on effector cells. Here, we show that IgA Fc receptor(s) (FcalphaR) are expressed with or without the gamma chain on monocytes and neutrophils. gamma-less FcalphaR represent a significant fraction of surface FcalphaR molecules even on cells overexpressing the gamma chain. The FcalphaR-gamma2 association is up-regulated by phorbol esters and interferon-gamma. To characterize gamma-less FcalphaR functionally, we generated mast cell transfectants expressing wild-type human FcalphaR or a receptor with a point mutation (Arg --> Leu at position 209) which was unable to associate with the gamma chain. Mutant gamma-less FcalphaR bound monomeric and polymeric human IgA1 or IgA2 but failed to induce exocytosis after receptor clustering. The two types of transfectant showed similar kinetics of FcalphaR-mediated endocytosis; however, the endocytosis pathways of the two types of receptor differed. Whereas mutant FcalphaR were localized mainly in early endosomes, those containing FcalphaR-gamma2 were found in endo-lysosomal compartments. Mutant gamma-less FcalphaR recycled the internalized IgA toward the cell surface and protected against IgA degradation. Cells expressing the two forms of FcalphaR, associated or unassociated with gamma chains, may thus have differential functions either by degrading IgA antibody complexes or by recycling serum IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Launay
- INSERM, Unité 25, Hôpital Necker, 75743 Paris, France
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28
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Liu L, Lehmkuhl HD, Kaeberle ML. Synergistic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on selected bovine alveolar macrophage functions. Can J Vet Res 1999; 63:41-8. [PMID: 9918333 PMCID: PMC1189514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) infection on selected bovine alveolar macrophage (AM) functions was investigated. Alveolar macrophages were harvested from 2- to 6-month-old calves seronegative for BRSV and BVDV and inoculated with approximately 1 median cell culture infective dose of virus per AM. Control, BRSV infected, ncpBVDV-infected and BRSV-ncpBVDV coinfected AM cultures were evaluated for Fc receptor expression, phagosome-lysosome fusion, superoxide anion (O2-) production, and chemotactic activity on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-infection. Both single and combined viral infections significantly depressed AM Fc receptor expression, phagosome-lysosome fusion, and secretion of chemotactic factors with a more significant synergistic depression seen in BRSV-ncpBVDV coinfection. Production of O2- by AM was not decreased by either BRSV or ncpBVDV infection, but was significantly decreased by coinfection with BRSV-ncpBVDV. The present study confirms previous reports of BRSV effects on AM functions and indicate that ncpBVDV affects AM functions in vitro. Coinfection with BRSV-ncpBVDV produced a synergistic depression on AM functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Respiratory and Neurologic Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agriculture Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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29
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Bracke M, Coffer PJ, Lammers JW, Koenderman L. Analysis of signal transduction pathways regulating cytokine-mediated Fc receptor activation on human eosinophils. J Immunol 1998; 161:6768-74. [PMID: 9862707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Igs can be potent stimulants of eosinophil activation since interaction with IgA or IgG-coated particles can lead to eosinophil degranulation. We have investigated the comparative roles of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPKs; ERK1/2 and p38) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) in the priming and regulation of Fc receptor functioning on human eosinophils utilizing a MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059), a p38 inhibitor SB203580, and the widely used PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002. We demonstrate that priming of human eosinophils with Th2-derived cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, differentially activate phosphotyrosine-associated PI3K and ERK and p38 MAP kinases. This activation can be inhibited by pre-incubation with wortmannin or LY294002, PD98059, and SB203580, respectively. Analysis of the effects of the inhibitors on rosette formation between human eosinophils and IgA- or IgG-coated beads revealed that activation of MEK was not required for IgA binding after priming with IL-4 or IL-5. However, inhibition of MEK did inhibit IL-5-primed binding of IgG-beads. The rosette formation of primed eosinophils with IgA-beads could be completely inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002 treatment, demonstrating a critical role for PI3K. Interestingly, inhibition of the p38 pathway also resulted in a complete blockade of IgA rosette formation. This work demonstrates regulatory control by inside-out signaling of Fc receptors by various cytokines on human eosinophils. Thus in vivo the local production of Th2-derived cytokines will regulate the effector functions of Fc receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bracke
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Qureshi MA, Brundage MA, Hamilton PB. 4 beta, 15-Diacetoxyscirpenol induces cytotoxicity and alterations in phagocytic and Fc-receptor expression functions in chicken macrophages in vitro. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1998; 20:541-53. [PMID: 9805233 DOI: 10.3109/08923979809031515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
4 beta, 15 Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species was tested for detrimental effects on macrophage viability, phagocytosis, and Fc-receptor expression. Sephadex-elicited chicken abdominal cells were harvested to establish adherent macrophage monolayers on glass coverslips. Coverslips were then assigned randomly to treatment groups (0, 12.5 and 25 micrograms/mL DAS). Macrophage monolayers were exposed to treatments for 1 h, washed, and tested for various functional endpoints. Treatment with DAS resulted in decreased viability of macrophages (90.8% vs 81.5% vs 70.4% viable in the 0, 12.5 and 25 micrograms treatments, respectively) and decreased the percentage of macrophages phagocytizing sheep erythrocytes (81.6% vs 53.1% vs 46.0%. DAS also caused a decrease in the mean number of opsonized cells engulfed per phagocytic macrophage (5.7 vs 3.7 vs 2.9). A similar trend was observed using unopsonized sheep erythrocytes (15.4% vs 7.6% vs 5.5% phagocytic macrophages and 0.29 vs 0.11 vs 0.08 erythrocytes engulfed per macrophage). The incidence of Fc-receptor positive macrophages determined by sheep erythrocyte rosetting was also decreased in DAS-treated macrophages as compared to the control (49.2% vs 32.7% vs 24.2%). The findings of this study demonstrate that DAS exposure causes a suppression in macrophage phagocytic function and therefore may alter the first line of immunological defense in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Qureshi
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608, USA
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31
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Gulle H, Eibl MM, Wolf HM. Nitrocellulose particles adsorbed to immunoglobulins are a new and effective approach to induce cell activation dependent on receptor aggregation. J Immunol Methods 1998; 214:199-208. [PMID: 9692871 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrocellulose (NC) has proved to be a versatile tool for the isolation and characterization of various biomolecules. In this report we extend its scope by using antibody-coated NC particles to cross-link molecules on the surface of living cells. Ligation of receptors in Jurkat cells with NC-bound specific antibodies induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns of cellular proteins comparable to conventional antibody cross-linking. In addition, the present study shows that application of NC particles coated with human IgA significantly activated monocytic cells via the Fc alpha receptor (Fc alphaR), whereas cross-linking of receptor-ligand complexes with isotype-specific antibody was less efficient. Subsequent immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis of aggregated Fc receptors (FcRs) complexed to Ig-adsorbed particles permits fast identification of molecules involved in the transmission of signals. Therefore, ligand-coated NC particles can be used to examine receptor-mediated cell activation events dependent upon extensive receptor aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gulle
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Thakur A, Willcox MD, Stapleton F. The proinflammatory cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites in human overnight tears: homeostatic mechanisms. J Clin Immunol 1998; 18:61-70. [PMID: 9475355 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023291921695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tear film plays an important role in the defense of the external ocular surface. During sleep a number of changes take place, including increased production and release of various inflammatory mediators. We have studied the hypothesis that closed-eye tears contain proinflammatory cytokines and lipid inflammatory mediators, which serve to recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and regulate the function of PMNs and IgA during sleep. We investigated interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet activating factor (PAF) in open and closed-eye tears of normal healthy subjects. Results showed that IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, LTB4, and PAF were present in high levels in closed-eye tears compared to open-eye tears. Closed-eye tears were able to recruit neutrophils, with maximal recruitment after 8 hr of sleep, suggesting that chemokine IL-8 and the lipid chemoattractant LTB4 were active. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that incubation of neutrophils with closed-eye tears up-regulated the surface expression of IgA receptor, indicating that the GM-CSF in tears was functionally active. Up-regulation of cytokines and the lipid inflammatory mediator LTB4 during eye closure are noteworthy, as each of these cytokines has an established role in initiation and amplification of the inflammatory response. IL-8 and LTB4 may act as potent chemoattractants and activators for PMNs, whereas IL-6 and GM-CSF potentiate the secretion and function of IgA and enhance neutrophil responsiveness to proinflammatory agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thakur
- Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Kaushic C, Frauendorf E, Wira CR. Polymeric immunoglobulin A receptor in the rodent female reproductive tract: influence of estradiol in the vagina and differential expression of messenger ribonucleic acid during estrous cycle. Biol Reprod 1997; 57:958-66. [PMID: 9369158 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod57.5.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that estradiol and progesterone regulate the levels of secretory component, the external domain of polymeric immunoglobin A (IgA) receptor responsible for transporting IgA from tissues into secretions, at both the mRNA and protein levels in the rodent uterus. In the present study, experiments were designed to determine whether polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is synthesized locally in the vagina and whether it is under the control of estradiol and progesterone. Polymeric IgR message corresponding in size to that previously reported in the liver and uterus was detected by Northern blot analysis of total RNA from the vagina. Levels of pIgR mRNA and pIgR in the vagina were found to vary with the stage of the cycle. Polymeric IgR mRNA levels were elevated at diestrus, reduced at estrus, and undetectable at proestrus. Immunohistochemical analysis of pIgR in the vagina indicated that the expression of protein correlated with the mRNA levels. When ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol, progesterone, or a combination of the two for 3 days, pIgR mRNA levels were significantly reduced in estradiol-treated animals relative to saline-treated controls. No significant changes were observed in the pIgR mRNA levels of animals treated with progesterone alone or with a combination of estradiol and progesterone. Polymeric IgR expression analyzed by immunohistochemical staining correlated well with variations in mRNA levels seen following hormone treatment. In situ hybridization localized pIgR in uterine and vaginal epithelial cells. In the uterus, pIgR message was abundant in luminal and glandular epithelial cells at estrus and low at diestrus. In contrast, expression of pIgR mRNA was pronounced in vaginal epithelial cells at diestrus, while very little message could be localized in the epithelium at estrus. These findings demonstrate that pIgR is synthesized locally in the uterus and vagina and is under tissue-specific hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kaushic
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lang
- Dept Of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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35
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Zuckerman SH, Evans GF, Bryan N. Chronic administration of dexamethasone results in Fc receptor up-regulation and inhibition of class I antigen expression on macrophages from MRL/lpr autoimmune mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4:572-8. [PMID: 9302207 PMCID: PMC170598 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.5.572-578.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The MRL/lpr mouse develops, after approximately 8 weeks of age, a severe autoimmune syndrome with many features resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus, including autoantibodies against DNA and basement membranes resulting in immune complexes, vasculitis, and multiorgan disease. While this murine model of lupus has been used for the identification of therapeutics with potential efficacy in human autoimmune disease, the long-term impact of chronic immunosuppressive therapy on macrophage function in this paradigm is not understood. To this end, MRL/lpr mice were treated prophylactically with dexamethasone at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg of body weight for 20 weeks or were allowed to develop autoimmune disease and, at 15 weeks of age, treated therapeutically with 1-mg/kg dexamethasone for 8 additional weeks. Analysis of surface antigens on resident peritoneal macrophages demonstrated a progressive loss in class I expression with a concomitant increase in Fc receptor expression. Neither phagocytosis nor CD11b expression was modulated with chronic steroid treatment. Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment was associated with a reduction in anti-DNA antibodies and total immunoglobulin G and yet an elevation in serum cholesterol due to an increase in high-density lipoproteins. Therefore, the MRL/lpr mouse serves not only as a small-animal model of autoimmune disease but also as one in which the negative and positive sequelae associated with chronic immunosuppression can be further understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Zuckerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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36
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Bracke M, Dubois GR, Bolt K, Bruijnzeel PL, Vaerman JP, Lammers JW, Koenderman L. Differential effects of the T helper cell type 2-derived cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 on ligand binding to IgG and IgA receptors expressed by human eosinophils. J Immunol 1997; 159:1459-65. [PMID: 9233644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes that exhibit an activated phenotype are found in bronchial tissue and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid of patients with allergic asthma. Little is known about the processes that lead to activation of eosinophils in vivo, but Igs might be important stimulants. In the present study we investigated the capacity of human eosinophils to interact with beads coated with human serum IgG or IgA. Binding of IgG/IgA-coated beads to eosinophils from normal donors appeared to be dependent on priming with Th2-derived cytokines. Priming with granulocyte-macrophage CSF, IL-4, or IL-5 is required for eosinophils to form rosettes with IgA-beads. IL-4 priming resulted in a fast and transient effect on binding of IgA-beads, whereas the effect of IL-5 priming was slower and longer lasting. The expression of Fc alphaR (CD89) was low compared with that on neutrophils, and experiments with the blocking mAb My43 (CD89) showed no inhibition of rosette formation between eosinophils and IgA-coated beads. However, polymeric myeloma IgA effectively inhibited the rosette formation of IgA-coated beads to eosinophils. Binding of IgG-beads could only be primed with granulocyte-macrophage CSF and IL-5, not with IL-4. These data are concurrent with the hypothesis that Th2-derived cytokines spatially produced at the side of an allergic inflammatory response can direct eosinophils to a rather restricted primed phenotype by IL-4 or to a more generalized primed phenotype by IL-5.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Affinity/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Biopolymers
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Interleukin-5/pharmacology
- Interleukin-5/physiology
- Ligands
- Microspheres
- Receptors, Fc/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fc/drug effects
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/drug effects
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Rosette Formation
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bracke
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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Swenson CD, Gottesman SR, Xue B, Edington J, Thorbecke GJ. The effect of aging on the immune response: influence of phosphatidylcholine-containing lipid on IgD-receptor expression and antibody formation. Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 95:167-86. [PMID: 9179829 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)01879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It was reported previously that IgD-receptors (IgD-R) are expressed on both CD4+ and CD8+ human T cells and CD4+ murine T cells after exposure to oligomeric IgD, certain cytokines, or various pharmacological agents, as shown by rosetting with IgD-coated erythrocytes. Enhancement of antibody production is observed in mice after injection of oligomeric IgD and is mediated by these IgD-R+ T cells, while injection of monomeric IgD inhibits both IgD-R upregulation and augmentation of antibody responses induced by simultaneously injected oligomeric IgD. The effects of oligomeric IgD on IgD-R upregulation are lacking in aged mice. However, the oligomeric IgD induced enhanced antibody production can be transferred to aged mice with IgD-R+ T cells from young donors suggesting that the environment of the aged mouse supports the effector function of IgD-R+ T cells. We now report, in addition, that exposure to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and a PC-containing lipid mixture, AL721, is effective in causing IgD-R upregulation on T cells from both young and aged mice, and young humans. This effect can also be demonstrated in mice in vivo after administration of AL721. Moreover, this agent causes a two-fold enhancement of antibody production, as measured by PFC/spleen, to 4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl(acetyl)-Brucella abortus (NIP-BA) and NIP-horse red blood cells (RBC) in young and aged mice. There is no difference in the baseline membrane fluidity of lymphocytes from aged and young mice. Although PC causes an increase in membrane fluidity of lymphocytes from both young and old mice, and from humans, this effect on fluidity is not prevented by a protein kinase inhibitor, while PC's effect on IgD-R upregulation is prevented by the inhibitor. Moreover, no correlation was observed between IgD-R upregulation and membrane fluidity changes induced by AL721 administered in vivo. To evaluate the role of IgD-R induction in the augmentation of antibody production by phospholipids, the effect of monomeric IgD was investigated. The augmenting effect of AL721 on antibody production was prevented by a single injection of monomeric IgD at the time of antigen administration. We conclude that (1) PC-containing lipid mixtures are effective in enhancing antibody production in aged mice, (2) induction of IgD-R is responsible for the augmenting effects of AL721 on antibody production, and (3) monomeric IgD not only blocks the upregulation of IgD-R, as shown previously, but also the augmenting effect of previously upregulated IgD-R on T cells by preventing their interaction with surface IgD+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Swenson
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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38
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Ma C, Blum JS. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigens overcomes the requirement for HLA-DM in class II-restricted antigen presentation. J Immunol 1997; 158:1-4. [PMID: 8977167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HLA-DM- APC are unable to present soluble Ags to T cells in the context of class II DR molecules. This defect in DM- APC can be overcome by receptor-mediated delivery of Ag into cells. Ag conjugated to ligands for cell surface receptors, such as transferrin or goat anti-human Ig, was processed and presented by DM- T2.DR4 cells. Intracellular processing of Ag conjugates was required, as receptor cross-linking alone did not restore presentation by DM- APC. Ag conjugates targeted by transferrin receptors to endosomes or via surface Ig to endosomal and lysosomal compartments, were each efficiently presented by DM- cells. These Ag conjugates were predominantly localized in light density endosomes in T2.DR4 cells. This study demonstrates that the facilitated uptake and sorting of exogenous Ag by cell surface receptors allow efficient class II-restricted presentation even in the absence of HLA-DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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39
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Jakab GJ, Clarke RW, Hemenway DR, Longphre MV, Kleeberger SR, Frank R. Inhalation of acid coated carbon black particles impairs alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. Toxicol Lett 1996; 88:243-8. [PMID: 8920744 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A flow-past nose-only inhalation system was used for the co-exposure of mice to carbon black aerosols (CBA) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) at varying relative humidities (RH). The conversion of SO2 to sulfate (SO4(-2)) on the CBA, at a fixed aerosol concentration, was dependent on RH and SO2 concentration. The effect of the aerosol-gas mixture on alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis was assessed three days following exposure for 4 h. Exposure to 10 mg/m3 CBA alone at low RH (10%) and high RH (85%), to 10 ppm SO2 alone at both RH, and to the mixture at low RH had no effect on AM phagocytosis. In contrast, AM phagocytosis was significantly suppressed following co-exposure at 85% RH, the only circumstance in which significant chemisorption of the gas by the aerosol and oxidation to SO4(-2) occurred. The results suggest that fine carbon particles can be an effective vector for the delivery of toxic amounts of SO4(-2) to the periphery of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Jakab
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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40
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Wolf HM, Hauber I, Gulle H, Samstag A, Fischer MB, Ahmad RU, Eibl MM. Anti-inflammatory properties of human serum IgA: induction of IL-1 receptor antagonist and Fc alpha R (CD89)-mediated down-regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 in human monocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 105:537-43. [PMID: 8809146 PMCID: PMC2200545 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A deregulated expression and/or release of large amounts of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha accounts for most pathophysiological events in a variety of systemic inflammatory diseases, the effect being mediated by the interaction of these cytokines with their respective receptors. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), mainly produced by monocytes/macrophages, is an inhibitor of IL-1 activity. The present study shows that human serum IgA induces significant IL-1Ra release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adherent monocytes. IgA induced higher levels of IL-1Ra than Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) expressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified LPS or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), without induction of IL-1 beta release, and even inhibited LPS-induced IL-1 beta release. Induction of IL-1Ra by IgA could be detected both at the mRNA and protein levels in resting and activated monocytes. Ligation of Fc alpha R with MoAb My-43 or treatment with human serum IgA induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human monocytes, and herbimycin A, a specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase activity, inhibited IgA-induced IL-1Ra production, suggesting that Fc alpha R-mediated induction of tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the IgA-induced stimulation of IL-1Ra release. In addition, triggering of Fc alpha R with MoAb specifically down-regulated TNF-alpha and IL-6 release in human monocytes activated with Hib. By the induction of IL-1Ra and down-regulation of the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6, interaction of IgA with human monocytes may actively contribute to the regulation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Wolf
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna, Austria
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41
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Matsumoto T, Tanaka M, Yamada H, Cyong JC. Effect of licorice roots on carrageenan-induced decrease in immune complexes clearance in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 53:1-4. [PMID: 8807469 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(96)01415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of the Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Reichrtova E, Foltinova J, Takac L. A non-traditional approach to risk assessment of respiratory exposure to outdoor air pollutants. J Aerosol Med 1996; 8:233-41. [PMID: 10155649 DOI: 10.1089/jam.1995.8.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify a non-traditional assessment of respiratory exposure to outdoor air pollutants in industrial areas. The technique involved environmental biological monitoring' using domestic rabbits in the neighborhood of a mercury-producing plant. Rabbits were exposed whole-body to mercury emissions for 6 months in special cages near the plant. Control rabbits were kept using the same schedule outside the polluted area. Potential toxicity was assessed by: (a) measurement of Hg-accumulation in lungs and other body tissues by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS); (b) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tracheal surface; and (c) measurement of toxic effects on pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) by a rossette assay (Fc immunoglobulin binding). We found increased Hg concentrations in the lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, brain and bone; changes in the mucosal relief of the trachea, and depression of PAM Fc receptor (FcR) activity to IgG. A 6-month chamber exposure of Wistar rats to the aerosol created from solid particles of the mercury-producing plant revealed the increase of Hg-content in the same body tissues except the brain, and, less intense morphologic changes on the tracheal relief. Biomonitoring using environmental exposure of domestic rabbits might be useful in screening for possible health hazards to the respiratory system from complex outdoor aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reichrtova
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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43
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Watanabe N, Maeda M, Okamoto T, Sasaki H, Tsuji N, Akiyama S, Kobayashi D, Sato T, Yamauchi N, Niitsu Y. Tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma augment anticolon antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity in ulcerative colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1996; 18:15-26. [PMID: 8683036 DOI: 10.3109/08923979609007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-gamma on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated. ADCC activity was measured by the 51Cr release assay, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects as effector cells and RPMI 4788 cells derived from human colon cancer as target cells. ADCC activity under sera from healty subjects remained low whether or not the effector cells were pretreated with TNF (100 U/ml, 16h). Under sera from UC patients, ADCC activity of 13.9%, compared to 9.6% when pretreatment was deleted. The effect of IFN pretreatment (100 U/ml, 16h) was also examined under sera from UC patients; in that experiment activity rose to 26.8%, in comparison to a 10.7% when IFN-gamma pretreatment was deleted. Finally, when the effector cells were pretreated with both TNF and IFN-gamma (100 U/ml of each, 16h) the ADCC activity under sera from UC patients was higher than when either TNF or IFN-gamma were used alone. These results suggest that TNF and IFN-gamma, by increasing ADCC activity in UC lesions, are involved in cell injury in the colonic epithelium. IFN-gamma appears to increase ADCC activity by increasing the number of high affinity monocyte Fc gamma RI receptors, while TNF increases ADCC activity by a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Watanabe
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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44
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Garner CV, D'Amico R, Simms HH. Cytokine-mediated human polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis: evidence of differential sensitivities to manipulation of intracellular mechanisms. J Surg Res 1996; 60:84-90. [PMID: 8592438 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1996.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) are well known mediators in infectious processes with pleiotropic effects on a variety of cells. These cytokines are known to upregulate Fc receptor (Fc gamma R)-mediated phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) but the mechanisms of this enhanced phagocytosis are not known. We investigated the effects of various alterations in intra- and extracellular events on cytokine-induced phagocytic upregulation. Blockade of mRNA synthesis, protein kinase C activation, or G protein activation prevented enhanced phagocytosis by either cytokine. The PMN phagocytic response to TNF-alpha, but not IL-1 beta, was also blunted by agents interfering with mRNA translation or Fc gamma R recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Garner
- Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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45
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Merino R, Grillot DA, Simonian PL, Muthukkumar S, Fanslow WC, Bondada S, Núñez G. Modulation of anti-IgM-induced B cell apoptosis by Bcl-xL and CD40 in WEHI-231 cells. Dissociation from cell cycle arrest and dependence on the avidity of the antibody-IgM receptor interaction. J Immunol 1995; 155:3830-8. [PMID: 7561089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The demise of B cell progenitors expressing functional IgM receptors for self appears to be the main mechanism by which B cell tolerance is accomplished. The genetic mechanisms that regulate the death process during this critical step of B cell development are still poorly understood. We have studied the regulation of apoptosis in WEHI-231 lymphoma cells after treatment with a panel of anti-IgM mAbs as an in vitro model of clonal B cell deletion. We showed that a product of bcl-x, Bcl-xL, can inhibit anti-IgM-induced apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Bcl-xL was efficient in protecting B cells from low but not high avidity anti-IgM mAbs. In contrast to that observed with Bcl-xL, CD40 stimulation was efficient in inhibiting both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis after IgM cross-linking regardless of the binding avidity of the anti-IgM Ab. Moreover, activation through IgM receptors but not CD40 induced up-regulation followed by rapid down-modulation of Bcl-xL. Thus, the capacity of Bcl-xL to modulate anti-IgM-induced apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells is highly dependent on the avidity of the Ab-IgM receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Merino
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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46
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Matsumoto T, Yamada H. Regulation of immune complexes binding of macrophages by pectic polysaccharide from Bupleurum falcatum L.: pharmacological evidence for the requirement of intracellular calcium/calmodulin on Fc receptor up-regulation by bupleuran 2IIb. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995; 47:152-6. [PMID: 7602471 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The pectic polysaccharide, bupleuran 2IIb, up-regulates Fc-receptor (FcR) expression on peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The intracellular signal transduction by bupleuran 2IIb leading to the expression of FcR was studied. Neither the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride, nor the structurally distinct PKC antagonist, calphostin C, inhibited bupleuran 2IIb-induced up-regulation of FcR, whereas two direct activators of PKC, L-alpha-1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-3-glycerol and N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide were unable to up-regulate the expression of FcR. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide dihydrochloride also did not inhibit bupleuran 2IIb-induced up-regulation of FcR. Fluorescence image analysis using the calcium-sensitive dye, Fura-2, demonstrated that bupleuran 2IIb induced a rapid increase in intracellular levels of calcium (Ca2+). When macrophages were treated with calcium antagonist, 8-(diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride, bupleuran 2IIb-induced up-regulation of FcR was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The bupleuran 2IIb-induced up-regulation of FcR was also blocked by two structurally distinct calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide hydrochloride. Furthermore, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ using the calcium ionophore, A23187, led to up-regulation of the FcR expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that bupleuran 2IIb induces the up-regulation of FcR on macrophages by a mechanism dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ followed by activation of the calmodulin, but not by a PKC or PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Petersen MM, Steadman R, Williams JD. Human neutrophils are selectively activated by independent ligation of the subunits of the CD11b/CD18 integrin. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 56:708-13. [PMID: 7527829 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.56.6.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast cell wall preparation zymosan is a particulate stimulus for human neutrophils (PMNs). Unopsonised zymosan particles bind to the PMN CD11b/CD18 integrin and are phagocytosed, leading to activation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway and release of the lipid chemotaxin leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD11b and to CD18 were used in the present study to evaluate the contribution of each chain to these processes. All four anti-CD18 mAbs but none of five anti-CD11b mAbs dose-dependently blocked PMN phagocytosis of zymosan. Nevertheless, all anti-CD11b mAbs and all anti-CD18 mAbs significantly inhibited zymosan-stimulated LTB4 release in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, there was a dose-dependent stimulation of LTB4 release resulting from the specific ligation and cross-linking of either chain of the integrin heterodimer. Thus zymosan-stimulated LTB4 release is initiated by signals from both chains of the CD11b/CD18 integrin, whereas only CD18 is essential for phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Petersen
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
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48
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Hunziker W. The calmodulin antagonist W-7 affects transcytosis, lysosomal transport, and recycling but not endocytosis. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:29003-9. [PMID: 7961864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous calcium-binding protein involved in the regulation of a variety of calcium-dependent cell functions. The present study provides evidence for a role of calmodulin in several steps of membrane transport along the endocytic pathway. Treatment of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor or a macrophage IgG Fc receptor with the calmodulin antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulfonamide (W-7) inhibited their ability to mediate transcytosis of dimeric IgA or lysosomal degradation of immune complexes, respectively. Since both pathways rely on intact microtubules, the inhibitory effect of W-7 may reflect an effect on calmodulin-regulated microtubule function. However, although W-7 did not affect endocytosis, the drug also inhibited recycling of receptors from apical or basolateral endosomes back to the respective surfaces. Thus, calmodulin may regulate microtubule-dependent and independent endocytic membrane transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hunziker
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Zelikoff JT, Sisco MP, Yang Z, Cohen MD, Schlesinger RB. Immunotoxicity of sulfuric acid aerosol: effects on pulmonary macrophage effector and functional activities critical for maintaining host resistance against infectious diseases. Toxicology 1994; 92:269-86. [PMID: 7940565 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)90183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread occurrence of acidic sulfur oxides in the ambient environment and their potential risks to human health, effects associated with pulmonary immune defenses have been poorly studied. The current in vivo study was designed to provide some insight into this relatively unexplored area by investigating the impact of inhaled sulfuric acid on immune defense mechanisms critical for maintaining pulmonary resistance against infectious diseases. Results of this study demonstrate that repeated inhalation of sulfuric acid reduces the uptake and intracellular killing of pathogenic bacteria by exposed pulmonary macrophages, and depresses the activity/production of important biological modifiers critical for maintaining pulmonary immunocompetence. These findings have important implications for human health, and may contribute to a better understanding of the possible mechanism(s) underlying the epidemiological evidence which suggests an association between total sulfates in the ambient air and increased incidence of acute bronchitis and lower respiratory illness in school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Zelikoff
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016
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Zalavary S, Stendahl O, Bengtsson T. The role of cyclic AMP, calcium and filamentous actin in adenosine modulation of Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in human neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1222:249-56. [PMID: 8031862 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of cyclic AMP, calcium and filamentous actin (F-actin) content during adenosine modulation of Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated phagocytosis in adherent human neutrophils was investigated. Phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized yeast particles was found to be enhanced by pico- to nanomolar concentrations of adenosine or the A1-agonist N6-cyclopentyl-adenosine (CPA) but reduced by micromolar concentrations of adenosine or the A2-agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA). NECA, in the presence of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724, increased the intracellular content of cAMP during phagocytosis. Ro 20-1724 potentiated the NECA-induced reduction of the phagocytic capacity. These observations indicate that cAMP elevations are involved in A2-receptor-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis. NECA, in the presence of Ro 20-1724, markedly enhanced the action polymerization associated with adhesion to the substrate and contact with the phagocytic prey. During advanced phagocytosis, however, the F-actin content reached levels clearly below those observed in control cells. This prolonged depolymerization phase correlated with the A2-receptor-induced cAMP elevation. Depletion of intracellular free calcium abolished the cAMP-elevating effects of NECA, and also completely abrogated the A1- and A2-receptor-mediated effects on phagocytosis. However, since NECA reduced the F-actin content even in Ca(2+)-depleted cells, A2-receptor-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis could not be directly coupled to changes in the overall content of F-actin. Our results indicate that adenosine modulates FcR-mediated phagocytosis in a calcium-dependent way, and does so through 'stimulatory' A1 and 'inhibitory' A2 receptors, and also that cAMP elevation is linked to the A2-receptor-induced inhibition of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zalavary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden
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