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Cheung CK, Barratt J, Carroll K, Lafayette RA, Liew A, Suzuki Y, Tesař V, Trimarchi H, Wong MG, Zhang H, Perkovic V, Rizk DV. Targeting APRIL in the Treatment of IgA Nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 19:394-398. [PMID: 37801688 PMCID: PMC10937009 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kay Cheung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A. Lafayette
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Adrian Liew
- The Kidney and Transplant Practice, Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vladimír Tesař
- Department of Nephrology, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hernán Trimarchi
- Nephrology Service and Kidney Transplant Unit, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Muh Geot Wong
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dana V. Rizk
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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2
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Jing K, Jordan TJM, Li N, Burette S, Yang B, Marinkovich MP, Diaz LA, Googe P, Thomas NE, Feng S, Liu Z. Anti-NC16A IgA from Patients with Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis Induce Neutrophil-Dependent Subepidermal Blistering in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:24-32.e1. [PMID: 37437774 PMCID: PMC10776798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an acquired autoimmune subepidermal blistering skin disease characterized by circulating and tissue-bound IgA autoantibodies that recognize epitopes within the hemidesmosomal protein BP180, including its NC16A domain. Histologically, LABD has long been defined by neutrophil infiltration and dermal-epidermal separation. However, the pathogenic roles of anti-NC16A IgA and neutrophils in LABD, as well as their interactions, have not been thoroughly studied. We show that passive transfer of patient-derived anti-NC16A IgA induce clinical and histologic LABD pathology in humanized NC16A mice that are reconstituted locally or systemically with human neutrophils. The lesional skin of mice exhibits significantly elevated levels of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL-1 and CXCL-2. Furthermore, we show significantly increased levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 in blister fluids of patients with LABD. This study provides direct evidence that anti-NC16A IgA in patients with LABD are pathogenic and interact with neutrophils to mediate tissue injury and subepidermal blister formation. This study further corroborates the importance of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury in LABD disease physiology and establishes a clinically relevant in vivo model system that can be used to systematically dissect the immunopathogenesis of LABD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jing
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Tyler J M Jordan
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Burette
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Baoqi Yang
- Departmentof Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - M Peter Marinkovich
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, and Dermatology, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Googe
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suying Feng
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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3
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Rajasekaran A, Larkina M, Julian BA, Canetta PA, Roehm BA, Khalid M, Mariani LH, Rizk DV. Optimal Conservative Therapy Use among Adult Cure Glomerulonephropathy Participants with IgA Nephropathy. Kidney360 2023; 4:1763-1769. [PMID: 37962551 PMCID: PMC10758511 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimal supportive therapy with BP and proteinuria control is pivotal in treating patients with IgA nephropathy. Suboptimal treatment of hypertension and proteinuria persisted in many patients with IgA nephropathy in the Cure Glomerulonephropathy Network study. Many patients had above-target proteinuria despite optimal BP control and may benefit from novel therapies or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Rajasekaran
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Maria Larkina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bruce A. Julian
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Pietro A. Canetta
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Bethany A. Roehm
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Myda Khalid
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Laura H. Mariani
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dana V. Rizk
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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4
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Nassif ND, Rosler D. A Joint Saga: Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) B27 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Sacroiliitis Association with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura. Cureus 2023; 15:e39041. [PMID: 37378216 PMCID: PMC10291992 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) or IgA vasculitis is a small-vessel vasculitis mediated by IgA deposition, often associated with upper respiratory tract infection and family history. However, there is a rare correlation to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 arthropathy. We present a case of a young boy diagnosed with HSP suffering from arthritis, gait disturbance, and weakness throughout childhood, ultimately diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis and sacroiliitis clinically, with confirmation through X-ray and supporting HLA B27 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rosler
- Rheumatology, Advocate Aurora Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA
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5
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Tassavor M, Tassavor B, Al Awadhi A. Purpura Fulminans Following Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis-Like Presentation of Spontaneous Linear IgA Bullous Disease. Cureus 2021; 13:e12989. [PMID: 33659124 PMCID: PMC7920214 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpura fulminans (PF) is a life-threatening disease of cutaneous microvascular thrombosis and hemorrhagic necrosis. Linear IgA bullous disease (LABD) is an autoimmune disease of subepidermal blistering. We present the first known case of PF following a toxic epidermal necrolysis-like presentation of spontaneous LABD in a 70-year-old female.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Tassavor
- Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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6
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Guo J, Ren C, Han X, Huang W, You Y, Zhan J. Role of IgA in the early-life establishment of the gut microbiota and immunity: Implications for constructing a healthy start. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33870860 PMCID: PMC8078773 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1908101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization and maturation of the gut microbiota (GM) during early life is a landmark event that fundamentally influences the (early) immunity and later-life health of various mammals. This is a delicate, systematic process that is biologically actively regulated by infants and their mothers, where (secretory) IgA, an important regulator of microbes found in breast milk and generated actively by infants, may play a key role. By binding to microbes, IgA can inhibit or enhance their colonization, influence their gene expression, and regulate immune responses. IgA dysfunction during early life is associated with disrupted GM maturation and various microbe-related diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea, which can also have a lasting effect on GM and host health. This review discusses the process of early GM maturation and its interaction with immunity and the role of IgA (focusing on milk secretory IgA) in regulating this process. The possible application of this knowledge in promoting normal GM maturation processes and immune education has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielong Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglong Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Peking University School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Centre
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin You
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Sun Q, Lan J, Zhang H, Zhou N, Liang Y, Liu X. MicroRNA‑196b targets COSMC in pediatric IgA nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2260-2266. [PMID: 32186752 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the expression level of core1β3‑galactosyltransferase‑specific molecular chaperone (COSMC) in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). miRNA expression levels were determined in pediatric patients with IgAN (IgAN group), in patients with other renal diseases (control group) and healthy pediatrics (control group). The target miRNAs of COSMC were investigated in the present study. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the effects of miRNAs on COSMC expression levels. In addition, galactose‑deficient IgA1 (Gd‑IgA1) expression levels were detected following the addition of miRNA‑196b. The present results suggested that the expression levels of 205 miRNAs significantly differed between the IgAN and healthy control groups. The present results also suggested that miRNA‑196b and miRNA‑33a‑3p targeted COSMC, and that miRNA‑196b expression in B lymphocytes was significantly higher in the IgAN group compared with the control group (P<0.0001). However, COSMC expression level was significantly downregulated in isolated B lymphocytes transfected with miRNA‑196b mimics, but Gd‑IgA1 expression levels were increased. Therefore, miRNA‑196b may play a role in the formation of Gd‑IgA1 and IgAN pathogenesis via COSMC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Jingchao Lan
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Pediatric Department, Shunyi Women's and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing 101300, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
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8
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Cho H, Jaime H, de Oliveira RP, Kang B, Spolski R, Vaziri T, Myers TG, Thovarai V, Shen Z, Fox JG, Leonard WJ, Kelsall BL. Defective IgA response to atypical intestinal commensals in IL-21 receptor deficiency reshapes immune cell homeostasis and mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:85-96. [PMID: 30087442 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite studies indicating the effects of IL-21 signaling in intestinal inflammation, its roles in intestinal homeostasis and infection are not yet clear. Here, we report potent effects of commensal microbiota on the phenotypic manifestations of IL-21 receptor deficiency. IL-21 is produced highly in the small intestine and appears to be critical for mounting an IgA response against atypical commensals such as segmented filamentous bacteria and Helicobacter, but not to the majority of commensals. In the presence of these atypical commensals, IL-21R-deficient mice exhibit reduced numbers of germinal center and IgA+ B cells and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in Peyer's patches as well as a significant decrease in small intestine IgA+ plasmablasts and plasma cells, leading to higher bacterial burdens and subsequent expansion of Th17 and Treg cells. These microbiota-mediated secondary changes in turn enhance T cell responses to an oral antigen and strikingly dampen Citrobacter rodentium-induced immunopathology, demonstrating a complex interplay between IL-21-mediated mucosal immunity, microbiota, and pathogens.
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9
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Jie Z, Yang JY, Gu M, Wang H, Xie X, Li Y, Liu T, Zhu L, Shi J, Zhang L, Zhou X, Joo D, Brightbill HD, Cong Y, Lin D, Cheng X, Sun SC. NIK signaling axis regulates dendritic cell function in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1224-1235. [PMID: 30250187 PMCID: PMC6195481 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an integral role in regulating mucosal immunity and homeostasis, but the signaling network mediating this function of DCs is poorly defined. We identified the noncanonical NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) as a crucial mediator of mucosal DC function. DC-specific NIK deletion impaired intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion and microbiota homeostasis, rendering mice sensitive to an intestinal pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. DC-specific NIK was required for expression of the IgA transporter polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in intestinal epithelial cells, which in turn relied on the cytokine IL-17 produced by TH17 cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). NIK-activated noncanonical NF-κB induced expression of IL-23 in DCs, contributing to the maintenance of TH17 cells and type 3 ILCs. Consistent with the dual functions of IL-23 and IL-17 in mucosal immunity and inflammation, NIK deficiency also ameliorated colitis induction. Thus, our data suggest a pivotal role for the NIK signaling axis in regulating DC functions in intestinal immunity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuliang Jie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meidi Gu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanchuan Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lele Zhu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianhong Shi
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donghyun Joo
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Lin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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Shen X, Liu L, Peek RM, Acra SA, Moore DJ, Wilson KT, He F, Polk DB, Yan F. Supplementation of p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived protein, in early life promotes epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent intestinal development and long-term health outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1316-28. [PMID: 29875401 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of the gut microbiota on growth in early life are well known. However, knowledge about the mechanisms underlying regulating intestinal development by the microbiota is limited. p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived protein, transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in intestinal epithelial cells for protecting the intestinal epithelium against injury and inflammation. Here, we developed p40-containing pectin/zein hydrogels for targeted delivery of p40 to the small intestine and the colon. Treatment with p40-containing hydrogels from postnatal day 2 to 21 significantly enhanced bodyweight gain prior to weaning and functional maturation of the intestine, including intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and tight junction formation, and IgA production in early life in wild-type mice. These p40-induced effects were abolished in mice with specific deletion of EGFR in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that transactivation of EGFR in intestinal epithelial cells may mediate p40-regulated intestinal development. Furthermore, neonatal p40 treatment reduced the susceptibility to intestinal injury and colitis and promoted protective immune responses, including IgA production and differentiation of regulatory T cells, in adult mice. These findings reveal novel roles of neonatal supplementation of probiotic-derived factors in promoting EGFR-mediated maturation of intestinal functions and innate immunity, which likely promote long-term beneficial outcomes.
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Abstract
RATIONALE IgA nephropathy is one of the most common causes of renal hypertension. The clinical management of IgA renal patients during pregnancy is challenging, as complex pathophysiological changes may occur that affect both the patient's prognosis and the outcome of the pregnancy. PATIENT CONCERNS A 36-year-old woman with a family history of hypertension and at least one year of untreated mild high blood pressure was admitted to our hospital in the 28th week of pregnancy. She suffered from hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) with renal insufficiency and stillbirth. Treatment with duplex antihypertensive drugs did not improve her blood pressure and she presented with abnormal renal function. DIAGNOSES A renal biopsy led to the diagnosis of a grade IV IgA nephropathy (Lee's grading system) with renal hypertension. INTERVENTIONS The prescribed treatment regimen consisted of low dose cyclophosphamide 0.2 g per day for two days, followed by daily oral administration of 30 mg prednisone, 30 mg Nifedipine extended-release tablets and 80 mg Telmisartan to regulate the blood pressure. OUTCOMES The medication with a combination of antihypertensive and immunosuppressive drugs led to a clinical improvement with a nearly normal renal function and a stable blood pressure during the one-year follow-up. LESSONS This case underlines that 1) the pregnancy outcomes of patients with IgA nephropathy are variable and depend on the renal function, blood pressure, status of urine proteins and the renal histological grade, and 2) especially female patients of childbearing age with hypertension need to be carefully examined to determine the cause of hypertension to avoid damage to target organs and complications during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use
- Benzoates/therapeutic use
- Biopsy
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/diagnosis
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/genetics
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/therapy
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/diagnosis
- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/genetics
- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/pathology
- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/therapy
- Infant, Newborn
- Kidney/pathology
- Nifedipine/therapeutic use
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications/genetics
- Pregnancy Complications/pathology
- Pregnancy Complications/therapy
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Stillbirth
- Telmisartan
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuelan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Wang Y, Liu L, Moore DJ, Shen X, Peek RM, Acra SA, Li H, Ren X, Polk DB, Yan F. An LGG-derived protein promotes IgA production through upregulation of APRIL expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:373-84. [PMID: 27353252 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived protein, transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in intestinal epithelial cells, leading to amelioration of intestinal injury and inflammation. To elucidate mechanisms by which p40 regulates mucosal immunity to prevent inflammation, this study aimed to determine the effects and mechanisms of p40 on regulation of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) expression in intestinal epithelial cells for promoting immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. p40 upregulated April gene expression and protein production in mouse small intestine epithelial (MSIE) cells, which were inhibited by blocking EGFR expression and kinase activity. Enteroids from Egfrfl/fl, but not Egfrfl/fl-Vil-Cre mice with EGFR specifically deleted in intestinal epithelial cells, exhibited increased April gene expression by p40 treatment. p40-conditioned media from MSIE cells increased B-cell class switching to IgA+ cells and IgA production, which was suppressed by APRIL receptor-neutralizing antibodies. Treatment of B cells with p40 did not show any effects on IgA production. p40 treatment increased April gene expression and protein production in small intestinal epithelial cells, fecal IgA levels, IgA+B220+, IgA+CD19+, and IgA+ plasma cells in lamina propria of Egfrfl/fl, but not of Egfrfl/fl-Vil-Cre, mice. Thus p40 upregulates EGFR-dependent APRIL production in intestinal epithelial cells, which may contribute to promoting IgA production.
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13
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Yan F, Liu L, Cao H, Moore DJ, Washington MK, Wang B, Peek RM, Acra SA, Polk DB. Neonatal colonization of mice with LGG promotes intestinal development and decreases susceptibility to colitis in adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:117-127. [PMID: 27095077 PMCID: PMC5073052 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of the intestinal microbiota during early life serves as a key regulatory stage in establishing the host-microbial relationship. This symbiotic relationship contributes to developing host immunity and maintaining health throughout the life span. This study was to develop an approach to colonize conventionally raised mice with a model probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and to determine the effects of LGG colonization on intestinal development and prevention of colitis in adulthood. LGG colonization in conventionally raised was established by administering LGG to pregnant mice starting at gestational day 18 and pups at postnatal days 1- 5. LGG colonization promoted bodyweight gain and increased diversity and richness of the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota before weaning. Intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, tight junction formation, and mucosal IgA production were all significantly enhanced in LGG-colonized mice. Adult mice colonized with LGG showed increased IgA production and decreased susceptibility to intestinal injury and inflammation induced in the dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis. Thus, neonatal colonization of mice with LGG enhances intestinal functional maturation and IgA production and confers lifelong health consequences on protection from intestinal injury and inflammation. This strategy might be applied for benefiting health in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Correspondence: D. Brent Polk, M.D., Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard MS#126, Los Angeles, CA 90027, Tel: 323.361.2278. Fax: 323.361.3719. . Fang Yan, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, MRB IV, Room: 1035, Nashville, TN 37232-0696, USA, Tel: 615-343-5021; Fax: 615-343-5323;
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sari A. Acra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - D. Brent Polk
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California and Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Correspondence: D. Brent Polk, M.D., Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard MS#126, Los Angeles, CA 90027, Tel: 323.361.2278. Fax: 323.361.3719. . Fang Yan, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, MRB IV, Room: 1035, Nashville, TN 37232-0696, USA, Tel: 615-343-5021; Fax: 615-343-5323;
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14
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Archary D, Seaton KE, Passmore JS, Werner L, Deal A, Dunphy LJ, Arnold KB, Yates NL, Lauffenburger DA, Bergin P, Liebenberg LJ, Samsunder N, Mureithi MW, Altfeld M, Garrett N, Karim QA, Karim SSA, Morris L, Tomaras GD. Distinct genital tract HIV-specific antibody profiles associated with tenofovir gel. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:821-833. [PMID: 26813340 PMCID: PMC4848129 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of topical antiretrovirals for pre-exposure prophylaxis on humoral responses following HIV infection is unknown. Using a binding antibody multiplex assay, we investigated HIV-specific IgG and IgA responses to envelope glycoproteins, p24 Gag and p66, in the genital tract (GT) and plasma following HIV acquisition in women assigned to tenofovir gel (n=24) and placebo gel (n=24) in the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial to assess if this topical antiretroviral had an impact on mucosal and systemic antibody responses. Linear mixed effect modeling and partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to identify multivariate antibody signatures associated with tenofovir use. There were significantly higher response rates to gp120 Env (P=0.03), p24 (P=0.002), and p66 (P=0.009) in plasma and GT in women assigned to tenofovir than placebo gel at multiple time points post infection. Notably, p66 IgA titers in the GT and plasma were significantly higher in the tenofovir compared with the placebo arm (P<0.05). Plasma titers for 9 of the 10 HIV-IgG specificities predicted GT levels. Taken together, these data suggest that humoral immune responses are increased in blood and GT of individuals who acquire HIV infection in the presence of tenofovir gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - KE Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - JS Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - A Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - LJ Dunphy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - KB Arnold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - NL Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - DA Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Bergin
- Imperial College, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Core Immune Monitoring Laboratory, London, UK
| | - LJ Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - N Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - MW Mureithi
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Altfeld
- Heinrich-Pette Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Q Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - SS Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Morris
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - GD Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Lima-Aragão MVV, de Oliveira-Junior JDJ, Maciel MCG, Silva LA, do Nascimento FRF, Guerra RNM. Salivary profile in diabetic patients: biochemical and immunological evaluation. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:103. [PMID: 26879274 PMCID: PMC4754859 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and immunological characteristics of saliva from diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic adults. METHODS Eighty-eight diabetic adults and 39 non-diabetic adults (control) were included in the study. Glucose, urea, calcium, total protein and amylase were determined by a colorimetric method. The levels of secretory IgA and the IgA anti-Streptococcus mutans and anti-insulin IgA antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Caries status was evaluated using the DMFT index. RESULTS Glucose, urea, calcium, anti-S. mutans IgA, total IgA, and anti-insulin IgA were significantly higher in diabetic patients, whereas total protein and amylase levels were lower in these patients. There was no positive correlation between blood and salivary glucose levels in either group. Diabetic patients had a higher DMFT index. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed for the first time that IgA levels in diabetic patients'saliva, shows correlation with systemic biochemical parameters. Thus the saliva is an useful tool to follow the systemic health status in these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amylases/analysis
- Amylases/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Calcium/analysis
- Case-Control Studies
- Dental Caries/complications
- Dental Caries/immunology
- Dental Caries/metabolism
- Dental Caries/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- Glucose/analysis
- Glucose/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis
- Insulin/analysis
- Insulin/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Saliva/chemistry
- Saliva/immunology
- Salivary Proteins and Peptides/analysis
- Salivary Proteins and Peptides/immunology
- Streptococcus mutans/immunology
- Urea/analysis
- Urea/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Virginia Viegas Lima-Aragão
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), 1966-Centro, São Luís, MA, 65080, Brazil.
| | - João de Jesus de Oliveira-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), 1966-Centro, São Luís, MA, 65080, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Cristina Gonçalves Maciel
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), 1966-Centro, São Luís, MA, 65080, Brazil.
| | - Lucilene Amorim Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), 1966-Centro, São Luís, MA, 65080, Brazil.
| | | | - Rosane Nassar Meireles Guerra
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), 1966-Centro, São Luís, MA, 65080, Brazil.
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16
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Abstract
Eosinophils, multifunctional cells that contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity, are involved in the initiation, propagation, and resolution of immune responses, including tissue repair. They achieve this multifunctionality by expression of a diverse set of activation receptors, including those that directly recognize pathogens and opsonized targets, and by their ability to store and release preformed cytotoxic mediators that participate in host defense, to produce a variety of de novo pleotropic mediators and cytokines, and to interact directly and indirectly with diverse cell types, including adaptive and innate immunocytes and structural cells. Herein, we review the basic biology of eosinophils and then focus on new emerging concepts about their role in mucosal immune homeostasis, particularly maintenance of intestinal IgA. We review emerging data about their development and regulation and describe new concepts concerning mucosal eosinophilic diseases. We describe recently developed therapeutic strategies to modify eosinophil levels and function and provide collective insight about the beneficial and detrimental functions of these enigmatic cells.
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17
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Abstract
The goal of the influenza vaccine is to prevent influenza virus infection and control the yearly seasonal epidemic and pandemic. However, the presently available parenteral influenza vaccine induces only systemic humoral immunity, which does not prevent influenza virus infection on the mucosal surface. Secretary IGA antibodies play an important role in preventing natural infection. Moreover, the IgA antibody response mediates cross-protection against variant viruses in animal models. Thus, a mucosal influenza vaccine that induces mucosal immunity would be a powerful tool to protect individuals from the influenza virus. Although the function of the mucosal immune system, especially in the respiratory tract, is not completely understood, there are several studies underway to develop mucosal influenza vaccines. Here, we will review current knowledge concerning the induction of IgA, the role of B-cell production of influenza virus specific IgA antibodies in anti-influenza immunity, and the role of humoral memory responses induced upon vaccination.
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18
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Bajpayee A, Dubey A, Verma A, Chaudhary RK. A report of a rare case of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in a patient with Hodgkin's disease in whom routine serology was negative. Blood Transfus 2014; 12 Suppl 1:s299-s301. [PMID: 23736924 PMCID: PMC3934223 DOI: 10.2450/2013.0292-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Bajpayee
- Correspondence: Archana Bajpayee, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India, e-mail:
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19
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UMESAKI Y. Use of gnotobiotic mice to identify and characterize key microbes responsible for the development of the intestinal immune system. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2014; 90:313-32. [PMID: 25391317 PMCID: PMC4324924 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.90.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between intestinal microbiota and the host animal plays an important role in the homeostasis of host physiology. Since the first production of germ-free rodents in 1945, it has become increasingly clear that the intestinal immune system and the biochemical characteristics of epithelial cells differ greatly between conventional and germ-free rodents. However, questions remain about the types of microbes involved and the precise mechanism by which these microbes affect the host physiology. Here, we review experiments designed to answer these questions with the use of gnotobiotic mice. We have determined suitable biochemical and immunological markers for monitoring microbial effects in these mice. Using these markers, we have found clear differences in epithelial cell glycolipid biosynthesis and intraepithelial lymphocyte dynamics between germ-free and conventional mice. Furthermore, we have identified a key microbe that activates the mucosal immune system in the small intestine. This indigenous bacteria, called segmented filamentous bacteria, is a key symbiont in the host-microbiota interplay, including Th17 cell-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori UMESAKI
- Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Umesaki, Yakult Central Institute, Izumi 5-11, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan (e-mail: )
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20
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Sakem B, Nock C, Stanga Z, Medina P, Nydegger UE, Risch M, Risch L. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and immunoglobulins in an older Swiss cohort: results of the Senior Labor Study. BMC Med 2013; 11:176. [PMID: 23902738 PMCID: PMC3751655 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D and the components of humoral immunity play important roles in human health. Older people have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels than younger adults. We aimed to determine the levels of 25(OH)D serum concentrations in healthy senior citizens and to study their relationship to the levels of components of humoral immunity. METHODS A total of 1,470 healthy Swiss men and women, 60 years or older, were recruited for this study. A total of 179 subjects dropped out of the study because of elevated serum concentrations of C-reactive protein. Fasting blood sera were analyzed for 25(OH)D with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for parathyroid hormone (PTH), immunoglobulins and complement C4 and C3 concentrations with immunoassays. The percentage of participants in each of the four 25(OH)D deficiency groups--severely deficient (<10 ng/ml), deficient (10 to 20), insufficient (21 to 29 ng/ml) and normal (>=30 ng/ml)--were statistically compared. The relationship of the major components of the humoral system and age with 25(OH)D levels was also assessed. RESULTS About 66% of the subjects had insufficient levels of 25(OH)D. Normal levels of 25(OH)D were found in 26.1% of the subjects of which 21% were males and 30.5% were females (total study population). Severely deficient levels of 25(OH)D were found in 7.98% of the total study population. Low levels of 25(OH)D were positively associated with IgG2 (P = 0.01) and with C4 (P = 0.02), yet were inversely related to levels of IgG1 and IgA (P < 0.05) and C3 (P = 0.01). Serum levels of total IgA, IgG, IgG2 and IgG4 peaked together with 25(OH)D during late summer. CONCLUSIONS Approximately two-thirds of the healthy, older Swiss population presented with Vitamin D insufficiency. The incremental shift in IgA and C3 levels might not necessarily reflect a deranged humoral immune defense; however, given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, the importance of this condition in humoral immunity will be worth looking at more closely. This study supports the role of vitamin D in the competent immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sakem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nock
- Private Medical Office, Grundgasse 2, CH-6460, Altdorf, Switzerland
| | - Zeno Stanga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Medina
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs E Nydegger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Risch
- Central Laboratory, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Muthuswamy RV, Sundström P, Börjesson L, Gustavsson B, Quiding-Järbrink M. Impaired migration of IgA-secreting cells to colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:989-97. [PMID: 23591979 PMCID: PMC11028846 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Local inflammation is a strong risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Mucosal regulatory T cells and IgA-secreting cells both contribute to reduce inflammatory responses, and their recruitment to tissues is dependent on local production of chemokines. More specifically, IgA-secreting cells are recruited to mucosal tissues by CCL28 signalling through CCR10. Here, we examined the recruitment of IgA-secreting plasma cells to tumor-associated mucosa in patients suffering from colon adenocarcinoma. Flow cytometric analyses of single cell suspensions from tumor-associated and unaffected colon mucosa showed a marked decrease in CD19(+)CD38(high)IgA(+) plasmablasts in the tumor-associated mucosa, while the total frequencies of B and T cells were similar. This finding was confirmed in ELISPOT assays, demonstrating a 64 % reduction in the frequencies of IgA-secreting cells among cells from the tumor-associated mucosa. The few IgA(+) plasmablasts present in the tumor did not express CCR10, and functional migration assays demonstrated that IgA-secreting cells from tumor-associated mucosa did not migrate in response to CCL28. Taken together, our results show an impaired migration of IgA-secreting cells to colon tumors, presumably caused by a decreased production of CCL28 in the tumor. The lack of local IgA antibodies may lead to impaired barrier function and increased bacterial colonization, driving further inflammatory responses and promoting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan V. Muthuswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Sundström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Börjesson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Gustavsson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding-Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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22
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Kittawornrat A, Engle M, Panyasing Y, Olsen C, Schwartz K, Rice A, Lizano S, Wang C, Zimmerman J. Kinetics of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) humoral immune response in swine serum and oral fluids collected from individual boars. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:61. [PMID: 23537175 PMCID: PMC3666961 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The object of this study was to describe and contrast the kinetics of the humoral response in serum and oral fluid specimens during acute porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. The study involved three trials of 24 boars each. Boars were intramuscularly inoculated with a commercial modified live virus (MLV) vaccine (Trial 1), a Type 1 PRRSV field isolated (Trial 2), or a Type 2 PRRSV field isolate (Trial 3). Oral fluid samples were collected from individual boars on day post inoculation (DPI) -7 and 0 to 21. Serum samples were collected from all boars on DPI -7, 0, 7, 14, 21 and from 4 randomly selected boars on DPI 3, 5, 10, and 17. Thereafter, serum and oral fluid were assayed for PRRSV antibody using antibody isotype-specific ELISAs (IgM, IgA, IgG) adapted to serum or oral fluid. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in viral replication and antibody responses were observed among the three trials in both serum and oral fluid specimens. PRRSV serum IgM, IgA, and IgG were first detected in samples collected on DPI 7, 10, and 10, respectively. Oral fluid IgM, IgA, and IgG were detected in samples collected between DPI 3 to 10, 7 to 10, and 8 to 14, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study enhanced our knowledge of the PRRSV humoral immune response and provided a broader foundation for the development and application of oral fluid antibody-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apisit Kittawornrat
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mark Engle
- PIC North America, 100 Bluegrass Commons Blvd, Hendersonville, TN, 37075, USA
| | - Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chris Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kent Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Anna Rice
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | | | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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23
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Abstract
Mammals are colonized by large numbers of microorganisms, including trillions of bacteria, most of which live in the intestinal tract. These indigenous microorganisms that inhabit the body of humans and animals are referred collectively to as the microbiota. Accumulating evidence indicates that the microbiota regulates the development and/or function of different types of immune cells in the intestine. For example, the microbiota drives homeostatic, pathogenic, and regulatory T cell immune responses that contribute to tissue homeostasis, but also can promote disease. The gut microbes also facilitate IgA responses, which in turn regulate the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Thus, the reciprocal regulation of the gut microbiota and the host immune system may influence the balance between homeostasis and disease in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kamada
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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24
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Jin J, Xiao Y, Chang JH, Yu J, Hu H, Starr R, Brittain GC, Chang M, Cheng X, Sun SC. The kinase TBK1 controls IgA class switching by negatively regulating noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:1101-9. [PMID: 23023393 PMCID: PMC3477307 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin class switching is crucial for the generation of antibody diversity in humoral immunity and, when deregulated, also has severe pathological consequences. How the magnitude of immunoglobulin isotype switching is controlled is still poorly understood. Here we identify the kinase TBK1 as a pivotal negative regulator of class switching to the immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotype. B cell-specific ablation of TBK1 in mice resulted in uncontrolled production of IgA and the development of nephropathy-like disease signs. TBK1 negatively regulated IgA class switching by attenuating noncanonical signaling via the transcription factor NF-κB, an action that involved TBK1-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of the NF-κB-inducing kinase NIK. Our findings establish TBK1 as a pivotal negative regulator of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and identify a unique mechanism that controls IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the most recent publications on innate immunity in the small intestine. We will go over the innate immune receptors that act as sensors of microbial presence or cell injury, Paneth cells as the main epithelial cell type that secrete antimicrobial peptides, and mucosal production of immunoglobulin A (IgA). In addition, we will give an update on examples of imbalance of the innate immune response resulting in clinical disease with the most relevant example being Crohn's disease. RECENT FINDINGS Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in B-cell homing to the intestine, rejection of small intestinal allografts, and recruitment of mast cells. The TLR adaptor Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β is necessary to activate innate immunity after Yersinia enterocolitica infection. Moreover, MyD88 is required to keep the intestinal microbiota under control and physically separated from the epithelium, and RegIIIγ is responsible for the bacterial segregation from the lining epithelial cells. In Crohn's disease, ATG16L1 T300A variant promotes a proinflammatory response; and miR-196 downregulates a protective immunity-related GTPase family M protein (IRGM) polymorphism leading to impaired clearance of adherent Escherichia coli in the intestine. SUMMARY The intestine is continuously exposed to dietary and microbial antigens. The host has to maintain intestinal homeostasis to keep the commensal and pathogenic bacteria under control. Some of the mechanisms to do so are by expression of innate immune receptors, production of antimicrobial peptides, secretion of IgA, or autophagy of intracellular bacteria. Unfortunately, in some cases the innate immune response fails to protect the host and chronic inflammation, transplant rejection, or other disorders may occur.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we provide an update of the latest findings related to the innate immunity in the small intestine. In particular, we will focus on innate immune receptors and antimicrobial strategies that keep luminal bacteria and viral pathogens under control to avoid mucosal damage. These strategies include IgA secretion and antimicrobial peptides produced by Paneth cells, and downregulation or anergy of the innate immune receptors themselves. RECENT FINDINGS Pattern-recognition receptors are the main target in the study of innate immunity in the intestinal mucosa due to their involvement in the regulation of host-commensal interactions. It has been shown that TLR5-deficient mice develop metabolic syndrome and have altered intestinal microbiota. On the contrary, NOD2 has been associated with the activation of autophagy and the inhibition of TLR4. Moreover, NOD2 has been described to be essential to keep a feedback loop in the host-commensal homeostasis, through the kinase Rip-2. SUMMARY Innate immunity in the small intestine is mainly characterized by IgA secretion and Paneth cell antimicrobial function. In both cases pattern-recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors, are involved. A better understanding of the innate immunity in the small intestine would provide valuable information to develop vaccines against pathogens.
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Abstract
The intestinal tract represents the largest mucosal surface and is a major site of multifaceted interactions between the host mucosal immune system and components of the intestinal microbiota. Host immune responses to the commensal microbiota are tightly controlled and, meanwhile, the microbiota actively shapes intestinal immune responses to itself. Appreciation of these interactions during health and disease may direct therapeutic approaches to a broad range of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in humans. In this review, we will discuss findings on how the intestinal immune system, especially adaptive immune cells, helps accommodate the large number of resident bacteria, and in turn how the microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses to achieve mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Samarasinghe AE, Hoselton SA, Schuh JM. The absence of VPAC2 leads to aberrant antibody production in Aspergillus fum igatus sensitized and challenged mice. Peptides 2011; 32:131-7. [PMID: 20923692 PMCID: PMC3299058 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) facilitates a "pro-allergy" phenotype when signaling through its G protein-coupled receptor, VPAC(2). We have shown that VPAC(2) knock-out (KO) mice developed an allergic phenotype marked by eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE. Therefore, we hypothesized that the humoral response to allergen challenge in these mice was T(H)2 dominant similar to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. Antibody responses in WT and KO mice were measured after Aspergillus fumigatus conidia inhalation. In contrast to previous reports, basal levels of serum IgG(2a) and IgA were significantly higher in naïve VPAC(2) KO animals. Antibody availability in the serum as well as the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after fungal challenge was dominated by the pro-inflammatory isotype IgG(2a) and the mucosal isotype, IgA. IgA localizing cells dominated in the peribronchovascular areas of allergic KO mice while IgE immune complexes were found in WT allergic lungs. This research shows for the first time that VPAC(2) has a significant effect on antibody regulation, in the context of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amali E. Samarasinghe
- North Dakota State University, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, PO Box 6050-Dept 7690, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Scott A. Hoselton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, PO Box 6050-Dept 7690, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Jane M. Schuh
- North Dakota State University, Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, PO Box 6050-Dept 7690, Fargo, ND 58108
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Possin ME, Morgan S, DaSilva DF, Tisler C, Pappas TE, Roberg KA, Anderson E, Evans MD, Gangnon R, Lemanske RF, Gern JE. The relationships among immunoglobulin levels, allergic sensitization, and viral respiratory illnesses in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:990-6. [PMID: 20444149 PMCID: PMC3060057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IgE plays an essential role in type I allergy, however, there is less information about the relationship between other immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG) and atopic phenotypes in early childhood. We hypothesized that levels of circulating IgA in early childhood would be inversely related to the number of respiratory infections and the risk of becoming sensitized to allergens. Immunoglobulin levels were analyzed (ELISA) in plasma samples (IgG, IgA), and in nasal secretions (IgA) from children participating in a high-risk birth cohort study. Samples were available from 264 children at age 2 yr and 257 children at age 4 yr, and results were compared to rates of respiratory illnesses, allergic sensitization, atopic dermatitis (AD), and asthma. Children who were sensitized to allergens had higher rather than lower levels of circulating IgA. A subgroup analysis showed that IgA levels were increased in relationship to foods sensitization (58 vs. 50 mg/dl, p = 0.003) but not aeroallergen sensitization (52 vs. 53 mg/dl, p = 0.11). IgA levels in the plasma correlated with levels of IgE levels (r(s) =0.19, p = 0.003). Levels of IgE, but not IgG or IgA, were positively correlated with rates of respiratory illnesses, AD, and the risk of developing asthma. Finally, there were no significant relationships between IgA in nasal secretions and infectious outcomes. In conclusion, low-normal concentrations of plasma IgA are associated with a reduced prevalence of allergic sensitization in infancy. Further, levels of IgA and IgG in plasma within the range of normal, and IgA in nasal secretions, do not appear to influence the risk of subsequent respiratory illnesses. Further studies to define relationships between IgA and allergic sensitization are likely to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Possin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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30
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Shang L, Fukata M, Thirunarayanan N, Martin AP, Arnaboldi P, Maussang D, Berin C, Unkeless JC, Mayer L, Abreu MT, Lira SA. Toll-like receptor signaling in small intestinal epithelium promotes B-cell recruitment and IgA production in lamina propria. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:529-38. [PMID: 18522803 PMCID: PMC2598776 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several lines of evidence support a role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling to protect the intestine from pathogenic infection. We hypothesized that TLR signaling at the level of the intestinal epithelium is critical for mucosal immune responses. METHODS We generated transgenic mice that express a constitutively active form of TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium (V-TLR4 mice). Lamina propria cellularity was evaluated by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels in the stool and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chemokine and cytokine expression were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS V-TLR4 transgenic mice reproduced normally and had a normal life span. Constitutive activity of TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium promoted recruitment of B cells and an increase in fecal IgA levels. Intestinal epithelial cells of V-TLR4 mice expressed higher levels of CCL20 and CCL28, chemokines known to be involved in B-cell recruitment, and of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a cytokine that promotes T-cell-independent class switching of B cells to IgA. The changes in B-cell numbers and IgA levels were blocked by simultaneous expression in intestinal epithelial cells of M3, a herpes virus protein that binds and inhibits multiple chemokines. CONCLUSIONS TLR signaling in the intestinal epithelial cells significantly elevated the production of IgA in the intestine. This effect was mediated by TLR-induced expression of a specific set of chemokines and cytokines that promoted both recruitment of B cells into the lamina propria and IgA class switching of B cells.
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Nochi T, Takagi H, Yuki Y, Yang L, Masumura T, Mejima M, Nakanishi U, Matsumura A, Uozumi A, Hiroi T, Morita S, Tanaka K, Takaiwa F, Kiyono H. Rice-based mucosal vaccine as a global strategy for cold-chain- and needle-free vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10986-91. [PMID: 17573530 PMCID: PMC1904174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703766104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capable of inducing antigen-specific immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments without the use of syringe and needle, mucosal vaccination is considered ideal for the global control of infectious diseases. In this study, we developed a rice-based oral vaccine expressing cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) under the control of the endosperm-specific expression promoter 2.3-kb glutelin GluB-1 with codon usage optimization for expression in rice seed. An average of 30 mug of CTB per seed was stored in the protein bodies, which are storage organelles in rice. When mucosally fed, rice seeds expressing CTB were taken up by the M cells covering the Peyer's patches and induced CTB-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies with neutralizing activity. When expressed in rice, CTB was protected from pepsin digestion in vitro. Rice-expressed CTB also remained stable and thus maintained immunogenicity at room temperature for >1.5 years, meaning that antigen-specific mucosal immune responses were induced at much lower doses than were necessary with purified recombinant CTB. Because they require neither refrigeration (cold-chain management) nor a needle, these rice-based mucosal vaccines offer a highly practical and cost-effective strategy for orally vaccinating large populations against mucosal infections, including those that may result from an act of bioterrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nochi
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Lijun Yang
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan; and
| | - Mio Mejima
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ushio Nakanishi
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumura
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihiro Uozumi
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Shigeto Morita
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan; and
| | - Kunisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0244, Japan; and
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- *Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Reljic R, Clark SO, Williams A, Falero-Diaz G, Singh M, Challacombe S, Marsh PD, Ivanyi J. Intranasal IFNgamma extends passive IgA antibody protection of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:467-73. [PMID: 16487246 PMCID: PMC1809609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal inoculation of mice with monoclonal IgA against the alpha-crystallin (acr1) antigen can diminish the tuberculous infection in the lungs. As this effect has been observed only over a short-term, we investigated if it could be extended by inoculation of IFNgamma 3 days before infection, and further co-inoculations with IgA, at 2 h before and 2 and 7 days after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. This treatment reduced the lung infection at 4 weeks more than either IgA or IFNgamma alone (i.e. 17-fold, from 4.2 x 10(7) to 2.5 x 10(6) CFU, P = 0.006), accompanied also by lower granulomatous infiltration of the lungs. IFNgamma added prior to infection of mouse peritoneal macrophages with IgA-opsonized bacilli resulted in a synergistic increase of nitric oxide and TNFalpha production and a 2-3 fold decrease in bacterial counts. Our improved results suggest, that combined treatment with IFNgamma and IgA could be developed towards prophylactic treatment of AIDS patients, or as an adjunct to chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunoglobulin A/therapeutic use
- Inhalation Exposure
- Interferon-gamma/therapeutic use
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- alpha-Crystallins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reljic
- Mucosal Biology Research Group, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Macpherson AJ, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Immune responses that adapt the intestinal mucosa to commensal intestinal bacteria. Immunology 2005; 115:153-62. [PMID: 15885120 PMCID: PMC1782138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals contain an enormous load of non-pathogenic bacteria in the lower intestine, which exploit an environment with a stable temperature and abundant carbon sources. Our load of bacteria outnumbers our own cells. In order to survive with such a high number of organisms in very close proximity to host tissues the intestinal mucosa and its immune system is highly adapted. Mucosal immune responses are induced by small numbers of live commensal organisms penetrating the Peyer's patches and persisting in dendritic cells (DC). These DC can induce immunoglobulin A+ (IgA+) B cells, which recirculate through the lymph and bloodstream to populate the lamina propria and secrete protective IgA. Because DC loaded with commensal bacteria do not penetrate further than the mesenteric lymph nodes, immune induction to commensals is confined to the mucosa, allowing strong mucosal immune responses to be induced whilst the systemic immune system remains relatively ignorant of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universitätsspital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Han SY, Ihm CG, Cha DR, Kang YS, Han KH, Kim HK, Han JY. Effect of IgA aggregates on transforming growth factor-beta1 production in human mesangial cells and the intraglomerular expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in patients with IgA nephropathy. Korean J Intern Med 2005; 20:40-7. [PMID: 15906952 PMCID: PMC3891411 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2005.20.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulates renal fibrosis in various renal diseases including IgA nephropathy. METHODS We examined whether immunoglobulin A (IgA) stimulated TGF-beta1 synthesis in human mesangial cells (MCs), and whether this effect was mediated through the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. We measured the intraglomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA expression by using competitive RT-PCR, and this was compared with various parameters in IgA nephropathy patients. RESULTS The IgA aggregate increased the TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in MCs, while this expression was not affected by the culture media or IgG aggregate. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calphostin C did not influence the TGF-beta1 mRNA expression that was increased by the IgA aggregate. Intraglomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with creatinine clearance (r = -0.764, p = 0.027), daily proteinuria (r = 0.781, p = 0.022), serum creatinine (r = 0.884, p = 0.004), and tubulointerstitial changes (r = 0.809, p = 0.015). Glomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was associated with an increased tendency for glomerulosclerosis (r = 0.646, p = 0.084). After 4 years, patients with a high expression of intraglomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA showed a tendency for an decrease of their renal function. CONCLUSION The IgA aggregate increased TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in MCs, and this was independent of the PKC pathway. The evaluation of intraglomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA expression could be useful in predicting the progression of IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Go-yang, Korea
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Cooper GS, Martin SA, Longnecker MP, Sandler DP, Germolec DR. Associations between plasma DDE levels and immunologic measures in African-American farmers in North Carolina. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:1080-4. [PMID: 15238281 PMCID: PMC1247381 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies in rodents demonstrate evidence of immunosuppressive effects of dietary exposure to DDT [2,2-bis((italic)p(/italic)-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane], but human data pertaining to immunomodulating effects of DDT exposure are limited. In this study we examined the association between the persistent organochlorine breakdown product 1,1-dichloro-2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene p,p'-DDE) and immunologic measures using blood samples in a relatively highly exposed population of farmers in the United States. Levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG and the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in relation to plasma p,p'-DDE levels were evaluated in samples from 137 African-American male farmers (30-88 years of age; median, 64 years). Participants were recruited through black churches in four rural counties in eastern North Carolina. Data collection included a telephone interview pertaining to farming practices and health history, and one blood sample was collected from each participant. Linear and logistic regression, adjusting for age, cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking status, and years of any kind of pesticide use, was used to assess the association between immunologic parameters and plasma levels of p,p'-DDE. The median plasma p,p'-DDE concentration was 7.7 microg/L (range, 0.6-77.4 microg/L). There was no association between p,p'-DDE and IgA in any of the models. IgG levels decreased with increasing p,p'-DDE levels, with a statistically significant decrease of approximately 50% in the highest two categories of exposure (greater than or equal to 6.0 microg/L) compared with values of < 3.0 microg/L. Sixteen (12%) were positive for antinuclear antibodies. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies was somewhat elevated in the highest category of p,p'-DDE exposure (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-11.3; for > or = 12.0 microg/L compared with < 3.0 microg/L p,p'-DDE), but this difference was not statistically significant. These analyses provide evidence that p,p'-DDE modulates immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Ishida O, Oku H, Ikeda T, Nishimura M, Kawagoe K, Nakamura K. Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration? Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:523-4. [PMID: 12714382 PMCID: PMC1771658 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.5.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Ishida
- Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulins provide first line humoral defense at mucosal surfaces to which they are specifically transported by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) on mucosal and glandular epithelial cells. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested that amino acids 402-410 of the Calpha3 domain of dimeric IgA (dIgA) represented a potential binding site for the pIgR. Here by binding human secretory component to overlapping decapeptides of Calpha3, we confirm these residues and also uncover an additional site. Furthermore, we show that the Calpha3 motif appears to be sufficient to direct transport of green fluorescent protein through the pIgR-specific cellular transcytosis system. An alternative approach identified phage peptides, selected from a library by the in vitro Madin Darby Canine Kidney transcytosis assay, for pIgR-mediated transport through epithelial cells. Some transcytosis-selected peptides map to the same 402-410 pIgR-binding Calpha3 site. Further in vivo studies document that at least one of these peptides is transported in a rat model measuring hepatic bile transport. In addition to identifying small peptides that are both bound and transported by the pIgR, this study provides evidence that the pIgR-mediated mucosal secretion system may represent a means of targeting small molecule therapeutics and genes to mucosal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D White
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S J C Golby
- Histopathology Department, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, St Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease in which the colonic mucosa is infiltrated with plasma cells producing IgG autoantibodies. It is not known whether this represents a local mucosal response which has switched to IgG or a peripheral response which may have been initiated by peripheral antigen which homed to the colonic mucosa. The clonal distribution of IgG secreting cells and isotype switched variants in UC is not known. AIMS To investigate the clonal distribution of mucosal IgG in UC and to search for related IgG and IgA secreting cells in normal and diseased mucosa and blood in UC. To investigate characteristics which may discriminate between the mucosal and peripheral repertoire in the normal mucosa and in UC. PATIENTS Blood and normal and diseased mucosa from two patients with UC were studied. METHODS Immunoglobulin gene analysis and clone specific polymerase chain reaction were used to study the clonal distribution and characteristics of IgG and related IgA in the mucosa and blood of patients with UC. RESULTS The IgG response in the mucosa of UC patients included widespread clones of cells that were present in both the diseased mucosa and blood but that were scarce in normal mucosa. Clonally related IgA class switch variants, all IgA1, were detected but also only in the diseased mucosa and blood. This suggests that these clones home preferentially to the diseased mucosa. We showed that J(H)1 usage was characteristic of the peripheral repertoire, and that examples of J(H)1 usage were observed in mucosal IgG in UC. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data are consistent with a model of UC in which a peripheral response is expressed and expanded in the colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Thoree
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Rd, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Centeno-Lima S, de Lacerda JM, do Carmo JA, Abecasis M, Casimiro C, Exposto F. Follow-up of anti-Aspergillus IgG and IgA antibodies in bone marrow transplanted patients with invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2002; 16:156-62. [PMID: 11968054 PMCID: PMC6807700 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 89 patients at risk for, or with invasive aspergillosis (IA) were recruited from bone marrow transplantation (BMT) units in two Lisbon hospitals, and followed for 2(1/2) years to monitor their immune response. Of these patients, six developed probable IA, from which five died. The presence of serum IgG or IgA antibodies against seven Aspergillus recombinant antigens was assessed in patients with IA, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In parallel, the serum levels of galactomannan (GM) were also monitored, using the Platelia Aspergillus kit (Sanofi Pasteur, Marnes-la-Coquette, France). Superoxide dismutase (Sod) and 94 kDa were the most immunogenic antigens for IgA, while the IgG pattern of recognition changed from patient to patient. From our results we conclude that although follow-up of antibodies against these antigens should not be used as a diagnostic method, patients with IA do produce an immune response that may influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Centeno-Lima
- Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Abstract
Gluten sensitivity typically presents as celiac disease, a common chronic small intestinal disorder. However, in certain individuals it is associated with dermatitis herpetiformis, a blistering skin disease characterized by granular IgA deposits in the papillary dermis. While tissue transglutaminase has been implicated as the major autoantigen of gluten sensitive disease, there has been no explanation as to why this condition appears in two distinct forms. Here we show that while sera from patients with either form of gluten sensitive disease react both with tissue transglutaminase and the related enzyme epidermal (type 3) transglutaminase, antibodies in patients having dermatitis herpetiformis show a markedly higher avidity for epidermal transglutaminase. Further, these patients have an antibody population specific for this enzyme. We also show that the IgA precipitates in the papillary dermis of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, the defining signs of the disease, contain epidermal transglutaminase, but not tissue transglutaminase or keratinocyte transglutaminase. These findings demonstrate that epidermal transglutaminase, rather than tissue transglutaminase, is the dominant autoantigen in dermatitis herpetiformis and explain why skin symptoms appear in a proportion of patients having gluten sensitive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Mária u.41, Hungary.
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42
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Shimoda M, Nakamura T, Takahashi Y, Asanuma H, Tamura S, Kurata T, Mizuochi T, Azuma N, Kanno C, Takemori T. Isotype-specific selection of high affinity memory B cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1597-607. [PMID: 11733574 PMCID: PMC2193529 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.11.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig)A dominance has been proposed to be associated with preferential class switch recombination (CSR) to the IgA heavy chain constant region, Calpha. Here, we report that B cell activation in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) upon stimulation with the hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) coupled to chicken gamma globulin caused an anti-NP memory response dominated by high affinity IgA antibodies. In the response, however, NP-specific IgG(+) B cells expanded and sustained their number as a major population in germinal centers (GCs), supporting the view that CSR to IgG heavy chain constant region, Cgamma, operated efficiently in NALT. Both IgG(+) and IgA(+) GC B cells accumulated somatic mutations, indicative of affinity maturation to a similar extent, suggesting that both types of cell were equally selected by antigen. Despite the selection in GCs, high affinity NP-specific B cells were barely detected in the IgG memory compartment, whereas such cells dominated the IgA memory compartment. Taken together with the analysis of the V(H) gene clonotype in GC and memory B cells, we propose that NALT is equipped with a unique machinery providing IgA-specific enrichment of high affinity cells into the memory compartment, facilitating immunity with high affinity and noninflammatory secretory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimoda
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
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43
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Moura IC, Centelles MN, Arcos-Fajardo M, Malheiros DM, Collawn JF, Cooper MD, Monteiro RC. Identification of the transferrin receptor as a novel immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 receptor and its enhanced expression on mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy. J Exp Med 2001; 194:417-25. [PMID: 11514599 PMCID: PMC2193503 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibodies depend primarily on their interaction with cell surface receptors. Four IgA receptors are presently characterized. The FcalphaRI (CD89) expressed by myeloid cells selectively binds IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies, whereas the poly-IgR, Fcalpha/muR, and asialoglycoprotein receptors bind other ligands in addition to IgA. IgA binding by mesangial cells, epithelial cells, and proliferating lymphocytes is also well documented, but the nature of the IgA receptors on these cells remains elusive. A monoclonal antibody (A24) is described here that specifically blocks IgA binding to epithelial and B lymphocyte cell lines. Both the A24 antibody and IgA1 myelomas bind a cell surface protein that is identified as the transferrin receptor (CD71). The transferrin receptor selectively binds IgA1 antibodies, monomeric better than polymeric forms, and the IgA1 binding is inhibitable by transferrin. Transferrin receptor expression is upregulated on cultured mesangial cells as well as on glomerular mesangial cells in patients with IgA nephropathy. The characterization of transferrin receptor as a novel IgA1 receptor on renal mesangial cells suggests its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan C. Moura
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743 Cédex 15, France
| | - Miguel N. Centelles
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743 Cédex 15, France
| | - Michelle Arcos-Fajardo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743 Cédex 15, France
| | - Denise M. Malheiros
- Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246, Brazil
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Max D. Cooper
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743 Cédex 15, France
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44
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Abstract
Recently, the endomysial antigen has been identified as the protein cross-linking enzyme known as tissue transglutaminase (tTG). Our objective was to compare a novel enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that detects IgA antibody against tTG to two standard IFA methods utilizing thin tissue sections of rat kidney/rat stomach (KS) and distal primate esophagus (PE) as substrates to detect IgA antibody against endomysium (EMA). Sera from 100 patients suspected of having gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) and 23 sera possessing various antibodies used for EIA cross-reactivity studies were included. Additional tests, performed routinely in our laboratory, were utilized to further assess sera from patients suspected having GSE. These tests include anti-gliadin IgA antibody (AGA) and anti-reticulin IgA antibody (ARA) and are part of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN) revised criteria for diagnosing GSE. When compared to IFA using KS, the tTG EIA had a sensitivity of 87.5%, was 97.1% specific, and had an overall agreement of 94.0%. When compared to IFA using PE, the tTG EIA had a sensitivity of 92.6%, was 93.2% specific, and had an overall agreement of 93.0%. When the KS IFA was compared to the PE IFA for EMA, the KS IFA had a sensitivity of 96.3%, was 91.8% specific, and had an overall agreement of 93.0%. The majority of sera that were positive for tTG but were negative by IFA (KS, n = 2/PE, n = 5) possessed IgA antibodies against gliadin and/or reticulin. Five of six sera with negative results by PE IFA were positive by the KS IFA and possessed one or more antibodies to tTG and/or gliadin and/or reticulin. We conclude that the tTG EIA compares well to both KS and PE IFAs when detecting IgA antibody against endomysium. We do not recommend the use of PE to detect EMA primarily because of the inconsistencies (i.e., tissue selection, quality, and preparation) and limited availability of commercially prepared PE tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Jaskowski
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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45
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Hilger C, Grigioni F, De Beaufort C, Michel G, Freilinger J, Hentges F. Differential binding of IgG and IgA antibodies to antigenic determinants of bovine serum albumin. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:387-94. [PMID: 11298124 PMCID: PMC1906019 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the recognition pattern of bovine serum albumin (BSA), a major dietary protein by serum IgG and IgA antibodies. Anti-BSA IgG and IgA antibodies were measured by ELISA technique in 3 different cohorts: 578 unselected persons, 84 new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients and 103 atopic persons. In order to characterize the recognition pattern of the different BSA domains, recombinant BSA and recombinant fragments covering the 3 BSA domains were produced. BSA digestion was monitored in simulated gastric fluid experiments by means of domain specific monoclonal antibodies. IgG and IgA antibody titres to native BSA were highest in IDDM patients. The three major BSA domains were equally well recognized by IgG antibodies of the three cohorts. Interestingly all three study groups showed a dissociation of their IgG and IgA antibody response to the first BSA domain. The ratio of IgG to IgA antibodies recognizing this domain was 93%/42% in controls, 92%/37% in IDDM patients and 80%/47% in atopic persons. In simulated gastric fluid experiments, the first BSA domain was the first to become undetectable to specific monoclonal antibodies during digestion. In conclusion humoral IgG and IgA antibodies recognize the major BSA domains with different frequencies. The N-terminal domain of BSA, the first to be degraded during simulated gastric digestion is less well recognized by IgA antibodies. This suggests that early digestion is negatively correlated to the IgA antibody response and that the IgA response associated to the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and the systemic IgG antibody responses are independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hilger
- Department of Immunology-Allergology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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46
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Rifai A, Fadden K, Morrison SL, Chintalacharuvu KR. The N-glycans determine the differential blood clearance and hepatic uptake of human immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 and IgA2 isotypes. J Exp Med 2000; 191:2171-82. [PMID: 10859341 PMCID: PMC2193211 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.12.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2000] [Accepted: 04/27/2000] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin (Ig)A exists in blood as two isotypes, IgA1 and IgA2, with IgA2 present as three allotypes: IgA2m(1), IgA2m(2), and IgA2m(n). We now demonstrate that recombinant, chimeric IgA1 and IgA2 differ in their pharmacokinetic properties. The major pathway for the clearance of all IgA2 allotypes is the liver. Liver-mediated uptake is through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), since clearance can be blocked by injection of excess galactose-Ficoll ligand and suppressed in ASGR-deficient mice. In contrast, only a small percentage of IgA1 is cleared through this pathway. The clearance of IgA1 lacking the hinge region with its associated O-linked carbohydrate was more rapid than that of wild-type IgA1. IgA1 and IgA2 that are not rapidly eliminated by the ASGR are both removed through an undefined ASGR-independent pathway with half-lives of 14 and 10 h, respectively. The rapid clearance of IgA2 but not IgA1 through the liver may in part explain why the serum levels of IgA1 are greater than those of IgA2. In addition, dysfunction of the ASGR or altered N-linked glycosylation, but not O-glycans, that affects recognition by this receptor may account for the elevated serum IgA seen in liver disease and IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Rifai
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Kim Fadden
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Sherie L. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Koteswara R. Chintalacharuvu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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47
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Launay P, Grossetête B, Arcos-Fajardo M, Gaudin E, Torres SP, Beaudoin L, Patey-Mariaud de Serre N, Lehuen A, Monteiro RC. Fcalpha receptor (CD89) mediates the development of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (Berger's disease). Evidence for pathogenic soluble receptor-Iga complexes in patients and CD89 transgenic mice. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1999-2009. [PMID: 10839814 PMCID: PMC2213528 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.11.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN), the most prevalent form of glomerulonephritis worldwide, involves circulating macromolecular IgA1 complexes. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of the disease remain poorly understood. We report here the presence of circulating soluble FcalphaR (CD89)-IgA complexes in patients with IgAN. Soluble CD89 was identified as a glycoprotein with a 24-kD backbone that corresponds to the expected size of CD89 extracellular domains. To demonstrate their pathogenic role, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human CD89 on macrophage/monocytes, as no CD89 homologue is found in mice. These mice spontaneously developed massive mesangial IgA deposition, glomerular and interstitial macrophage infiltration, mesangial matrix expansion, hematuria, and mild proteinuria. The molecular mechanism was shown to involve soluble CD89 released after interaction with IgA. This release was independent of CD89 association with the FcRgamma chain. The disease was induced in recombination activating gene (RAG)2(-/-) mice by injection of serum from Tg mice, and in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Tg mice by injection of patients' IgA. Depletion of soluble CD89 from serum abolished this effect. These results reveal the key role of soluble CD89 in the pathogenesis of IgAN and provide an in vivo model that will be useful for developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Launay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | - Béatrice Grossetête
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | - Michelle Arcos-Fajardo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gaudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | - Sonia P. Torres
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | - Lucie Beaudoin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | | | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U25, Necker Hospital, Paris 75743, France
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48
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Abstract
Isotype-capture ELISAs for BCV-specific IgA and IgM were developed and tested on milk and serum samples from Swedish cattle. The capture ELISAs showed higher sensitivity than indirect ELISAs for detection of BCV-specific IgA and IgM. In the capture ELISAs the agreement between detection in milk and serum samples was 94% for IgA and 86% for IgM. The correlation between log(10) titres in milk and serum was r=0.82 (P<0.001) for IgA and 0.84 (P<0.001) for IgM. Milk seemed a better target than serum for diagnosing specific IgA at low levels. There was no variation in the isotype-specific BCV antibody titres between healthy quarters of the same udder, but subclinical mastitis was associated with higher levels of IgA antibodies and weak false IgM positive reactions in undiluted milk. Bovine IgA and IgM antibodies in milk and serum showed high stability towards freezing and thawing and storage at room temperature. The antibody responses to BCV were followed in milk and serum from six dairy cows and in serum from four calves for a period of 1 year after an outbreak of winter dysentery (WD). In this outbreak some animals became reinfected with BCV. The IgA and IgM capture ELISAs differentiated between primarily BCV infected and reinfected animals. In the primarily infected cattle, IgM antibodies were first detected in milk and serum four to nine days after the first WD symptoms observed, and were subsequently detected for at least 2-3 weeks. IgM was also detected in the reinfected cows, but mostly at lower levels and for a shorter period of time than in the primarily infected animals. In milk, however, the IgM response of the reinfected cows was detected for a longer period of time than in serum. Six months after the outbreak, IgA was still detected in both serum and milk of all six cows and also in serum of one calf. The reinfected cows showed higher and more long-lasting peak levels of IgA in milk and serum than the primarily infected cows, indicating boosting of the IgA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Näslund
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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49
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da Matta VL, Hoshino-Shimizu S, Dietze R, Corbett CE. Detection of specific antibody isotypes and subtypes before and after treatment of American visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2000; 14:5-12. [PMID: 10645978 PMCID: PMC6807925 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(2000)14:1<5::aid-jcla2>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/1999] [Accepted: 09/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sera from patients with American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) were studied before and after treatment based on their antibody isotypes and subtypes. The study was comprised of 33 Brazilian patients with well-defined diagnosis of AVL and 39 clinically healthy individuals. Antileishmanial antibody isotypes and subtypes were observed in almost all patients, except IgA that was detected in about 63% of them. The sensitivity and specificity of the immunofluorescence assay in the detection of antibody isotypes (IgG and IgM) and subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) were high with no statistical difference, ranging from 0.937 to 1.000 and from 0.954 to 1.000, respectively. All IgG antibodies and its subtypes had their levels reduced after treatment. However, the IgG4 had an early decay and its conversion to negative was significantly high in children. Moreover, the profile of IgG4 before treatment corresponded to a unimodal curve that shifted to a patent bimodal curve after treatment, indicative of therapeutic success. Thus, the IgG4 shows to be a suitable immunological marker for the assessment of chemotherapy in AVL patients or communities. Our findings suggest that IgG4 correlates with IL-4 that also decreases after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L da Matta
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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50
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Lakos G, Kiss E, Regëczy N, Tarján P, Soltész P, Zeher M, Bodolay E, Szakony S, Sipka S, Szegedi G. Isotype distribution and clinical relevance of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI) antibodies: importance of IgA isotype. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:574-9. [PMID: 10469065 PMCID: PMC1905375 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of IgG, IgA and IgM anti-beta2-GPI antibodies in anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), and to establish the clinical significance of IgA type antibodies compared with the other isotypes. Anti-beta2-GPI antibodies were measured in the sera of 70 patients by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay in gamma-irradiated polystyrene plates coated with human purified beta2-GPI. Thirty-three out of the 70 patients were classified as having APS: three of them had primary, and 30 had secondary APS related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The remaining 37 patients had SLE without APS. Anti-beta2-GPI antibodies of IgG, IgA and IgM isotypes were present in 84.8%, 59.3% and 51.5% of patients with APS. Both the frequency and the level of each isotype were significantly higher in patients with APS. This association was very strong for IgA (P = 0.0004 for the antibody frequency and P < 0.0001 for the antibody level), as well as for IgG type antibodies (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001), whereas it was weaker for IgM (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04). A strong relationship was demonstrated between increased IgA anti-beta2-GPI antibody levels and a history of venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, heart valve disease, livedo reticularis and epilepsy. IgG anti-beta2-GPI antibodies were associated with the presence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) in addition to the main features of APS. However, antibodies of IgM isotype were related only to thrombocytopenia and heart valve disease. We recommend the evaluation of anti-beta2-GPI antibodies of IgA isotype in addition to IgG in patients with clinical suspicion of APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lakos
- 3rd Department of Medicine, University Medical School of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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