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Sivanandam LK, Arunkumar H, Marlecha P, Madamanchi V, Maheshwari C, Naseer MQ, Sanker V, Dave T. Indoxacarb poisoning causing methemoglobinemia treated with parenteral vitamin C: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:157. [PMID: 38493134 PMCID: PMC10944591 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This case study reports on a suicide attempt involving indoxacarb and vitamin C. Indoxacarb is a neurotoxic insecticide used in agriculture and as a flea controller in pets. Cotton, vegetables, and fruits are treated with indoxacarb, an insecticide that can be applied both indoors and outdoors. It causes skin allergies, methemoglobinemia, and hemolytic anemia. It is also attributed to allergic reactions through ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, and translaminar action. This case report highlights use of vitamin C in methemoglobinemia caused by indoxacarb poisoning. Indoxacarb poisoning has the potential to be extremely serious and even lethal. In this instance, the patient initially had no symptoms after ingesting a substance containing indoxacarb in an attempt at suicide. However, further tests revealed methemoglobinemia and low oxygen levels. CASE PRESENTATION A 28-year-old south-east Asian female patient ingested an insecticide containing 5.25% novaluron, 4.5% indoxacarb, and 25% thiamethoxam, and reported that she noticed muddy brown urine but presented with no active signs or symptoms of poisoning. Upon examination, the patient was fully conscious, alert, and hemodynamically stable, but had an oxygen saturation of 84%. Gastric lavage was performed, and blood investigations revealed a muddy-brown-colored blood sample and methemoglobin levels of 12%. The patient was treated with high-dose vitamin C and showed significant improvement, with a drop in methemoglobin levels to 1.2% and an increase in oxygen saturation to 97%. DISCUSSION Indoxacarb poisoning can cause severe methemoglobinemia. Vitamin C may be a useful treatment option for methemoglobinemia caused by indoxacarb, particularly in cases in which traditional treatment with methylene blue is contraindicated or not tolerated. Hence high doses of ascorbic acid, that is, vitamin C, were administered to the patient, which lowered their methemoglobin levels and improved oxygen levels without much safety concerns. CONCLUSION This example emphasizes the significance of early indoxacarb poisoning detection and treatment as well as the possible advantages of utilizing ascorbic acid in the management of methemoglobinemia, and highlights the use of vitamin C in the treatment of methemoglobinemia caused by indoxacarb poisoning. Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of the potential for indoxacarb to cause methemoglobinemia and to consider vitamin C as a treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Koumar Sivanandam
- Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
| | - H Arunkumar
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
- Junior Resident, Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - Pranay Marlecha
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
- Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Varsha Madamanchi
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
- Maharaja's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chanchal Maheshwari
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Quader Naseer
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
- Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences, Moinabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vivek Sanker
- Team Erevnites, Puducherry, India
- Noorul Islam Institute of Medical Sciences, Trivandrum, India
| | - Tirth Dave
- Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
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De Roos AJ, Schinasi LH, Miligi L, Cerhan JR, Bhatti P, ‘t Mannetje A, Baris D, Benavente Y, Benke G, Clavel J, Casabonne D, Fritschi L, Hofmann JN, Huynh T, Monnereau A, Piro S, Slager SL, Vajdic CM, Wang SS, Zhang Y, Bernstein L, Cocco P. Occupational insecticide exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A pooled case-control study from the InterLymph Consortium. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1768-1786. [PMID: 34270795 PMCID: PMC10560384 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for the human health effects of pesticides is needed to inform risk assessment. We studied the relationship between occupational insecticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) by pooling data from nine case-control studies participating in the InterLymph Consortium, including 7909 cases and 8644 controls from North America, the European Union and Australia. Insecticide use was coded using self-report or expert assessment, for insecticide groups (eg, organophosphates, pyrethroids) and active ingredients (eg, malathion, permethrin). Associations with insecticides were estimated using logistic regression to produce odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all NHL and NHL subtypes, with adjustment for study site, demographic factors and use of other pesticides. Occupational insecticide use, overall, was not associated with risk of NHL. Use of organophosphate insecticides was associated with increased risk of all NHL and the subtype follicular lymphoma, and an association was found with diazinon, in particular (ever use: OR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.24-3.37). The carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, was associated with risk of all NHL, and the strongest associations were found with T-cell NHL for ever-use (OR = 2.44, 95%CI: 1.13-5.28) and longer duration (>8 years vs never: OR = 2.90, 95%CI: 1.02-8.25). There was no association of NHL with other broad groups of insecticides, including organochlorines and pyrethroids, and some inverse associations were estimated in relation to historical DDT use. Our findings contribute to the totality of evidence available to help inform risk decisions by public health and regulatory agencies of importance given continued, widespread use of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneclaire J. De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah H. Schinasi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - James R. Cerhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea ‘t Mannetje
- Center for Public Health Research, Massey University-Wellington Campus, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yolanda Benavente
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO)/Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Geza Benke
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Group, Inserm, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Casabonne
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO)/Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Betthesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tran Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alain Monnereau
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Group, Inserm, Center of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France
- Registre des Hémopathies Malignes de la Gironde, Institut Bergonié, University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sara Piro
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Susan L. Slager
- Division of Computational Biology and Hematology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claire M. Vajdic
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia S. Wang
- Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Division of Biomarkers of Early Detection and Prevention, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Division of Population Health, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Larson AJ, Paz-Soldán VA, Arevalo-Nieto C, Brown J, Condori-Pino C, Levy MZ, Castillo-Neyra R. Misuse, perceived risk, and safety issues of household insecticides: Qualitative findings from focus groups in Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009251. [PMID: 33956803 PMCID: PMC8101955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current body of research on insecticide use in Peru deals primarily with application of insecticides offered through Ministry of Health-led campaigns against vector-borne disease. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the individual use, choice and perceptions of insecticides which may influence uptake of public health-based vector control initiatives and contribute to the thousands of deaths annually from acute pesticide poisoning in Peru. METHODS Residents (n = 49) of the Alto Selva Alegre and CC districts of peri-urban Arequipa participated in seven focus group discussions (FGD). Using a FGD guide, two facilitators led the discussion and conducted a role-playing activity. this activity, participants insecticides (represented by printed photos of insecticides available locally) and pretended to "sell" the insecticides to other participants, including describing their qualities as though they were advertising the insecticide. The exercise was designed to elicit perceptions of currently available insecticides. The focus groups also included questions about participants' preferences, use and experiences related to insecticides outside the context of this activity. Focus group content was transcribed, and qualitative data were analyzed with Atlas.ti and coded using an inductive process to generate major themes related to use and choice of insecticides, and perceived risks associated with insecticide use. RESULTS The perceived risks associated with insecticides included both short- and long-term health impacts, and safety for children emerged as a priority. However, in some cases insecticides were reportedly applied in high-risk ways including application of insecticides directly to children and bedding. Some participants attempted to reduce the risk of insecticide use with informal, potentially ineffective personal protective equipment and by timing application when household members were away. Valued insecticide characteristics, such as strength and effectiveness, were often associated with negative characteristics such as odor and health impacts. "Agropecuarios" (agricultural supply stores) were considered a trusted source of information about insecticides and their health risks. CONCLUSIONS It is crucial to characterize misuse and perceptions of health impacts and risks of insecticides at the local level, as well as to find common themes and patterns across populations to inform national and regional programs to prevent acute insecticide poisoning and increase community participation in insecticide-based vector control campaigns. We detected risky practices and beliefs about personal protective equipment, risk indicators, and safety levels that could inform such preventive campaigns, as well as trusted information sources such as agricultural stores for partnerships in disseminating information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika J. Larson
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldán
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joanna Brown
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Condori-Pino
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab (LIEZ), One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Mlynek K, Thusius N, Sola C, Romanowicz M. Long-Term Consequences of Chronic Naphthalene Poisoning in a Patient With a Mothball Use Disorder. Psychosomatics 2020; 61:92-97. [PMID: 31196686 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Mlynek
- Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Nuria Thusius
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Rogers KH, McMillin S, Olstad KJ, Poppenga RH. Imidacloprid Poisoning of Songbirds Following a Drench Application of Trees in a Residential Neighborhood in California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1724-1727. [PMID: 31241802 PMCID: PMC6852563 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In March 2017, 26 American goldfinches (Spinus tristis) were found dead following a drench application of imidacloprid in California (USA). Identical seed fragments were present in the digestive tracts. Imidacloprid was detected in 4 separate pooled samples from 18 birds, in crop/gizzard contents (4.8 ± 1.3 ppm; range 2.2-8.5 ppm) and liver tissues (3.9 ± 0.6 ppm; range 2.1-4.8 ppm). We suspect that fallen elm (Ulmus sp.) seeds were contaminated with imidacloprid during the drench application and subsequently ingested, resulting in acute toxicity and death. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1724-1727. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta H. Rogers
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and WildlifeRancho CordovaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stella McMillin
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and WildlifeRancho CordovaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katie J. Olstad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Yang J, Geng DL, Liu QH, Mai ZLM. [Investigation of acute poisoning event caused by carbofuran]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2019; 40:571-573. [PMID: 31177740 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and response process of an acute poisoning event caused by carbofuran in buttered tea and provide scientific evidence for the investigation of similar events in the future. Methods: Field epidemiological survey, animal experiments and laboratory tests were conducted for an acute poisoning event occurred in Suopo township of Danba county of Sichuan province in 2018. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the acute poisoning event. Results: A total of 26 poisoning cases occurred in 3 villages. The total attack rate was 41.27%. No death cases were reported. The 26 cases occurred in a few minutes after drinking buttered tea, the main symptoms were vomit, dizziness, miosis and nausea. A dog showed the same symptoms after drinking a sample of buttered tea. Carbofuran was detected in buttered tea, vomitus and zanba samples. Conclusions: The acute poisoning was caused by carbofuran in buttered tea, the transmission mode was point source spread. Effective epidemiological investigation and simple animal experiment can provide evidence for the rapid sample detection and clinical treatment of cases in emergency response. Timely case treatment and strict poisoning source control are the key measures to reduce casualty and prevent the spread of poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Chenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chengdu, Chengdu 610051, China; Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
| | - D L Geng
- Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
| | - Q H Liu
- Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
| | - Z L M Mai
- Danba County Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Danba 626300, China
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Das JC, Hasan SH, Sharmin T, Chowdhury M, Khyrunnessa F, Paul N, Faisal MA, Sharma JD, Paul S, Muhuri BR. Organophosphorus Compounds Poisoning in a Neonate: A Case Report. Mymensingh Med J 2019; 28:470-473. [PMID: 31086169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) are widely used insecticides. Such poisoning is very rare in neonate. A 23 days old infant was admitted with severe respiratory distress, excessive secretion from nose and mouth, bluish discoloration of extremities and poor feeding for 4 hours. He was pale, cyanosed and lethargic with gasping respiration. Frothing was coming through mouth and nose. There was watering of eyes, pupils were pin pointed and light reflex was sluggish. The baby was hypothermic, hypotonic with altered sensorium. Capillary refill time was <3 sec. The neonate was gasping; there was crepitation over lung fields. Precordium and abdomen was normal. An odor of OPC was smelt on clothing and secretions of the infant. The baby was wrapped with a cloth that was ware during pesticide spraying in the field. In addition to general measures, decontamination of skin and clothing and gastric lavage was done. Empirical antibiotic, injection atropine and pralidoxime were given. Patient showed clinical improvement with disappearance of cholinergic signs. The baby was discharged on 7th day of admission after full recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Das
- Professor Jagadish C Das, Professor, Department of Neonatology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chittagong, Bangladesh; E-mail:
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Dhadke S, Kantte V, Dhadke V, Dhadke M. Clinical Profile of Amitraz Poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 2019; 67:55-57. [PMID: 31309798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY To study clinical presentation, complications and response to supportive management of Amitraz poisoning. METHODS AND MATERIAL Fifty cases of acute Amitraz poisoning were studied in detail and compared with previous data from literature. RESULTS All the fifty cases were brought to Dr. V.M. Govt. Medical college, among them thirty one cases were males and nineteen were females, with their age ranging from 14 years to 62 years. Mode of intoxication was oral route. Twenty cases were farmers. Two cases had accidental poisoning. The ingested amount was ranging from 10ml to 80 ml. Vomiting and nausea were the prominent symptoms, next were dizziness, lethargy, respiratory distress and pain abdomen. Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, were commonest manifestations. Three cases were treated with mechanical ventilation. All the cases responded to supportive treatment and recovered completely. CONCLUSION Vomiting and nausea were the commonest symptoms. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria was commonest sign. There was good response to supportive treatment. There was no complication and no mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Dhadke
- Associate Professor, Dr. V.M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra
| | - Vijayalaxmi Kantte
- Assistant Professor,Dr. V.M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra
| | - Vithal Dhadke
- Professor,Dr. V.M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra
| | - Manish Dhadke
- Intern, Dr. V.M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra
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Rathish D, Senavirathna I, Jayasumana C, Agampodi S, Siribaddana S. A low GLP-1 response among patients treated for acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: a comparative cross-sectional study from an agrarian region of Sri Lanka. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:2864-2872. [PMID: 30499084 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher incidence of diabetes along with increased use of pesticides is seen in Southeast Asia. Recent hypothesis postulated a link between acetylcholinesterase inhibitor insecticides and type 2 diabetes through the GLP-1 pathway. This study compares the GLP-1 response between groups with low and high red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC-AChE) activity. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted amongst patients who were within 3 months after an acute organophosphate or carbamate poisoning (acute group) and amongst vegetable farmers with low (chronic group) and high (control group) RBC-AChE activity. Acute (366 mU/μM Hb) and chronic (361 mU/μM Hb) groups had significantly lower RBC-AChE activity in comparison to the control (471 mU/μM Hb) group (P < 0.0001). Only the acute group, which has had atropine therapy, showed a significantly lower 120 min value in comparison to the control group (P = 0.0028). Also, the acute group had significantly low late (P = 0.0287) and total (P = 0.0358) responses of GLP-1 in comparison to the control group. The findings of the study allude towards attenuation of GLP-1 response amongst patients after acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. The possibility of an atropine-mediated attenuation of GLP-1 response was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devarajan Rathish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka.
| | - Indika Senavirathna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Channa Jayasumana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Suneth Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Sisira Siribaddana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
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Raghapriya R, Dosi RV, Parmar A. Glycemic Status at the Time of Presentation in Acute Organophosphorous Poisoning and its Correlation with Severity and Clinical Outcome. J Assoc Physicians India 2018; 66:18-22. [PMID: 31324078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus insecticides (OPI) are one of the most extensively used classes of insecticides. Huge scientific body of evidence suggests that OPI exposure is a major toxicological threat that may affect human and animal health because of their various toxicities such as neurotoxicity, endocrine toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and ability to induce organ damage, alterations in cellular oxidative balance and disrupt glucose homeostasis. Mortality among organophosphorous (OP) poisoning patients despite advancements in its management is of concern.Of the various contributing factors,extremes and fluctuation in the glycemic status is a well documented parameter affecting the outcomes in critical illness although studies with respect to OP poisoning are deficient. All varieties of glycemic changes from hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis in OP poisoning along with other toxicological effects are reported,studies corroborating these findings are only few. The present endeavor was undertaken to study various glycemic changes in acute OP poisoning and it's bearing on clinical severity and clinical outcome. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the glycemic status by estimating random blood glucose level at the time of admission in cases of acute organophosphorous poisoning 2. To assess severity of the poisoning with various poisoning scales(PSS and POP) and level of serum pseudocholinesterase. 3. To correlate the documented blood glucose level with the severity and clinical outcome. METHOD A prospective analytical study of 100 patients with diagnosed acute poisoning, above the age of 18 years, non diabetic, with no history of mixed poisoning or condition affecting blood glucose levels and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criterias was done over a period of one year. The glycemic status at the time of presentation was documented and the patients were grouped into hypoglycemics, euglycemics and hyperglycemics and the same was correlated with the severity and clinical outcome using descriptive statistics, association and test of significance using MedCalc. RESULTS A prospective analytical study of 100 patients of acute organophosphate poisoning was done and on the basis of blood glucose levels at the time of presentation were further categorised into hypoglycemics (37%), euglycemics (52%) hyperglycaemic (11%). The outcome in terms of mortality was 59.45%,9.6% and 63.63% in the respective groups. The ventilator requirements among the three groups were 94.59%,53.84% and 100% respectively. Chisquare test to study the association between the presentation Random Blood Glucose (RBG) and the established Peradeniya Organophosphorous Poisoning Scale (POP) (Table 1) and Poisoning Severity Scale (PSS) (Table 2) revealed the study to be statistically significant (p value= 0.001)indicating both the extremes of glycemic status are associated with higher clinical severity and poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION We conclude that the glycemic status at the time of presentation in acute organophosphate poisoning patients is a simple, cheap, reliable marker in guiding the clinical severity and outcome when considered with clinical severity scores and S.ChE in a resource limited country like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raghapriya
- Senior Resident,Department of Medicine, Medical College Baroda and SSG Hospital; * Corresponding Author
| | - Rupal V Dosi
- Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical College Baroda and SSG Hospital
| | - Aeshal Parmar
- Senior Resident, Department of Medicine, Medical College Baroda and SSG Hospital
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Dhanarisi HKJ, Gawarammana IB, Mohamed F, Eddleston M. Relationship between alcohol co-ingestion and outcome in profenofos self-poisoning - A prospective case series. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200133. [PMID: 29975747 PMCID: PMC6033444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of alcohol co-ingestion for outcome in organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning has only been studied for the relatively hydrophilic dimethyl insecticide, dimethoate. We aimed to assess the effect of alcohol in acute poisoning with the lipophilic S-alkyl OP insecticide, profenofos. METHODOLOGY Demographic and clinical data, including an alcohol history, were prospectively collected from all cases of acute poisoning with agricultural profenofos EC50 presenting to two Sri Lankan hospitals over seven years. RESULTS Of 1859 patients with acute OP insecticide self-poisoning, 243 (13.1%) reported ingestion of profenofos (male 182/243, 74.9%). Alcohol co-ingestion was reported by 64/243 (26.3%). All patients reporting alcohol co-ingestion were male (64/64 [100%] vs 118/179 [65.9%] not reporting alcohol ingestion, p<0.001). More patients reporting alcohol co-ingestion died (10/64 [15.6%] vs 10/179 [5.6%]; p = 0.013) and required intubation (13/64 [20.3%] vs 16/179 [8.9%], p = 0.016) compared to those who did not co-ingest alcohol. Using multi-logistic regression, controlling for the estimated dose ingested, age (OR 11.1 [2.5 to 48.9] for age > 35 years vs ≤35 years) and alcohol co-ingestion (OR 3.1 [1.2 to 7.9]) were independently associated with increased risk of death. Increased risk of intubation was independently associated with age (OR 3.2 [1.6 to 6.6] for age > 35 years vs ≤35 years) and alcohol co-ingestion (OR 3.2 [1.6 to 6.4]). CONCLUSION A history of alcohol co-ingestion, as well as older age, is independently associated with worse outcome in patients' self-poisoned with profenofos.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Jeevan Dhanarisi
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
| | - Indika B. Gawarammana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Fahim Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Helath Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Eddleston
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Trueblood AB, Shipp EM. Characteristics of acute occupational pesticide exposures reported to poison control centers in Texas, 2000-2015. Arch Environ Occup Health 2018; 73:228-235. [PMID: 28605270 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1339011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, there is limited literature on occupational pesticide exposures despite being associated with adverse health outcomes, including in large states such as Texas. The purpose of this article is to characterize occupational pesticide poison center exposures in Texas. Descriptive statistics were used to describe exposures (eg, exposure routes, type of pesticide, medical outcome, clinical effects, and temporal/seasonal patterns). From 2000 to 2015, there were 2,303 occupational pesticide poison center exposures. Common types of reported pesticides were insecticides (67.3%), herbicides (17.7%), and repellents (5.8%). The highest proportion of exposures were among those aged 20 to 29 years (24.9%). The top clinical effect categories were gastrointestinal (25.8%), neurological (19.2%), and dermal (14.9%). Characterizing occupational pesticide poison center exposures can support improved surveillance systems and guide future research or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Trueblood
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Eva M Shipp
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , Texas , USA
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13
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Buchweitz JP, Carson K, Rebolloso S, Lehner A. DDT poisoning of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, in Hamilton, Montana. Chemosphere 2018; 201:1-5. [PMID: 29505918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an insecticidal organochlorine pesticide with; known potential for neurotoxic effects in wildlife. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) registration for this pesticide has been cancelled and there are currently no federally active products that contain this ingredient in the U.S. We present a case of a colony of big brown bats (E. Fuscus) found dead in the attic roost of an administrative building; in the city of Hamilton, Montana from unknown cause. DDT and its metabolites; dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) were detected in bat tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified by gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Concentrations of 4081 ppm DDT and 890 ppm DDE wet weight were found in the brain of one bat and are the highest reported concentrations in such a mortality event to date. This case emphasizes the importance of testing wildlife mortalities against a comprehensive panel of toxicologic agents including persistent organic pollutants in the absence of other more common disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Buchweitz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, 4125, Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Keri Carson
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 1400 S. 19th, Ave, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Sarah Rebolloso
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, 4125, Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Andreas Lehner
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, 4125, Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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Hou R, Zhang H, Chen H, Zhou Y, Long Y, Liu D. Total pancreatic necrosis after organophosphate intoxication. Front Med 2018; 13:285-288. [PMID: 29777518 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cases of acute pancreatitis induced by organophosphate intoxication are encountered occasionally in clinics, but very few of them develop into severe pancreas necrosis and irreversible pancreatic function impairment. Here, we report a 47-year-old female organophosphate poisoning case after ingestion of massive insecticides; she was considered to have total necrosis and function failure of the pancreas via serum amylase test, glucose level test, and CT imaging. The patient exhibited no relief under the regular medicine treatment, which included sandostatin, antibiotics, intravenous atropine, and pralidoxime methiodide. She received percutaneous catheterization and drainage of pancreatic zone to expel hazardous necrotic waste, also by which the pathogenic evidence was obtained and the antibiotics were adjusted subsequently. The patient recovered gradually, was discharged after 2 weeks, and was prescribed with oral pancreatin capsules before meals and hypodermic insulin at meals and bedtime to compensate the impaired pancreatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuankai Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Cotton J, Edwards J, Rahman MA, Brumby S. Cholinesterase research outreach project (CROP): point of care cholinesterase measurement in an Australian agricultural community. Environ Health 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29606131 PMCID: PMC5880094 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australian farmers are routinely exposed to a wide variety of agrichemicals, including herbicides and insecticides. Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are widely used for agricultural production, horticulture and animal husbandry practices. Symptoms of OP toxicity are the results of inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which is found in many types of conducting tissue in human bodies such as nerve and muscle, central and peripheral tissues, motor and sensory fibres. Cholinesterase can be measured in red blood cells/erythrocytes (AChE) and plasma (PChE). This study aims to explore integration of AChE monitoring into routine health checks for those at risk and also to examine any association between AChE activity and agrichemical use in a Victorian farming community in Australia. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study, where farmers and non-famers were compared on the levels of AChE at four time points of baseline, 3-4 weeks, 6-weeks and at 9-weeks. Study participants (N = 55) were residents from South West Victoria, aged between 18 and 75 years, spoke English, and had not had a previous known acute chemical accident. A total of 41 farming (had been farming for more than 5 years) and a convenience sample of 14 non-farming individuals met the inclusion criteria. Testing of AChE was repeated for all participants with a maximum of three times over 10 weeks. RESULTS The integration of AChE monitoring was very well accepted by all participants. There was no significant difference in average AChE activity between farming and non-farming participants (one-way ANOVA p > 0.05) in this study. There was no significant difference between personal use of agricultural chemicals on farm and the levels of AChE at baseline (measurement 1) or any of the follow up periods (p > 0.05). However, the mean activity of AChE was significantly lower within follow up periods [F (2.633, 139.539) = 14.967, p < 0.001]. There was a significant reduction of AChE between the follow up at 3-weeks and 6-weeks period (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The routine monitoring of AChE may allow for early recognition of chronic low-level exposure to OPs when they are used by farmers, provided a reasonable estimate of baseline AChE is available. This work provides an evidence for recommending the integration of AChE monitoring into point of care (POC) procedures in rural health clinics and quantifying pesticide exposure and personal protection both on the farm and in the home. Farmer engagement is crucial to the successful integration of AChE monitoring into rural health clinics in Australia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12613001256763 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Cotton
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, Hamilton, VIC 3300 Australia
| | - John Edwards
- School of Environment, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 Australia
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, Hamilton, VIC 3300 Australia
- Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Susan Brumby
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, Hamilton, VIC 3300 Australia
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18
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Yuh EL, Keir I. Hypertriglyceridemia and transient corneal lipidosis in a cat following intravenous lipid therapy for permethrin toxicosis. Can Vet J 2018; 59:155-158. [PMID: 29386675 PMCID: PMC5764219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An 8-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat developed corneal lipidosis and marked hypertriglyceridemia approximately 36 hours after intravenous lipid therapy (IVLT) for the treatment of permethrin toxicosis. The cat's ocular changes resolved approximately 72 hours after IVLT without treatment. This study reports a rare complication of IVLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L. Yuh
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Eunice Lee Yuh; e-mail:
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Chiari M, Cortinovis C, Vitale N, Zanoni M, Faggionato E, Biancardi A, Caloni F. Pesticide incidence in poisoned baits: A 10-year report. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:285-292. [PMID: 28564626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of pesticides in poisoned baits recovered from 2005 to 2014 in Italian northern regions of Emilia Romagna and Lombardy was analysed. A total of 956 baits tested positive for pesticides during the study period. In 9.3% (n=89) of the baits analysed more than one toxic compound was present. Insecticides (53.2%) proved to be the pesticides most commonly involved followed by rodenticides (34.3%), molluscicides (12.3%) and herbicides (0.2%). Among insecticides, the anticholinesterases (organophosphates and carbamates) were the most frequently detected (59.1%, n=412) followed by organochlorines (39.8%; n=277). Anticoagulants proved to be the rodenticides most commonly involved (78.5%; n=353) with many baits containing brodifacoum or bromadiolone, while metaldehyde was the most used molluscicide (88.2%; n=142). A high number of baits contained banned pesticides such as endosulfan, methamidophos, carbofuran and strychnine indicating that the restrictions and the bans on the use of toxic and highly toxic pesticides are not accompanied by a lower use in poisoned baits. The high incidence of banned pesticides detected in the present survey is extremely worrying and poses the question of where and how these compounds were obtained. Efforts have to be made to reduce this illegal practice and its environmental impact. Moreover, education and awareness campaigns should be instituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cortinovis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zanoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Faggionato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Biancardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Moon JM, Chun BJ, Lee SD. In-hospital outcomes and delayed neurologic sequelae of seizure-related endosulfan poisoning. Seizure 2017; 51:43-49. [PMID: 28787683 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the predictive factors for progression from seizure-related endosulfan poisoning to status epilepticus (SE) and refractory SE (RSE). This study also investigated delayed neurologic sequelae in seizure-related endosulfan poisoning. METHODS This retrospective, observational case series consisted of 73 patients who developed at least one seizure after endosulfan ingestion. RESULTS The progression rates from seizure-related endosulfan poisoning to SE and from SE-related endosulfan poisoning to RSE were 78.1% and 54.4%, respectively. The SE and RSE fatality rates were 19.2% and 41.9%, respectively. No patients reported the development of delayed neurological sequelae at least six months after discharge. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score were identified as an independent factor for progression from seizure-related endosulfan poisoning to SE and from SE-related endosulfan poisoning to RSE. Lorazepam administration was independently associated with preventing progression from SE-related endosulfan poisoning to RSE. CONCLUSION Seizure-related endosulfan poisoning had higher progression rates to SE and RSE and higher fatality rates than other drug-induced seizures. However, delayed neurologic sequelae after discharge were not demonstrated. Due to the high progression rates from seizure-related endosulfan poisoning to SE and RSE and the absence of an established treatment for SE-related endosulfan poisoning, physicians should aggressively treat patients who experience a seizure after endosulfan poisoning and who present with decreased GCS score. Lorazepam should be considered a first-line anti-epileptic drug for controlling seizures in patients with endosulfan poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Moon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - B J Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - S D Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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Vertolli U, Alessi M, Naso E, Naso A, Calò LA. A Very Unique Case of Boric Acid Intoxication With Very High-magnitude Rhabdomyolysis. Iran J Kidney Dis 2017; 11:256-257. [PMID: 28575889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy.
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Yuan XL, Jian XD, Wang K. [2 cases of acute imidacloprid poisoning clinical analysis]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2017; 35:309-310. [PMID: 28614939 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Millot F, Decors A, Mastain O, Quintaine T, Berny P, Vey D, Lasseur R, Bro E. Field evidence of bird poisonings by imidacloprid-treated seeds: a review of incidents reported by the French SAGIR network from 1995 to 2014. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:5469-5485. [PMID: 28028702 PMCID: PMC5352772 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale use of neonicotinoid insecticides has raised growing concerns about their potential adverse effects on farmland birds, and more generally on biodiversity. Imidacloprid, the first neonicotinoid commercialized, has been identified as posing a risk for seed-eating birds when it is used as seed treatment of some crops since the consumption of a few dressed seeds could cause mortality. But evidence of direct effects in the field is lacking. Here, we reviewed the 103 wildlife mortality incidents reported by the French SAGIR Network from 1995 to 2014, for which toxicological analyses detected imidacloprid residues. One hundred and one incidents totalling at least 734 dead animals were consistent with an agricultural use as seed treatment. Grey partridges (Perdix perdix) and "pigeons" (Columba palumbus, Columba livia and Columba oenas) were the main species found. More than 70% of incidents occurred during autumn cereal sowings. Furthermore, since there is no biomarker for diagnosing neonicotinoid poisonings, we developed a diagnostic approach to estimate the degree of certainty that these mortalities were due to imidacloprid poisoning. By this way, the probability that mortality was due to poisoning by imidacloprid-treated seeds was ranked as at least "likely" in 70% of incidents. As a result, this work provides clear evidence to risk managers that lethal effects due to the consumption by birds of imidacloprid-treated seeds regularly occur in the field. This in turn raises the question of the effectiveness of the two main factors (seed burying and imidacloprid-treated seeds avoidance) that are supposed to make the risk to birds negligible. Risk factors and the relevance of mitigation measures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Millot
- Research Department, National Game and Wildlife Agency, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), 5 rue de Saint-Thibaut, 78610, Saint Benoist, Auffargis, France.
| | - Anouk Decors
- Research Department, National Game and Wildlife Agency, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), 5 rue de Saint-Thibaut, 78610, Saint Benoist, Auffargis, France
| | - Olivier Mastain
- Biodiversity and Water Department, French Ministry of Environment, Energy and Sea (MEEM), 92400, La Défense, France
| | - Thomas Quintaine
- Research Department, National Game and Wildlife Agency, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), 5 rue de Saint-Thibaut, 78610, Saint Benoist, Auffargis, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Toxicology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1, av Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Danièle Vey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Toxicology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1, av Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Romain Lasseur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Toxicology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1, av Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Elisabeth Bro
- Research Department, National Game and Wildlife Agency, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), 5 rue de Saint-Thibaut, 78610, Saint Benoist, Auffargis, France
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Thetkathuek A, Jaidee W. Factors that contribute to insecticide poisoning among immigrant agricultural workers in Thailand. Int J Occup Environ Health 2017; 23:60-70. [PMID: 29308720 PMCID: PMC6060840 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2017.1421301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a strong increase in the international movement of workers during the last few decades. As Thailand's economy has rapidly developed during the past 20 years, it has attracted growing numbers of laborers from the bordering countries of Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Cambodia. Numbers of migrant workers in Thai agriculture have risen to the extent that the sector's continued growth has become increasingly dependent on migrant workers. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that contribute to the development of symptoms of insecticide poisoning among immigrant agricultural workers in the eastern region of Thailand. METHODS Data were collected via interviews (N = 891), and the levels of cholinesterase activity in the workers' blood were tested using reactive test strips. RESULTS Only 4.4% of the workers had normal levels of cholinesterase activity and 75.1% had levels that were abnormal. Regarding factors that affect gastrointestinal symptoms of poisoning, being aged 45 to 50 increased the risk of developing gastrointestinal symptoms (odds ratio (OR): 2.51; 95% CI: 1.41-4.46), as did using a backpack spraying technique (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 2.16-6.49) and having only moderate levels of self-protection behavior while spraying the insecticides (OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.16-4.29). Having an at risk level of cholinesterase activity increased the risk of gastrointestinal symptoms (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.05-10.04) and the risk of respiratory symptoms (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.17-6.44). CONCLUSION It is recommended that insecticide self-protection measures should be promoted and health monitoring should be implemented for migrant workers affected by high-risk insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamai Thetkathuek
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wanlop Jaidee
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health Foundation, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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Kofod DH, Jørs E, Varma A, Bhatta S, Thomsen JF. The use of self-reported symptoms as a proxy for acute organophosphate poisoning after exposure to chlorpyrifos 50% plus cypermethrin 5% among Nepali farmers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Environ Health 2016; 15:122. [PMID: 27964728 PMCID: PMC5154153 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies stating a high prevalence of occupational acute pesticide poisoning in developing countries have mainly relied on measurements of the rather non-specific self-reported acute pesticide poisoning symptoms. Only a few studies have measured the biomarker plasma cholinesterase (PchE) activity, in addition to the symptoms, when assessing occupational acute pesticide poisoning. This study evaluated self-reported symptoms as a proxy for acute organophosphate poisoning among Nepali farmers by examining self-reported acute organophosphate poisoning symptoms and PchE activity in response to occupational acute organophosphate exposure. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial among 42 Nepali commercial vegetable farmers. The farmers were randomly assigned (ratio 1:1) to a 2-h organophosphate (chlorpyrifos 50% plus cypermethrin 5%: moderately hazardous) spray session or a 2-h placebo spray session, and after 7 days' washout, the farmers were assigned to the other spray session. Before and after each spray session farmers were interviewed about acute organophosphate poisoning symptoms and PchE activity was measured. Analyses were conducted with a Two Sample T-test and Mann Whitney U-test. RESULTS We found no difference in the symptom sum or PchE activity from baseline to follow up among farmers spraying with organophosphate (symptom sum difference -1, p = 0.737; PchE mean difference 0.02 U/mL, p = 0.220), placebo (symptom sum difference 9, p = 0.394; PchE mean difference 0.02 U/mL, p = 0.133), or when comparing organophosphate to placebo (symptom p = 0.378; PchE p = 0.775). However, a high percentage of the farmers reported having one or more symptoms both at baseline and at follow up in the organophosphate spray session (baseline 47.6%, follow up 45.2%) and placebo spray session (baseline 35.7%, follow up 50.0%), and 14.3% of the farmers reported three or more symptoms after the organophosphate spray session as well as after the placebo spray session. CONCLUSION We found a general presence of acute organophosphate symptoms among the farmers regardless of organophosphate exposure or poisoning. Thus, self-reported acute organophosphate symptoms seem to be a poor proxy for acute organophosphate poisoning as the occurrence of these symptoms is not necessarily associated with acute organophosphate poisoning. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02838303 . Registered 19 July 2016. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Haagensen Kofod
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Entrance 20F, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik Jørs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- International Centre for Occupational, Environmental and Public Health (ICOEPH), Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Dialogos, Noerrebrogade 52C, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anshu Varma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Entrance 20F, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- International Centre for Occupational, Environmental and Public Health (ICOEPH), Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Dialogos, Noerrebrogade 52C, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Shankuk Bhatta
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jane Frølund Thomsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Entrance 20F, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- International Centre for Occupational, Environmental and Public Health (ICOEPH), Odense Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath A Chhabria
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhang YM, Li FW, Bao MZ. [A case of serious dichlorvos absorbed poisoning with skin burned]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2016; 34:850. [PMID: 28043278 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Isaka A, Masubuchi T, Oka Y, Aso S, Kasuya M, Ito C. A case of suspected brain death within 24 hours after ingestion of tolfenpyrad and an organophosphorus insecticide. Chudoku Kenkyu 2016; 29:247-250. [PMID: 30549942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 55-year-old man attempted suicide by ingesting tolfenpyrad, emulsion formulation insecticide, and organophosphorus pesticide emulsion, each three gulps. He was found lying on the floor and his family called an ambulance an hour later from ingesting. On arrival at our hospital, his Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14 (E3V5M6), his vital signs were stable, and he was able to converse. Activated charcoal and laxatives were injected through a gastric tube, and continuous administration of pralidoxime iodide was started. After hospitalization, he complained of nausea and his consciousness level decreased immediately. Endotracheal intubation was performed, and mechanical ventilation management was started Subsequently, he experienced bradycardia leading to transient cardiopulmonary arrest. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved after one cycle of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. While blood pressure was stabilized with continuous catecholamine administration, blood gas analysis revealed severe lactic acidosis, which gradually aggravated. Electroencephalography performed 16.5 hours after the suicide attempt showed flat waves, and he wa's suspected brain dead. He died about 37 hours after the suicide attempt.
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Mugundhan K, Iyer RS. Myelopathy following Cypermethrin Poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 2016; 64:85-86. [PMID: 27762525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid and pyrimethrin analogue. Cypermethrin poisoning produces neurological manifestations due to its primary target on sodium channels.1 Neuropathy following cypermethrin poisoning is common. But myelopathy is rare and not reported so far. We report a 17 year old healthy male who developed myelopathy following cypermethrin ingestion. The possible mechanism for the myelopathy in this patient is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Mugundhan
- Senior Assistant Professor, Dept. of Neurology, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu
| | - Rajesh Shankar Iyer
- onsultant in Neurology & Epileptology, Department of Neurology, KG Hospital & Post Graduate Medical Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
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Kalyaniwala K, Abhilash K, Victor PJ. Cartap Hydrochloride Poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 2016; 64:91-92. [PMID: 27762121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartap hydrochloride is a moderately hazardous nereistoxin insecticide that is increasingly used for deliberate self-harm in India. It can cause neuromuscular weakness resulting in respiratory failure. We report a patient with 4% Cartap hydrochloride poisoning who required mechanical ventilation for 36-hours. He recovered without any neurological deficits. We also review literature on Cartap hydrochloride poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kpp Abhilash
- Associate Professor, Accident and Emergency Department
| | - Peter John Victor
- Assoc. Prof. and Ag. Head, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, Tamil Nadu
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Bille L, Toson M, Mulatti P, Dalla Pozza M, Capolongo F, Casarotto C, Ferrè N, Angeletti R, Gallocchio F, Binato G. Epidemiology of animal poisoning: An overview on the features and spatio-temporal distribution of the phenomenon in the north-eastern Italian regions. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:440-448. [PMID: 27450041 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we analyze and discuss about the records referring to animal poisonings and poisoned baits cases covering the period between 2007 and 2013 and submitted for diagnostic investigations to the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), which is the public veterinary health institute competent for the north eastern Italian regions. All data were gathered by a passive surveillance system based on voluntary reporting, which became mandatory in 2009 after a decree of the Italian Ministry of Health had come into force. This prohibited the use and detention of poisoned baits and ordered to selected institutions and professionals to carry out standardized surveys to assess suspect and/or confirmed reported cases; all the necessary anatomopathological and toxicological investigations to confirm the reported cases were then performed for free by public veterinary health institutes whenever a veterinarian diagnosis or clinical suspicion were provided. Totally, 1831 suspected animals poisoning and 698 cases of supposed poisoned baits recovery episodes were registered. 642/1831 (35.1%) animal poisoning cases were confirmed and the presence of toxic agents was verified in 292/698 baits (41.8%). The most severely affected territories were the ones with the highest level of urbanization and those most densely populated in the study area. Dogs and cats seemed to be greatly affected by poisoning cases and a characteristic seasonal trend was noticed, with an increase of episodes in late Winter/early Spring and in Autumn. Carbamate insecticides resulted to be the main cause for animal poisoning, while anticoagulants rodenticides played a primary role among toxicants found in poisoned baits. The presented results emphasize that malicious animal poisoning is a widespread problem in north-eastern Italy. The still relevant number of reported poisoning events caused by some banned pesticides poses the problem of identifying where these substances come from and brings to light the popular knowledge about the high toxicity of these compounds. Moreover, the noticeable increase of the number of episodes registered in 2009 pointed out how the above mentioned decree may have contributed to reveal a number of hidden cases which had not been investigated before, probably due to economic reasons related to the costs of toxicological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bille
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy.
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Claudia Casarotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrè
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Federica Gallocchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
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Kalkan S, Ergur BU, Akgun A, Kaplan YC, Kinay AO, Tuncok Y. Efficacy of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist compared with atropine and pralidoxime in a rat model of organophosphate poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:369-75. [PMID: 16119251 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht540oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an adenosine A1 agonist, phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA), on metamidophos poisoning compared to specific antidotes. Rats were poisoned with metamidophos (30 mg/kg, oral) and observed for 24 hours. One group received sodium chloride (1 mL/kg) and four experimental groups received atropine (5 mg/kg), pralidoxime (PAM, 20 mg/kg), atropine/PAM (5/20 mg/kg) or PIA (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Atropine reduced salivation and prevented respiratory distress when compared to sodium chloride-treated rats. Treatment with PAM did not cause any suppression of cholinergic signs. Atropine and PAM combination prevented salivation, convulsion and respiratory distress. PIA delayed initial time of the salivation, convulsion and time to death. However, PIA was found ineffective against the metamidophos-induced cholinergic symptoms and mortality. All treatments, except PIA, lead to survival of these animals. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was not normalized by PIA or PAM. PIA prevented metamidophos-induced diaphragmatic muscle necrosis as much as PAM. In conclusion, a single dose of PIA was unable to protect the rats from metamidophos toxicity. Further studies are needed involving a combination of PAM and/or atropine with repeated doses of PIA to clarify the efficacy of adenosine agonists in OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalkan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
Objective: To describe the role of plasmapheresis in management of organophosphate poisonings. Design: Case report. Setting: A medical intensive care unit of a medical faculty. Patient: A patient with organophosphate poisoning whose cholinesterase levels continuously decline and then increase up to a normal level after plasmapheresis is performed for his sepsis. Interventions: Plasmapheresis with fresh frozen plasma. Measurements and main results: Baseline plasma cholinesterase (ChE) level was 4001 IU/L (normal values: 4000-10000 IU/L). Aspiration pneumonia was developed on day 3, and sepsis occurred on day 5. During this period, ChE levels gradually decreased. On day 5, plasmapheresis was performed for sepsis. Interestingly, plasma ChE levels increased from 2101 IU/L to 6144 IU/L after plasmapheresis. Atropine and pralidoxime were stopped, and a high level of ChE continued during hospitalization. The patient was successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation 3 days after plasmapheresis. Conclusion: Plasma exchange therapy may be considered for patients with organophosphate poisoning unresponsive to atropine and pralidoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Güven
- Department of Intensive Care, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Abstract
Introduction: Poisoning from organophosphates and carbamates is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Concerns have been expressed over the safety and efficacy of the use of oximes such as pralidoxime (2-PAM) in patients with carbamate poisoning in general, and more so with carbaryl poisoning specifically. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of 2-PAM in a mouse model of lethal carbaryl poisoning. Methods: Female ICR Swiss Albino mice weighing 25-30 g were acclimated to the laboratory and housed in standard conditions. One hundred and ten mice received an LD 50 dose of carbaryl subcutaneously. Ten minutes later, they were randomized by block randomization to one of eight treatment groups: normal saline control, atropine alone, 100 mg/kg 2-PAM with and without atropine, 50 mg/kg 2-PAM with and without atropine, and 25 mg/kg 2-PAM with and without atropine. All medications were given intraperitoneally and the atropine dose was constant at 4 mg/kg. The single objective endpoint was defined as survival to 24 hours. Fatalities were compared using a Chi squared or Fisher's exact test. Results: Following an LD50 of carbaryl, 60% of the animals died. Atropine alone statistically improved survival (15% lethality). High dose 2-PAM with and without atropine was numerically worse, but not statistically different from control. While the middle dose of 2-PAM was no different than control, the addition of atropine improved survival (10% fatality). Low-dose 2-PAM statistically improved survival (25% lethality). Atropine further reduced lethality to 10%. Conclusion: When appropriately dosed, 2-PAM alone protects against carbaryl poisoning in mice. Failure to demonstrate this benefit in other models may be the result of oxime overdose. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 125-129
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Abstract
The manufacture and application of aluminium phosphide fumigants pose risks of inhalation exposure to phosphine gas. This article presents a case report of suspected inhalation exposure to phosphine gas in a manufacturing facility for aluminium phosphide fumigants, which was associated with acute dyspnoea, hypotension, bradycardia and other signs of intoxication. These symptoms resolved within several hours after removal from exposure. A review of the data on human exposures to phosphide fumigants identifies both pesticide applicators and individuals in the vicinity of application to be at risk of accidental exposure and injury from phosphine inhalation. More recent reports have identified risks of phosphine gas inhalation in association with the clandestine production of methamphetamine. Toxicodynamic effects of phosphine result from the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species. There remain unanswered questions relating to the toxicokinetics of phosphine, as well as the assessment of human exposure utilizing biomarkers. As initial signs and symptoms of intoxication from phosphine gas may be nonspecific and transient, there is a need for improved recognition of the potential hazards associated with phosphide fumigants and phosphine gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Sudakin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6502, USA.
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Abstract
Objective: To present special clinical and laboratory features of 45 cases (44 adult cases) who were intoxicated through oral route. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Patients: Forty-five patients admitted to the ICU of Cumhuriyet University Hospital. Results: Forty-five patients between 4 and 97 years of age were evaluated. Intoxication was the result of a suicide attempt in 67% of cases and accidental in 33% of cases. Unconsciousness, nausea and vomiting were the common initial symptoms. The major clinical findings in the ICU were bradycardia, myosis, hypothermia, hyperglycemia, hypotension, coma and respiratory depression. Blood glucose level was increased in 64% of cases. No problem was noted in the patient or the fetus in a pregnant, 27-year-old patient, who was intoxicated with 10 mL of 12.5% amitraz. The length of stay in the ICU was between 2 and 15 days. None of the patients died. All patients were discharged without neurological sequela. Conclusion: The prognosis of amitraz intoxications through oral route is benign and results in complete healing; however, we suggest that these cases should be well monitored and followed-up in ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Demirel
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
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Botnariu G, Birsan C, Podoleanu C, Moldovan C, Stolnicu S, Chiriac A. Skin necrosis caused by prallethrin-A worldwide used insecticide. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 43:103-104. [PMID: 26987111 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of necrosis caused by the use of prallethrin (mosquito repellent) on the skin in a 67-year-old diabetic female patient suffering from delusions of parasitosis. Cutaneous toxicity due to pyrethroids is less known or reported, despite well-documented pyrethroid poisoning involving the gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiac, and nervous systems. Skin irritation has been described after acute accidental exposure but, as far as we know, no data have been published on the effects of pyrethroids when applied directly to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Botnariu
- Department of Diabetology, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Cristina Birsan
- Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Cristian Podoleanu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | - Cosmin Moldovan
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | - Simona Stolnicu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | - Anca Chiriac
- Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania; Department of Dermato-Physiology, Apollonia University, Iasi, Romania.
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Moon JM, Chun BJ, Cho YS. The characteristics of emergency department presentations related to acute herbicide or insecticide poisoning in South Korea between 2011 and 2014. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2016; 79:466-476. [PMID: 27267557 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1172529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine epidemiologic data regarding acute herbicide or insecticide poisoning in adults from 2011 to 2014 at the national level in South Korea. Further, the association between governmental regulations involving pesticides and changes in pesticide poisoning occurrences over time was determined. Data were obtained from the emergency department (ED)-based Injury In-depth Surveillance system conducted by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). Governmental regulations on pesticides were downloaded from the homepage of the Korea Rural Development Administration. Pesticides were classified according to guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the respective Resistance Action Committee (RAC). Trends in the number of ED presentations and case fatality rate (CFR) due to pesticide poisoning were investigated. The overall CFR due to poisoning from herbicides or insecticides in adults in South Korea was 16.8% during 2011-2014. However, CFR significantly decreased over the 4-year period. The ED presentations of paraquat (PQ) poisoning fell significantly, whereas poisoning due to glyphosate, glufosinate, or combined herbicides increased markedly over the 4 years. Between 2011 and 2013, PQ was the most common pesticide poisoning, whereas glyphosate became the most frequent in 2014. PQ produced the highest rate of fatality followed by endosulfan. Although the frequency of PQ poisoning decreased, which may be attributed to governmental regulations, the CFR and incidence of pesticide poisoning in adults remain a public health concern that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mi Moon
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Byeong Jo Chun
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Cho
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , South Korea
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Revanna KG, Chandran S, Kasaragod A. Poisoning by Polyethylene Glycol , An Adjuvant for Insecticides. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53:73-74. [PMID: 26840682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accidental poisoning in children with surfactant used as an agriculture adjuvant is uncommon. CASE CHARACTERISTICS A 7-month-old girl presented with severe respiratory distress 48 hours following ingestion of surfactant, and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. OUTCOME The child was successfully managed with supportive therapy. MESSAGE Poisoning by polyethylene glycol can be severe and life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gopagondanahalli Revanna
- DUKE - NUS and YLL NUS Graduate School of Medicine, Singapore; *Department of Pediatric Surgery, Columbia Asia Referral Hospital, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; and #Department of Neonatology, KK Womens and Childrens Hospital, Singapore. Correspondence to: Dr Suresh Chandran, Senior Consultant, Department of Neonatology, KK Womens and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899.
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Liu HX, Liu CF, Yang WH. Clinical study of continuous micropump infusion of atropine and pralidoxime chloride for treatment of severe acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. J Chin Med Assoc 2015; 78:709-13. [PMID: 26441220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study sought to assess the effectiveness of a constant micropump infusion of atropine and pralidoxime chloride compared with repeated-bolus doses in patients with severe acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning (AOPP). METHODS A total of 60 patients with severe AOPP, defined as cholinergic crisis with respiratory failure or cerebral edema, were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients each. In the experimental group, patients received a continuous micropump of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; in the control group, patients were given intermittent injections of atropine and pralidoxime chloride. Primary outcome measures were the dose of atropine required for atropinization, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score at atropinization, time to atropinization and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) recovery time. Additionally, the case fatality rate was measured as a secondary outcome. RESULTS Compared to patients in the control group, the time to atropinization, AchE recovery time, dose of atropine when atropinization occurred, and APACHE II score in the experimental group showed a statistically significant therapeutic effect (p < 0.05), and the case fatality rate of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Continuous micropump of atropine and pralidoxime chloride combined is more effective than the use of repeated-bolus injection in the treatment of severe acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Liu
- Emergency Critical Care Division, Central Hospital of Songjiang District of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chang-Fang Liu
- Emergency Critical Care Division, Central Hospital of Songjiang District of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Hua Yang
- Emergency Critical Care Division, Central Hospital of Songjiang District of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Hung DZ, Yang HJ, Li YF, Lin CL, Chang SY, Sung FC, Tai SCW. The Long-Term Effects of Organophosphates Poisoning as a Risk Factor of CVDs: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137632. [PMID: 26339906 PMCID: PMC4560399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used throughout the world. Because of their ease of availability, organophosphorus compounds are commonly used for self-poisoning in developing countries. The acute effects of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides are well known, but the chronic effects are unclear. Recent studies suggest that abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous systems persisted for up to 5 years after acute poisoning due to a single large dose of organophosphates (OPs). However, the long-term effects on cardiovascular diseases are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An OPs-exposed cohort (N = 7,561) and an age- and gender-matched control cohort (N = 30,244), both identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database, were compared. We utilized the multivariable Cox proportional model to estimate the risks of developing arrhythmia, coronary artery disease (CAD) and congestive heart failure (CHF). The patients with acute poisoning from OPs had higher incidence rates of arrhythmia (5.89 vs. 3.61 per 1,000 person-years), CAD (9.10 vs. 6.88 per 1,000 person-years), and CHF (3.89 vs. 2.98 per 1,000 person-years) compared with that of the non-OPs poisoning cohort, with a crude subhazard ratio (SHR) of 1.40, 1.13, and 1.12, respectively. Additionally, a significantly higher risk of arrhythmia was observed in the OPs poisoning cohort (adjusted SHR = 1.25) compared with the non-OPs poisoning cohort, particularly in male patients (adjusted SHR = 1.33) and those under 49 years of age (adjusted SHR = 3.16). After accounting for the competing risks of death, there was a higher risk of arrhythmia and CAD during a three year follow-up period (adjusted SHR = 1.50 for arrhythmia; adjusted SHR = 1.10 for CAD). We also found an adjusted SHR of 1.36 associated with developing CHF after 6 years of follow-up for OPs poisoning cohort. CONCLUSIONS Acute OPs poisoning may continuously impact human health through mechanisms that are unclear. Any supportive measurements that could contribute to a reduction in the risk of heart disease may be beneficial in cases of OPs poisoning survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zong Hung
- Department of Emergency, Toxicology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Yang
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Li
- Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Chang
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sally C. W. Tai
- Department of Emergency, Toxicology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang B, Yan T, Li F, Li X, Jian X. [A case of severe phorate poisoning treatment]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2015; 33:710-711. [PMID: 26832717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tongpoo A, Sriapha C, Wongvisawakorn S, Rittilert P, Trakulsrichai S, Wananukul W. OCCUPATIONAL CARBAMATE POISONING IN THAILAND. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2015; 46:798-804. [PMID: 26867400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbamate insecticide is a leading cause of poisoning in Thailand. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical manifestations and modes of occupational exposure in carbamate poisoning cases. We retrospectively studied all the cases of carbamate poisoning due to occupational exposure recorded in the Ramathibodi Poison Center Toxic Exposure Surveillance system during 2005 to 2010. Demographic data, clinical manifestations and severity were analyzed statistically. During the study period, 3,183 cases were identified, of which 170 (5.3%) were deemed to be due to occupational exposure. Ninety-six cases (56.5%) and 35 cases (20.6%) were poisoned by carbofuran and methomyl, respectively. Carbofuran is sold as a 3% grain and applied by sowing; methomyl is sold as a liquid and is applied by spraying. The majority of poisoned patients did not wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while applying the carbamates. The clinical manifestations of occupational carbofuran poisoning recorded were nausea and vomiting (82.3%), headaches (56.3%) and miosis (19.8%). The clinical manifestations of methomyl poisoning were nausea and vomiting (74.3%), headaches (57.1%) and palpitations (11.4%). Most patients in both groups had mild symptoms. Only one case in each group required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation support. There were no deaths and the lengths of hospitalization ranged from 2 hours to 2 days. Occupational carbamate poisoning cases in our series were mostly mild and the patients recovered quickly. There were only rare cases of serious symptoms. Lack of knowledge and inadequate PPE were the major factors contributing to occupational poisoning. Educating agricultural workers about correct precautions and pesticide use could minimize this type of poisoning.
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Lin JN, Lin CL, Lin MC, Lai CH, Lin HH, Yang CH, Kao CH. Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients With Acute Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1187. [PMID: 26200627 PMCID: PMC4603014 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) are the most commonly used pesticides against insects. Little is known regarding the relationship between dementia and acute OP and CM poisoning. A nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The incidence and relative risk of dementia were assessed in patients hospitalized for acute OP and CM poisoning from 2000 to 2011. The comparison cohort was matched with the poisoned cohort at a 4:1 ratio based on age, sex, and the year of hospitalization. During the follow-up period, the incidence of dementia was 29.4 per 10,000 person-years in the poisoned group, and represented a 1.98-fold increased risk of dementia compared with the control cohort (95% confidence interval, 1.59-2.47). This study provides evidence on the association between dementia and acute OP and CM poisoning. Regular follow-up of poisoned patients for dementia is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Nong Lin
- From Department of Critical Care Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (J-NL); Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (J-NL, C-HL, H-HL); Department of Nuclear Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (M-CL); School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (J-NL); Management Office for Health Data, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (C-LL); Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (C-HK); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (C-HK); College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (C-LL); and General Education Center, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan (C-HY)
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Eckardt RE. The role of experimental biology and toxicology in rendering the human environment safe. After-dinner speech. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2015; 11:213-21. [PMID: 5818655 DOI: 10.1159/000391395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
This retrospective observational case series study was conducted to describe the clinical feature of acute type II pyrethroid poisoning, and to investigate whether hyperglycemia at presentation can predict the outcome in patients with type II pyrethroid poisoning. This study included 104 type II pyrethroid poisoned patients. The complication rate and mortality rate was 26.9% and 2.9% in type II pyrethroid poisoned patients. The most common complication was respiratory failure followed by acidosis and hypotension. In non-diabetic type II pyrethroid poisoned patients, patients with complications showed a higher frequency of hyperglycemia, abnormalities on the initial X ray, depressed mentality, lower PaCO2 and HCO3- levels, and a higher WBC and AST levels at the time of admission compared to patients without complication. Hyperglycemia was an independent factor for predicting complications in non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients had a significantly higher incidence of complications than non-diabetic patients. However, there was no significant predictive factor for complications in patients with diabetes mellitus probably because of small number of diabetes mellitus. In contrast to the relatively low toxicity of pyrethroids in mammals, type II pyrethroid poisoning is not a mild disease. Hyperglycemia at presentation may be useful to predict the critical complications in non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongseob Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeongmi Moon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byeongjo Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Yu B, Ding B, Shen H, Zhu B, Gao Q. [Analysis of reports of cases of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2006 to 2013]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2015; 33:194-198. [PMID: 25916445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for developing effective intervention measures and prevention strategies. METHODS The data from report cards of pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2013 were arranged using EXCEL tables, and assessed. Statistical analysis was applied to the epidemiological data using SPSS. RESULTS From 2006 to 2013, a total of 32672 cases of pesticide poisoning were reported in Jiangsu Province. Most of the cases were caused by non-occupational poisoning (life poisoning) (72.78%). A majority of patients with pesticide poisoning were 35-54 years old (40.85%) or older than 65 years (15.69%). There were more female patients (58.22%) than male patients (41.78%). Among patients with occupational poisoning, male patients (50.90%) were more than female patients. Among patients with non-occupational poisoning, female patients were more than male patients (38.37%). Pesticide poisoning mainly occurred from July to September. The case-fatality rate of occupational poisoning (0.47%) was lower than that of non-occupational poisoning (7.10%). All 13 cities in Jiangsu Province reported cases of pesticide poisoning. There were more cases in the northern regions than in the southern regions. Pesticide poisoning was mainly caused by organophosphorus insecticides including methamidophos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, omethoate, and parathion, which accounted for 65.58%of all cases. Paraquat had the highest case-fatality rate (10.06%) among all pesticides, followed by tetramine (10.00%), dimethoate or omethoate (7.85%), methamidophos (7.79%), and dimehypo (7.68%). CONCLUSION Pesticide poisoning cannot be ignored. The management and control should be improved in production and usage of highly toxic pesticides including organophosphorus insecticides, rodenticides, and herbicides. More attention should be paid to the protection of vulnerable groups including women, children, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Bangmei Ding
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210028, China. E-mail:
| | - Han Shen
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210028, China
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Van Brussel E, Ghuysen A. [Acute voluntary poisoning by carbamate]. Rev Med Liege 2014; 69:650-653. [PMID: 25796780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute poisoning by organophosphate or carbamate is important to recognize since it can cause severe complications such as cardiorespiratory failure, coma, and even death in the absence of early management. Pharmacologically, the mode of action of these substances is based on an inhibition of cholinesterases; the clinical presentation therefore consists of a cholinergic syndrome. The typical clinical picture can be confirmed by the dosage of plasma cholinesterases. On a therapeutic viewpoint, atropine remains the antidote of choice. In high doses, it is the only molecule with a demonstrated effect for the specific treatment of such poisonings. Pralidoxime is clearly recommended in case of poisoning by an organophosphate, but is more discussed when carbamates are involved. The observation of a case of voluntary poisoning by a powerful carbamate, aldicarbe, offers s the opportunity to review the key elements of this type of poisoning. The rather loose inaugural presentation and the initial absence of diagnosis, underline the value of an adequate premature symptomatic care.
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Guo L, Ye H, Pan L, Sun L, Ying B. [Clinical effect of hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis in treatment of severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2014; 32:928-930. [PMID: 25608900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical effect of hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis in the treatment of severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning. METHODS Ninety-eight patients with severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning who were admitted to the emergency department of our hospital from March 2005 to September 2013 were equally divided into control group and observation group according to treatment methods. The control group was given conventional emergency treatment, while the observation group was given hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis and the conventional emergency treatment. The clinical outcomes and complications of two groups were compared. RESULTS In the control group, 35 patients were cured and 14 patients died, so the cure rate was 71.4%. In the treatment group, 46 patients were cured and 3 patients died, so the cure rate was 93.9%. The treatment group had a significantly higher cure rate than the control group (χ² = 8.611, P < 0.05). And the treatment group had significantly shorter duration of coma (P < 0.01), mean length of hospital stay (P < 0.01), and time to recovery of cholinesterase activity (P < 0.01) and a significantly reduced dose of atropine than the control group (P < 0.01). The control group had significantly more cases of urinary retention than the treatment group (18 vs. 6, χ² = 4.991, P < 0.05). And the control group had more cases of intermediate syndrome, respiratory failure, delayed neurological damage, and rebound than the treatment group. CONCLUSION Hemoperfusion combined hemodialysis has a good clinical effect and causes fewer complications in treating severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning, so it is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- The Second Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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