1
|
Bergen A, Herrmann J, Reilly CM. Xanthogranulomatous keratitis in a mixed-breed dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:1-4. [PMID: 38266392 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.10.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and histopathological features of a case of xanthogranulomatous keratitis in a mixed-breed dog. ANIMAL Mixed-breed dog. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES An 11-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was presented for mild blepharospasm, corneal cloudiness, and increasing conjunctival hyperemia OD. Ophthalmic examination revealed multifocal pink and cream-colored consolidated corneal infiltrative lesions and generalized neovascularization with suspected diagnosis of stromal abscessation. There was no improvement after 1 month of medical management, so a keratectomy was performed, and corneal tissue was sent for histopathological evaluation. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The nonulcerative keratitis was refractive to medical management including topical and systemic antibiotics, topical antifungal, and systemic anti-inflammatory, so keratectomy was performed. Histopathologic diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous keratitis was made 1 week postoperatively. The patient was prescribed 0.05% difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion and 0.2% tacrolimus ophthalmic ointment (initially q 8 h, OD). The difluprednate was tapered and discontinued after 2 months, but the tacrolimus was continued (q 12 h, OD). No lesion recurrence had been documented 1 year postoperatively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There has been little published on canine xanthogranulomas, especially in veterinary ophthalmology. Ocular xanthogranulomas have been reportedly found intraocularly and at the ocular surface. Histologically, they are characterized by well-delineated nodules that contain histiocytes and abundant lipid-laden macrophages. The treatment in this clinical case was surgical excision followed with topical immunosuppression/anti-inflammatory therapy with no recurrence 1 year postoperatively. Xanthogranulomatous keratitis should be an added differential diagnosis when nonulcerative keratitis is found on examination, specifically with consolidated, corneal infiltrate and minimal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bergen
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong Y, Kang S, Seo K. Comparative evaluation of corneal and limbal epithelial thickness in brachycephalic dogs with and without corneal diseases using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:30-39. [PMID: 37118910 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate alterations in epithelial thickness during corneal degeneration, corneal pigmentation, and additional features observed through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in brachycephalic dogs. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES The study used 55 eyes from 49 brachycephalic dogs that underwent OCT-containing ophthalmic examinations. The examined eyes were classified into corneal degeneration, corneal pigmentation, and normal groups according to corneal lesions. For each eye, corneal epithelial thickness (CET) in the central cornea and maximum limbal epithelial thickness (maxLET) in 4 quadrants of limbus (superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal) were measured from OCT images. Additional abnormal findings on OCT images, including irregular epithelium, subepithelial hyperreflectivity, and conjunctivochalasis, were also recorded. RESULTS The corneal degeneration group had significantly thinner nasal and temporal maxLETs than that of the normal group (p < .001). In the central corneal OCT image of the corneal degeneration group, an irregular epithelium was observed in 70.6% and subepithelial hyperreflectivity in 82.4%, both of which were significantly higher than the normal group (p < .001). In a comparative analysis, the nasal, temporal, and inferior maxLETs were significantly thinner in the corneal pigmentation group than those in the normal group (p < .001, p < .001, and p = .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Morphological changes in the limbal epithelium were observed in dogs with corneal degeneration and corneal pigmentation. LET reduction could be associated with their pathogenesis and would be valuable as an additional parameter for corneal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamed MA, Farag A, Zahran IS, Hafez A, Rizk MA, Abass M. Pycnogenol a promising remedy for diabetic keratopathy in experimentally induced corneal alkali burns in diabetic rats. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:209. [PMID: 35637465 PMCID: PMC9150323 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of topically applied pycnogenol (PYC) in healing the standardized alkaline corneal ulcer in diabetic and normal rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The corneal alkali-burn injury (CA-I) model was unilaterally developed in Wistar rats by filter paper saturated with 0.01 M of NaOH and touching the eyes for 45 s. Rats were divided into four groups: Normal control (NC), normal PYC (NPYC), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic PYC (DPYC). Both NPYC and DPYC groups were daily treated with PY eye drops three times, whereas NC and DC ones were treated with ordinary saline for six successive days. RESULTS The wound healing of corneal epithelial was improved in the NPYC group compared to the NC group. Meanwhile, it was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the DPYC group than in the DC group. Histological examination revealed that corneal re-epithelialization was more accomplished in the DPYC group than in the DC group. In addition, the inflammatory cells were augmented in the DC group more than those in the DPYC one. CONCLUSION The findings obtained revealed the efficiency of PYC for enhancing the corneal re-epithelialization and reducing the inflammatory reaction post alkali burn in rats, and thus it could be beneficially valuable as a treatment for the diabetic keratopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Amany Farag
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ibrahim S. Zahran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hafez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Marwa Abass
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jones KE, de Linde Henriksen M, Saxmose Nielsen S, Daniels JB, Lappin MR. Increase in infected corneal ulcerations in dogs during the northern Colorado's 2020 wildfire season. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:240-249. [PMID: 35226789 PMCID: PMC9305128 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the fall of 2020, Colorado experienced the two largest wildfires in state history. The smoke blanketed the college town of Fort Collins, Colorado, the location of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Colorado State University (CSU-VTH). The objective for this cross-sectional observational study was to evaluate how these wildfires and the corresponding elevated air quality index (AQI)) was associated with infected corneal ulcerations in dogs when compared to the two previous years. ANIMALS Seventeen dogs were included in this study. PROCEDURES Medical records from dogs presented to the CSU-VTH ophthalmology service with infected corneal ulcerations in August, September, and October of 2020, 2019, and 2018 were evaluated. Only corneal ulcerations with growth on their microbial cultures were included in this study. RESULTS The study revealed a significant increase in prevalence of infected corneal ulcerations in dogs presented to the CSU-VTH during the three wildfire months of 2020 that is, 3.5% (9/255) when compared with the two previous years, 2019: 1.0% (4/383, p = 0.04), and 2018: 0.9% (4/457) (p = .01). The AQI (mean ± standard error) was also significantly elevated for dogs that presented with infected corneal ulcerations in 2020 (70.2 ± 5.8) compared with 2019 (19.7 ± 8.7) and 2018 (45.6 ± 8.7) (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Elevation of AQI from wildfires seems to be correlated with an increased prevalence of infected corneal ulceration in dogs. As the duration and frequency of wildfires continues to rise globally, the effects of these wildfires on animal health should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E.V. Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Animal Welfare and Diseases ControlDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Joshua B. Daniels
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with keratopathy in captive pinnipeds and to provide guidance for preventive measures. ANIMALS 319 captive pinnipeds (229 otariids [sea lions and fur seals], 74 phocids [true seals], and 16 odobenids [walrus]) from 25 facilities. PROCEDURES Descriptive data collected from questionnaires completed by facilities and from medical records and physical examinations of pinnipeds were compiled and evaluated. Variables were assessed with χ2 tests of homogeneity to determine potential association with keratopathy, and variables with values of P ≤ 0.25 were inserted into the multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Results indicated that variables associated with significantly increased odds of keratopathy in captive pinnipeds included lighter or reflective pool color (OR, 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 3.97), pool water salinity < 29 g/L (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.89 to 6.56), and history of eye disease (OR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.85 to 5.98), trauma (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 1.72 to 8.89), and having been tested for leptospirosis (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.54 to 10.26). However, odds of keratopathy decreased with UV index ≤ 6 (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.72) and age < 20 years (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.66). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings indicated that odds of keratopathy in pinnipeds could be reduced by maintenance of pool water salinity ≥ 29 g/L and reduction of UV radiation exposure (eg, with adequate shade structures and use of darker, natural colors). Because UV radiation exposure is cumulative, even small attempts to reduce lifetime exposure to it could help control keratopathy in pinnipeds.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dennis DA, Pinard CL, Kenney DG, Salcedo RJ, Trout DR. Normograde nasolacrimal placement of an ocular-lavage system for treatment of equine eye diseases. Can Vet J 2019; 60:744-748. [PMID: 31281192 PMCID: PMC6563880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The standard placement of a subpalpebral lavage system may not be feasible in some horses with eyelid disease. We describe placement of a commercially available, indwelling nasolacrimal lavage system that circumvents eyelid perforation. This novel approach provided for effective delivery of drugs to 1 horse with periocular and corneal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Dennis
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Chantale L Pinard
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Daniel G Kenney
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Rames J Salcedo
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Donald R Trout
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Habarugira G, Nkuranga C, Asiimwe B, Turikumwenayo JB, Ojok L. First confirmed case of bovine besnoitiosis in Rwanda. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 17:100294. [PMID: 31303240 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An-eighteen months (one and half years) old heifer was presented with a progressive loss of weight leading to cachexia and was attended to by a team of doctors from the ambulatory clinic of the School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda. Clinical examination revealed scleroderma of both sides of the neck and pinpoint cysts in the sclera and conjunctiva as well as corneal opacity of the left eye. Histological examination of skin biopsy showed a mononuclear dermatitis with several cysts of 100-300 μm filled up with bradyzoites in the subcutis and dermis. These lesions are consistent with bovine besnoitiosis, a disease caused by Besnoitia besnoiti in cattle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of bovine besnoitiosis in Rwanda.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/diagnosis
- Cattle Diseases/parasitology
- Cattle Diseases/pathology
- Coccidiosis/diagnosis
- Coccidiosis/parasitology
- Coccidiosis/pathology
- Coccidiosis/veterinary
- Corneal Diseases/parasitology
- Corneal Diseases/pathology
- Corneal Diseases/veterinary
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/parasitology
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/pathology
- Eye Infections, Parasitic/veterinary
- Female
- Rwanda
- Scleroderma, Localized/parasitology
- Scleroderma, Localized/pathology
- Scleroderma, Localized/veterinary
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Skin Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Habarugira
- School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Charles Nkuranga
- School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Benon Asiimwe
- School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | | | - Lonzy Ojok
- School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Vision is essential for amphibians, so a healthy ocular surface is critically important. There are ocular surface abnormalities that occur predominantly in captive animals, such as corneal lipidosis, whereas others, such as UV-induced trauma or infectious and parasitic conditions, may be critical to survival for animals in the wild. It is believed that inherited defects are going to be seen in small captive populations but it may be that confined wild groups of amphibians can be just as severely affected. Anything that blinds an animal severely affects its life changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This article provides a brief, clinically relevant review of corneal surface disease in the ferret. A description of the ophthalmic examination of the ferret is provided. Stepwise descriptions of the most common ophthalmic abnormalities are provided, along with common rule-outs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathern E Myrna
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, UGA Veterinary Medical Center, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
In this article, ocular examination techniques are reviewed in the context of the reptilian patient. Subsequently, ocular surface anatomy and diseases are discussed. Sections for 4 of the 5 Reptilia orders are included: lizards, chelonians, crocodilians, and snakes. Literature pertaining to both wild and captive animals is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Smith Fleming
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Edelmann ML, Mohammed HO, Wakshlag JJ, Ledbetter EC. Clinical trial of adjunctive autologous platelet-rich plasma treatment following diamond-burr debridement for spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1012-1021. [PMID: 30272521 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.8.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of adjunctive treatment with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on corneal reepithelialization, vascularization, and fibrosis in dogs with spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs). DESIGN Randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. ANIMALS 40 client-owned dogs with uncomplicated SCCEDs. PROCEDURES All dogs were treated with diamond-burr epithelial debridement (DBD) of affected eyes, topical tobramycin solution and atropine sulfate ointment application, and Elizabethan collar placement for 4 weeks. Dogs were randomly assigned to topical ocular administration of autologous PRP (n = 20) or artificial tear solution (control group; 20) 4 times daily for 28 days. Recheck examinations were performed approximately 2 and 4 weeks after treatment began to evaluate SCCEDs for corneal reepithelialization, and semiquantitative corneal vascularization and corneal fibrosis scores were assigned according to affected corneal surface area. Results were compared between groups. RESULTS All dogs completed the study. The SCCEDs had completely reepithelialized in 11 (55%) control dogs and 12 (60%) PRP-treated dogs by the 2-week reevaluation, and in 15 (75%) control dogs and 18 (90%) PRP-treated dogs by the 4-week reevaluation. No significant differences were identified between groups in these proportions nor in mean differences from pretreatment scores for corneal vascularization and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this preliminary study involving dogs with uncomplicated SCCEDs, topical PRP administered as an adjunctive treatment following DBD had no significant effect on healing. A larger study is warranted to support or refute these findings and to determine the effects of adjunctive PRP treatment for dogs with complicated SCCEDs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuh EL, Keir I. Hypertriglyceridemia and transient corneal lipidosis in a cat following intravenous lipid therapy for permethrin toxicosis. Can Vet J 2018; 59:155-158. [PMID: 29386675 PMCID: PMC5764219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An 8-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat developed corneal lipidosis and marked hypertriglyceridemia approximately 36 hours after intravenous lipid therapy (IVLT) for the treatment of permethrin toxicosis. The cat's ocular changes resolved approximately 72 hours after IVLT without treatment. This study reports a rare complication of IVLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L. Yuh
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Eunice Lee Yuh; e-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berkowski W, Langohr I, Pease A, Bartoe J. Microphthalmia, corneal dermoids, and congenital anomalies resembling Goldenhar syndrome in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:324-329. [PMID: 29346049 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.3.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION An 18-month-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of conjunctivitis and skin-fold dermatitis secondary to bilateral microphthalmia, corneal dermoids, and ankyloblepharon. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination revealed bilateral microphthalmia, bilaterally symmetrical corneal dermoids, ankyloblepharon, superior and inferior entropion, prognathism, and facial asymmetry with deviation of the nasal septum. Computed tomography revealed malformed, thickened bony orbits with mineralization of the orbital ligament bilaterally. Moderate rightward deviation of the nasal septum and ventral nasal meatus was also evident, with no identifiable maxillary sinuses. Results of MRI of the brain were unremarkable. Abdominal ultrasonography showed an irregularly marginated left kidney and a right kidney defect suggestive of chronic renal infarction. An abnormal, well-demarcated, focally thickened region of the muscularis externa of the jejunum was also evident. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Transpalpebral enucleation was performed bilaterally. Histologic examination of ocular tissues confirmed the corneal dermoids and microphthalmia with anterior and posterior segment dysgenesis and cataracts in both eyes. Ocular discomfort resolved after postoperative recovery, and follow-up revealed that the patient's activity level and quality of life were excellent. No clinical signs of upper respiratory, urinary, or gastrointestinal tract disease were observed during the approximately 3.5-year follow-up period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The congenital abnormalities observed resembled those described for human patients with Goldenhar syndrome, and the outcome of treatment was favorable. This report may prompt clinicians to consider this diagnosis when evaluating young cats with similar clinical signs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Phillips ACN, Suepaul R, Soto E. Ocular localization of mycobacterial lesions in tank-reared juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1799-1804. [PMID: 28745814 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe clinical mycobacteriosis with consistent ocular lesion localization was diagnosed in a population of 800 juvenile tank-reared Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) which experienced a sudden increase in mortality approximately 5 months after arriving into Trinidad and Tobago from Florida, USA. Moderate daily mortality (15-20 animals per day) persisted for just over 1 month. Moribund fish displayed circling behaviour and had an open-mouth gape upon death. Fish consistently presented with bilateral exophthalmia, corneal cloudiness and hyphema. Non-branching acid-fast rods were detected in aqueous humour touch preparations. Histological analysis revealed severe bilateral intra-ocular granulomatous responses in all specimens. Mycobacterium sp. was identified using a real-time PCR assay detecting the RNA polymerase β-subunit (rpoB) gene in different tissue samples. Specimens did not present with characteristic granulomatous responses usually seen in viscera. To the best of our knowledge, this represents only the third documentation of piscine mycobacterial infection presenting with only localized ocular lesions, and the second documented case of mycobacteriosis in cobia. It is, however, the first documentation of an ocular presentation of mycobacteriosis in a marine species and is the first documentation of such a presentation in cobia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C N Phillips
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - R Suepaul
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - E Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eaton JS, Hollingsworth SR, Holmberg BJ, Brown MH, Smith PJ, Maggs DJ. Effects of topically applied heterologous serum on reepithelialization rate of superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:1014-1022. [PMID: 28414606 DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.9.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of topical application of undiluted heterologous serum on time to corneal reepithelialization in dogs with superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs). DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 41 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES After collection of baseline clinical and historical data, dogs were randomly assigned to receive topically applied undiluted heterologous serum (n = 22) or isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (19) along with tobramycin and atropine. Epithelial debridement (at all visits) and grid keratotomy (at visits 2, 3, and 4) of SCCEDs were performed. Ophthalmic examination including fluorescein application was performed once weekly for 4 weeks or until corneal reepithelialization. Clinicians and owners were masked to treatment group. RESULTS No differences in baseline data were detected between treatment groups. No difficulties with medication administration, noncompliance, or adverse reactions were noted. All SCCEDs in both groups healed by 4 weeks after treatment began. Median time to reepithelialization (2 weeks) was not significantly different between serum-treated and placebo-treated eyes. Irrespective of treatment group, median time to reepithelialization was not significantly different for Boxers versus non-Boxer breeds. Direct correlations were detected between time to reepithelialization and vascularization score at study entry, vascularization score at time of reepithelialization, and ulcer area at study entry in both groups. Time to reepithelialization was not correlated with age, sex, or duration of signs in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical application of undiluted heterologous serum was well tolerated by dogs with SCCEDs but, as an adjunct to standard treatment, did not reduce time to corneal reepithelialization.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sandmeyer LS, Bauer BS, Grahn BH. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Corneal lesion in a cat. Can Vet J 2015; 56:1197-1198. [PMID: 26538679 PMCID: PMC4608479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Bianca S Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Bruce H Grahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilding LA, Uchihashi M, Bergin IL, Nowland MH. Enucleation for treating rodent ocular disease. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:328-332. [PMID: 26045460 PMCID: PMC4460947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Our standard of care for rodent corneal lesions previously included treatment of the primary lesion, application of topical NSAIDs, and systemic NSAIDs in severe cases. When intensive medical management was unsuccessful, animals were euthanized, leading to premature loss of valuable genetically modified animals and those on long-term studies. We investigated enucleation surgery as a treatment for 15 cases of rodent corneal disease that did not respond to medical management. Enucleation was performed under isoflurane anesthesia and involved removal of the globe, extensive hemostasis, and packing the orbital space with absorbable gelatin sponge. The lid margins were closed by tarsorrhaphy and tissue glue. Analgesia was provided by using buprenorphine preoperatively and carprofen chew tabs postoperatively. To date, we have a 100% success rate with this procedure (n = 20; 15 clinically affected rodents [2 rats, 13 mice], 5 healthy controls), which included a 60-d follow-up period. The single complication involved dehiscence of the tarsorrhaphy site and was repaired by trimming the lid margins to provide fresh tissue for closure. Histologic examination at both 1 and 3 mo after surgery revealed no evidence of infection of the enucleation site. Enucleation in rodents is a straightforward procedure that represents a refinement to our current standard of care for rodents, does not cause significant inflammation of remaining periocular structures, and has reduced the number of animals euthanized prior to study endpoint because of severe ocular lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Wilding
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Mayu Uchihashi
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan H Nowland
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sandmeyer LS, Bauer BS, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Complex corneal ulceration of the eye. Can Vet J 2015; 56:93-94. [PMID: 25565723 PMCID: PMC4266067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Bianca S Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Bruce H Grahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boote C, Elsheikh A, Kassem W, Kamma-Lorger CS, Hocking PM, White N, Inglehearn CF, Ali M, Meek KM. The influence of lamellar orientation on corneal material behavior: biomechanical and structural changes in an avian corneal disorder. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1243-51. [PMID: 21051696 PMCID: PMC3101698 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinopathy, globe enlarged (RGE) is an inherited genetic disease of chickens with a corneal phenotype characterized by loss of tissue curvature and changes in peripheral collagen fibril alignment. This study aimed to characterize the material behavior of normal and RGE chicken corneas under inflation and compare this with new spatial- and depth-resolved microstructural information to investigate how stromal fibril architecture determines corneal behavior under intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS Six RGE chicken corneas and six age-matched normal controls were tested using trephinate inflation and their stress-strain behavior determined as a function of posterior pressure. Second harmonic generation mulitphoton microscopy was used to compare the in-plane appearance and degree of through-plane interlacing of collagen lamellae between normal and mutant corneas. RESULTS RGE corneas displayed a 30-130% increase in material stiffness [E(tangent)(RGE) = 0.94 ± 0.18 MPa to 3.09 ± 0.66 MPa; E(tangent)(normals) = 0.72 ± 0.13 MPa to 1.34 ± 0.35 MPa] (P ≤ 0.05). The normal in-plane disposition of anterior collagen in the peripheral cornea was altered in RGE but through-plane lamellar interlacing was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS This article demonstrates changes in corneal material behavior in RGE that are qualitatively consistent with microstructural collagen alterations identified both herein and previously. This study indicates that, in general, changes in stromal fibril orientation may significantly affect corneal material behavior and thereby its response to IOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Boote
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Koch SA. In response to the paper, Calcareous degeneration of the canine cornea. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:69. [PMID: 21199283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Sandmeyer LS, Breaux CB, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2010; 51:1295-1296. [PMID: 21286335 PMCID: PMC2957043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pattullo K. Acute bullous keratopathy in a domestic shorthair. Can Vet J 2008; 49:187-189. [PMID: 18309751 PMCID: PMC2216449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A 14-year-old cat was presented for corneal rupture of the right eye and bulla formation of the left cornea. It was diagnosed with acute bullous keratopathy, based on clinical and histopathologic examination. This is a rare condition of unknown origin in cats; it was treated successfully with bilateral conjunctival pedicle grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Pattullo
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In an experimental model of transplant rejection, renal transplants were performed on 6 mixed-breed dogs. Capecitabine (CPC) was administered as an oral immunosuppressive agent. All recipients received systemic CPC, cyclosporine (CSA), prednisolone, and famotidine throughout the study. Two dogs developed superficial keratitis, which was characterized by multifocal geographic erosions, superficial corneal epithelial pigmentation, and corneal neovascularization. These clinical signs correlated with the dose of CPC given, whereas other drug doses remained unchanged. After euthanasia, routine histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff for light microscopic evaluation. Ocular histopathologic abnormalities were limited to neovascularization and inflammatory infiltrate of the anterior corneal stroma and abnormal basal cell morphology, disorganization, thinning, and pigmentation of the corneal epithelium. The purpose of this communication is to describe the clinical and histopathologic evidence of CPC corneal toxicity in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zarfoss
- Department of Surgical and Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- F Dalla
- Veterinary Clinical Department, Surgery Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
An eight-week-old, male Labrador retriever puppy was presented with an abnormal appearance of the left cornea, observed after the eyelids opened in the second week of life. Ocular examination showed a large central dermoid of the left cornea. The dermoid was excised by superficial keratectomy, and healing was uneventful. The dermoid was classified as a Mann's second type. To the authors' knowledge, a Mann's second type corneal dermoid has not previously been reported in a dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Brudenall
- Animal Eye Services, Cnr Kessels Road and Springfield Street, Macgregor, QLD 4109, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kostuik H. Intraocular epithelial downgrowth in a dog. Can Vet J 2007; 48:943-945. [PMID: 17966337 PMCID: PMC1950105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A 14-year-old, female dog was presented for a recheck following intracapsular lens removal 1 year earlier. On examination, epithelial downgrowth was identified in the anterior chamber, and an evisceration was performed. The intraocular contents were submitted for histopathologic examination, which confirmed the presence of epithelial downgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Kostuik
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
A 10-year-old female West Highland white terrier was presented with refractory hyperplastic keratitis of the left cornea of one month's duration. At this time, a vascularised and rough lesion 5 mm in diameter was observed on the left cornea. No other abnormality was recognised on the affected eye. The corneal neoplasm was surgically removed and histologically diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma. For two months after the surgery, 0.04 percent mitomycin C (MMC) eye drops were applied as adjuvant chemotherapy. Primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma with no history of keratoconjunctivitis sicca is rare in dogs. In the present report, surgical removal of the neoplasm was combined with the topical administration of the anticancer drug mitomycin C and a good prognosis was obtained. The result indicates that the combination treatment used in this case may be an appropriate therapeutic choice for corneal squamous cell carcinoma in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Karasawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) in dogs are typically found in middle-aged dogs of all breeds. These epithelial defects may be present for weeks to months, particularly if left untreated or if treated inappropriately. Typical histopathological findings include loss of the corneal epithelial basement membrane and formation of a superficial, acellular, hyalinized zone in the stroma. Together, these histological abnormalities lead to delayed wound healing and poor epithelial adhesion. Epithelial debridement, anterior stromal puncture, grid keratotomy, and superficial keratectomy are the most common treatment options applied to the defects. Procedures that address the stromal changes present generally have a higher success rate than epithelial debridement alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Temporarily suturing the eyelids together may be necessary in certain studies where corneal dryness or ulceration may appear as secondary complications to experimental manipulation. This column describes the surgical technique of tarsorrhaphy in general, and details its use in the rat.
Collapse
|
30
|
Rodriguez-Alvaro A, Gonzalez-Alonso-Alegre EM, Delclaux-Real del Asua M, Martinez-Nevado E, Talavera-Cañete C. Surgical correction of a corneal perforation in an alpaca (Lama pacos). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 36:336-9. [PMID: 17323581 DOI: 10.1638/04-031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Likely because of trauma, an adult alpaca (Lama pacos) sustained a corneal perforation with a prolapsed iris. Because of the severity of the lesion, a pedicle conjunctival graft was performed. The structural integrity of the cornea was reestablished, and 10 mo postoperatively, the affected eye appeared to have good vision and only a small corneal scar remained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rodriguez-Alvaro
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
An adult female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) presented with an enlarging nasal limbal mass of the left eye. The mass was excised and the surgical bed treated with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. Histopathologic examination of the excised tissue showed the mass to be a superficial dysplastic ocular lesion, or conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm. A 5-yr follow-up period has passed without complications or recurrence, suggesting that as is the case in humans (Homo sapiens), excision and cryotherapy is an effective treatment for these lesions in elephants. This is the first report of any ocular neoplasia in an elephant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F T Fraunfelder
- Casey Eye Institute, 3375 S. W. Terwilliger Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy ferrets with the aim of establishing normal physiological reference values for this species. METHOD A total of 15 healthy, unrelated ferrets were used to test most of the parameters in this investigation. Eight of the 15 ferrets were used for central corneal thickness evaluation. Ages varied from 1.5 to 6 years of age. Selected diagnostic ocular tests were performed including Schirmer tear test, tonometry using an applanation tonometer (Tonopen), central corneal thickness using an ultrasonic pachymeter (Sonomed, Micropach, Model 200P +) and culture of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Staphylococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated from healthy conjunctival and eyelid margins, suggesting they are normal constituents of the conjunctival flora of the ferret. Results for selected ocular diagnostic tests investigated here for the ferret eye were as follows: intraocular pressure: 14.50 +/- 3.27 mmHg; Schirmer tear test: 5.31 +/- 1.32 mm/min; central corneal thickness: 0.337 +/- 0.020 mm. No statistically significant differences between ages or genders were found for any of the results. The reference data for the ocular tests obtained in this investigation will help veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose ocular diseases in the ferret. Knowledge of these reference values will be particularly useful to diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes of the ferret eye.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Hyperlipidemic ocular lesions are described for Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. Male WHHL rabbits 8 months old exhibited serum hyperlipidemia and ophthalmoscopically yellowish-white lesions along the corneoscleral junction and in the iris. Histopathologically, foamy macrophages aggregated in the stroma of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body were observed. These findings have been interpreted as lipid keratopathy. In addition, multiple clusters of a large number of foamy macrophages occurred throughout the choroid and sclera in association with the blood vessels. The lesions in the choroid and sclera could not be detected ophthalmoscopy, yet were much more prominent than those in the cornea, iris, and ciliary body, suggesting greater involvement and earlier onset of lipidosis at these sites associated with hyperlipidemia in WHHL rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Kouchi
- Toxicology Group, Safety Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enokicho, Suita, Osaka, 564-0053, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lim CC, Cullen CL, Grahn BH. Diagnostic ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2006; 47:207-8. [PMID: 16604975 PMCID: PMC2823468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Lim
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lassaline ME, Brooks DE, Ollivier FJ, Komaromy AM, Kallberg ME, Gelatt KN. Equine amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal ulceration and keratomalacia in three horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 8:311-7. [PMID: 16178841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amniotic membrane has antifibrotic, anti-angiogenic and antiprotease properties. This retrospective study was designed to investigate the use of equine amniotic membrane transplants (AMT) at preserving vision, maintaining the structural integrity of the globe and maximizing cosmesis in equine eyes with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia. METHODS Equine amnion had previously been aseptically harvested from a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare during an elective Cesarean section. Sections of amnion were stored at -80 degrees C and thawed as needed. Records of equine cases at the University of Florida with keratomalacia that received an AMT without adjunctive conjunctival grafting were examined. Clinical description, details of medical and surgical treatment, globe survival and visual outcome were documented. Etiologies were determined by cytology, culture or histology. RESULTS Three horses with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia received an AMT without conjunctival graft between December 2002 and April 2003. Pseudomonas spp. were cultured from all three eyes, with evidence of a concurrent fungal infection in two eyes. The three ulcers were 50, 72, and 76% of corneal diameter, and each one worsened in the face of aggressive medical therapy. In all three cases, the AMT sloughed over a 4 to 6-week period. At last follow-up, all three eyes receiving AMT were comfortable and receiving no medication, with light perception and an inconsistent location-dependent menace response. All three horses returned to their prior work. CONCLUSIONS Results of a small number of equine AMT suggest that amnion can be used successfully to preserve both globe structure and limited vision, as well as optimize cosmesis, in horse eyes with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Lassaline
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee JI, Kim MJ, Kim IH, Kim YB, Kim MC. Surgical correction of corneal dermoid in a dog. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:369-70. [PMID: 16294006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A five-month-old female Shih-tzu puppy was presented for repair of congenital choristoma in left eye. The patient was suffered from chronic epiphora and ocular discharge during 3 months. On ophthalmic examination, left eye revealed hyperemia in conjunctiva of the temporal canthus due to choristoma with hair. At surgery, the choristoma invaded by stromal layer of the cornea, and extended to limbus and conjunctiva. Based on the anatomical location and histopathological features of the removed tissue, the choristoma was diagnosed as corneal dermoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-il Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare Schirmer tear test (STT) values, corneal sensitivity, tear film break up times (TFBUTs), and tear glucose concentrations in relation to conjunctival microflora, and conjunctival cytologic and histologic findings among diabetic cataractous, nondiabetic cataractous, and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Procedures Fifteen dogs in each category underwent neuro-ophthalmic examination; aerobic, anaerobic and fungal conjunctival cultures; assessment of corneal touch threshold (CTT), STT, tear glucose, TFBUT; and conjunctival cytology and histology (in certain cases only). Degree of cataract and uveitis were critically graded. Glycemic control was estimated using serum fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS STT values were significantly lower in diabetic cataractous than nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. CTT of diabetic cataractous dogs was significantly lower than that of nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Mean TFBUTs were significantly less in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Tear glucose concentrations were significantly higher in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Conjunctival microbial isolates did not differ among groups. There were no significant differences in degree of cataract or uveitis between diabetic cataractous and nondiabetic cataractous groups. There was mild submucosal inflammatory infiltrate in conjunctival specimens from diabetic dogs. Conjunctival epithelial dysplasia and/or squamous metaplasia was/were detected in conjunctival biopsies of 5/7 diabetic dogs. Reductions in conjunctival goblet cell (GC) densities were noted in 4/7 diabetic dogs; there were no significant differences in mean GC densities among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic cataractous dogs have significantly altered keratoconjunctival characteristics compared to nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Cullen
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To describe the ultrastructural features of corneal sequestra in cats; and (2) to enhance our understanding regarding the pathogenesis of feline corneal sequestration. METHODS Nine corneal sequestra were harvested via keratectomy from globes of nine cats. The sequestra were routinely fixed then postfixed for high resolution light and transmission electron microscopy (HR-LM and TEM, respectively). The tissues were embedded in Epon/Araldite. Sections of 0.5-microm thickness were cut and stained with 1% toluidine blue in 1% sodium tetraborate solution for HR-LM. Ultrathin sections were collected on copper grids and stained with uranyl acetate and Sato's lead stain for TEM. Ultrathin sections were examined and the images were captured on an Advantage HR CCD camera using a Hitachi 7500 electron microscope operated at 80 kV. Two healthy corneas from two cats were harvested immediately following euthanasia. These corneal tissues (control samples) were processed in the same manner as the corneal sequestra for HR-LM and TEM. A portion of each sequestrum was also submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for infectious agents including feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydophila felis and Mycoplasma spp. RESULTS Ultrastructure of healthy corneal tissues revealed basal corneal epithelial cells aligned adjacent to a thin acellular layer similar to Bowman's layer with underlying tightly packed, regularly arranged, collagen fibrils oriented in different planes. Keratocytes were elongated and had long and irregularly shaped nuclei, and cytoplasm contained rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant membrane-bound vesicles. In contrast, corneal sequestra contained varying amounts of an amorphous, electron-dense substance, continuous with intact basal epithelial basement membranes peripherally, and overlying corneal ulceration and loosely packed collagen fibrils. Remnants of necrotic keratocytes were seen in spaces between disarranged collagen layers. In all samples, occasional keratocytes exhibited morphology indicative of apoptosis including clumping and margination of chromatin, and shrunken cytoplasm. Varying degrees of inflammation were noted on HR-LM and TEM of affected corneas including peri- and intralesional neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Corneal sequestra were FHV-1-positive (n = 3), FHV-1- and T. gondii-positive (n = 1), T. gondii-positive (n = 3), or negative for DNA of these infectious agents (n = 2) using PCR. All corneal sequestra were negative for DNA of Chlamydophila felis and Mycoplasma spp. using PCR. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of feline corneal sequestration independent of the presence of DNA of these infectious organisms. Prospective clinical studies are warranted to further understand the significance of T. gondii in relation to feline corneal sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Cullen
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lazić R, Gabrić N, Dekaris I, Bosnar D, Boban-Blagaić A, Sikirić P. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 promotes corneal epithelial defects healing in rats. Coll Antropol 2005; 29:321-5. [PMID: 16117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of human gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in corneal epithelial defects healing in rats. 48 rats, in 4 groups (N=12). Total debridement of corneal epithelium preformed unilaterally and lesions stained and photographed. Animals medicated as follows: distilled water (control group) or BPC 157 2 pg/ml, 2 ng/ml, 2 microg/ml, 2 drops/rat eye started immediately after injury induction, every 8 hours up to 40 hours (i.e., at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 h). Lesions were photographed before application or sacrifice (at 48 h). Defect area was analyzed using a special program. Through 48 hour period a steady recovery is noted in controls. Recovery was markedly accelerated in eyes on microg- or ng-topical regimen of BPC 157 (p < 0.05). Of note, unlike control lesion present also after 48 h, these lesions disappeared already following 40 h (microg) or 48 h (ng) post-injury. BPC 157 was shown to be effective in promoting corneal defects healing in rats. Results were dose dependent.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The cornea is naturally transparent. Anything that interferes with the cornea's stromal architecture, contributes to blood vessel migration, increases corneal pigmentation, or predisposes to corneal edema, disrupts the corneas transparency and indicates corneal disease. The color, location, and shape and pattern of a corneal lesion can help in determining the underlying cause for the disease. Corneal disease is typically divided into congenital or acquired disorders. Congenital disorders, such as corneal dermoids are rare in cats, whereas acquired corneal disease associated with nonulcerative or ulcerative keratitis is common. Primary ocular disease, such as tear film instability, adenexal disease (medial canthal entropion, lagophthalmus, eyelid agenesis), and herpes keratitis are associated with the majority of acquired corneal disease in cats. Proliferative/eosinophilic keratitis, acute bullous keratopathy, and Florida keratopathy are common feline nonulcerative disorders. Nonprogressive ulcerative disease in cats, such as chronic corneal epithelial defects and corneal sequestration are more common than progressive corneal ulcerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Anthony Moore
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
A 12-year-old Haflinger gelding was presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital of the University of Zurich with a light-pink raised mass on the temporal limbus and conjunctiva of the left eye. Squamous cell carcinoma was confirmed histologically after keratectomy and cryotherapy. Seven months later, a smooth pink, progressively enlarging mass was observed within the cornea of the left eye. Ultrasonographically, the mass was not only infiltrating the corneal stroma but seemed to protrude into the anterior chamber. The globe was surgically removed and submitted for pathology. A histologic diagnosis of corneal ocular squamous cell carcinoma with deep stromal invasion, infiltration of the uveoscleral meshwork and iridocorneal angle and resulting intraocular extension was made. This is the first detailed description of a limbal squamous cell carcinoma with invasion into the cornea and uvea in the horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kaps
- Department of Small Animals Ophthalmology Service, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim 9-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Turner PV, Albassam MA. Susceptibility of rats to corneal lesions after injectable anesthesia. Comp Med 2005; 55:175-82. [PMID: 15884781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Corneal injury is not a commonly reported side effect after injectable or inhalation anesthesia in rats, but a number of surgery studies at our facility resulted in a high incidence of these injuries. To explore the potential association of various anesthetic protocols with the development of corneal lesions in rats, we retrospectively evaluated clinical records and sections of eyes from 215 male and 187 female Wistar rats used in eight intravenous infusion toxicology studies. None of the studied compounds was associated with eye toxicity. For placement of jugular vein vascular access ports, rats were anesthetized with enflurane, isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine, or Hypnorm-midazolam. Histologically, corneal changes were scored from 0 to 4 in light of degree of mineralization, leukocytic infiltrates, neovascularization, fibrosis, and ulceration. Prestudy (postsurgical) ophthalmic examination findings of corneal opacities were correlated with mineralization of the anterior limiting membrane and corneal ulceration. Corneal lesions were more severe in animals anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine, and minimal changes occurred after anesthesia with either enflurane or isoflurane. The results of further analysis suggest that corneal lesions can be observed within 24 h after injectable anesthetic administration and are not reversible. The severity of corneal changes was reduced when ketamine-xylazine anesthesia was reversed with yohimbine. Compared with Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats, Wistar, Long-Evans, and Fischer 344 rats had increased incidence and severity of corneal lesions after anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine, suggesting that these three strains are at increased risk for developing postanesthetic corneal lesions with this regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sheridan Park Laboratories, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5K 1B4
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
A tumor-like tissue mass of lateral-limbal site in the right eye of a 12-year-old Cob Pony mare was presented for surgical removal. The mass, covering the lateral limbus, bulbar conjunctiva and part of the cornea, was surgically removed, and the corneal defect repaired with a pedicle bulbar conjunctival graft. The mass was inflammatory in nature containing mononuclear cells. No recurrence or complication occurred at 6- and 12-month follow-up examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Saroglu
- University of Istanbul, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Avcilar/Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
van der Velden MA. [Pathology of the cornea in the horse (part 3)]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2005; 130:45-7. [PMID: 15709620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
|
46
|
Ollivier FJ, Brooks DE, Van Setten GB, Schultz GS, Gelatt KN, Stevens GR, Blalock TD, Andrew SE, Komaromy AM, Lassaline ME, Kallberg ME, Cutler TJ. Profiles of matrix metalloproteinase activity in equine tear fluid during corneal healing in 10 horses with ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2005; 7:397-405. [PMID: 15511281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.04052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Levels of tear film matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity are significantly elevated in horses with ulcerative keratitis and contribute to the excessive breakdown of stromal collagen. Changes in the amount of proteolytic activity in horse tear film during corneal healing and stromal remodeling have not yet been reported, but we hypothesize they should decrease. In the present study we analyzed serial tear fluid from horses with ulcerative keratitis to identify any changes in MMP activity during corneal healing and stromal remodeling. PROCEDURES Samples of tear fluid were obtained from both eyes of 10 horses with ulcerative keratitis on the day of admission (day 1) at the hospital and then at various time points until complete healing of the cornea. Tear film MMP2 and MMP9 activity was determined by quantitative gelatin zymography. In all cases medical treatment included topical applications of equine serum, antibiotics, atropine and systemic administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Surgical procedures were performed in several cases on day 2 in addition to the medical treatment. RESULTS The mean total MMP activity (+/- SD) measured in relative standard units (RSU) in the tear fluid of the ulcerated eye (2.44 +/- 1.44) of the 10 horses was significantly higher than the mean in the contralateral eye (0.81 +/- 0.68) (P = 0.006), on the day of admission at the VMTH. The mean MMP activity in these ulcerated eyes significantly decreased (-82.4%) between the first day of admission and the day when the ulcer had completely healed (P = 0.0002). The activity level in the healed eye (0.43 +/- 0.17) was not significantly different to the one in the contralateral eye (0.36 +/- 0.18) on the day of complete corneal healing (P = 0.374). The level of MMP activity in the contralateral eye also decreased from 0.81 +/- 0.68-0.36 +/- 0.18 but this decrease (56%) was not significant (P = 0.069). CONCLUSIONS Ulcerative keratitis in horses is associated with initially high levels of tear film proteolytic activity that decrease as the ulcers heal. The success of medical and surgical treatment of the corneal ulcers is reflected by the enzyme activity in tears. In horses successful treatment does lead to a rapid reduction in tear film proteolytic activity that corresponded with the improvement in the clinical signs of corneal ulceration. Measurement of MMP activity in the tear film might represent a way to monitor the progression of corneal healing in horses with ulcerative keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Ollivier
- Department of Large and Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
van der Velden MA. [Corneal diseases in horses (part 2)]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2005; 130:9-14. [PMID: 15656113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
|
48
|
Volopich S, Benetka V, Schwendenwein I, Möstl K, Sommerfeld-Stur I, Nell B. Cytologic findings, and feline herpesvirus DNA and Chlamydophila felis antigen detection rates in normal cats and cats with conjunctival and corneal lesions. Vet Ophthalmol 2005; 8:25-32. [PMID: 15644097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.04060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Samples were collected from 36 cats with feline herpesvirus (FHV-1)-related ocular disease (conjunctivitis, epithelial or stromal keratitis, or corneal sequestration), and 17 cats without ocular changes. Corneoconjunctival swabs, scrapings and biopsies were tested in various combinations for presence of FHV-1 DNA using single round (sr) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR (nPCR). Additional swabs from the inferior conjunctival fornix were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Chlamydophila felis antigen. Cytologic evaluation was carried out on conjunctival (cats with conjunctivitis) and corneal (cats with keratitis) cytobrush preparations. FHV-1 DNA was detected by PCR in 14 (39%) cats with ocular disease and 1 (6%) of the control group. Agreement between srPCR and nPCR results was significant (P < 0.01). FHV-1 DNA was detected in 3/7 cats with conjunctivitis, 5/6 cats with epithelial keratitis, 3/11 cats with stromal keratitis, and 3/12 cats with corneal sequestration. There was a significant association (P = 0.0027) between viral presence and epithelial keratitis. However, no significant association was found between viral presence and conjunctivitis (P = 0.059), stromal keratitis (P = 0.15), or corneal sequestration (P = 0.18). With respect to FHV-1 DNA detection, intersample agreement was significant (P < 0.03). No sampling technique seemed more likely than another to harvest detectable viral DNA, except for cats with corneal sequestrum in which viral DNA was not detected using corneoconjunctival swabs. FHV-1 DNA was detected in 6/9 samples with intranuclear inclusion bodies and in 6/7 cats with eosinophils on cytologic examination. All samples tested negative for C. felis antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Volopich
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
van der Velden MA. [Pathology of the cornea in the horse (part 1)]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2004; 129:834-8. [PMID: 15633754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A van der Velden
- Hoofdafdeling Gezondheidszorg Paard, Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde, discipline Heelkunde, Universiteit Utrecht.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
This article reviews conditions that primarily affect the corneal epithelium as distinct from corneal stromal diseases. Corneal ulceration is discussed elsewhere in this issue. The other corneal conditions include a variety of more subtle epithelial disease,which might colloquially be termed epitheliopathies, as well as uninfected indolent superficial ulcerations, corneal neoplasia, and eosinophilic keratitis. The fungal plaque is an unusual and somewhat chronic form of epithelial infection. Although less common than corneal ulcers, this collection of lesions may present uniquely challenging obstacles to diagnosis and identification of a cure. Newer therapies and surgical strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Cutler
- Animal Eye Specialty Clinics of South Florida, 3421 Forest Hill Boulevard, West Palm Beach, FL 33406, USA.
| |
Collapse
|