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Keyvanfard G, Cheraghi H, Aryaei Tabar H. Effect of vincristine on intraocular pressure and tear fluid oxidative stress biomarkers in canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:104-113. [PMID: 37246963 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ocular side effects of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs are relatively uncommon. Nonetheless, the ocular system has a potentially high sensitivity to toxic substances. This study proposed a framework to assess the effect of vincristine chemotherapy on intraocular pressure, tear protein, and oxidative stress in canines with transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). METHODS The study group comprised 10 dogs with TVT, whose diagnosis was based on cytology, and all dogs were treated with vincristine for 4 weeks. Each animal was given a complete ophthalmic examination, followed by a standard Schirmer tear test. Before and 20 min after administering vincristine, intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in the eyes with a noncontact tonometer. At any of the times mentioned, tear samples were collected using the Schirmer test procedure and were subjected to protein analysis-oxidative stress index (OSI), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined, and standard statistical analysis was applied. RESULTS No significant differences were found in protein in tears, but mean Pre and Postinjection IOP revealed a significant decrease in the eyes each week. Also, results indicated significant differences in oxidative stress markers: increased OSI, NO, and MDA, and reduced TAC. CONCLUSION The importance of an increase in oxidative stress levels in the tears of vincristine-treated patients should be taken seriously, as it appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of eye disease. Therefore, during the treatment weeks prior to prescribing vincristine, eye diseases should be evaluated and considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Keyvanfard
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Cheraghi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Aryaei Tabar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Leis ML, Sandmeyer LS. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2024; 65:87-88. [PMID: 38164376 PMCID: PMC10727162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Jodzio D, DeNotta S, Plummer C, Sanchez C. Pain scoring systems in hospitalized horses with ocular disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:388-397. [PMID: 37982362 PMCID: PMC10800174 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain recognition in hospitalized horses is challenging, and the utility of pain scoring systems in horses with ocular disease has not been well-described. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Evaluate the horse grimace scale (HGS) and behavior pain score (BPS) in hospitalized horses with ocular disease. We hypothesized that HGS and BPS would be associated with different clinical progressions. ANIMALS Privately owned horses hospitalized for ocular disease between September 2018 and September 2020. METHODS Retrospective observational study. The HGS and BPS were recorded daily throughout hospitalization. Clinical progressions were categorized as: (a) discharge from hospital after medical treatment, (b) ophthalmic surgery (eg, keratectomy, conjunctival flap, amniotic membrane transplantation, corneal transplant), or (c) enucleation. Temporal trends in HGS and BPS were assessed using linear regression. Correlations among slope, intercept, and progression were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Of 65 horses that met inclusion criteria, 29 (45%) were discharged after exclusively medical management, 28 (43%) underwent ophthalmic surgery, and 8 (12%) underwent enucleation. Two horses (3%) had 2 ophthalmic surgeries performed. The BPS scores at admission were higher in horses that were managed medically than in those that underwent enucleation (P = .01). Horses requiring enucleation had higher increases in HGS (P = .02) and BPS (P = .01) during hospitalization than horses that were medically managed and a higher increase in BPS (P = .04) than horses that required ophthalmic surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pain scoring may represent a useful tool for monitoring progression and response to treatment in hospitalized horses with ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Jodzio
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sally DeNotta
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Caryn Plummer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida College of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Oliveira IV, Oliveira LVSX, Santos VMB, Souza JLT, Costa MLL, Borges PF, Campos DB, Talieri IC. Determination of intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test and the comparison between the applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen AVIA®) and the rebound tonometer (TonoVet Plus®) in mini lionhead rabbits. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:53-60. [PMID: 37747053 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production, as well as to compare the IOP obtained with the TonoVet Plus® (rebound) with the Tono-Pen Avia® (applanation) tonometers. ANIMALS Twenty-five Mini Lionhead rabbits (n = 50 eyes). PROCEDURE Tear production was measured at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. by using the STT. The IOP reading was performed with the rebound tonometer, followed by the applanation tonometer, at 6:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., and 6:00 p.m. Regression analysis, analysis of variance (anova) and Bland-Altman statistics were used. RESULTS Daily tear production was 10.25 ± 3.75 mm/min, with no differences among the moments evaluated. Average daily IOP was 17.7 ± 3.08 mmHg with the TonoVet Plus® and 11.5 ± 4.56 mmHg with the Tono-Pen Avia®. IOP values were higher at the beginning and end of the day with both tonometers. CONCLUSION The IOP values are higher with the TonoVet Plus® tonometer. The reference values of IOP and tear production obtained in this work may support the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of ocular disorders in pet Mini Lionhead rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael V Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Lídia V S X Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Victória M B Santos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - João L T Souza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Maria Lindomárcia L Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Péricles F Borges
- Department of Social Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Danila B Campos
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Ivia C Talieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
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Cinar H, Yanmaz LE, Isil A, Danisman IT. Effects of gabapentin on intraocular pressure, tear production and horizontal pupil diameter in New Zealand White rabbits. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3558. [PMID: 37886849 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effects of gabapentin on various ocular parameters in New Zealand White rabbits. METHODS A randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study design was employed. Eight New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to receive either oral gabapentin at a dosage of 15 mg/kg or an oral placebo, with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Intraocular pressure, tear production and horizontal pupil diameter were measured at baseline (T0) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes after drug administration. Physiological and behavioural changes were also recorded for both treatments following drug administration. RESULTS The administration of gabapentin did not have any significant effects on the ocular parameters measured in this study. However, the rabbits exhibited some muscle relaxation with partially closed eyes during handling, and they were slightly easier to remove from the cage when treated with gabapentin compared to the placebo treatment. LIMITATIONS In this study, the ocular effects of gabapentin were assessed in only a small number of healthy rabbits. These effects may differ in rabbits with pre-existing eye conditions or in those receiving other medications. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that gabapentin treatment does not have a significant impact on intraocular pressure, tear production or horizontal pupil diameter in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Cinar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Latif E Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Isil
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim T Danisman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Bertos E, Sánchez-Cerdá M, Virgós E, Gil-Sánchez JM, Moleón M. Thelazia callipaeda as a potential new threat to european wildcats: insights from an eco-epidemiological study. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2153-2160. [PMID: 36648738 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and displacement of vectors and wild and domestic hosts by humans greatly change host-parasite interactions and parasite transmission rates. Thelazia callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910 (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) is a zoonotic parasite rapidly colonizing Europe from its Asian native range. This nematode is vectored by Phortica flies and may cause ocular disorders, such as keratitis and corneal ulcers, in wild mammals, dogs, cats and humans. With the aim of detecting possible threats for the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) in one of its last Mediterranean strongholds, we initiated in 2017 a long-term monitoring program in Sierra Arana (southeastern Spain), which includes exploring its epidemiological and spatial relationships with domestic cats (Felis catus). During routine medical check-ups, we detected ocular nematodes in 3 of 17 (17.6%) wildcats and 1 of 23 (4.3%) domestic cats tested, confirmed to be T. callipaeda by microscopic and molecular analyses. This nematode species was first detected in the study area in 2021. To our knowledge, this is the first case of infection in wildcats in Spain. Through telemetry, we detected little spatial overlap between the home ranges of wildcats and domestic cats, which seems to be sufficient to facilitate the inter-specific transmission of T. callipaeda. Our findings suggest that this pathogen could be a new threat to the wildcat, a locally endangered wild felid. Further eco-epidemiological monitoring and sanitary control of domestic cats will be strongly needed, especially given the ongoing global warming scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bertos
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Mariola Sánchez-Cerdá
- Harmusch - Asociación de Estudio y Conservación de Fauna, Almodóvar del Campo, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Emilio Virgós
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, University Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Gil-Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Harmusch - Asociación de Estudio y Conservación de Fauna, Almodóvar del Campo, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marcos Moleón
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Spitznagel KM, Mikeska R, Jost H, McGrath S, Mehaffy C, Henriksen MDL. Detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines in healthy canine tears using Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:565-569. [PMID: 37874256 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM-MS for detecting pro-inflammatory cytokines in canine tears from healthy research Beagles. METHODS A complete ophthalmic examination was performed on 15 healthy research Beagles to verify no ophthalmic diseases. Tears were collected OU by placing a Weck-Cel® cellulose spear in the ventral conjunctival fornix for 1 min. The Weck-Cel® spear was placed in a 2.0 mL tube with a centrifuge filter forcing tears to flow through the filter into the bottom of the tube. The tears were analyzed using the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM-MS. Descriptive data from this study was reported as the normalized total peak area (nTPA) and median (range) using data imported from the online MRM-MS Skyline program. RESULTS The level of 16 pro-inflammatory cytokines was successfully detected in all 15 dogs. The four cytokines with the highest median amounts in the samples were IL-2 = 0.1243 (0.019-6.7289), IL-6 = 0.964 (0.0036-16.9365), TNFα = 0.1644 (0.0096-0.7138), and CSF-2 = 0.4022 (0.1475-2.6208). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that 16 pro-inflammatory cytokines in canine tears from healthy dogs can be detected with Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya M Spitznagel
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Railey Mikeska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Haley Jost
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie McGrath
- Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Leis ML, Sandmeyer LS. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2023; 64:1075-1076. [PMID: 37915788 PMCID: PMC10581346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Levy I, Mans C. Long-term systemic antibiotics and surgical treatment can be an effective treatment option for retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 21 cases (2011-2022). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1488-1494. [PMID: 37451680 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.05.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the epidemiologic features of rabbits with retrobulbar abscesses, including the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. ANIMALS 21 client-owned rabbits. METHODS The medical record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched from 2011 to 2022 for records of rabbits diagnosed with retrobulbar abscesses by CT. Data reviewed included age, breed, presenting complaint, association with an odontogenic infection, aerobic and anaerobic culture results, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS The primary presenting complaint was exophthalmos (19/21 [90%]). Most cases (15/21 [71%]) were associated with an odontogenic infection. Dental disease, not associated with a retrobulbar abscess (14/21 [67%]), was a common comorbidity on CT. The most common aerobic and anaerobic isolates were Streptococcus intermedius (5/12 [42%]) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (2/12 [17%]), respectively. Surgical treatment combined with long-term systemic antibiotic therapy was performed in 9 of 21 (43%) cases. It included intraoral tooth extraction (4/9 [44%]) versus extraoral peribulbar abscess lancing with either abscess packing with antibiotic-soaked gauze (3/9 [33%]) or surgical abscess debridement (2/9 [22%]). Resolution of the clinical signs with no recurrence for at least 6 months occurred in 7 of 9 (78%) surgically treated cases. Medical treatment with long-term systemic antibiotic therapy was performed in 4 of 21 (19%) cases, and 3 of 4 (75%) resolved. Due to poor prognosis or financial concerns, euthanasia was performed or recommended in 8 of 21 (38%) cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE On the basis of the data from this study, retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits carry a guarded prognosis. When intraoral and extraoral surgical treatment options combined with systemic antibiotic therapy were used, it resolved clinical disease in most cases.
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Sharun K, Chandran D, Manjusha KM, Mankuzhy PD, Kumar R, Pawde AM, Dhama K, El-Husseiny HM, Amarpal. Advances and prospects of platelet-rich plasma therapy in veterinary ophthalmology. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1031-1045. [PMID: 36607500 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, there has been a significant uptick on the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a better alternative for ophthalmologic therapies in pathologies, primarily of the ocular surface. PRP is a class of liquid platelet concentrate containing a supra-physiological concentration of platelets in a relatively small amount of plasma. Its potential to heal various tissues has piqued interest in its therapeutic application as a biomaterial in regenerative medicine. It is currently a popular therapeutic agent in plastic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, reconstructive surgery, and even oral and maxillofacial surgery. Based on the data from in vitro and in vivo studies, it can be concluded that PRP possesses adequate therapeutic potential in ocular pathologies, especially those involving cornea. In addition, the high concentrations of growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, EGF) present in the PRP accelerate the healing of the corneal epithelium. PRP has great therapeutic prospects in veterinary ophthalmology as a regenerative therapeutic modality. However, several variables are yet to be defined and standardized that can directly affect the efficacy of PRP application in different ophthalmic conditions. There is a shortage of research on the use of PRP in ocular surface defects compared to the number of studies and reports on the use of autologous and allogeneic serum eye drops. Therefore, a data-driven approach is required to generate consensus/guidelines for the preparation, characterization, and therapeutic use of PRP in veterinary ophthalmology. This review aims to inform readers of the latest research on PRP, including its preparation methods, physiological and biochemical properties, clinical applications in veterinary ophthalmology, and their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 642109, India
| | - K M Manjusha
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Pratheesh D Mankuzhy
- Department of Physiology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Abhijit M Pawde
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0054, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Amarpal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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Halsmer EL, Heatley JJ, Scott EM. Clinical ophthalmic parameters of the Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:428-439. [PMID: 36519702 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ophthalmic diagnosis in many avian species remains hindered by a lack of normative values. This study aimed to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in clinically normal Quaker parrots. METHODS Ninety-six captive Quaker parrots aged 8-18 years underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, phenol red thread test, rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, palpebral fissure length measurements, slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. RESULTS Menace response, dazzle reflex, and direct pupillary light reflex were present for all Quaker parrots. Tear production (mean ± SD) was 13.3 ± 4.0 mm/15 s and intraocular pressure (IOP, mean ± SD) was 10.6 ± 1.4 and 6.0 ± 1.3 mmHg in the D and P rebound tonometer calibration settings, respectively. For IOP measurement, D and P calibration settings were not interchangeable, with the lesser variation of the D setting preferred in the absence of a gold standard. Ultrasound measurement of the anterior chamber depth increased with age and males had longer axial globe and vitreous lengths. Incidental adnexal and ocular lesions, identified in 36/96 (37.5%) of Quaker parrots, did not statistically affect the created reference data. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings to assist with monitoring the health of wild populations and maintaining the health of captive Quaker parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Halsmer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Jill Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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12
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Latham E, Scherrer NM, Stefanovski D. Comparison of three methods of tonometry in horses presented for ophthalmic disease. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:422-427. [PMID: 37525593 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the measurement of intraocular pressure in horses with clinical ocular disease using three tonometry devices. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of fifty horses were presented to the New Bolton Center Ophthalmology Service. PROCEDURE Intraocular pressure was taken on 50 client-owned horses (100 eyes) using the TonoVet, TonoVet Plus and Tono-Pen Avia tonometers. Clinical equine patients included were presented to New Bolton Center for ophthalmic examination. Auriculopalpebral blocks were performed but horses were unsedated. RESULTS All three tonometers were found to have strong agreement among them. The strongest agreement was between the TonoVet and the TonoVet Plus with the TonoVet on average 1.330 mmHg less than the TonoVet Plus (standard deviation 4.388 mmHg). This was followed by the TonoVet and the Tono-Pen Avia Vet with the TonoVet on average 2.531 mmHg greater than the Tono-Pen Avia Vet (standard deviation 4.124 mmHg). The weakest agreement was between the TonoVet Plus and the Tono-Pen Avia with the TonoVet Plus on average 3.854 mmHg greater than the Tono-Pen Avia (standard deviation 4.724 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS All three tonometers showed strong agreement, however, the TonoVet and the TonoVet Plus carried the strongest agreement with the TonoVet Plus having slightly higher measurements overall compared with the TonoVet. Due to small variations between devices, it is recommended that the same device be used for serial measurements of intraocular pressure. However, all three devices are appropriate to use in horses presented for ophthalmic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Latham
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole M Scherrer
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sandmeyer LS, Leis ML. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2023; 64:691-692. [PMID: 37397702 PMCID: PMC10286134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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14
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Knickelbein KE, Lassaline ME, Kim S, Thomasy SM. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the equine iridocorneal angle. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:1153-1158. [PMID: 35568989 PMCID: PMC9547819 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iridocorneal angle (ICA) is the major pathway of aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber of the eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been utilised to characterise the morphology of this drainage pathway in numerous species. UBM may allow for early recognition of aqueous humour outflow obstructions in horses, allowing for earlier recognition of risk for glaucoma, a vision-threatening and painful disease. UBM morphology of the normal equine ICA has yet to be described. OBJECTIVES To determine the ultrasonographic morphology of the equine ICA by UBM in standing sedated horses. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experimental study. METHODS Thirty healthy adult horses underwent UBM of the ICA at four locations (superior, temporal, inferior, nasal) of each eye utilising standing sedation, topical anaesthesia and auriculopalpebral perineural anaesthesia. Anatomic structures were defined on ultrasound images through comparison to published histologic photomicrographs of the equine ICA. RESULTS Ultrasound imaging of the ICA at all four locations was easily performed in standing, sedated horses. High-resolution images of the ICA allowed for identification of the pectinate ligament, corneoscleral trabecular meshwork (TM), uveal TM and supraciliary TM. MAIN LIMITATIONS Pupil size was midrange in all eyes, but was not strictly controlled. Lighting conditions not controlled. Various breeds included. CONCLUSION In vivo UBM of the equine ICA is feasible and provides high-resolution images of the structures of the aqueous humour outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Knickelbein
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mary E Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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15
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SOMMA AT, STEUERNAGEL A, PULIDO-MURILLO EA, PINTO HA, REIFUR L, MOORE BA, MONTIANI-FERREIRA F. Ocular disease caused by the trematode Philophthalmus lachrymosus in free-living kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) of Brazil. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1447-1452. [PMID: 36047247 PMCID: PMC9586036 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, clinical, parasitological and histopathological findings of thirteen kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) found infected with eyeflukes in Brazil are presented. Parasites detected in the ventral conjunctival fornix were identified as Philophthalmus lachrymosus [mean intensity of infection: 16 (5-36) worms/bird]. Eleven birds (85%) presented signs of systemic disease, such as emaciation, dehydration and depressed consciousness. Conjunctival hyperemia was observed in 22 eyes (85%). Keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal abscess and chemosis were also detected in some eyes (4-8%). Histopathologic lesions, likely due to the parasite attachment to the conjunctiva, were found in the eyes of one infected bird that died from unrelated causes. Philophthalmosis by P. lachrymosus is here reported as a clinically relevant eye disease in kelp gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tavares SOMMA
- Comparative Ophthalmology Lab, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Adriane STEUERNAGEL
- Unidade de Estabilização de Animais Marinhos de
Penha−Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali), Praia de Armação do Itapocorói, Penha,
Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alberto PULIDO-MURILLO
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Departamento de
Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves PINTO
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Departamento de
Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa REIFUR
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do
Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bret A. MOORE
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal
Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Fabiano MONTIANI-FERREIRA
- Comparative Ophthalmology Lab, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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16
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Hermans H, van den Berg EMH, Slenter IJM, Vendrig DJC, de Nijs‐Tjon LJL, Vernooij JCM, Brommer H, Boevé MH, Gehring R. Penetration of topically administered dexamethasone disodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate into the normal equine ocular fluids. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:965-972. [PMID: 34706129 PMCID: PMC9545554 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical dexamethasone and prednisolone are currently the mainstay treatment for equine ophthalmic inflammatory diseases, such as equine recurrent uveitis. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies in horses are lacking and current guidelines are mainly based on empirical data and extrapolation from other species. OBJECTIVES To investigate the penetration and local concentrations of topically applied dexamethasone and prednisolone in normal equine ocular fluids and serum. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomised experimental pharmacokinetic study. METHODS Twenty-one Shetland ponies without ophthalmic disease were treated bilaterally topically every 2 hours during 24 hours to obtain steady state drug concentrations. One eye was treated with 0.15 mg of dexamethasone disodium phosphate (0.1%), and the other eye was simultaneously treated with 1.5 mg of prednisolone acetate (1%). Serum samples were taken prior to the induction of general anaesthesia. Aqueous and vitreous humour samples were taken during euthanasia at time points after administration of the last dose (t = 5 min, t = 15 min, t = 30 min, t = 60 min, t = 90 min, t = 120 min, t = 180 min). Each pony was randomly assigned to one time point, and three ponies were sampled per time point. Dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean dexamethasone concentration in aqueous humour was 32.4 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD] 10.9) and the mean prednisolone concentration was 321.6 ng/mL (SD 96.0). In the vitreous and in serum samples concentrations of both corticosteroids were below the limit of detection (LOD 2.5 ng/mL). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study group was limited to subjects without evidence of current ophthalmic disease. A limited number of time points were measured. CONCLUSIONS Potentially effective dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured in the anterior chamber, but vitreal concentrations were negligible. Systemic uptake was low. Therefore, treatment with only topically administered corticosteroids is deemed insufficient in horses in cases of posterior uveitis. Further studies evaluating other routes of administration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Hermans
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Inge J. M. Slenter
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dax J. C. Vendrig
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)Division of Veterinary and Comparative PharmacologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Lilian J. L. de Nijs‐Tjon
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)Division of Veterinary and Comparative PharmacologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health SciencesFarm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael H. Boevé
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)Division of Veterinary and Comparative PharmacologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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17
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Sandmeyer LS, Levitt S, Leis ML. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2022; 63:979-980. [PMID: 36060484 PMCID: PMC9377281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Shayna Levitt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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18
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Dos Santos Martins TG, Schor P, Stuchi JA, Fowler SB. New Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Teaching Methodology for Veterinary Doctors. J Vet Med Educ 2022; 49:204-209. [PMID: 33929299 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic diseases can reflect the presence of systemic disease in animals. Thus, specialists in veterinary medicine must master the technique of fundus examination. To aid in the acquisition of this skill, we developed a teaching methodology using a low-cost model that students can build themselves and a device that allow for the examination of the animal's retina to teach the techniques of direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy in veterinary medicine.
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19
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Farger MV, Eule JC. [Availability of drugs for the treatment of cats with ocular diseases in Germany - Discrepancy between theory and reality]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2022; 50:82-91. [PMID: 35523162 DOI: 10.1055/a-1789-2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Only a few ophthalmologics specifically approved for cats are available on the market leading to frequent use of drugs approved for humans. In Germany, the administration, dispense or prescription of pharmaceuticals is regulated by the pharmaceuticals law ('Arzneimittelgesetz' (AMG)) as well as the regulation concerning pharmacies in veterinary practice ('Verordnung über tierärztliche Hausapotheken' (TÄHAV)). The aim of this study was to collect data concerning the occurrence and frequency of feline eye diseases and to evaluate the frequency of the necessity for extra-label drug use. Evidence-based, optimal treatment schemes were generated and reviewed with regard to their feasibility in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from 876 cats with ocular problems of the "Small Animal Clinic", Freie Universität Berlin as well as a small animal practice in Southern Germany were evaluated (01.01.2015-31.12.2018). Subsequently, the theoretical accessibility for approved agents and/or extra-label drug use in Germany was analyzed. RESULTS 1198 diagnoses were based on 925 ophthalmic examinations. The most common diseases include conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, hypertensive retinopathy and glaucoma. 885/1198 (73.9 %) of these diseases required treatment, which equates to 722/925 (78.1 %) cases. For all patients, treatment would have been possible according to evidence-based data. In 225/722 (31.2 %) cases, treatment with the pertaining, specifically approved agents would have been possible. Extra-label drug use would have been necessary in 497/722 cases (68.8 %). Of the 497 cases necessitating extra-label use, pharmaceuticals approved for humans would have been available for 481 cases (96.8 %), extra-label use of other veterinary pharmaceuticals would have been possible in 28 cases (5.6 %) and in 60 cases (12.2 %) especially manufactured drugs could have been employed. In a total of 36/722 cases (5 %), optimal care would not have been possible in the context of the current regulatory framework. CONCLUSION Based on regulations concerning therapeutic necessity, the ophthalmologic therapy of cats in Germany is possible within the regulatory framework. In the present study, 5 % of the patients could not receive optimal medical care. The closure of this gap demands additional approval of veterinary ophthalmic drugs as well as the research and development of novel active agents and veterinary pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Veronika Farger
- Klinik für kleine Haustiere, Ophthalmologie, Freie Universität Berlin
- Kleintierpraxis am Aischbach
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20
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Sandmeyer LS, Osinchuk S. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2022; 63:311-312. [PMID: 35237021 PMCID: PMC8842264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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21
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Sandmeyer LS, Osinchuk S. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2022; 63:89-90. [PMID: 34975174 PMCID: PMC8682933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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22
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Levitt S, Osinchuk S, Sandmeyer L. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2021; 62:1241-1244. [PMID: 34728855 PMCID: PMC8543663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shayna Levitt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Levitt, Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Levitt, Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
| | - Lynne Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Levitt, Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
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23
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Duan Y, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Kania PW, Karami AM, Al‐Jubury A, Buchmann K. Eye fluke effects on Danish freshwater fish: Field and experimental investigations. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1785-1798. [PMID: 34289126 PMCID: PMC9292478 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eye flukes in fish are common in freshwater lakes. Fish become infected by the penetration of cercariae released from freshwater snails, and high infection pressures may be associated with mortalities in a Danish lake. Examination of two other freshwater lakes, combined with laboratory study, supported the notion. We investigated 77 freshwater fish from two lakes and the infection level suggested the occurrence of a high cercarial infection pressure in the Danish lakes. Dominant genera were Tylodelphys and Diplostomum covering a range of species identified by PCR and sequencing of the 18S (partial)-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S (partial) of the rDNA. Cercariae of the prevalent species Diplostomum pseudospathaceum were used to infect zebrafish Danio rerio for the elucidation of short-term effects on the fish host. Zebrafish did not display abnormal behaviour when exposed to 200-400 cercariae, but a dosage of 600 and 1,000 cercariae/fish proved lethal. When fish were exposed to sublethal dosages, 19 out of 27 immune genes were significantly regulated and three genes encoding cytokine (IL 4/13B, IL-6 and IL-8) were upregulated at 3 hr post-infection (hpi), whereas others were downregulated especially at a later time point. We suggest that direct massive cercarial penetration of fish surfaces may be detrimental and may represent a threat to fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Asma M. Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Azmi Al‐Jubury
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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24
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Sandmeyer LS, Lucyshyn DR, Osinchuk S. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2021; 62:1007-1010. [PMID: 34475589 PMCID: PMC8360302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4
| | - Danica R Lucyshyn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4
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25
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Lucyshyn DR, Sandmeyer LS. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2021; 62:762-764. [PMID: 34219788 PMCID: PMC8218957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danica R Lucyshyn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Abstract
Ophthalmic problems account for up to 20% of emergencies in equine practice. Presenting problems may involve the periocular region, adnexa, or globe. Practitioners must have the experience to restrain horses with painful ocular conditions and the knowledge of how to perform a thorough eye examination. A range of clinical skills is required for the necessary diagnostic tests such as corneal cytology, ultrasound and tonometry, and common standing surgical procedures such as eyelid repair or instillation of a subpalpebral lavage system. Therapy, which may involve frequent administration of multiple medications, must be targeted to the specific diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Dwyer
- Genesee Valley Equine Clinic, 925 Chili Scottsville Road, Scottsville, NY 14546, USA.
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27
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Kawalilak LT, Grahn BH. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2021; 62:517-518. [PMID: 33967294 PMCID: PMC8048198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Kawalilak
- Pulse Veterinary Specialties and Emergency, 450 Ordze Road #320, Sherwood Park, Alberta T8B 0C5
| | - Bruce H Grahn
- Pulse Veterinary Specialties and Emergency, 450 Ordze Road #320, Sherwood Park, Alberta T8B 0C5
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28
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Sandmeyer LS, Osinchuk S, Leis M. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2021; 62:297-298. [PMID: 33692588 PMCID: PMC7877689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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29
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Sandmeyer LS, Osinchuk S, Leis M. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2021; 62:73-74. [PMID: 33390605 PMCID: PMC7739394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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30
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Saito A, Iwashita H, Kitamura Y, Miwa Y, Arita R. Punctate fluorescein staining scores in dogs with or without aqueous tear deficiency. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:28-36. [PMID: 32961030 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the superficial punctate fluorescein staining in dogs with and without aqueous tear deficiency. PROCEDURES An eye from each client-owned dogs presented to Triangle Animal Eye Clinic between January and December 2018 underwent tear and ocular surface tests, which included the Schirmer tear test (STT), phenol red thread test (PRT), and strip meniscometry tube tear test (SMT). Punctate fluorescein staining of the cornea (PFS-C) and the upper palpebral conjunctiva (PFS-UPC) were also performed. Fifty-seven dogs with STT results of <15 mm/min had aqueous tear deficiency (AD); 31 dogs had <10 mm/min and 26 dogs had ≥10 mm/min. The 162 dogs with STT results of ≥15 mm/min did not have AD. The test results of the groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Steel-Dwass multiple comparison tests. RESULTS Two hundred and nineteen eyes from 219 dogs were enrolled in this study. The PRT and SMT results, presented as mean ± SD, were significantly lower in the AD group than in the non-AD group (PRT: 29.5 ± 8.1 vs 36.9 ± 5.6 mm/15 s; SMT: 6.2 ± 3.8 vs 10.8 ± 2.8 mm/5 s). The PFS scores were significantly higher in the AD group than in the non-AD group (PFS-C: 4.4 ± 0.7 and 3.7 ± 0.8; PFS-UPC: 2.3 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.5). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aqueous tear deficiency is not only reflected by PRT and SMT but also PFS-C and PFS-UPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasunari Kitamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
- Yakumo Animal Hospital, Yakumo-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Miwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Sandmeyer LS, Leis M, Osinchuk S. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2020; 61:1215-1216. [PMID: 33149362 PMCID: PMC7560759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Faghihi H, Rajaei SM, Mehrazin H, Golabdar S, Brooks DE. Effect of Topical 1% Tetracaine Hydrochloride on Intraocular Pressure in Ophthalmologically Normal Horses; a Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 95:103296. [PMID: 33276925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical 1% tetracaine hydrochloride on the intraocular pressure (IOP) in ophthalmologically normal horses. Thirty eyes of 15 clinically normal horses were used for this study. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment and control). Prior to the instillation of 1% tetracaine or placebo, the baseline IOPs (T0) of each animal were recorded in both groups. Then one drop of tetracaine was instilled randomly into one eye of each horse in the treatment group (8 horses). In the control group (7 horses), one drop of artificial tear was instilled in one randomly selected eye. The measurements were repeated at 2 minutes (T2), 5 minutes (T5), 15 minutes (T15), and 30 minutes (T30) post instillation via a rebound tonometer. There was no significant difference in the treatment group (P = .3). The peak IOP measured at T2 returned to the baseline value at T30. No significant difference was found in the mean IOP values between the treatment and the control groups, or between the males and females on any of the occasions (P > .05). The Results of this study revealed a nonsignificant increase of the IOP 2 minutes post instillation of 1% tetracaine in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Faghihi
- Ophthalmology section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Mehrazin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Golabdar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dennis E Brooks
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Levitt S, Osinchuk S, Sandmeyer L. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2020; 61:1007-1008. [PMID: 32879531 PMCID: PMC7424942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shayna Levitt
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Levitt); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Levitt); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
| | - Lynne Sandmeyer
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 (Levitt); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
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Levitt S, Osinchuk S, Sandmeyer L. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2020; 61:789-791. [PMID: 32655166 PMCID: PMC7313355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shayna Levitt
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 (Levitt); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 (Levitt); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
| | - Lynne Sandmeyer
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 (Levitt); Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Osinchuk, Sandmeyer)
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Bartholomew KJ, Smith LJ, Bentley E, Lasarev MR. Retrospective analysis of complications associated with retrobulbar bupivacaine in dogs undergoing enucleation surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:588-594. [PMID: 32653165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate complications associated with, and without, bupivacaine retrobulbar local anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, observational study. ANIMALS A total of 167 dogs underwent unilateral enucleation surgery via a transpalpebral approach. METHODS Records from 167 dogs that underwent unilateral enucleation surgery that did (RB) or did not (NB) include retrobulbar bupivacaine anesthesia were reviewed, including anesthetic record, daily physical examination records, surgery report, patient discharge report and patient notes within 14 days of the surgery. Specific complications and severity were compared between RB and NB using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A 'complication burden' (0-5) comprising five prespecified complications was assigned and tested using rank-sum procedures. Statistical significance was set to 0.05. RESULTS Group RB included 97 dogs and group NB 70 dogs. Dogs in NB had a 17.0 percentage points (points) greater risk for a postoperative recovery complication (38.6% versus 21.6%; 95% confidence interval: 3.0-30.6 points; p = 0.017). There was inconclusive evidence that dogs in group RB had a lower risk of requiring perioperative anticholinergic administration (12.4% versus 22.9%; 10.5 points; p = 0.073). Other complications were similar between groups RB and NB with risks that differed by <10 points. The risk of hemorrhage was similar between groups RB (22.7%) and NB (20.0%) with no significant difference in the level of severity (p = 0.664). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this retrospective study, the use of retrobulbar bupivacaine for enucleation surgery in dogs was not associated with an increased risk of major or minor complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Bartholomew
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lesley J Smith
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael R Lasarev
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Switonski M. Impact of gene therapy for canine monogenic diseases on the progress of preclinical studies. J Appl Genet 2020; 61:179-186. [PMID: 32189222 PMCID: PMC7148265 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in knowledge of the organization of the dog genome has facilitated the identification of the mutations responsible for numerous monogenic diseases, which usually present a breed-specific distribution. The majority of these diseases have clinical and molecular counterparts in humans. The affected dogs have thus become valuable models for preclinical studies of gene therapy for problems such as eye diseases, immunodeficiency, lysosomal storage diseases, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy. Successful gene therapies in dogs have significantly contributed to decisions to run clinical trials for several human diseases, such as Leber's congenital amaurosis 2-LCA2 (caused by a mutation of RPE65), X-linked retinitis pigmentosa-XLRP (caused by mutation RPGR), and achromatopsia (caused by mutation of CNGB3). Promising results were also obtained for canine as follows: hemophilia (A and B), mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS I, MPS IIIB, MPS VII), leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD), and muscular dystrophy (a counterpart of human Duchenne dystrophy). Present knowledge on molecular background of canine monogenic diseases and their successful gene therapies prove that dogs have an important contribution to preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Soimala T, Lübke-Becker A, Hanke D, Eichhorn I, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Eule JC. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from ocular surfaces of dogs and cats suffering from ophthalmological diseases. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108687. [PMID: 32402352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have recently emerged as a major therapeutic challenge in small animal medicine because of their antimicrobial multidrug resistance and their role as nosocomial pathogens. This study focused on the prevalence, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of MRSP isolated from conjunctival swabs of dogs and cats. Conjunctival swabs were collected from 72 dogs and 24 cats suffering from conjunctivitis/blepharitis, keratitis or uveitis and screened for the presence of MRSP. S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 38 (39.6 %) of all samples. Three (7.9 %) S. pseudintermedius isolates were confirmed as MRSP. They harboured the mecA gene and originated from dogs. One MRSP isolate was from a case of uveitis while the other two MRSP isolates originated from cases of conjunctivitis/blepharitis. All MRSP isolates were subjected to broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Resistance and virulence genes, multilocus sequence (MLS), spa, dru and SCCmec types were deduced from WGS data. Two of the three MRSP isolates, IMT360/16 and IMT515/16, shared the same MLS type (ST71), spa type (t02), dru type (dt9a), SCCmec type (II-III), and indistinguishable multidrug resistance pheno- and genotypes, including resistance to β-lactams (blaZ, mecA), erythromycin and clindamycin (erm(B)), streptomycin (aphA3), gentamicin (aacA-aphD), enrofloxacin (mutations in grlA and gyrA), tetracycline (tet(K)), and trimethoprim (dfrG)/sulfamethoxazole. The third isolate, IMT1670/16, differed in all those characteristics (MLST (ST1403), dru type (dt10h), SCCmec type (IVg), except the spa type (t02). In addition, isolate IMT1670/16 carried a different tetracycline resistance gene (tet(M)) and was susceptible to erythromycin and clindamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawan Soimala
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Karnjanavanit 15, Kho Hong, Hat Yai 90110 Songkhla, Thailand; Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Morita J, Yamashita H, Sugihara K, Wakamatsu M, Sasaki M. Spontaneous Ocular Abnormalities in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Comp Med 2020; 70:140-144. [PMID: 32122441 PMCID: PMC7137553 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We collected historical control data derived from pretreatment ophthalmologic examinations of young (4 to 7 wk of age) Sprague-Dawley (Crl:CD[SD]) male, (2033, 42 lots) and female (1322, 32 lots) rats used in toxicity studies at our facility from 2004 through 2015. Ophthalmologic examination of male and female rats by using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and slit lamp revealed high incidences of corneal opacity (61% and 60%, respectively), lenticular opacity (43% and 47%), persistent hyaloid artery (21% and 17%), and retinal folds (27% and 27%). All other ocular abnormalities of the globe, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, lens, iris, vitreous, and choroid or retina occurred at incidences of less than 5%. Corneal opacities were localized mainly in the corneal nasal (38% and 37%) and paracentral (32% and 33%) areas, and lenticular opacities predominantly occurred in the nuclear area (31% and 34%). We then compared the incidences of spontaneous ocular abnormalities between the first (2004 through 2009) and second (2010 through 2015) 6-y periods. Corneal opacity and persistent hyaloid artery in male and female rats occurred more frequently during the second 6-y than during the first (corneal opacity, second period: male, 68%; female, 66%; corneal opacity, first period: 49% and 51%; persistent artery, second period, 26% and 23%; persistent artery, first period; 12% and 10%). These results support the importance of updating historical control data regularly and providing useful information for toxicologists and ophthalmologists to differentiate treatment-related changes from spontaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Morita
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Research Center, Saitama, Japan;,
| | - Haruhiro Yamashita
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Research Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sugihara
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Research Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Wakamatsu
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Research Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Research Center, Saitama, Japan
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Bauer BS, Leis ML, Sandmeyer LS. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2020; 61:321-322. [PMID: 32165759 PMCID: PMC7020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Sandmeyer LS, Leis M, Osinchuk S. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2020; 61:89-90. [PMID: 31896836 PMCID: PMC6912902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Greeff-Laubscher MR, Christison KW, Smit NJ. First Record of the Water Mold Achlya bisexualis (Saprolegniaceae) Isolated from Ornamental Fish in South Africa. J Aquat Anim Health 2019; 31:354-363. [PMID: 31765509 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The order Saprolegniales (Class Oomycota) is a group of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms that have been associated with infections in fish and fish eggs. Infections with microorganisms from this order are clearly evident because they have a cotton wool-like appearance. The aim of this study was to characterize and identify an oomycete that was isolated from the eye of an Orange Blotched Peacock Cichlid Aulonacara sp. A sample of cotton wool-like mycelia was isolated and single-spore isolations were conducted. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1-5.8-ITS2 rDNA region for all isolates were used for species identification. Following molecular identification, one isolate was used to culture and characterize the reproductive structures. Physiological characterization entailed incubating the isolate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at five different temperatures, ranging from 5°C to 25°C, to monitor growth rates. A multiple sequence alignment showed 100% similarity between all of the single-spore isolates and alignment with other Achlya bisexualis strains. Long, coarse hyphae with zoosporangia and gemmae typical of the order Saprolegniales were observed with an optimal growth rate at 25°C. The oomycete that was isolated from an Orange Blotched Peacock Cichlid was identified as A. bisexualis, the first record of this species in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Riana Greeff-Laubscher
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Kevin William Christison
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Directorate Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg, Cape Town, 8018, South Africa
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X7, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Jacobus Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Kaukonen M, Woods S, Ahonen S, Lemberg S, Hellman M, Hytönen MK, Permi P, Glaser T, Lohi H. Maternal Inheritance of a Recessive RBP4 Defect in Canine Congenital Eye Disease. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2643-2652. [PMID: 29847795 PMCID: PMC6546432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternally skewed transmission of traits has been associated with genomic imprinting and oocyte-derived mRNA. We report canine congenital eye malformations, caused by an amino acid deletion (K12del) near the N terminus of retinol-binding protein (RBP4). The disease is only expressed when both dam and offspring are deletion homozygotes. RBP carries vitamin A (retinol) from hepatic stores to peripheral tissues, including the placenta and developing eye, where it is required to synthesize retinoic acid. Gestational vitamin A deficiency is a known risk factor for ocular birth defects. The K12del mutation disrupts RBP folding in vivo, decreasing its secretion from hepatocytes to serum. The maternal penetrance effect arises from an impairment in the sequential transfer of retinol across the placenta, via RBP encoded by maternal and fetal genomes. Our results demonstrate a mode of recessive maternal inheritance, with a physiological basis, and they extend previous observations on dominant-negative RBP4 alleles in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaukonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sean Woods
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Saija Ahonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Lemberg
- Department of Eye Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 The Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Maarit Hellman
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tom Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Dennis DA, Pinard CL, Kenney DG, Salcedo RJ, Trout DR. Normograde nasolacrimal placement of an ocular-lavage system for treatment of equine eye diseases. Can Vet J 2019; 60:744-748. [PMID: 31281192 PMCID: PMC6563880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The standard placement of a subpalpebral lavage system may not be feasible in some horses with eyelid disease. We describe placement of a commercially available, indwelling nasolacrimal lavage system that circumvents eyelid perforation. This novel approach provided for effective delivery of drugs to 1 horse with periocular and corneal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Dennis
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Chantale L Pinard
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Daniel G Kenney
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Rames J Salcedo
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Donald R Trout
- Ontario Veterinary College - Health Sciences Centre, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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Sandmeyer LS, Leis M, Bauer B. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2019; 60:539-540. [PMID: 31080270 PMCID: PMC6463775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Bianca Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Curto EM, Griffith EH, Posner LP, Walsh KT, Balko JA, Gilger BC. Factors associated with postoperative complications in healthy horses after general anesthesia for ophthalmic versus non-ophthalmic procedures: 556 cases (2012-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 252:1113-1119. [PMID: 29641332 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.9.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare complications between healthy horses undergoing general anesthesia for ophthalmic versus non-ophthalmic procedures and identify potential risk factors for the development of complications. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 502 horses (556 anesthetic procedures). PROCEDURES Medical records from January 2012 through December 2014 were reviewed to identify horses undergoing general anesthesia. Signalment, body weight, drugs administered, patient positioning, procedure type (ophthalmic, orthopedic, soft tissue, or diagnostic imaging), specific procedure, procedure time, anesthesia time, recovery time, recovery quality, and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS Patients underwent general anesthesia for ophthalmic (n = 106), orthopedic (246), soft tissue (84), diagnostic imaging (110), or combined (10) procedures. Mean procedure, anesthesia, and recovery times were significantly longer for patients undergoing ophthalmic versus non-ophthalmic procedures. Excluding diagnostic imaging procedures, there was a significant positive correlation between surgery time and recovery time. Within ophthalmic procedures, surgery time, anesthesia time, and recovery time were significantly greater for penetrating keratoplasty versus other ophthalmic procedures. There was a significantly higher rate of postoperative colic following penetrating keratoplasty, compared with all other ophthalmic procedures. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that in healthy horses, duration of general anesthesia should be minimized to decrease the risk of postanesthetic complications. Judicious use of orally administered fluconazole is recommended for horses undergoing general anesthesia. For horses undergoing a retrobulbar nerve block during general anesthesia, use of the lowest effective volume is suggested.
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Sandmeyer LS, Leis M, Bauer B. Diagnostic Ophthalmology. Can Vet J 2019; 60:319-321. [PMID: 30872858 PMCID: PMC6380266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Marina Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Bianca Bauer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Wiggans KT, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Reilly CM, Vergneau-Grosset C, Kass PH, Hollingsworth SR. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of and risk factors for ophthalmic disease in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) at a veterinary teaching hospital: 52 cases (1985-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 252:316-323. [PMID: 29346051 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.3.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of and risk factors for ophthalmic disease in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 112 of 144 (78%) leopard geckos that were evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital in January 1985 through October 2013 and for which sufficient medical record information was available. PROCEDURES Information from medical records was used to identify leopard geckos with ophthalmic disease, characterize cases, and determine risk factors for the presence of ophthalmic disease. RESULTS Of the 112 leopard geckos, 52 (46%) had ophthalmic disease (mainly corneal or conjunctival disease). Female geckos were less likely to have ophthalmic disease, and there was a positive association between increasing age and ophthalmic disease. Use of a paper towel substrate, absence of any heat source, and lack of vitamin A supplementation were positively associated with a diagnosis of ophthalmic disease. Head dysecdysis was the only concurrent disorder significantly associated with ophthalmic disease. At necropsy, 5 affected leopard geckos had squamous metaplasia of the conjunctivae. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that ophthalmic disease is a common finding in leopard geckos. The cause of ocular surface disease in leopard geckos may be multifactorial, and hypovitaminosis A may be an important risk factor. Although animals receiving supplemental vitamin A were less likely to have ophthalmic disease, further understanding is required regarding the metabolism of and nutritional requirements for vitamin A in leopard geckos.
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Peschel A, Moser K, Korbel R. [Three-dimensional ultrasonographic examination of the avian eye: technique and physiological findings]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2018; 46:236-245. [PMID: 30149405 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-170674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The paper describes the possibilities and the clinical utility of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography in the avian eye. MATERIAL AND METHODS The healthy eyes of 44 patients (six various raptor, three psittacine bird and four other bird species) were examined using the Voluson i ultrasound unit (GE Healthcare, Austria) in combination with a high-resolution 18 MHz linear probe. Physiological findings should be demonstrated to obtain a clinical basis for the evaluation of pathological ocular findings. Additionally, the blood flow of the pecten oculi was assessed using 3D colour Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS By means of 3D ultrasonography, the physiological structures in the avian eye could be demonstrated in their spatial context for the first time. In addition, the 3D appearance of the blood flow of the pecten oculi was shown. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE 3D ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic addition to classical optical-based ophthalmological examination of the avian eye and becomes essential when the posterior segment of the eye is obscured, as, for example, in opacities of the anterior dioptric apparatus or in patients with haemorrhage in the anterior eye chamber. The method may significantly enhance ophthalmological diagnostics in birds, particularly in situations with frequently occurring posttrauma intraocular haemorrhage as well as retinal detachment or lesions of the pecten oculi.
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Quigley BL, Carver S, Hanger J, Vidgen ME, Timms P. The relative contribution of causal factors in the transition from infection to clinical chlamydial disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8893. [PMID: 29891934 PMCID: PMC5995861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is a major bacterial pathogen in humans and animals globally. Yet 80% of infections never progress to clinical disease. Decades of research have generated an interconnected network linking pathogen, host, and environmental factors to disease expression, but the relative importance of these and whether they account for disease progression remains unknown. To address this, we used structural equation modeling to evaluate putative factors likely to contribute to urogenital and ocular chlamydial disease in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). These factors include Chlamydia detection, load, and ompA genotype; urogenital and ocular microbiomes; host sex, age, weight, body condition; breading season, time of year; location; retrovirus co-infection; and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) alleles. We show different microbiological processes underpin disease progression at urogenital and ocular sites. From each category of factors, urogenital disease was most strongly predicted by chlamydial PCR detection and load, koala body condition and environmental location. In contrast, ocular disease was most strongly predicted by phylum-level Chlamydiae microbiome proportions, sampling during breeding season and co-infection with koala retrovirus subtype B. Host MHCII alleles also contributed predictive power to both disease models. Our results also show considerable uncertainty remains, suggesting major causal mechanisms are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Quigley
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Jon Hanger
- Endeavour Veterinary Ecology, 1695 Pumicestone Road, Toorbul, Queensland, 4510, Australia
| | - Miranda E Vidgen
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia.
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