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Kumas K, Al-Jubury A, Kania PW, Abusharkh T, Buchmann K. Location and elimination of Anisakis simplex third stage larvae in Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100937. [PMID: 38655447 PMCID: PMC11035366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We here describe the location of anisakid third stage larvae in Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. caught in the North Sea in August 2023. We further demonstrate how industrial processing (mechanical gutting, removal of entrails, head, tail, hypaxial anterior musculature and vertebral column) reduces the overall infection and worm load in the musculature. The isolated anisakid larvae were identified as Anisakis simplex sensu stricto by a combination of morphometrics and molecular methods (PCR of rDNA and mtDNA, sequencing, BLAST analysis). As a baseline we examined a total of 75 specimens of freshly caught and ungutted herring and showed a positive correlation between host size (fish length and weight) and infection level. The overall prevalence of infection was 84 %, the mean intensity 11.3 (range 1-38 parasites per fish) and the abundance 9.52. The main part of the overall worm population was associated with stomach and pyloric caeca in the body cavity (77 %) and only 5 % was found in the musculature. Larvae occurred in the hypaxial part of the musculature (21), the epaxial part (7 worms) and the caudal part (5 worms). The prevalence of muscle infection was 28 % and the mean intensity 1.6 (range 1-5) parasites per fish and abundance 0.44 parasites per fish. In order to assess the effect of industrial processing on worm occurrence in the fish we examined a total of 67 specimens of herring, from exactly the same batch, but following processing. This included removal of organs in the body cavity, cutting the lower part of the hypaxial segment but leaving the right and left musculature connected by dorsal connective tissue. Five out of these fish carried one larva (prevalence 7.5%, mean intensity 1, abundance 0.07 larvae per fish), and these worms were located in the ventral part of the anterior musculature (2), in the central part of the anterior musculature (2) and one larva in the central part of the caudal musculature. The industrial processing reduced the overall occurrence (abundance) of worms in the fish from 9.52 to 0.07 (136 times reduction) and the occurrence in the musculature from 0.44 to 0.07 (6.28 times reduction). The overall prevalence was reduced from 84 % to 7.5 % (11.2 times reduction). Muscle infection prevalence fell from 28 % to 7.5 % (3.7 times reduction). We then followed another batch of herring following a marinating process (11% NaCl for 24 h and subsequent incubation in acetic acid and vinegar) by artificially digesting the flaps during week 1-8. Although a total of 31 larvae were recovered from 144 fish examined no live nematode larvae were isolated. The importance of fish handling, processing and marination for consumer safety is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Kumas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W. Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Taghrid Abusharkh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Wan Sajiri WMH, Székely C, Molnár K, Kjeldgaard-Nintemann S, Kania PW, Buchmann K, Sellyei B. Molecular and SEM studies on Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) (Monopisthocotyla, Ancylodiscoididae). Sci Rep 2024; 14:10292. [PMID: 38704408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Presenting new molecular and scanning electron microscope (SEM) features, this study gives additional data to the better knowledge of Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) (Monopisthocotyla, Ancylodiscoididae), a parasite of the European catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 (Siluriformes, Siluridae) cultured in a commercial fish farm in Hungary. In addition, notes on the early development of sclerotized anchors are also provided. The main morphological difference of T. vistulensis compared to other congeneric species is associated with the male copulatory organ, which exhibits 5-7 loops in the middle of the penis length and a long open V-shaped sclerotized accessory piece, dividing terminally into two parts, securing the terminal part of the penis tube. The present study provides for the first time molecular characterization data based on the 2694 bp long nucleotide sequence of rDNA (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and flanked with partial 18S and partial 28S) submitted in GenBank with the accession number OR916383. A phylogenetic tree based on ITS1 sequences supports a well-defined clade including T. vistulensis, forming a sister group with T. siluri, a species-specific monopisthocotylan parasite to S. glanis. The morphological characterization of T. vistulensis, especially for the male copulatory organ, together with the molecular data in the present study, extends knowledge about this monopisthocotylan species and provides new information for future phylogeny studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Muhammad Hazim Wan Sajiri
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science (Agricultural Science), Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1. Páter Károly Str, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, 1143, Budapest, Hungary.
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Buchmann K, Kania PW. Transversotrema hafniensis n. sp. infection in Poecilia reticulata by cercariae released from Melanoides tuberculata in Denmark. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:15. [PMID: 38566122 PMCID: PMC10988963 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exotic and ornamental fish are highly popular companion animals resulting in a significant transcontinental trade of fish, invertebrates and aquatic plants. A major issue is the diseases associated with these organisms, as they have a major impact on health of the fish in both public and private household aquaria. A secondary issue is the trade with these products, which potentially may expand the distribution area and spread a range of diseases to new habitats. RESULTS We here describe how Poecilia reticulata (guppy), produced in a private household aquarium, were invaded by cercariae of an exotic trematode released by imported Melanoides tuberculata snails. The fish presented with severe clinical signs (tremor, flashing, scraping of body against objects). A standard parasitological examination and morphometric identification showed scale pocket infections with a digenean trematode species within the genus Transversotrema. Molecular identification by PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of a 2646 bp sequence encoding ribosomal RNA (partial 18 S, ITS1, 5.8 S, ITS2, partial 28 S) was performed. The 1107 bp sequence of mitochondrial DNA (cox1) showed that the parasite differed from previously described Transversotrema species in M. tuberculata. Morphometrics of adult and larval specimens of this isolate also differed from previously described freshwater species within the genus. The new species was described and is named after Copenhagen, for its geographic origin. CONCLUSIONS The genus Transversotrema comprises a range of species, adapted to a microhabitat in scalepockets of teleosts. A combination of morphological and molecular characterization techniques has been shown to provide a good differentiation between species. The fish were not purchased from a pet shop but produced in the home aquarium. This indicated that an infection pressure existed in the aquarium, where the source of infection was found to be exotic intermediate host snails M. tuberculata, which originally were imported and purchased from a pet shop. The potential spread of fish diseases associated with trade of fish and snails to new geographic regions, where climate conditions are favourable, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Buchmann K, Careche M, Levsen A, Mattiucci S, Mladineo I, Santos MJ, Barcia‐Cruz R, Broglia A, Chuzhakina K, Goudjihounde SM, Guerra B, Messens W, Guajardo IM, Bolton D. Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8719. [PMID: 38650612 PMCID: PMC11033839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
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Buchmann K, Karami AM, Duan Y. The early ontogenetic development of immune cells and organs in teleosts. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 146:109371. [PMID: 38232790 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Fully developed teleosts possess a highly developed immune system comprising both innate and adaptive elements, but when hatching from the egg, the yolksac larva is still at an ontogenetically incomplete stage with regard to physiological, including immunological, functions. The immune system in these young fish stages is far less developed when compared to the youngs appearing from reptile and avian eggs and from most mammals at parturition. In those vertebrate groups the early ontogenetic development of the fetus is highly protected. The lack of a fully developed immune system in yolksac larvae of fish is critical, because this stage encounters a potentially hostile and infectious aquatic environment. The strong selective pressure on the immune system of the yolksac larva and the youngest fry stages explains the existence of a multi-facetted innate system, which is protecting the young fish stages against viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. The sequential development of immune cells and organs depends on host species and its environmental setting. However, a strong armament comprising innate cells (neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages) and molecules (receptors, lectins, complement, AMPs and constitutively expressed immunoglobulins) protect the earliest stages. The adaptive immune elements, including T-cells and B-cells, occur gradually in headkidney, spleen, thymus, tonsils, bursa equivalent (if present) and mucosa associated lymphoid cells. A functional protective response following immunization occur later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Asma M Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Wan Sajiri WMH, Székely C, Molnár K, Buchmann K, Sellyei B. Reproductive strategies of the parasitic flatworm Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) (platyhelminthes, monogenea) infecting the European catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:113-120. [PMID: 37822919 PMCID: PMC10562612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932), a host-specific monogenean parasite of European catfish (Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758), was investigated by detailed observation of infection dynamics, egg development, hatching rate and in vitro survival rates of the parasite at different life stages at 23 °C. A total of 30 naive fingerlings were infected in three exposure trials by co-habitation with donor fish carrying adult parasites. Two fish were dissected every two days during the 10-day experimental period to explore the development of larvae and juvenile parasites on the host gills. Freshly laid eggs by adult monogeneans were collected and observed daily under a light microscope until hatching. A total of 445 eggs were collected and distributed into wells of 96-well microtiter plates containing filtered fish tank water to determine their hatching rates. A similar method was used to investigate the survival rates of isolated parasites at different developmental stages (larvae, juveniles, and adults). T. vistulensis populations on the European catfish in fish tanks increased markedly within ten days, dependent on the severity of the initial infection levels of the donor fish. The first eggs hatched three to four days after oviposition, and the hatching rate peaked on the fifth day (89.7%). The survival rate for freely swimming oncomiracidia without host was 7.4% after five days, whereas isolated juvenile and adult parasites showed a higher dependence of host contact (survival rates three days post-isolation of 0.9% and 1.6%, respectively). The data allows prediction of parasite-host dynamics and may improve control of gill-disease in cultured European catfish stocks in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Muhammad Hazim Wan Sajiri
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science (Agricultural Science), Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1. Páter Károly Str, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21, Hungária Krt, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
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Karami AM, Marana MH, Mathiessen H, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen TF, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Validation of a QTL associated with resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:28. [PMID: 37365572 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibriosis is a bacterial disease in fish caused by the Gram negative bacterium Vibrio anguillarum with severe impact on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. Sustainable control methods should be developed and we here show that marker assisted selective breeding of fish naturally resistant to the disease is feasible. We have validated the use of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker SNP AX-89,945,921 (QTL on chromosome 21). The QTL was previously found associated with resistance to vibriosis and described following a genome wide association analysis (GWAS) of trout exposed to the bacterium. For this validation spawners were genotyped by use of the 57 K Axiom®Trout Microarray (Affymetrix) and homozygous male fish carrying the allele with the SNP AX-89,945,921 were then selected and used to fertilize eggs from outbred female trout resulting in fish all carrying the SNP (QTL-fish). Control fish (non-QTL fish) were produced by fertilizing the same batch of eggs by use of male parents negative for the SNP. The fish were exposed in freshwater to V. anguillarum (water bath infection) at 19 C°. A total of 900 fish were challenged in a common garden set-up in triplicate. A bacterial solution of V. anguillarum (serotype O1) was added to each of three freshwater fish tanks, each with 150 QTL and 150 non-QTL fish. Fish were tagged by tail fin cut (upper/lower) to discern the two groups, whereafter fish were monitored around the clock to detect disease signs and remove moribund fish. Clinical vibriosis developed within two days in non-QTL-fish (overall morbidity of 70%). QTL fish developed clinical signs later and the morbidity was significantly lower and did not reach 50%. Rainbow trout farming may benefit from using the QTL associated with higher resistance towards vibriosis. The effect may be optimized in the future by use of both male and female parents homozygous for the marker allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Mohammad Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Moonika Haahr Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Buchmann K. Seals, fish, humans and parasites in the Baltic: ecology, evolution and history. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70. [PMID: 37265200 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary and ecological processes affecting the interactions between hosts and parasites in the aquatic environment are at display in the Baltic Sea, a young and ecologically unstable marine ecosystem, where fluctuating abiotic and biotic factors affect the parasitofauna in fish. The dynamic infections of Baltic cod, a subpopulation of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus), with third stage anisakid nematode larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) and Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) have increased following a significant increase of the Baltic grey seal Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius) population in the region. Cod serves as a paratenic host and marine mammals, pinnipeds, are definitive hosts releasing parasite eggs, with faeces, to the marine environment, where embryonation and hatching of the third stage larva take place. The parasite has no obligate intermediate hosts, but various invertebrates, smaller fish and cod act as paratenic hosts transmitting the infection to the seal. Contracaecum osculatum has an impact on the physiological performance of the cod, which optimises transmission of the larva from fish to seal. Thus, a muscle mass decrease of nearly 50% may result from heavy C. osculatum infections, probably amplified by a restricted food availability. The muscle atrophy is likely to reduce the escape reactions of the fish when meeting a foraging seal. In certain regions, where fish and seals are restricted in their migration patterns, such as the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, the predation may contribute to a severe cod stock depletion. The parasites are zoonotic and represent a human health risk, when consumers ingest insufficiently heat- or freeze-treated infected products. Marked infections of the cod were previously reported during periods with elevated seal populations (late 19th and middle 20th century) and various scenarios for management of risk factors are evaluated in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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Marana MH, Dalsgaard I, Kania PW, Mohamed A, Hannibal J, Buchmann K. Flavobacterium psychrophilum: Response of Vaccinated Large Rainbow Trout to Different Strains. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:biology11121701. [PMID: 36552211 PMCID: PMC9774384 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Flavobacterium psychrophilum is recognized as the causative pathogen of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), often resulting in high fry mortality, it is also responsible for bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) in large and older rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These older fish do not experience high mortality, but sustain, through the shedding of bacteria, a constant infection pressure at farm level, which exposes fry to an unnecessary infection risk. We have produced and assessed the immunogenicity of an experimental injection BCWD vaccine, which may be used to decrease the shedding of bacteria from older fish. METHODS A total of 800 fish were i.p.-injected: 200 fish received the bacterin with adjuvant, 200 fish received the bacterin alone, 200 fish received adjuvant alone and 200 fish were injected with physiological saline. Blood samples were taken at day 0 and at three different time points (4, 8 and 14 weeks) post-vaccination. Plasma antibody levels were measured by ELISA for reactivity against both the homologous F. psychrophilum vaccine strain (serotype Fd) and heterologous strains (serotype Th). RESULTS Significantly elevated antibody titers were found against all serotypes in vaccinated fish. Welfare parameters associated with the vaccination process were evaluated by analyzing trout plasma samples for six different biochemical parameters, but no adverse effects associated with injection were indicated. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that an injection vaccine containing formalin-inactivated whole cells of F. psychrophilum (serotype Fd), adjuvanted with FIA, may also induce protection against heterologous strains. We advocate for, as the next step, the performance of field trials evaluating if the vaccination of older rainbow trout will (1) reduce the infection pressure in farms, (2) elevate the general health level in all groups and (3) minimize F. psychrophilum infection in fry at farm level. This may reduce the need for the administration of antibiotics in all age classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonika H. Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Abdu Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-23983065
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Karami AM, Duan Y, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Responses towards eyefluke (Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) in different genetic lineages of rainbow trout. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276895. [PMID: 36301982 PMCID: PMC9612474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marker-assisted selective breeding of fish with higher levels of resistance towards specific pathogens may improve fish health, but the impact of host genotype on susceptibility to multiple pathogen infections is still poorly investigated. This study examined the resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss towards infection with the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We used genetically selected rainbow trout, carrying SNPs associated with resistance towards the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and exposed the fish to eye fluke cercariae. We showed that fish partly resistant to I. multifiliis were more susceptible to eye fluke invasion. The expression of immune relevant genes (encoding innate and adaptive factors) was also affected as these genotypes responded less strongly to a secondary fluke infection. The complexity of genome architecture in disease resistance towards multiple pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma M. Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per W. Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Buchmann K, Christiansen LL, Kania P, Thamsborg S. Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:292-299. [PMID: 35934997 PMCID: PMC9350870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Introduction Neutrophilic granulocytes are short‐lived cells continuously circulating in the vascular system of vertebrates. They play a basic and decisive role in the innate immune defence of the hosts against all types of pathogenic microorganisms. Methods Based on a literature study, the functions of neutrophils and cells with similar functions are described. The study places special emphasis on organisms in the aquatic environment and the pathogens occurring in that particular environment. Results The evolutionary origin of this specific cell type is not clear, but its most basic traits (recognition of foreign elements, extracellular trap release, phagocytosis and elimination of ingested material) are found in phagocytes in members of evolutionary ancient invertebrate groups spanning from amoebae, sponges, sea‐anemones, mollusks (snails and mussels), arthropods (crustaceans and insects) to echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins). Their functions as innate immune sentinels and effector cells in these groups are well described. Neutrophilic granulocytes with elongated and lobed nuclei (possibly allowing cell movements through narrow extracellular spaces and leaving space for phagosomes) occur in vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals although the morphology of the nucleus, stainability of cytoplasmic granula, and the antimicrobial armament vary among groups. Following the pathogen invasion of a fish host, the neutrophils migrates from the vascular system into the infection focus. They apply their PRRs (including TLRs) to recognize the invader as non‐self, produce netosis by casting extracellular chromatin containing traps in the microenvironment. These nets assist the immobilization of invading microbes and prevents their further spread. The cells attach to and engulf the microbes by phagocytosis, whereafter they eliminate the pathogen in phagolysosomes equipped with a range of killing mechanisms and attract, by release of chemokines, additional immune cells (monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes) to the site of invasion. Their role in innate immunity of fish hosts towards aquatic pathogens has been elucidated by in vivo and in vitro studies. Neutrophils interact with virus (e.g. IPNV and VHSV), bacteria (e.g. Aeromonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Mycobacterium and Renibacterium) and parasites, including monogeneans (Gyrodactylus), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium), trematodes (Diplostomum) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius and Philasterides). Despite the decisive function of neutrophils in innate immunity and early protection, the excessive production of ROS, RNS and NETs may lead to pathological disturbances in the host, which are exacerbated if the pathogens evolve immune evasion mechanisms. Conclusion Neutrophils in aquatic organisms play a central role in innate immunity but may serve as a toll and a support in acquired protection. The strong impact of the cellular reactions not only on pathogen but also on host tissues emphasizes that an optimal immune reaction is balanced, involves targeted and specific effector mechanisms, which leaves a minimum of collateral damage in host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Korbut R, Skjolding LM, Mathiessen H, Jaafar R, Li X, Jørgensen LVG, Kania PW, Wu B, Buchmann K. Toxicity of the antiparasitic lipopeptide biosurfactant SPH6 to green algae, cyanobacteria, crustaceans and zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 243:106072. [PMID: 35032912 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A lipopeptide with biosurfactant properties produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas H6 (SPH6) has antiparasitic effects and may serve as an alternative to chemotherapeutants against aquatic pathogens in aquaculture. We have elucidated its ecotoxicological potential by short-term standardized tests, including a growth rate inhibition test with algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata), a lethality test on the cyanobacteria Phormidium autumnale, a lethality test using crustaceans (Daphnia magna), a fish embryo acute toxicity test and a fish acute toxicity test using zebrafish (Danio rerio). The decrease of the biosurfactant concentration in zebrafish test water during 24 h was measured. The toxicity for crustaceans was highest (LC50 = 20 mg/L), followed by the test with the zebrafish embryo (LC50 = 27 mg/L). The juvenile zebrafish fish (complete mortality occurred between 40 and 80 mg/L), the cyanobacteria (LC50 = 80 mg/L) and the green algae (EC50 = 170 mg/L) showed higher tolerance. The determination of SPH6 concentrations in fish tank (up to 50% elimination over 24 h) suggested that the compound may become adsorbed to tank walls, absorbed by fish or degraded. Further studies should determine its impact under different environmental settings (e.g. temperature) relevant for different branches of the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalia Korbut
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars M Skjolding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rzgar Jaafar
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Rasmussen JA, Villumsen KR, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Forberg T, Zuo S, Kania PW, Buchmann K, Kristiansen K, Bojesen AM, Limborg MT. Integrative analyses of probiotics, pathogenic infections, and host immune response highlight the importance of gut microbiota in understanding disease recovery in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3201-3216. [PMID: 35032344 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Given the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota in regulating the host immune system, interest has arisen in the possibility of controlling fish health by modulating the gut microbiota. Hence, the need for a better understanding of the host-microbiota interactions after disease responses to optimise the use of probiotics to strengthen disease resilience and recovery. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested the effects of a probiotic feed additive in rainbow trout and challenged the fish with the causative agent for enteric redmouth disease, Yersinia ruckeri. We evaluated the survival, host immune gene expression and on the gut microbiota composition. Results revealed that provision of probiotics and exposure to Y. ruckeri induced immune gene expression in the host associated with changes in the gut microbiota. Subsequently, infection with Y. ruckeri had very little effect on microbiota composition when probiotics were applied, indicating that probiotics increased stabilisation of the microbiota. Our analysis revealed potential biomarkers for monitoring infection status and fish health. Finally, we used modelling approaches to decipher interactions between gut bacteria and the host immune gene responses, indicating removal of endogenous bacteria elicited by non-specific immune responses. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the relevance of these results emphasising the importance of host-microbiota interactions, including the protective potential of the gut microbiota in disease responses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results highlight the functional consequences of probiotic-induced changes in the gut microbiota and the resulting host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Agerbo Rasmussen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Rømer Villumsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Denmark
| | | | | | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Metagenomics, BGI- Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Denmark
| | - Morten Tønsberg Limborg
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Duan Y, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Kania PW, Karami AM, Al‐Jubury A, Buchmann K. Eye fluke effects on Danish freshwater fish: Field and experimental investigations. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1785-1798. [PMID: 34289126 PMCID: PMC9292478 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eye flukes in fish are common in freshwater lakes. Fish become infected by the penetration of cercariae released from freshwater snails, and high infection pressures may be associated with mortalities in a Danish lake. Examination of two other freshwater lakes, combined with laboratory study, supported the notion. We investigated 77 freshwater fish from two lakes and the infection level suggested the occurrence of a high cercarial infection pressure in the Danish lakes. Dominant genera were Tylodelphys and Diplostomum covering a range of species identified by PCR and sequencing of the 18S (partial)-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S (partial) of the rDNA. Cercariae of the prevalent species Diplostomum pseudospathaceum were used to infect zebrafish Danio rerio for the elucidation of short-term effects on the fish host. Zebrafish did not display abnormal behaviour when exposed to 200-400 cercariae, but a dosage of 600 and 1,000 cercariae/fish proved lethal. When fish were exposed to sublethal dosages, 19 out of 27 immune genes were significantly regulated and three genes encoding cytokine (IL 4/13B, IL-6 and IL-8) were upregulated at 3 hr post-infection (hpi), whereas others were downregulated especially at a later time point. We suggest that direct massive cercarial penetration of fish surfaces may be detrimental and may represent a threat to fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Asma M. Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Azmi Al‐Jubury
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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Duflot M, Midelet G, Bourgau O, Buchmann K, Gay M. Optimization of tools for the detection and identification of Cryptocotyle metacercariae in fish: Digestion method and viability studies. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1777-1784. [PMID: 34289140 PMCID: PMC9290975 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some trematode metacercariae, including marine digeneans belonging to the genus Cryptocotyle, induce black spots in target tissues due to the attraction of fish host melanophores. To promote precise quantification of infection, the counting of black spots has to be confirmed by reliable quantification of metacercariae after tissue digestion. This process ensures the isolation of undamaged parasites for morphological and molecular identification. The aim of this work was to optimize the pepsin digestion protocol and to assess the duration of viability of Cryptocotyle metacercariae in fish post-mortem (pm). Four digestion protocols were compared by measuring the viability rate of metacercariae. The present study shows that the orbital digestion method was the least destructive for metacercariae and allowed better quantification of Cryptocotyle infection. Moreover, morphological identification seemed reliable up to 8 days pm for Cryptocotyle infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Duflot
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food SafetyBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
- University of Littoral Côte d'OpaleBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
| | | | - Odile Bourgau
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food SafetyBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Mélanie Gay
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food SafetyBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
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17
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Duflot M, Gay M, Midelet G, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Morphological and molecular identification of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Danish seas and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the English Channel. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3417-3427. [PMID: 34448921 PMCID: PMC8460567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trematode larvae (metacercariae) causing black spot disease occur frequently in gills, fins, skin and the superficial muscle layers of marine fish. Species within the genus Cryptocotyle Lühe, 1899 are frequently associated with this disease. Descriptions of the metacercarial stage are relatively limited and none has hitherto been reported from fish from the English Channel. The present study reports the morphological and molecular identifications of encysted black spot-inducing parasites from whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caught respectively from the north coast of France (English Channel) and from Danish sea waters. Metacercariae were characterised morphologically based on microscopic observations and molecularly using Sanger sequencing of fragments of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and rDNA ITS region. Morphological data were compared with available data in the literature. Phylogenetic trees including reference sequences were built to confirm morphological and molecular identifications. This survey constitutes the first description of C. lingua metacercariae in the English Channel ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Duflot
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Mélanie Gay
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | | | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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18
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Mathiessen H, Marana MH, Korbut R, Wu B, Al-Jubury A, Karami AM, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Inflammatory reactions in rainbow trout fins and gills exposed to biocides. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 146:9-21. [PMID: 34435597 DOI: 10.3354/dao03617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several biocides are widely used in rainbow trout aquaculture against various ectoparasites and ectobionts, but the inflammation induced in treated fish is less well described. Dose-response studies were conducted to elucidate the effects on rainbow trout (gills and fins) induced by a series of biocides including formalin, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peracetic acid (PAA) and the surfactant SPH6, which was isolated from the bacterium Pseudomonas H6. The compounds have documented antiparasitic effects, but the specific effects on fish needs further documentation. This study was performed over 24 h, and inflammatory reactions were evaluated in gills and fins. A dose-dependent effect was noted for expression of immune genes encoding for IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-8, lysozyme, serum amyloid A (SAA), hepcidin, precerebellin and complement factor C3. PAA induced the strongest upregulation of cytokine and acute phase reactant genes followed by H2O2 and formalin. SPH6 showed a lower effect, and in several cases the compound induced downregulation of several genes. Gills showed a stronger response compared to fins. The mucous cell density in fins showed a range of changes which varied by compound. PAA, and to a lesser degree H2O2 and formalin, initially induced mucous cell hyperplasia, whereas SPH6 immediately decreased the number of cells containing mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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19
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Mehrdana F, Lavilla M, Kania PW, Pardo MÁ, Audicana MT, Longo N, Buchmann K. Evidence of IgE-Mediated Cross-Reactions between Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum osculatum Proteins. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080950. [PMID: 34451414 PMCID: PMC8399947 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumers may develop allergic reactions following the ingestion of fish products containing nematode larvae within the genus Anisakis. Sensitized patients may cross-react with proteins from insects, mites and mollusks, leading to allergic reactions even in the absence of the offending food. Potential cross-reactivity in Anisakis-allergic patients with larval proteins from other zoonotic parasites present in freshwater and sea fish should be investigated due to an increasing occurrence in certain fish stocks, particularly Contracaecum osculatum. In this work, we evaluated IgE-cross reactions by in vivo (skin prick tests with parasites extracts) and in vitro methods (IgE-ELISA and IgE-immunoblot). In vivo skin prick tests (SPT) proved the reactivity of Anisakis-sensitized patients when exposed to C. osculatum antigens. Sera from Anisakis-sensitized patients confirmed the reaction with somatic antigens (SA) and excretory/secretory proteins (ES) from C. osculatum. Only anecdotal responses were obtained from other freshwater worm parasites. Consequently, it is suggested that Anisakis-sensitized humans, especially patients with high levels of specific anti-Anisakis antibodies, may react to C. osculatum proteins, possibly due to IgE-mediated cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foojan Mehrdana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (F.M.); (P.W.K.)
| | - María Lavilla
- AZTI-BRTA, Food Research, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea-Edificio 609, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.L.); (M.Á.P.)
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (F.M.); (P.W.K.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Pardo
- AZTI-BRTA, Food Research, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea-Edificio 609, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.L.); (M.Á.P.)
| | - María Teresa Audicana
- Allergy Department, Araba Integrated Health Organization, Bioaraba.Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Jose Atxotegui s/n, E-01009 Vitoria, Spain; (M.T.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Natividad Longo
- Allergy Department, Araba Integrated Health Organization, Bioaraba.Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Jose Atxotegui s/n, E-01009 Vitoria, Spain; (M.T.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (F.M.); (P.W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-33-27-00
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20
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Zuo S, Sørensen SR, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Sarcocystis rileyi (Apicomplexa) in Anas platyrhynchos in Europe with a potential for spread. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 15:270-275. [PMID: 34277337 PMCID: PMC8264532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four specimens of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) shot by local hunters (December 2020 to January 2021 along the eastern coastline of the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea) were diagnosed with a heavy load of sarcocysts in the musculature. Morphometric and molecular diagnosis based on rDNA (18 S, ITS1, 28 S) of parasites recovered from two of the birds revealed the causative pathogen to be Sarcocystis rileyi. We further present novel sequences for the entire 5.8 S and ITS2 for this species. Elongate cysts (mean length 5.25 (SD 0.6) mm, width 1.37 (SD 0.2) mm) were recorded in all parts of the striated skeletal musculature of the birds. The main part (72%) of the 2585 cysts in one female mallard was located in the outer superficial pectoral musculature, with 11% in the inner pectoral musculature. Minor but significant parts were found in the dorsal, ventral abdominal, neck and head, legs, hand and arm (wing) musculature. No cysts were found in the smooth musculature. Each cyst contained a median of 3.2 mio bradyzoites indicating that more than 8 billion bradyzoites are available for infection of one or more predators/scavengers ingesting the bird. Bradyzoites (median length 13.5 μm (range 12.1–14.5) and median width 2.66 μm (range 2.1–3.3)) were highly resistant to proteinase treatment, which secures the passage through the stomach of the predator to its intestine where wall penetration takes place. One of the birds was ringed (tagged) in Sweden Island Øland in the Baltic Sea two years before being shot. This is documenting immigration of mallards from northern locations. The parasite species was originally described in North America in 1893 and was commonly reported in this region during the 20th century but not in Europe. Recent cases from Norway, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, UK and Hungary suggest that the species may be spreading geographically. Experienced duck hunters with a 40 years record of hunting on the island reported that this type of infection unprecedented. The final host is reported to be canines (fox, raccoon dog), skunk and mustelids, including ermines and American mink. Presence of these hosts in Europe may allow establishment of the life cycle and further colonization of the local duck populations which calls for implementation of a survey program in Europe. Heavy loads of the apicomplexan Sarcocystis riley are described from mallards. Sarcocysts occurred in all parts of the striated musculature. Sarcocysts dominated in the superficial pectoral muscle. The number of bradyzoites in one single mallard was estimated to more than 10 billion. Sarcocystis rileyi is a new species record for Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune R Sørensen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fioravanti ML, Gustinelli A, Rigos G, Buchmann K, Caffara M, Pascual S, Pardo MÁ. Negligible risk of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in farmed fish from European mariculture, 2016 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33446302 PMCID: PMC7809721 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.2.1900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The increasing demand for raw or undercooked fish products, supplied by both aquaculture and fisheries, raises concerns about the transmission risk to humans of zoonotic fish parasites. This has led to the current European Union (EU) Regulation No 1276/2011 amending Annex III of Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 and mandating a freezing treatment of such products. Zoonotic parasites, particularly anisakid larvae, have been well documented in wild fish. Data on their presence in European aquaculture products, however, are still scarce, except for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), where the zoonotic risk was assessed as negligible, exempting it from freezing treatment. Aim To evaluate the zoonotic Anisakidae parasite risk in European farmed marine fish other than Atlantic salmon. Methods From 2016 to 2018 an observational parasitological survey was undertaken on 6,549 farmed fish including 2,753 gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), 2,761 European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and 1,035 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) from 14 farms in Italy, Spain and Greece. Furthermore, 200 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sea-caged in Denmark, as well as 352 seabream and 290 seabass imported in Italy and Spain from other countries were examined. Fish were subjected to visual inspection and candling. Fresh visceral organs/fillet samples were artificially digested or UV pressed and visually examined for zoonotic anisakid larvae. Results No zoonotic parasites were found in any of the fish investigated. Conclusions The risk linked to zoonotic Anisakidae in the examined fish species from European mariculture appears negligible. This study laid the groundwork for considerations to amend the current EU regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - George Rigos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Attika, Greece
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Pardo
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain
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Al-Jubury A, Bygum A, SusannaTracz E, Koch CN, Buchmann K. Cercarial Dermatitis at Public Bathing Sites (Region Zealand, Denmark): A Case Series and Literature Review. Case Rep Dermatol 2021; 13:360-365. [PMID: 34413733 PMCID: PMC8339491 DOI: 10.1159/000516981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent years, we have observed an increasing occurrence of cercarial dermatitis in Denmark. We here describe 5 new cases from 2019 to 2020 associated with bathing in lakes Esrum sø, Furesø, and Ringen with emphasis on clinical symptoms and their relation to previous exposure to bird schistosome cercariae. In 2020, 2 patients from Furesø suffered from different severity of clinical symptoms after morning bathing in the same lake. We suggest that the differential symptoms may be explained by primary versus secondary exposure to the immunogenic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Bygum
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva SusannaTracz
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Näslund Koch
- Department of Allergy and Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Duan Y, Al-Jubury A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Trematode diversity reflecting the community structure of Danish freshwater systems: molecular clues. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:43. [PMID: 33436070 PMCID: PMC7805065 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Digenean trematodes are parasitic platyhelminths that use several hosts in their life cycles and are thereby embedded in various ecosystems affected by local environmental conditions. Their presence in a habitat will reflect the presence of different host species and, as such, they can serve as ecological indicators. Only limited information on the occurrence of trematodes and their link to other trophic levels in the Danish freshwater ecosystems is currently available.Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to increase our knowledge in this field. Methods Snails were sampled from 21 freshwater lakes in Denmark, following which shedding procedures were performed, cercariae were recoved and the released parasites were identified using molecular tools (PCR and sequencing). Results A total of 5657 snail hosts belonging to ten species were identified, revealing a highly diverse parasite fauna comprising 22 trematode species. The overall trematode prevalence was 12.6%, but large variations occurred between host species. The snail host Lymnaea stagnalis showed the highest prevalence and also exhibited the highest diversity, accounting for 47.6% of the species richness. Conclusions This survey contributes updated information on parasite–host relations and compatibility and may assist in describing the ecological structure of the investigated Danish freshwater ecosystems. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Via Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Via Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Via Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Via Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Karami AM, Ødegård J, Marana MH, Zuo S, Jaafar R, Mathiessen H, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen T, Buchmann K. A Major QTL for Resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in Rainbow Trout. Front Genet 2020; 11:607558. [PMID: 33447254 PMCID: PMC7802751 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.607558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection of disease resistant fish is a major strategy to improve health, welfare and sustainability in aquaculture. Mapping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the fish genome may be a fruitful tool to define relevant quantitative trait loci (QTL) and we here show its use for characterization of Vibrio anguillarum resistant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fingerlings were exposed to the pathogen V. anguillarum serotype O1 in a solution of 1.5 × 107 cfu/ml and observed for 14 days. Disease signs appeared 3 days post exposure (dpe) whereafter mortality progressed exponentially until 6 dpe reaching a total mortality of 55% within 11 days. DNA was sampled from all fish – including survivors – and analyzed on a 57 k Affymetrix SNP platform whereby it was shown that disease resistance was associated with a major QTL on chromosome 21 (Omy 21). Gene expression analyses showed that diseased fish activated genes associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. The possible genes associated with resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma M Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Moonika H Marana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rzgar Jaafar
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Cech G, Sándor D, Molnár K, Varga Á, Caffara M, Fioravanti ML, Buchmann K, Székely C. Digenean trematodes in Hungarian freshwater aquacultures. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 22:e00101. [PMID: 33364471 PMCID: PMC7750318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of metacercariae of potentially zoonotic trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) in the musculature of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758) was monitored in four Hungarian aquacultures. Four geographically distinct fish farms (located in the Northwestern, Southwestern, Northeastern and Southeastern parts of Hungary) were selected for the investigation. From each farm, a total of 258 one-summer-old fingerlings were sampled and examined in the years 2016 and 2017. In addition, in 2017, we examined 60 market size specimens (30 two-summers and 30 three-summers) sampled from the most infected aquaculture in the Northeastern part of Hungary. The fish were euthanized and decapitated whereafter their musculature (fillets) was digested in a pepsin solution to isolate metacercariae from the tissue whereafter morphological and molecular analyses (PCR and sequencing of ITS region) were performed. Opisthorchiid metacercariae were not recovered but in one of the farms numerous metacercariae were detected in the musculature of carp. They were identified as cyathocotylid trematodes based on their morphological characteristics and by sequencing the ITS region. The infection levels proved to be remarkably different among the four fish farms. Carps from the Northeastern farm were infected by large numbers of cyathocotylid metacercariae, while 8 Posthodiplostomum cuticola metacercariae were detected in the Northwestern aquaculture. In the other two farms (Southwestern and Southeastern) no infection was recorded. The infected farm is located close to a protected natural wetland habitat populated by a rich fauna of aquatic birds (potential final hosts) and snails (first intermediate host) which may create a higher risk of infection in the neighbouring fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Cech
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Sándor
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary.,Eötvös Loránd University, Doctoral School of Biology Program of Zootaxonomy, Animal Ecology and Hydrobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Varga
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita` di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita` di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Csaba Székely
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Jaafar R, Ødegård J, Mathiessen H, Karami AM, Marana MH, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Zuo S, Nielsen T, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:1591-1602. [PMID: 32944955 PMCID: PMC7692903 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis has a low host specificity eliciting white spot disease (WSD) in a wide range of freshwater fishes worldwide. The parasite multiplies rapidly whereby the infection may reach problematic levels in a host population within a few days. The parasite targets both wild and cultured fish but the huge economic impact of the protozoan is associated with mortality, morbidity and treatment in aquacultural enterprises. We have investigated the potential for genetic selection of WSD-resistant strains of rainbow trout. Applying the DNA typing system Affymetrix® and characterizing the genome of the individual fish by use of 57,501 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and their location on the rainbow trout chromosomes, we have genetically characterized rainbow trout with different levels of natural resistance towards WSD. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) used for the selection of breeders with specific markers for resistance are reported. We found a significant association between resistance towards I. multifiliis infection and SNP markers located on the two specific rainbow trout chromosomes Omy 16 and Omy 17. Comparing the expression of immune-related genes in fish-with and without clinical signs-we recorded no significant difference. However, trout surviving the infection showed high expression levels of genes encoding IgT, T-cell receptor TCRβ, C3, cathelicidins 1 and 2 and SAA, suggesting these genes to be associated with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jaafar
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | | | - H Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | - A M Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | - M H Marana
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | - L von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | - S Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | | | - P W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
| | - K Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C.Denmark
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27
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Zuo S, Karami AM, Ødegård J, Mathiessen H, Marana MH, Jaafar RM, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Abdu M, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen T, Buchmann K. Immune gene expression and genome-wide association analysis in rainbow trout with different resistance to Yersinia ruckeri infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:441-450. [PMID: 32791094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective breeding programmes involving marker assisted selection of innately pathogen resistant strains of rainbow trout rely on reliable controlled infection studies, extensive DNA typing of individual fish and recording of expression of relevant genes. We exposed juvenile rainbow trout (6 h bath to 2.6 × 105 CFU mL-1) to the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1, biotype 2, eliciting Enteric Red Mouth Disease ERM, and followed the disease progression over 21 days. Cumulative mortality reached 42% at 12 days post challenge (dpc) after which no disease signs were recorded. All fish were sampled for DNA-typing (50 k SNP chip, Affymetrix®) throughout the course of infection when they showed clinical signs of disease (susceptible fish) or at day 21 when fish showed no clinical signs of disease (survivors - resistant fish). Genome-wide association analyses of 1027 trout applying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers revealed an association between traits (susceptible/resistant) and certain regions of the trout genome. It was indicated that multiple genes are involved in rainbow trout resistance towards ERM whereby it is considered a polygenic trait. A corresponding trout group was kept as non-exposed controls and a comparative expression analysis of central innate and adaptive immune genes in gills, spleen and liver was performed for three fish groups: 1) moribund trout exhibiting clinical signs 7 dpc (CS), 2) exposed fish without clinical signs at the same sampling point (NCS) and 3) surviving fish at 21 dpc (survivors). Immune genes encoding inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2A, IL-6A, IL-8, IL-10A, IL-12, IL-17A/F2A, IL-17C1, IL-17C2, IL-22, IFNγ, TNFα), acute phase reactants (SAA, C3, cathelicidins, lysozyme) were expressed differently in CS and NCS fish. Correlation (negative or positive) between expression of genes and bacterial load suggested involvement of immune genes in protection. Down-regulation of adaptive immune genes including IgDm, IgDs, IgT and TCR-β was seen primarily in CS and NCS fish whereas survivors showed up-regulation of effector molecule genes such as cathelicidins, complement and lysozyme suggesting their role in clearing the infection. In conclusion, SNP analyses indicated that ERM resistance in rainbow trout is a multi-locus trait. The gene expression in surviving fish suggested that several immune genes are associated with the trait conferring resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Asma M Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Mohamed Abdu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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28
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Marana MH, Chettri JK, Salten MB, Bach-Olesen NE, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K. Primary immunization using low antigen dosages and immunological tolerance in rainbow trout. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 105:16-23. [PMID: 32619627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric redmouth disease (ERM), caused by the Gram negative enterobacterium Yersinia ruckeri, affects farming of salmonids, but vaccination against ERM confers a certain degree of protection dependent on the administration route. Recent studies on oral vaccination of rainbow trout suggest that immunological tolerance may be induced by primary immunization using a low antigen dosage. We have examined if low dosages of Y. ruckeri antigens, applied in feed or bath exposure over a prolonged period of time, leave rainbow trout more susceptible to infection. Groups of rainbow trout were immunized, either by immersion or feeding using different vaccine dosages, and subsequently challenged by live Y. ruckeri. Survival was recorded and immune reactions in surviving fish were evaluated (ELISA and qPCR). Trout, bath-vaccinated in a highly diluted vaccine or fed the same amount of bacterin in feed over 10 days, were not protected against Y. ruckeri challenge infection and in some cases these sub-optimally immunized fish experienced lower survival compared to non-primed controls. Genes encoding FoxP3 and immune-suppressive cytokines were down-regulated in fish vaccinated with a high antigen dosage when compared to groups exposed to low antigen dosages, suggesting a higher regulatory T cell activity in the latter fish groups. The study suggests that repeated exposure to low antigen concentrations induces some degree of immune tolerance in rainbow trout and we recommend application of high antigen dosages for primary immunization of trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - J K Chettri
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - M Brahe Salten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - N Emmervadt Bach-Olesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - P W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - I Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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29
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Jørgensen LVG, Nielsen JW, Villadsen MK, Vismann B, Dalvin S, Mathiessen H, Madsen L, Kania PW, Buchmann K. A non-lethal method for detection of Bonamia ostreae in flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) using environmental DNA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16143. [PMID: 32999302 PMCID: PMC7527985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance and diagnosis of parasitic Bonamia ostreae infections in flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) are prerequisites for protection and management of wild populations. In addition, reliable and non-lethal detection methods are required for selection of healthy brood oysters in aquaculture productions. Here we present a non-lethal diagnostic technique based on environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples and demonstrate applications in laboratory trials. Forty oysters originating from Limfjorden, Denmark were kept in 30 ppt sea water in individual tanks. Water was sampled 6 days later, after which all oysters were euthanized and examined for infection, applying PCR. Four oysters (10%) were found to be infected with B. ostreae in gill and mantle tissue. eDNA purified from the water surrounding these oysters contained parasite DNA. A subsequent sampling from the field encompassed 20 oysters and 15 water samples from 5 different locations. Only one oyster turned out positive and all water samples proved negative for B. ostreae eDNA. With this new method B. ostreae may be detected by only sampling water from the environment of isolated oysters or isolated oyster populations. This non-lethal diagnostic eDNA method could have potential for future surveys and oyster breeding programs aiming at producing disease-free oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Bent Vismann
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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30
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Ryberg MP, Skov PV, Vendramin N, Buchmann K, Nielsen A, Behrens JW. Physiological condition of Eastern Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, infected with the parasitic nematode Contracaecum osculatum. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa093. [PMID: 32995005 PMCID: PMC7507771 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Establishing relationships between parasite infection and physiological condition of the host can be difficult and therefore are often neglected when describing factors causing population declines. Using the parasite-host system between the parasitic nematode Contracaecum osculatum and the Eastern Baltic cod Gadus morhua, we here shed new light on how parasite load may relate to the physiological condition of a transport host. The Eastern Baltic cod is in distress, with declining nutritional conditions, disappearance of the larger fish, high natural mortality and no signs of recovery of the population. During the latest decade, high infection levels with C. osculatum have been observed in fish in the central and southern parts of the Baltic Sea. We investigated the aerobic performance, nutritional condition, organ masses, and plasma and proximate body composition of wild naturally infected G. morhua in relation to infection density with C. osculatum. Fish with high infection densities of C. osculatum had (i) decreased nutritional condition, (ii) depressed energy turnover as evidenced by reduced standard metabolic rate, (iii) reduction in the digestive organ masses, and alongside (iv) changes in the plasma, body and liver composition, and fish energy source. The significantly reduced albumin to globulin ratio in highly infected G. morhua suggests that the fish suffer from a chronic liver disease. Furthermore, fish with high infection loads had the lowest Fulton's condition factor. Yet, it remains unknown whether our results steam from a direct effect of C. osculatum, or because G. morhua in an already compromised nutritional state are more susceptible towards the parasite. Nevertheless, impairment of the physiological condition can lead to reduced swimming performance, compromising foraging success while augmenting the risk of predation, potentially leading to an increase in the natural mortality of the host. We hence argue that fish-parasite interactions must not be neglected when implementing and refining strategies to rebuild deteriorating populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Plambech Ryberg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter V Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Willemoesvej 2, Hirtshals 9850, Denmark
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Anders Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jane W Behrens
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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31
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Al-Jubury A, Kania P, Bygum A, Buchmann K. Temperature and light effects on Trichobilharzia szidati cercariae with implications for a risk analysis. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:54. [PMID: 32933558 PMCID: PMC7493345 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch) caused by bird schistosome cercariae, released from intermediate host snails, is a common disorder also at higher latitudes. Several cases were observed in the artificial Danish freshwater Ringen Lake frequently used by the public for recreational purposes. The lake may serve as a model system when establishing a risk analysis for this zoonotic disease. In order to explain high risk periods we determined infection levels of intermediate host snails from early spring to late summer (March, June and August) and elucidated the effect of temperature and light on parasite shedding, behavior and life span. Results Field studies revealed no shedding snails in March and June but in late summer the prevalence of Trichobilharzia szidati infection (in a sample of 226 pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis snails) reached 10%. When investigated under laboratory conditions the cercarial shedding rate (number of cercariae shed per snail per day) was positively correlated to temperature raising from a mean of 3000 (SD 4000) at 7 °C to a mean of 44,000 (SD 30,000) at 27 °C). The cercarial life span was inversely correlated to temperature but the parasites remained active for up to 60 h at 20 °C indicating accumulation of cercariae in the lake during summer periods. Cercariae exhibited positive phototaxy suggesting a higher pathogen concentration in surface water of the lake during daytime when the public visits the lake. Conclusion The only causative agent of cercarial dermatitis in Ringen Lake detected was T. szidati. The infection risk associated with aquatic activities is low during spring and early summer (March-June). In late summer the risk of infection is high since the release, behavior and life span of the infective parasite larvae have optimal conditions.
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Deksne G, Davidson RK, Buchmann K, Kärssin A, Kirjušina M, Gavarāne I, Miller AL, Pálsdóttir GR, Robertson LJ, Mørk T, Oksanen A, Palinauskas V, Jokelainen P. Parasites in the changing world - Ten timely examples from the Nordic-Baltic region. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00150. [PMID: 32435705 PMCID: PMC7232095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is changing, and parasites adapt. The Nordic-Baltic region in northern Europe - including the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - is facing new parasitological challenges due to changes in populations of parasites and their hosts and the spread of new parasites to the region due to climate change. Some changes can also be ascribed to increased awareness and detection. In this paper, we review and discuss a convenience selection of ten timely examples of recent observations that exemplify trends and challenges from different fields of parasitology, with particular focus on climate change and potential changes in epidemiology of pathogens in northern Europe. The examples illustrate how addressing parasitological challenges often requires both intersectoral and international collaboration, and how using both historical baseline data and modern methodologies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food safety, Animal health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes Str. 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Age Kärssin
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Muza Kirjušina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Inese Gavarāne
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Andrea L. Miller
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Postboks 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guðný Rut Pálsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Parasitology Lab, Adamstuen Campus, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Mørk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Stakkevollvegen 23b, 9010 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Dalvin S, Jørgensen LVG, Kania PW, Grotmol S, Buchmann K, Øvergård AC. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss skin responses to salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis: From copepodid to adult stage. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:200-210. [PMID: 32422189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine crustacean Lepeophtheirus salmonis (salmon louse) is a common ectoparasite of wild and farmed salmonids. The parasite has a complex ontogeny comprising eight instars. The planktonic copepodid stage settles on host skin and pass through five instars to reach the adult stage. The present study comprises an experimental infestation of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) with salmon lice and describes histopathology and host immune responses in skin beneath the louse at multiple time points encompassing all louse developmental stages. Each fish was exposed to 80 infective copepodids, a mean no. of 32 parasites reached the preadult I stage whereas a mean no. of 11 parasites reached the adult stage. A progression in the severity of cutaneous lesions was observed, and levels of immune gene transcripts at the attachment site revealed a dynamic response, initially related to innate immunity. Later, immune cells accumulated in the dermis concomitant with a moderate decrease in levels of transcripts characteristic of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The present study also demonstrates that the cutaneous immune response was mainly induced at lice affected sites, while non-affected skin resembled the skin of untreated control. This indicates that the skin cannot be regarded as a uniform organ and requires careful sampling at all salmon louse stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussie Dalvin
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway; SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Louise V G Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis causes white spot disease in freshwater fish worldwide. The theront penetrates external surfaces of the naïve fish where it develops into the feeding trophont stage and elicits a protective immune response both at the affected site as well as at the systemic level. The present work compiles data and presents an overall model of the protective reactions induced. A wide spectrum of inflammatory reactions are established upon invasion but the specific protection is provided by adaptive factors. Immunoglobulin IgT is involved in protection of surfaces in several fish species and is thereby one of the first adaptive immune molecules reacting with the penetrating theront. IgT producing lymphocytes occur in epithelia, dispersed or associated with lymphoid cell aggregations (skin epidermis, fins, gills, nostrils and buccal cavities) but they are also present in central immune organs such as the head kidney, spleen and liver. When theronts invade immunized fish skin, they are encountered by host factors which opsonize the parasite and may result in complement activation, phagocytosis or cell-mediated killing. However, antibody (IgT, IgM and IgD) binding to parasite cilia has been suggested to alter parasite behaviour and induce an escape reaction, whereby specific IgT (or other classes of immunoglobulin in fish surfaces) takes a central role in protection against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal ScienceFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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Mohamed A, Zuo S, Karami AM, Marnis H, Setyawan A, Mehrdana F, Kirkeby C, Kania P, Buchmann K. Contracaecum osculatum (sensu lato) infection of Gadus morhua in the Baltic Sea: inter- and intraspecific interactions. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:891-898. [PMID: 32681931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The subpopulation of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea has experienced a significant increase in infections with anisakid nematode larvae of the species Contracaecum osculatum sensu lato (s.l.) since the year 2000. The life cycle of the parasite includes seals and especially the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, as final hosts, carrying the adult nematodes in the stomach, crustaceans (copepods, amphipods) as first intermediate hosts and various fish species (clupeids, sandeel) including cod as second intermediate/paratenic hosts. Cod with a body length below 28 cm are generally non-infected but experience increasing infection levels when they switch to a piscine diet (infected intermediate/paratenic hosts). We present an overall frequency distribution analysis of worms in 166 cod (body length 30-49 cm) collected in the spawning area over the last 5 years. It shows a fit to the negative binomial distribution, a prevalence of infection of 89.8%, a mean intensity of 29.3 parasites per fish (range 1-377) and a variance/mean ratio of 59.2 (≫1), indicating overdispersion. We present measurements of the adult Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.) specimens in the seal stomach and show that the parasites reach a maximum length of 6.6 cm (females) and 5.8 cm (males). L3s in sprat have a total length from 1to 11 mm whereas the larvae in cod liver are 3-27 mm. A decreasing mean worm length associated with high worm densities in cod (number of nematodes per liver) was recorded. Possible explanations might include timing of feeding on infected intermediate/paratenic hosts, intraspecific competition (crowding) between larvae in cod and host responses (indicated by a significant antibody production in cod against C. osculatum (s.l.) antigens). A significant negative correlation between infection intensity and muscle mass of cod was found, suggesting parasite-induced down-regulation of growth factors in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Asma M Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Huria Marnis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Agung Setyawan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Foojan Mehrdana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Per Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
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Jensen HM, Karami AM, Mathiessen H, Al-Jubury A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Gill amoebae from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In vitro evaluation of antiparasitic compounds against Vannella sp. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:665-672. [PMID: 32291787 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gill parasitic infections challenge farming of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) in freshwater facilities. Apart from flagellates (Ichthyobodo, (Pinto) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius (Fouquet), Ambiphrya (Raabe), Apiosoma (Blanchard), Trichodinella (Sramek-Husek) and Trichodina (Ehrenberg)), we have shown that amoebae are prevalent in Danish trout farms. Gills were isolated from farmed rainbow trout in six fish farms (conventional and organic earth pond and recirculated systems) and placed on non-nutrient agar (NNA) moistened with modified Neff's amoeba saline (AS) (15°C). Gill amoebae from all examined fish colonized the agar and were identified based on morphological criteria showing species within the genera Trinema (Dujardin) (family Trinematidae), Vannella (Bovee) (family Vannellidae). In addition, hartmannellid amoebae were recorded. We established a monoculture of Vannella sp., confirmed the genus identity by PCR and sequencing and performed an in vitro determination of antiparasitic effects (dose-response studies) of various compounds including sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formalin, aqueous garlic and oregano extracts and a Pseudomonas H6 surfactant. All amoebae were killed in concentrations of 16.90 mg/ml (garlic), 17.90 mg/ml (oregano), NaCl (7.5 mg/ml), hydrogen peroxide (100 µg/ml), peracetic acid (0.03 µg/ml), formaldehyde (25 µg/ml) and the Pseudomonas H6 surfactant (250 µg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Malene Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Asma Mohammad Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abstract
Swimmer's itch, or cercarial dermatitis, is a waterborne non-communicable skin condition caused by schistosome cercariae released by aquatic snails. Cercarial dermatitis appears worldwide, but may be caused by different trematode species. The itchy maculopapular rash develops on exposed areas of the skin and typically resolves within 1-3 weeks. Shedding of infective larvae from snails is temperature dependent, and high temperatures and sunshine increase the risk of encountering the parasite and becoming infected. The unusually warm spring and summer of 2018 led to an increasing number of reports of the condition in Denmark and established a collaboration between the Department of Dermatology and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. This study explored the clinical picture of the disease, and demonstrated the occurrence of infected fresh water snail species in selected Danish water bodies. In conclusion, a risk of swimmer's itch in Denmark was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Susanna Tracz
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
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Chettri JK, Al-Jubury A, Hansen MB, Lihme A, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K, Heegaard PMH. Protective effect of in-feed specific IgM towards Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:934-939. [PMID: 31404633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tightened regulations and an environmentally friendly approaches in fish production have greatly reduced the use of antibiotics but green solutions are continuously being explored. The use of functional feed may have a potential in the aquaculture sector in securing biomass and minimizing the loss from disease. In the present study, we tested the concept that blood from the fish slaughterhouse can be used for mass purification of specific antibodies which subsequently can be used for feeding fish and thereby confer protection against diseases. IgM was purified from serum from Yersinia ruckeri vaccinated rainbow trout and an IgM sandwich ELISA was developed for quantification of rainbow trout IgM. The purified IgM was encapsulated in alginate microparticles and top-coated in fish feed. IgM re-extracted from the alginate microparticles was shown to retain high reactivity towards Y. ruckeri antigens indicating that its bioactivity remained intact after encapsulation. IgM release from the alginate microparticles was only observed at high pH (pH 8.2) and minimal at low pH, indicating protection of IgM at low pH in the fish stomach during passage. In a feeding - challenge experiment (feeding 1 week before Y. ruckeri challenge and for two weeks following challenge), a statistically non-significant 10% lower mortality was observed in the high dose (400 μg IgM/fish/day fed over 3 weeks) group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan K Chettri
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Lihme
- Lihme Protein Solutions, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Marnis H, Kania PW, Syahputra K, Zuo S, Dirks RP, Buchmann K. Transcriptomic analysis of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) liver infected with Contracaecum osculatum third stage larvae indicates parasitic effects on growth and immune response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:965-976. [PMID: 31419536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High infection levels due to third-stage larvae of the anisakid nematode Contracaecum osculatum have been documented in cod from the eastern part of the Baltic sea during the latest decades. The nematode larvae mainly infect the liver of Baltic cod and prevalence of infection has reached 100% with a mean intensity up to 80 parasites per host in certain areas and size classes. Low condition factors of the cod have been observed concomitant with the rise in parasite abundance suggesting a parasitic effect on growth parameters. To investigate any association between parasite infection and physiological status of the host we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of liver obtained from C. osculatum infected and non-infected cod. A total of 47,025 predicted gene models showed expression in cod liver and sequences corresponding to 2084 (4.43%) unigenes were differentially expressed in infected liver when compared to non-infected liver. Of the differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) 1240 unigenes were up-regulated while 844 unigenes were down-regulated. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that 1304 DEGs were represented in cellular process and single-organism process, cell and cell part, binding and catalytic activity. As determined by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) Pathways analysis, 454 DEGs were involved in 138 pathways. Ninety-seven genes were related to metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Thirteen regulated genes were playing a role in immune response such as Toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signalling and thirty-six genes were associated with growth processes. This indicates that the nematode infection in Baltic cod may affect on molecular mechanisms involving metabolism, immune function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huria Marnis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Khairul Syahputra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Garbus SE, Christensen JP, Buchmann K, Jessen TB, Lyngs P, Jacobsen ML, Garbus G, Lund E, Garbus PG, Madsen JJ, Thorup K, Sonne C. Haematology, blood biochemistry, parasites and pathology of common eider (Somateria mollisima) males during a mortality event in the Baltic. Sci Total Environ 2019; 683:559-567. [PMID: 31146061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A mortality event at the Christiansø colony in the Baltic proper killed 115 common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in mid-May 2016. To complement previous studies of incubating females, 39 males were necropsied and from a subsample of these a biochemical and haematological profile was obtained. The birds were emaciated and cachexic having a 50% reduction in body mass. Twenty-nine eiders were diagnosed with hydropericardium, 15 had hunger edema, three birds had enteritis and a single air sac infection. All birds were infested with intestinal Polymorphus minutus and 32 of these with the intestinal Trematoda spp. Microscopic parasitic investigations identified endoparasitic trematodes of the families Bucephhalidae, Echinostomidae, Notocotyluridae and Levinsiniella. White blood cell count showed slight heterophilia and lymphopenia while the albumin:globulin ratio (0.28) indicated stress, immune supression and inflammatory reactions supported by a high heterophil:lymphocyte index (13). Declined plasma concentration of glucose, fructosamine, amylase, albumin and protein likewise indicated long-term starvation prior to mortality indicating phase III starvation (catabolism of protein). The dramatic increase in aspartate transaminase, glutamate-dehydrogenase, lactate-dehydrogenase and bile acids indicate liver disorders while dehydration, renal, heart and bone disorders was reflected in the increased uric acid, urea, phosphor and potassium values. These findings show that male eiders undergo long-term starvation and multi organ failure similar to that of incubating females previously reported from the same colony. It increases our knowledge of the physiology of starving eiders and add to our understanding of the recurrent mortality events in the colony that seems to be linked to changes in food availability being an important factor together with a warmer climate in a declining Baltic eider population. We recommend future studies to focus on food composition, migration patterns and environmental changes including parasitic infections and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend-Erik Garbus
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Dyrlægehuset Randers (Randers Veterinary Hospital), Sallingvej 5, DK-8940 Randers, SV, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Binger Jessen
- Dyrlægehuset Randers (Randers Veterinary Hospital), Sallingvej 5, DK-8940 Randers, SV, Denmark
| | - Peter Lyngs
- Christiansø Scientific Field Station, Christiansø 97, DK-3760 Gudhjem, Denmark
| | - Mona Lykke Jacobsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Grete Garbus
- Dyrlægehuset Randers (Randers Veterinary Hospital), Sallingvej 5, DK-8940 Randers, SV, Denmark
| | - Emil Lund
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pelle Gorm Garbus
- Aarhus University, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Center for Materials Crystallography, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Johannes Madsen
- University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Kasper Thorup
- University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Setyawan AC, Zuo S, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Endoparasitic helminths in Baltic salmon Salmo salar: ecological implications. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 135:193-199. [PMID: 31486411 DOI: 10.3354/dao03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasites in fish are ecological indicators, as they reflect the host's migration routes, feeding behavior and immune status. We performed a parasitological investigation of sea-running Baltic salmon to study the use of parasites as indicators for this fish stock. The host-a strain of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar-has been isolated for several millennia in the semi-enclosed brackish Baltic Sea, with limited migration to and from the North Sea. Twenty-four salmon (total body weight: 4.2-14.2 kg; total body length: 80-105 cm) were caught by spoon bait in the southern Baltic Sea during feeding migrations, necropsied shortly afterwards and internal organs subjected to parasitological investigation focusing on endoparasitic helminths. The pyloric region was heavily parasitized by the cestode Eubothrium crassum (100% prevalence; intensity: 97-273 parasites per infected fish), reflecting a diet of smaller pelagic fishes. The stomach contained the hemiurid digeneans Brachyphallus crenatus (95.8% prevalence; intensity: 8-151) and Hemiurus luehei (58.3% prevalence; intensity: 2-13), indicating a diet of clupeids. Schistocephalus solidus (25% prevalence; intensity: 1-2), liberated from ingested sticklebacks, the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus truttae (54% prevalence; intensity: 1-13) and the adult nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (29% prevalence; intensity: 1-13) were found in the intestine. The liver was parasitized by third-stage nematode larvae of Contracaecum osculatum (45.8% prevalence; intensity: 1-4), but these were growth-stunted and encapsulated. The parasite fauna differs markedly from salmon in North Atlantic waters, and the lack of purely marine parasite species indicates that the Baltic salmon has remained in the Baltic Sea during its life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Cahyo Setyawan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
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Syahputra K, Kania PW, Al-Jubury A, Marnis H, Setyawan AC, Buchmann K. Differential immune gene response in gills, skin, and spleen of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218630. [PMID: 31220151 PMCID: PMC6586319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of rainbow trout with the parasitic ciliate Ichthyopthirius multifiliis induces differential responses in gills, skin and spleen. A controlled experimental infection was performed and expression of immune-relevant genes in skin, gills, and spleen were recorded by qPCR at day 1 and 8 after parasite exposure. Infection induced a marked reaction involving regulation of innate and adaptive immune genes in rainbow trout at day 8 post-infection. The expression level of a total of 22 out of 24 investigated genes was significantly higher in gills compared to skin reflecting the more sensitive and delicate structure of gills. Especially pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-17 C1, regulatory cytokines IL-4/13A, IL-10, TGFβ, complement factor C5, chemokines CK10, CK12, acute phase proteins (precerebellin, hepcidin) and immunoglobulins (IgM, IgT) displayed differential expression levels. The spleen, a central immune organ with no trace of the parasite, showed elevated expression of IgM, IgT, complement factor C5 and chemokine CK10 (compared to skin and gills directly exposed to the parasite), indicating an interaction between the infected surface sites and central immune organs. This communication could be mediated by chemokines CK10 and CK12 and cytokine IL-4/13A and may at least partly explain the establishment of a systemic response in rainbow trout against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Syahputra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Per W. Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Huria Marnis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Agung Cahyo Setyawan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Cao L, Li Y, An R, Wang Y, Li K, Buchmann K. Effects of water depth on GBD associated with total dissolved gas supersaturation in Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) in upper Yangtze River. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6828. [PMID: 31048705 PMCID: PMC6497699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spillway water falling from hydroelectric power plant dams in the upper Yangtze River creates a high pressure in plunge pools below the dams allowing gasses to be dissolved at high rates. The resulting supersaturation persists many miles downstream the dam which may elicit mortality in river fishes associated with gas bubble disease (GBD). We have in a two-year study (2014–15) evaluated the effect of water depth on development of GBD in an endemic and endangered fish species, the Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus, 24 km downstream of Xiangjaiba dam. Mortality and incidence of GBD were recorded and it was seen that water depth and survival time/GBD development was positively correlated. The physiological mechanisms explaining increased resistance to GBD with increased water depths (and thereby higher hydrostatic pressure) are discussed. The results may be applied in future management of fish resources in order to protect endangered endemic fishes in rivers affected by dam constructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- School of Port and Transportation Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ruidong An
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuanming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Marana MH, Sepúlveda D, Chen D, Al-Jubury A, Jaafar RM, Kania PW, Henriksen NH, Krossøy B, Dalsgaard I, Lorenzen N, Buchmann K. A pentavalent vaccine for rainbow trout in Danish aquaculture. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:344-351. [PMID: 30851449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mariculture in Denmark is based on production of rainbow trout grown two years in fresh water followed by one growth season in sea cages. Although the majority of rainbow trout are vaccinated against the most serious bacterial pathogens - Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri, by the use of commercially available vaccines, disease outbreaks requiring treatment with antibiotics still occur. The present study tested the potential of a new experimental multicomponent vaccine that is based on local bacterial strains, isolated from rainbow trout in Danish waters, and thus custom-designed for Danish rainbow trout mariculture. The vaccination with the multicomponent vaccine resulted in protection against three relevant bacterial diseases (yersiniosis, furunculosis, vibriosis) under experimental conditions. We showed that i.p. injection of the vaccine induced specific antibody responses in trout against the different bacterial antigens and regulated expression of genes encoding SAA, C3, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IgD and MHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Syahputra K, Kania PW, Al-Jubury A, Jafaar RM, Dirks RP, Buchmann K. Transcriptomic analysis of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 86:486-496. [PMID: 30513380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infecting skin, fins and gills of a wide range of freshwater fish species, including rainbow trout, is known to induce a protective immune response in the host. Although a number of studies have reported activation of several immune genes in infected fish host, the immune response picture is still considered incomplete. In order to address this issue, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed on infected versus uninfected rainbow trout gills and it showed that a total of 3352 (7.2%) out of 46,585 identified gene sequences were significantly regulated after parasite infection. Of differentially expressed gene sequences, 1796 genes were up-regulated and 1556 genes were down-regulated. These were classified into 61 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and mapped to 282 reference canonical pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Infection of I. multifiliis induced a clear differential expression of immune genes, related to both innate and adaptive immunity. A total of 268 (6.86%) regulated gene sequences were known to take part in 16 immune-related pathways. These involved pathways related to the innate immunity such as the Chemokine signaling pathway, Platelet activation, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Leukocyte transendothelial migration. Elevated transcription of genes encoding the TLR 8 gene and chemokines (CCL4, CCL19, CCL28, CXCL8, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL14) was recorded indicating their roles in recognition of I. multifiliis and subsequent induction of the inflammatory response, respectively. A number of upregulated genes in infected gills were associated with antigen processing/presentation and T and B cell receptor signaling (including B cell marker CD22 involved in B cell development). Overall the analysis supports the notion that I. multifiliis induces a massive and varied innate response upon which a range of adaptive immune responses are established which may contribute to the long lasting protection of immunized rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Syahputra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jafaar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Jaafar RM, Al-Jubury A, Dalsgaard I, MohammadKarami A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Effect of oral booster vaccination of rainbow trout against Yersinia ruckeri depends on type of primary immunization. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 85:61-65. [PMID: 29097324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of rainbow trout against Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) caused by Yersinia ruckeri can be successfully performed by administering vaccine (a bacterin consisting of formalin killed bacteria) by immersion, bath or injection. Booster immunization is known to increase the protection of fish already primed by one of these vaccination methods. Oral vaccination of trout (administering vaccine in feed) is an even more convenient way of presenting antigen to the fish but the effect of an oral booster has not previously been described in detail. The present work describes to what extent protection may be enhanced by oral boostering following priming with different administration methods. The study confirms that vaccination by 30 s dip into a bacterin (diluted 1:10) may confer a significant protection compared to non-vaccinated fish. The immunity may be optimized by booster immunization either provided as dip (most effective), bath (less effective) or orally (least effective). Oral immunization may be used as booster after dip but applied as a single oral application it induced merely a slight and statistically non-significant response. It is noteworthy that primary oral immunization followed by an oral booster vaccination showed a trend for an even weaker response. It should be investigated if continued exposure to a low antigen concentration - as performed by two oral immunizations - may induce tolerance to the pathogen and thereby leave the fish more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Asma MohammadKarami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Muñoz-Atienza E, Aquilino C, Syahputra K, Al-Jubury A, Araújo C, Skov J, Kania PW, Hernández PE, Buchmann K, Cintas LM, Tafalla C. CK11, a Teleost Chemokine with a Potent Antimicrobial Activity. J Immunol 2019; 202:857-870. [PMID: 30610164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CK11 is a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CC chemokine phylogenetically related to both mammalian CCL27 and CCL28 chemokines, strongly transcribed in skin and gills in homeostasis, for which an immune role had not been reported to date. In the current study, we have demonstrated that CK11 is not chemotactic for unstimulated leukocyte populations from central immune organs or mucosal tissues but instead exerts a potent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of rainbow trout pathogens. Our results show that CK11 strongly inhibits the growth of different rainbow trout Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, namely Lactococcus garvieae, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and Yersinia ruckeri and a parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Similarly to mammalian chemokines and antimicrobial peptides, CK11 exerted its antimicrobial activity, rapidly inducing membrane permeability in the target pathogens. Further transcriptional studies confirmed the regulation of CK11 transcription in response to exposure to some of these pathogens in specific conditions. Altogether, our studies related to phylogenetic relations, tissue distribution, and biological activity point to CK11 as a potential common ancestor of mammalian CCL27 and CCL28. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first report of a fish chemokine with antimicrobial activity, thus establishing a novel role for teleost chemokines in antimicrobial immunity that supports an evolutionary relationship between chemokines and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza
- Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Aquilino
- Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Khairul Syahputra
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; and
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; and
| | - Carlos Araújo
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos, Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jakob Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; and
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; and
| | - Pablo E Hernández
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos, Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark; and
| | - Luis M Cintas
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos, Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain;
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Chettri JK, Al-Jubury A, Dalsgaard I, Heegaard PMH, Buchmann K. Experimental anal infection of rainbow trout with Flavobacterium psychrophilum: A novel challenge model. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1917-1919. [PMID: 30203498 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan K Chettri
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Klapper R, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Kuhn T, Jensen HM, Buchmann K, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Karl H. Anisakid infection levels in fresh and canned cod liver: Significant reduction through liver surface layer removal. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jørgensen LVG, Korbut R, Jeberg S, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Association between adaptive immunity and neutrophil dynamics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected by a parasitic ciliate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203297. [PMID: 30204772 PMCID: PMC6133357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) against the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, targeting host skin, fins and gills, comprises an accelerated and manifold elevated immunoglobulin gene expression as well as a significantly elevated number of neutrophils at infected sites. Experimental fish were subjected to a primary I. multifiliis infection followed by a series of secondary exposures before they were challenged by a high dosage of infective theronts. Immunized fish responded immediately with a protective response suggesting existence of immunological memory whereas fish exposed to the parasite for the first time obtained a marked infection. The primary response to infection was dominated by expression of genes encoding acute phase reactants and inflammatory cytokines as well as recruitment of neutrophils at infected locations. Immunized fish showed a significantly upregulated immunoglobulin gene expression following challenge, which indicates existence of a secondary response effected by antibodies. Both responses induced a significantly elevated expression of the Th2 signature cytokine Il13. The increased presence of neutrophils in immunized fish suggests that innate cell mediated immunity supplements or influence the protective response against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Rozalia Korbut
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sandra Jeberg
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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