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Brauge T, Bourdonnais E, Trigueros S, Cresson P, Debuiche S, Granier SA, Midelet G. Antimicrobial resistance and geographical distribution of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and seawater in the English Channel and the North sea. Environ Pollut 2024; 345:123434. [PMID: 38290653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus is a significant food safety hazard. The marine environment serves as a source of food for humans and is subject to various human-induced discharges, which may contain Staphylococcus strains associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and geographical distribution of AMR Staphylococcus isolates in seawater and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) samples collected from the English Channel and the North Sea. We isolated and identified 238 Staphylococcus strains, including 12 coagulase-positive (CoPs) and 226 coagulase-negative (CoNs) strains. All CoPs isolates exhibited resistance to at least one of the 16 antibiotics tested. Among the CoNs strains, 52% demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 7 isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR). In these MDR strains, we identified AMR genes that confirmed the resistance phenotype, as well as other AMR genes, such as quaternary ammonium resistance. One CoNS strain carried 9 AMR genes, including both antibiotic and biocide resistance genes. By mapping the AMR phenotypes, we demonstrated that rivers had a local influence, particularly near the English coast, on the occurrence of AMR Staphylococcus. The analysis of marine environmental parameters revealed that turbidity and phosphate concentration were implicated in the occurrence of AMR Staphylococcus. Our findings underscore the crucial role of wild whiting and seawater in the dissemination of AMR Staphylococcus within the marine environment, thereby posing a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Erwan Bourdonnais
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sylvain Trigueros
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Cresson
- Ifremer, Channel/North Sea Fisheries Laboratory, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sabine Debuiche
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie A Granier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Fougères, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Bourdonnais E, Le Bris C, Brauge T, Midelet G. Tracking antimicrobial resistance indicator genes in wild flatfish from the English Channel and the North Sea area: A one health concern. Environ Pollut 2024; 343:123274. [PMID: 38160773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a burgeoning environmental concern demanding a comprehensive One Health investigation to thwart its transmission to animals and humans, ensuring food safety. Seafood, housing bacterial AMR, poses a direct threat to consumer health, amplifying the risk of hospitalization, invasive infections, and death due to compromised antimicrobial treatments. The associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in diverse marine species can amass and transmit through various pathways, including surface contact, respiration, and feeding within food webs. Our research, focused on the English Channel and North Sea, pivotal economic areas, specifically explores the occurrence of four proposed AMR indicator genes (tet(A), blaTEM, sul1, and intI1) in a benthic food web. Analyzing 350 flatfish samples' skin, gills, and gut, our quantitative PCR (qPCR) results disclosed an overall prevalence of 71.4% for AMR indicator genes. Notably, sul1 and intI1 genes exhibited higher detection in fish skin, reaching a prevalence of 47.5%, compared to gills and gut samples. Proximity to major European ports (Le Havre, Dunkirk, Rotterdam) correlated with increased AMR gene frequencies in fish, suggesting these ports' potential role in AMR spread in marine environments. We observed a broad dispersion of indicator genes in the English Channel and the North Sea, influenced by sea currents, maritime traffic, and flatfish movements. In conclusion, sul1 and intI1 genes emerge as robust indicators of AMR contamination in the marine environment, evident in seawater and species representing a benthic food web. Further studies are imperative to delineate marine species' role in accumulating and transmitting AMR to humans via seafood consumption. This research sheds light on the urgent need for a concerted effort in comprehending and mitigating AMR risks in marine ecosystems within the context of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Bourdonnais
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Unité Sous Contrat ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. de Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cédric Le Bris
- Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Unité Sous Contrat ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. de Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Bourdonnais E, Le Bris C, Brauge T, Midelet G. Monitoring indicator genes to assess antimicrobial resistance contamination in phytoplankton and zooplankton communities from the English Channel and the North Sea. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1313056. [PMID: 38389523 PMCID: PMC10882542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1313056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton and zooplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems as the basis of the food webs but are also vulnerable to environmental pollutants. Among emerging pollutants, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem encountered in all environmental compartments. However, the role of planktonic communities in its dissemination within the marine environment remains largely unexplored. In this study, we monitored four genes proposed as AMR indicators (tetA, blaTEM, sul1, and intI1) in phytoplankton and zooplankton samples collected in the English Channel and the North Sea. The indicator gene abundance was mapped to identify the potential sources of contamination. Correlation was assessed with environmental parameters to explore the potential factors influencing the abundance of AMR in the plankton samples. The prevalence in phytoplankton and zooplankton of sul1 and intI1, the most quantified indicator genes, ranged from 63 to 88%. A higher level of phytoplankton and zooplankton carrying these genes was observed near the French and English coasts in areas subjected to anthropogenic discharges from the lands but also far from the coasts. Correlation analysis demonstrated that water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity were correlated to the abundance of indicator genes associated with phytoplankton and zooplankton samples. In conclusion, the sul1 and intI1 genes would be suitable indicators for monitoring AMR contamination of the marine environment, either in phytoplankton and zooplankton communities or in seawater. This study fills a part of the gaps in knowledge about the AMR transport by marine phytoplankton and zooplankton, which may play a role in the transmission of resistance to humans through the marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Bourdonnais
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Unité sous Contrat ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. de Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cédric Le Bris
- Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Unité sous Contrat ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. de Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Mougin J, Midelet G, Leterme S, Best G, Ells T, Joyce A, Whiley H, Brauge T. Benzalkonium chloride disinfectant residues stimulate biofilm formation and increase survival of Vibrio bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1309032. [PMID: 38414711 PMCID: PMC10897976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio spp. are opportunistic human and animal pathogens found ubiquitously in marine environments. Globally, there is a predicted rise in the prevalence of Vibrio spp. due to increasing ocean temperatures, which carries significant implications for public health and the seafood industry. Consequently, there is an urgent need for enhanced strategies to control Vibrio spp. and prevent contamination, particularly in aquaculture and seafood processing facilities. Presently, these industries employ various disinfectants, including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), as part of their management strategies. While higher concentrations of BAC may be effective against these pathogens, inadequate rinsing post-disinfection could result in residual concentrations of BAC in the surrounding environment. This study aimed to investigate the adaptation and survival of Vibrio spp. exposed to varying concentrations of BAC residues. Results revealed that Vibrio bacteria, when exposed, exhibited a phenotypic adaptation characterized by an increase in biofilm biomass. Importantly, this effect was found to be strain-specific rather than species-specific. Exposure to BAC residues induced physiological changes in Vibrio biofilms, leading to an increase in the number of injured and alive cells within the biofilm. The exact nature of the "injured" bacteria remains unclear, but it is postulated that BAC might heighten the risk of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria development. These VBNC bacteria pose a significant threat, especially since they cannot be detected using the standard culture-based methods commonly employed for microbiological risk assessment in aquaculture and seafood industries. The undetected presence of VBNC bacteria could result in recurrent contamination events and subsequent disease outbreaks. This study provides evidence regarding the role of c-di-GMP signaling pathways in Vibrio adaptation mechanisms and suggests that c-di-GMP mediated repression is a potential avenue for further research. The findings underscore that the misuse and overuse of BAC may increase the risk of biofilm development and bacterial survival within the seafood processing chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mougin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Graziella Midelet
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Leterme
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biofilm Research and Innovation, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Giles Best
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy Ells
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harriet Whiley
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biofilm Research and Innovation, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas Brauge
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Brauge T, Mougin J, Ells T, Midelet G. Sources and contamination routes of seafood with human pathogenic Vibrio spp.: A Farm-to-Fork approach. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13283. [PMID: 38284576 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio spp., known human foodborne pathogens, thrive in freshwater, estuaries, and marine settings, causing vibriosis upon ingestion. The rising global vibriosis cases due to climate change necessitate a deeper understanding of Vibrio epidemiology and human transmission. This review delves into Vibrio contamination in seafood, scrutinizing its sources and pathways. We comprehensively assess the contamination of human-pathogenic Vibrio in the seafood chain, covering raw materials to processed products. A "Farm-to-Fork" approach, aligned with the One Health concept, is essential for grasping the complex nature of Vibrio contamination. Vibrio's widespread presence in natural and farmed aquatic environments establishes them as potential entry points into the seafood chain. Environmental factors, including climate, human activities, and wildlife, influence contamination sources and routes, underscoring the need to understand the origin and transmission of pathogens in raw seafood. Once within the seafood chain, the formation of protective biofilms on various surfaces in production and processing poses significant food safety risks, necessitating proper cleaning and disinfection to prevent microbial residue. In addition, inadequate seafood handling, from inappropriate processing procedures to cross-contamination via pests or seafood handlers, significantly contributes to Vibrio food contamination, thus warranting attention to reduce risks. Information presented here support the imperative for proactive measures, robust research, and interdisciplinary collaboration in order to effectively mitigate the risks posed by human pathogenic Vibrio contamination, safeguarding public health and global food security. This review serves as a crucial resource for researchers, industrials, and policymakers, equipping them with the knowledge to develop biosecurity measures associated with Vibrio-contaminated seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Julia Mougin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timothy Ells
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne sur Mer, France
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Duflot M, Cresson P, Julien M, Chartier L, Bourgau O, Palomba M, Mattiucci S, Midelet G, Gay M. Black spot diseases in seven commercial fish species from the English Channel and the North Sea: infestation levels, identification and population genetics of Cryptocotyle spp. Parasite 2023; 30:28. [PMID: 37417833 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are often speckled with "black spots" caused by metacercarial trematode infection, inducing a host response. Cryptocotyle spp. (Opisthorchiidae) are among the parasites responsible for this phenomenon. So far, the impact on human health is still unknown. In addition, few publications dealing with black spot recovery, identification, distribution and diversity among commercially important fish are available. Moreover, "black spots" have been observed by fishermen on marine fish, revealing an appreciable but unquantified presence in consumed fish. An epidemiological survey of 1,586 fish from seven commercial species (herring, sprat, whiting, pout, dab, flounder, and plaice) was conducted in the Eastern English Channel and the North Sea in January 2019 and 2020. Encysted metacercariae were found in 325 out of 1,586 fish, with a total prevalence of 20.5%. Intensity of infection varied from 1 to 1,104 parasites. The recorded encysted metacercariae were identified either by microscopic examination or with molecular tools. Partial sequences of the mtDNA cox1 gene and of the rDNA ITS region were obtained. Two species of Cryptocotyle, Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1825) and Cryptocotyle concava (Creplin, 1825) were found. Metacercariae belonging to other trematode families were also identified. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network construction were performed to confirm the identification and to study the potential presence of different populations of Cryptocotyle spp. This survey enabled us to describe the distribution of two species of Cryptocotyle in the English Channel and North Sea ecosystems. The observed differences in infestation levels between fish species and geographical areas will contribute to better understanding of the ecology of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Duflot
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France - University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Cresson
- Ifremer, RBE/HMMN, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques Manche Mer du Nord, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maéva Julien
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Léa Chartier
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Odile Bourgau
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viale dell'Università s/n, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health And Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mélanie Gay
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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Brauge T, Leleu G, Hanin A, Capitaine K, Felix B, Midelet G. Genetic population structure of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from salmon and trout sectors in France. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18154. [PMID: 37483814 PMCID: PMC10362350 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoked salmon and smoked trout are ready-to-eat and potentially contaminated with the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes making them high risk for the consumer. This raises questions about the presence of hypervirulent or persistent strains in the salmon and trout industries. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of circulating strains in these sectors is essential to evaluate the risk associated with this pathogen and improve food safety. We analyzed the genetic structure of 698 strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from 2006 to 2017 in France, based on their serogroup, lineage and clonal complexes (CCs) determined by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Most of the CCs were identified by mapping the strains PFGE profiles and a novel high-throughput real-time PCR method for CC identification. We identified thirteen CCs and one sequence type (ST) with variable distribution in salmon and trout samples (food, environment). The three most prevalent CCs were CC121, CC26 and CC204. Strains from ST191 and CC54 were detected for the first time in these sectors, while less than 0.6% of the isolates belonged to the hyper-virulent CC1, CC6 and CC20. No CC was exclusively associated with the salmon sector. This project allowed us to assess the population diversity of CCs of L. monocytogenes in the salmon and trout industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, 62200, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Guylaine Leleu
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, 62200, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | | | - Karine Capitaine
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benjamin Felix
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, 62200, Boulogne sur Mer, France
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Félix B, Capitaine K, Te S, Felten A, Gillot G, Feurer C, van den Bosch T, Torresi M, Sréterné Lancz Z, Delannoy S, Brauge T, Midelet G, Leblanc JC, Roussel S. Identification by High-Throughput Real-Time PCR of 30 Major Circulating Listeria monocytogenes Clonal Complexes in Europe. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0395422. [PMID: 37158749 PMCID: PMC10269651 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03954-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes a foodborne illness, listeriosis. Most strains can be classified into major clonal complexes (CCs) that account for the majority of outbreaks and sporadic cases in Europe. In addition to the 20 CCs known to account for the majority of human and animal clinical cases, 10 CCs are frequently reported in food production, thereby posing a serious challenge for the agrifood industry. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid and reliable method to identify these 30 major CCs. The high-throughput real-time PCR assay presented here provides accurate identification of these 30 CCs and eight genetic subdivisions within four CCs, splitting each CC into two distinct subpopulations, along with the molecular serogroup of a strain. Based on the BioMark high-throughput real-time PCR system, our assay analyzes 46 strains against 40 real-time PCR arrays in a single experiment. This European study (i) designed the assay from a broad panel of 3,342 L. monocytogenes genomes, (ii) tested its sensitivity and specificity on 597 sequenced strains collected from 24 European countries, and (iii) evaluated its performance in the typing of 526 strains collected during surveillance activities. The assay was then optimized for conventional multiplex real-time PCR for easy implementation in food laboratories. It has already been used for outbreak investigations. It represents a key tool for assisting food laboratories to establish strain relatedness with human clinical strains during outbreak investigations and for helping food business operators by improving their microbiological management plans. IMPORTANCE Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is the reference method for Listeria monocytogenes typing but is expensive and takes time to perform, from 3 to 5 days for laboratories that outsource sequencing. Thirty major MLST clonal complexes (CCs) are circulating in the food chain and are currently identifiable only by sequencing. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid and reliable method to identify these CCs. The method presented here enables the rapid identification, by real-time PCR, of 30 CCs and eight genetic subdivisions within four CCs, splitting each CC into two distinct subpopulations. The assay was then optimized on different conventional multiplex real-time PCR systems for easy implementation in food laboratories. The two assays will be used for frontline identification of L. monocytogenes isolates prior to whole-genome sequencing. Such assays are of great interest for all food industry stakeholders and public agencies for tracking L. monocytogenes food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Félix
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karine Capitaine
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandrine Te
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané/Niort Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Carole Feurer
- IFIP–The French Pig and Pork Institute, Department of Fresh and Processed Meat, Le Rheu, France
| | - Tijs van den Bosch
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Department of Bacteriology, Molecular Technology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Torresi
- National Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise “G. Caporale” Via Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Zsuzsanna Sréterné Lancz
- Microbiological National Reference Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, IdentyPath Platform, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leblanc
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Roussel
- ANSES, European Union Reference Laboratory for Listeria monocytogenes, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Delannoy S, Hoffer C, Youf R, Dauvergne E, Webb HE, Brauge T, Tran ML, Midelet G, Granier SA, Haenni M, Fach P, Brisabois A. High Throughput Screening of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Gram-Negative Seafood Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061225. [PMID: 35744743 PMCID: PMC9230514 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
From a global view of antimicrobial resistance over different sectors, seafood and the marine environment are often considered as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs); however, there are few studies and sparse results on this sector. This study aims to provide new data and insights regarding the content of resistance markers in various seafood samples and sources, and therefore the potential exposure to humans in a global One Health approach. An innovative high throughput qPCR screening was developed and validated in order to simultaneously investigate the presence of 41 ARGs and 33 MGEs including plasmid replicons, integrons, and insertion sequences in Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of 268 seafood isolates from the bacterial microflora of cod (n = 24), shellfish (n = 66), flat fishes (n = 53), shrimp (n = 10), and horse mackerel (n = 115) show the occurrence of sul-1, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, strA, strB, dfrA1, qnrA, and blaCTX-M-9 genes in Pseudomonas spp., Providencia spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., and Shewanella spp. isolates and the presence of MGEs in all bacterial species investigated. We found that the occurrence of MGE may be associated with the seafood type and the environmental, farming, and harvest conditions. Moreover, even if MGE were detected in half of the seafood isolates investigated, association with ARG was only identified for twelve isolates. The results corroborate the hypothesis that the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARG decreases with increasing distance from potential sources of fecal contamination. This unique and original high throughput micro-array designed for the screening of ARG and MGE in Gram-negative bacteria could be easily implementable for monitoring antimicrobial resistance gene markers in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Delannoy
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Corine Hoffer
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Raphaëlle Youf
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Emilie Dauvergne
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Hattie E. Webb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Safety Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Thomas Brauge
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; (T.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Mai-Lan Tran
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Graziella Midelet
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; (T.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, 35306 Fougères, France;
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit, Lyon Laboratory, Université de Lyon, ANSES, 69364 Lyon, France;
| | - Patrick Fach
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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Bourdonnais E, Colcanap D, Le Bris C, Brauge T, Midelet G. Occurrence of Indicator Genes of Antimicrobial Resistance Contamination in the English Channel and North Sea Sectors and Interactions With Environmental Variables. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:883081. [PMID: 35651498 PMCID: PMC9150721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.883081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is a potential natural reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), subject to anthropogenic effluents (wastewater, industrial, and domestic), and known as a final receiving system. The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance and geographical distribution of the three blaTEM , sul1, and intI1 genes, proposed as indicators of contamination to assess the state of antimicrobial resistance in environmental settings, added to the tetA gene and the microbial population (tuf gene) in the English Channel and North Sea areas. Bacterial DNA was extracted from 36 seawater samples. The abundance of these genes was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and was analyzed in association with environmental variables and geographical locations to determine potential correlations. The blaTEM and tetA genes were quantified in 0% and 2.8% of samples, respectively. The sul1 and intI1 genes were detected in 42% and 31% of samples, respectively, with an apparent co-occurrence in 19% of the samples confirmed by a correlation analysis. The absolute abundance of these genes was correlated with the microbial population, with results similar to the relative abundance. We showed that the sul1 and intI1 genes were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and turbidity, while the microbial population was correlated with pH, temperature and salinity in addition to dissolved oxygen and turbidity. The three tetA, sul1, and intI1 genes were quantified in the same sample with high abundances, and this sample was collected in the West Netherlands coast (WN) area. For the first time, we have shown the impact of anthropogenic inputs (rivers, man-made offshore structures, and maritime activities) and environmental variables on the occurrence of three indicators of environmental contamination by antimicrobial resistance in the North Sea and English Channel seawaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Bourdonnais
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Unité Sous Contrat ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. de Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Darina Colcanap
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cédric Le Bris
- Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Unité Sous Contrat ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. de Liège, Junia, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Unité Bactériologie et Parasitologie des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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11
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Duflot M, Midelet G, Bourgau O, Buchmann K, Gay M. Optimization of tools for the detection and identification of Cryptocotyle metacercariae in fish: Digestion method and viability studies. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1777-1784. [PMID: 34289140 PMCID: PMC9290975 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some trematode metacercariae, including marine digeneans belonging to the genus Cryptocotyle, induce black spots in target tissues due to the attraction of fish host melanophores. To promote precise quantification of infection, the counting of black spots has to be confirmed by reliable quantification of metacercariae after tissue digestion. This process ensures the isolation of undamaged parasites for morphological and molecular identification. The aim of this work was to optimize the pepsin digestion protocol and to assess the duration of viability of Cryptocotyle metacercariae in fish post-mortem (pm). Four digestion protocols were compared by measuring the viability rate of metacercariae. The present study shows that the orbital digestion method was the least destructive for metacercariae and allowed better quantification of Cryptocotyle infection. Moreover, morphological identification seemed reliable up to 8 days pm for Cryptocotyle infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Duflot
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food SafetyBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
- University of Littoral Côte d'OpaleBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
| | | | - Odile Bourgau
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food SafetyBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Mélanie Gay
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food SafetyBoulogne‐sur‐MerFrance
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Duflot M, Gay M, Midelet G, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Morphological and molecular identification of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Danish seas and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the English Channel. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3417-3427. [PMID: 34448921 PMCID: PMC8460567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trematode larvae (metacercariae) causing black spot disease occur frequently in gills, fins, skin and the superficial muscle layers of marine fish. Species within the genus Cryptocotyle Lühe, 1899 are frequently associated with this disease. Descriptions of the metacercarial stage are relatively limited and none has hitherto been reported from fish from the English Channel. The present study reports the morphological and molecular identifications of encysted black spot-inducing parasites from whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caught respectively from the north coast of France (English Channel) and from Danish sea waters. Metacercariae were characterised morphologically based on microscopic observations and molecularly using Sanger sequencing of fragments of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and rDNA ITS region. Morphological data were compared with available data in the literature. Phylogenetic trees including reference sequences were built to confirm morphological and molecular identifications. This survey constitutes the first description of C. lingua metacercariae in the English Channel ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Duflot
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.,University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Mélanie Gay
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
| | | | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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13
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Brauge T, Barre L, Leleu G, André S, Denis C, Hanin A, Frémaux B, Guilbaud M, Herry JM, Oulahal N, Anger B, Soumet C, Midelet G. European survey and evaluation of sampling methods recommended by the standard EN ISO 18593 for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens on industrial surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5817843. [PMID: 32267937 PMCID: PMC7195815 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ready-to-eat products can be contaminated during processing by pathogen or spoilage bacteria, which persist in the industrial environment. Some bacterial species are able to form biofilms which protect them from environmental conditions. To check the bacterial contamination of the surfaces in the food industries, the professionals must regularly use surface sampling methods to detect the pathogen such as Listeria monocytogenes or the spoilage such as Pseudomonas fluorescens. In 2010, we designed and carried out a European survey to collect surface sampling information to detect or enumerate L. monocytogenes in food processing plants. A total of 137 questionnaires from 14 European Union Member States were returned. The outcome of this survey showed that the professionals preferred friction sampling methods with gauze pad, swab and sponges versus contact sampling methods. After this survey, we compared the effectiveness of these three friction sampling methods and the contact plates, as recommended in the standard EN ISO 18593 that was revised in 2018, on the recovery of L. monocytogenes and of P. fluorescens in mono-specie biofilms. This study showed no significant difference between the effectiveness of the four sampling methods to detach the viable and culturable bacterial population of theses mono-specie biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and parasitology of fishery and aquaculture products unit, Boulevard Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Lena Barre
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella - E. coli - Listeria unit, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Guylaine Leleu
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and parasitology of fishery and aquaculture products unit, Boulevard Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Stéphane André
- CTCPA, Technical Centre for the Conservation of Agricultural Products, EMaiRIT'S Unit, 449 Avenue Clément Ader 84911 Avignon, France
| | - Catherine Denis
- ACTALIA, Food Safety, 310 Rue du Père Popiełujko 50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | - Aurélie Hanin
- ACTALIA, Food Safety, 310 Rue du Père Popiełujko 50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | - Bastien Frémaux
- IFIP, The French Research Institute for Pig and Pork Industry, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Morgan Guilbaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood 91300 Massy, France
| | - Jean-Marie Herry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood 91300 Massy, France
| | - Nadia Oulahal
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Isara Lyon, BioDyMIA, Research Unit 3733, IUT Lyon 1, rue Henri de Boissieu 01000 Bourg en Bresse, France
| | - Béatrice Anger
- Anses, Fougeres Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Bâtiment Bioagopolis, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené - CS 40608 - 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Christophe Soumet
- Anses, Fougeres Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Bâtiment Bioagopolis, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat - Javené - CS 40608 - 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and parasitology of fishery and aquaculture products unit, Boulevard Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
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14
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Copin S, Mougin J, Raguenet V, Robert-Pillot A, Midelet G, Grard T, Bonnin-Jusserand M. Ethidium and propidium monoazide: comparison of potential toxicity on Vibrio sp. viability. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:245-250. [PMID: 33058219 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio sp., ubiquitous in the aquatic ecosystem, are bacteria of interest because of their involvement in human health, causing gastroenteritis after ingestion of seafood, as well as their role in vibriosis leading to severe losses in aquaculture production. Their ability to enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state under stressful environmental conditions may lead to underestimation of the Vibrio population by traditional microbiological enumeration methods. As a result, using molecular methods in combination with EMA or PMA allows the detection of viable (VBNC and culturable viable) cells. In this study, the impact of the EMA and PMA was tested at different concentrations on the viability of several Vibrio species. We compared the toxicity of these two DNA-binding dyes to determine the best pretreatment to use with qPCR to discriminate between viable and dead Vibrio cells. Our results showed that EMA displayed lethal effects for each strain of V. cholerae and V. vulnificus tested. In contrast, the concentrations of PMA tested had no toxic effect on the viability of Vibrio cells studied. These results may help to achieve optimal PMA-qPCR methods to detect viable Vibrio sp. cells in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Copin
- Agence Nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - J Mougin
- Institut Charles Viollette, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAE, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Yncréa, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - V Raguenet
- Agence Nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - A Robert-Pillot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Vibrions et du Choléra, Paris, France
| | - G Midelet
- Agence Nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - T Grard
- Institut Charles Viollette, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAE, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Yncréa, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - M Bonnin-Jusserand
- Institut Charles Viollette, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAE, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Yncréa, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
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15
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Faille C, Brauge T, Leleu G, Hanin A, Denis C, Midelet G. Comparison of the performance of the biofilm sampling methods (swab, sponge, contact agar) in the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes populations considering the seafood environment conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Brauge T, Faille C, Leleu G, Denis C, Hanin A, Midelet G. Treatment with disinfectants may induce an increase in viable but non culturable populations of Listeria monocytogenes in biofilms formed in smoked salmon processing environments. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103548. [PMID: 32950145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the impact of two industrial disinfectants on the viability of Listeria monocytogenes populations in biofilm and 2) to investigate the viability state of L. monocytogenes cells present on contact surfaces in the smoked salmon processing environment. In the first step, we cultured mono species and mixed species biofilms containing L. monocytogenes on stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at 8 °C for 48h. The biofilms were then exposed to quaternary ammonium- and hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants. Residual total populations of L. monocytogenes were measured by qPCR, and viable culturable (VC) cell populations were quantified using standard microbiological culture-based techniques and by a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay coupled with a propidium monoazide treatment. Decreases in VC populations and the appearance of viable but non culturable (VBNC) populations were observed in response to treatment with the disinfectants. An 8 month sampling campaign in 4 smoked salmon processing plants was also carried out to detect L. monocytogenes in environmental samples. VBNC cells were detected mainly after the cleaning and disinfection operations. This study showed that industrial disinfectants did not inactivate all L. monocytogenes cells on inert surfaces. The presence of VBNC populations of L. monocytogenes in the smoked salmon processing environment is a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200, Boulogne-sur-mer, France.
| | - Christine Faille
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, ENSCL, UMET, 59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Guylaine Leleu
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 62200, Boulogne-sur-mer, France
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Briet A, Helsens N, Delannoy S, Debuiche S, Brisabois A, Midelet G, Granier SA. NDM-1-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from imported seafood. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:2578-2579. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Briet
- Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Helsens
- Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Debuiche
- Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Sophie A Granier
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for food safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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18
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Midelet G, Kobilinsky A, Carpentier B. Construction and analysis of fractional multifactorial designs to study attachment strength and transfer of Listeria monocytogenes from pure or mixed biofilms after contact with a solid model food. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:2313-21. [PMID: 16597925 PMCID: PMC1449066 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.4.2313-2321.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish which of seven factors influence the adhesion strength and hence bacterial transfer between biofilms containing Listeria monocytogenes (pure and two-species biofilms) and tryptone soya agar (TSA) as a solid organic surface. The two-species biofilms were made of L. monocytogenes and one of the following species of bacteria: the nonpathogenic organisms Kocuria varians, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Staphylococcus sciuri and CCL 63, an unidentified gram-negative bacterium isolated from the processing plant environment. We used biofilms prepared under conditions simulating open surfaces in meat-processing sites. The biofilm's adhesion strength and population were evaluated by making 12 contacts on a given whole biofilm (4.5 cm(2)), using a new slice of a sterilized TSA cylinder for each contact, and plotting the logarithm CFU . cm(-2) detached by each contact against the contact number. Three types of detachment kinetics were observed: biphasic kinetics, where the first slope may be either positive or negative, and monophasic kinetics. The bacteria that resisted a chlorinated alkaline product and a glutaraldehyde- and quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant had greater adhesion strengths than those determined for untreated biofilms. One of the four non-Listeria strains studied, Kocuria varians CCL 56, favored both the attachment and detachment of L. monocytogenes. The stainless steel had smaller bacterial populations than polymer materials, and non-Listeria bacteria adhered to it less strongly. Our results helped to evaluate measures aimed at controlling the immediate risk, linked to the presence of a large number of CFU in a foodstuff, and the delayed risk, linked to the persistence of L. monocytogenes and the occurrence of slightly contaminated foods that may become dangerous if L. monocytogenes multiplies during storage. Cleaning and disinfection reduce the immediate risk, while reducing the delayed risk should be achieved by lowering the adhesion strength, which the sanitizers used here cannot do at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Midelet
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments/LERQAP, 23 avenue du Général De Gaulle, F-94706 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
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Abstract
AIM To determine how single cells and microcolonies transfer to food from open surfaces in the meat industry. METHODS AND RESULTS Biofilms of four bacterial strains isolated from food processing surfaces were established on stainless steel substrates conditioned with meat exudate in the presence or absence of CaCl(2). Image analysis of the biofilms showed that the addition of calcium resulted in an increase of the number and size of microcolonies with two strains: Staphylococcus sciuri and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Image analysis of the biofilms of those two strains grown in the presence of calcium was performed before and after contacts with tryptone soya agar as a solid model food. For the biofilms treated or not with a chlorinated alkaline agent, where a decrease in surface coverage occurred, it was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of the coverage accounted for by microcolonies (P(m)). Attachment strength was greater for P. fluorescens than for S. sciuri. When the P. fluorescens biofilms were treated with a solution containing glutaraldehyde, the contacts did not modify their structure. By contrast, their treatment with chlorinated alkaline resulted, after contacts, in the smallest coverage and P(m). With S. sciuri, a decrease in coverage after contacts always occurred and was the greatest for the untreated biofilms. CONCLUSIONS After contacts between biofilms and a solid model food, microcolonies were preferentially detached compared with single cells. A chlorinated alkaline product either decreased biofilm attachment strength (P. fluorescens) or unexpectedly increased it (S. sciuri), whereas a glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant increased both attachment strength and microcolony cohesion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The contaminating potential of a surface depends not only on the level of contamination but also on the nature, structure and history of the contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Midelet
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches sur la qualité des aliments et sur les procédés agro-alimentaires, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Midelet G, Carpentier B. Transfer of microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes, from various materials to beef. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4015-24. [PMID: 12147503 PMCID: PMC124046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.4015-4024.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2001] [Accepted: 05/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantity of microorganisms that may be transferred to a food that comes into contact with a contaminated surface depends on the density of microorganisms on the surface and on the attachment strengths of the microorganisms on the materials. We made repeated contacts between pieces of meat and various surfaces (stainless steel and conveyor belt materials [polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane]), which were conditioned with meat exudate and then were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus sciuri, Pseudomonas putida, or Comamonas sp. Attachment strengths were assessed by the slopes of the two-phase curves obtained by plotting the logarithm of the number of microorganisms transferred against the order number of the contact. These curves were also used to estimate the microbial population on the surface by using the equation of A. Veulemans, E. Jacqmain, and D. Jacqmain (Rev. Ferment. Ind. Aliment. 25:58-65, 1970). The biofilms were characterized according to their physicochemical surface properties and structures. Their exopolysaccharide-producing capacities were assessed from biofilms grown on polystyrene. The L. monocytogenes biofilms attached more strongly to polymers than did the other strains, and attachment strength proved to be weaker on stainless steel than on the two polymers. However, in most cases, it was the population of the biofilms that had the strongest influence on the total number of CFU detached. Although attachment strengths were weaker on stainless steel, this material, carrying a smaller population of bacteria, had a weaker contaminating capacity. In most cases the equation of Veulemans et al. revealed more bacteria than did swabbing the biofilms, and it provided a better assessment of the contaminating potential of the polymeric materials studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Midelet
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches pour l'Alimentation Collective, Maisons-Alfort, France
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