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Wang C, Hou B. The booster immunization using commercial vaccines effectively protect chickens against novel variants of infectious bursal disease virus (genotype A2dB1). Poult Sci 2024; 103:103552. [PMID: 38422756 PMCID: PMC10910156 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV, genotype A2dB1), characterized by bursal atrophy of fabricius and decreased lymphocytes, has been emerging on a large scale in Asia (including China) since late 2018. nVarIBDV is a new threat to the poultry industry, yet the currently licensed commercial vaccines, including the live viral vector vaccine, IBDV immune complex vaccine or VP2 subunit vaccine, are ineffective against nVarIBDV infection. In this study, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and broilers divided into 3 groups were vaccinated with the live viral vector vaccine, the VP2 subunit vaccine or the IBDV immune complex vaccine at 1 day-old, respectively. The SPF chickens received a secondary vaccination with the live B87 strain vaccine at 11-day-old. The bursa/body weight ratio, histopathology lesion of the bursa, and the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) by qRT-PCR confirmed that the live viral vector vaccine or immune complex vaccine plus live B87 strain booster could provide at least 80% protection against the FJ2019-01 strain of nVarIBDV in SPF chickens. The broilers also received a secondary vaccination using a live W2512 G-61 strain vaccine at 14-day-old, and analyses showed that the VP2 subunit vaccine or immune complex vaccine plus the live W2512 G-61 strain booster also provided more than 80% protection against the FJ2019-01 strain of nVarIBDV. Unfortunately, the live viral vector vaccine plus live W2512 G-61 strain booster provided poor to moderate protection against FJ2019-01 in broilers. These findings suggest that combining commercial vaccines with rational booster immunization can effectively protect chickens against an nVarIBDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China.
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Guo Y, Mills DJ, Lau CL, Mills C, Furuya‐Kanamori L. Immune response after rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis and a booster dose in Australian bat carers. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:465-472. [PMID: 37170441 PMCID: PMC10952468 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodic vaccination against rabies is essential for individuals at continuing risk of rabies exposure. There is limited evidence on long-term immunogenicity after a 3-dose intramuscular (3IM) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and single IM booster dose, thus current guideline recommendations differ in the interval for serology tests following PrEP and boosters. This study investigated post-PrEP and post-booster persistence of antibodies in Australian bat carers. Bat carers who received 3IM PrEP/booster doses and had post-PrEP/booster serology test results were included. The proportion of antibody-negative (<0.5 EU/mL) individuals after PrEP/booster dose were examined. Three hundred and five participants (65.6% females, median age at PrEP 43.1 years) were included. The proportion who were antibody-negative varied depending on the time between 3IM PrEP and the serology test: 8.0% <1 year, 29.8% 1-2 years, 21.2% 2-3 years and 7.7% >3 years. Ninety-one participants receiving booster doses were further assessed. Only one participant was antibody-negative at >3 years after receiving one IM booster dose. Our findings support that a serology test should be performed 1 year after 3IM PrEP, followed by first booster if required. Rabies antibodies persist for many years after receiving the booster doses. The interval between subsequent serology tests and the first booster dose should be no longer than 3 years. Future studies are required to provide more insight into the most appropriate timing of subsequent boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Guo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandHerstonAustralia
| | - Deborah J. Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel DoctorTravel Medicine AllianceBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Colleen L. Lau
- Dr Deb The Travel DoctorTravel Medicine AllianceBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandHerstonAustralia
| | - Christine Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel DoctorTravel Medicine AllianceBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Luis Furuya‐Kanamori
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandHerstonAustralia
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Lee Y, Maes RK, Kruger JM, Kiupel M, Giessler KS, Soboll Hussey G. Safety and Efficacy of Felid Herpesvirus-1 Deletion Mutants in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020163. [PMID: 33499363 PMCID: PMC7911815 DOI: 10.3390/v13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Felid herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1) is an important respiratory and ocular pathogen of cats and current vaccines are limited in duration and efficacy because they do not prevent infection, viral nasal shedding and latency. To address these shortcomings, we have constructed FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- deletion mutants (gE-TK- and PK-) using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis and shown safety and immunogenicity in vitro. Here, we compare the safety and efficacy of a prime boost FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- vaccination regimen with commercial vaccination in cats. Cats in the vaccination groups were vaccinated at 3-week intervals and all cats were challenge infected 3 weeks after the last vaccination. Evaluations included clinical signs, nasal shedding, virus neutralizing antibodies (VN), cytokine mRNA gene expression, post-mortem histology and detection of latency establishment. Vaccination with gE-TK- and PK- mutants was safe and resulted in significantly reduced clinical disease scores, pathological changes, viral nasal shedding, and viral DNA in the trigeminal ganglia (the site of latency) following infection. Both mutants induced VN antibodies and interferons after immunization. In addition, after challenge infection, we observed a reduction of IL-1β expression, and modulation of TNFα, TGFβ and IL10 expression. In conclusion, this study shows the merits of using FeHV-1 deletion mutants for prevention of FeHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Roger K. Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - John M. Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-432-3273
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Pan Y, Jia R, Li J, Wang M, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Zhao X, Wu Y, Yang Q, Yin Z, Jing B, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Cheng A. Heterologous prime-boost: an important candidate immunization strategy against Tembusu virus. Virol J 2020; 17:67. [PMID: 32398028 PMCID: PMC7218524 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tembusu virus (TMUV), a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus, spreads rapidly between ducks, causing massive economic losses in the Chinese duck industry. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent TMUV. Therefore, it is urgent to look for an effective vaccine strategy against TMUV. Heterologous prime-boost regimens priming with vaccines and boosting with recombinant adenovirus vaccines have been proven to be successful strategies for protecting against viruses in experimental animal models. METHODS In this study, heterologous and homologous prime-boost strategies using an attenuated salmonella vaccine and a recombinant adenovirus vaccine expressing prM-E or the E gene of TMUV were evaluated to protect ducks against TMUV infection for the first time, including priming and boosting with the attenuated salmonella vaccine, priming and boosting with the recombinant adenovirus vaccine, and priming with the attenuated salmonella vaccine and boosting with the recombinant adenovirus vaccine. Humoral and cellular immune responses were detected and evaluated. We then challenged the ducks with TMUV at 12 days after boosting to assay for clinical symptoms, mortality, viral loads and histopathological lesions after these different strategies. RESULTS Compared with the homologous prime-boost strategies, the heterologous prime-boost regimen produced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies against TMUV. Additionally, it could induce higher levels of IFN-γ than homologous prime-boost strategies in the later stage. Interestingly, the heterologous prime-boost strategy induced higher levels of IL-4 in the early stage, but the IL-4 levels gradually decreased and were even lower than those induced by the homologous prime-boost strategy in the later stage. Moreover, the heterologous prime-boost strategy could efficiently protect ducks, with low viral titres, no clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions in this experiment after challenge with TMUV, while slight clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions were observed with the homologous prime-boost strategies. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the heterologous prime-boost strategy induced higher levels of humoral and cellular immune responses and better protection against TMUV infection in ducks than the homologous prime-boost strategies, suggesting that the heterologous prime-boost strategy is an important candidate for the design of a novel vaccine strategy against TMUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juping Li
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Jing
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
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5
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Ravid-Peretz S, Colorni A, Sharon G, Ucko M. Vaccination of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax with avirulent Mycobacterium marinum (iipA::kan mutant). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 90:317-327. [PMID: 31039442 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is a chronic progressive disease affecting teleost fishes all over the world. No vaccine is commercially available against its main etiological agent, Mycobacterium marinum. The mycobacterial gene responsible for invasion and intracellular persistence, iipA, is known to modulate M. marinum pathology. The innate and adaptive immune responses in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) vaccinated with M. marinum iipA::kan mutant with (and without) the use of adjuvant, with (and without) a booster vaccination were monitored. The adjuvanted vaccine induced enhanced immune responses. TNF-α transcription levels were extremely high in spleen of the fish vaccinated with the addition of adjuvant in both fish vaccinated once and twice, followed by an IgM response highly specific for M. marinum. Also, histologically, granulomas started appearing in spleen and head-kidney tissues (but with no visible bacteria) within a month after vaccination, mainly with the adjuvanted vaccine. This was followed by reduction in pathology, as demonstrated by the lower number of granulomas (with visible bacteria), indicating that even heat-killed bacteria were able to elicit granulomatous formations. Adhesion of the internal organs and moderate pigmentation were observed in the perivisceral adipose tissue of nearly all vaccinated fish. Although the adjuvanted heat-killed avirulent iipA::kan mutant clearly induced a strong humoral and adaptive immune response, the booster treatment did not seem to have produced a significantly higher degree of protection from the disease compared to fish that received a single vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Ravid-Peretz
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel
| | - Angelo Colorni
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel
| | - Galit Sharon
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel
| | - Michal Ucko
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel.
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Jaafar RM, Al-Jubury A, Dalsgaard I, MohammadKarami A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Effect of oral booster vaccination of rainbow trout against Yersinia ruckeri depends on type of primary immunization. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 85:61-65. [PMID: 29097324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of rainbow trout against Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) caused by Yersinia ruckeri can be successfully performed by administering vaccine (a bacterin consisting of formalin killed bacteria) by immersion, bath or injection. Booster immunization is known to increase the protection of fish already primed by one of these vaccination methods. Oral vaccination of trout (administering vaccine in feed) is an even more convenient way of presenting antigen to the fish but the effect of an oral booster has not previously been described in detail. The present work describes to what extent protection may be enhanced by oral boostering following priming with different administration methods. The study confirms that vaccination by 30 s dip into a bacterin (diluted 1:10) may confer a significant protection compared to non-vaccinated fish. The immunity may be optimized by booster immunization either provided as dip (most effective), bath (less effective) or orally (least effective). Oral immunization may be used as booster after dip but applied as a single oral application it induced merely a slight and statistically non-significant response. It is noteworthy that primary oral immunization followed by an oral booster vaccination showed a trend for an even weaker response. It should be investigated if continued exposure to a low antigen concentration - as performed by two oral immunizations - may induce tolerance to the pathogen and thereby leave the fish more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Asma MohammadKarami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Alkie TN, Yitbarek A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Astill J, Sharif S. Characterization of immunogenicity of avian influenza antigens encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles following mucosal and subcutaneous delivery in chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206324. [PMID: 30383798 PMCID: PMC6211703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccine delivery systems have paramount importance for the induction of mucosal antibody responses. Two studies were conducted to evaluate immunogenicity of inactivated AIV antigens encapsulated in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). In the first study, seven groups of specific pathogen free (SPF) layer-type chickens were immunized subcutaneously at 7-days of age with different vaccine formulations followed by booster vaccinations two weeks later. Immune responses were profiled by measuring antibody (Ab) responses in sera and lachrymal secretions of vaccinated chickens. The results indicated that inactivated AIV and CpG ODN co-encapsulated in PLGA NPs (2x NanoAI+CpG) produced higher amounts of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies compared to a group vaccinated with non-adjuvanted AIV encapsulated in PLGA NPs (NanoAI). The tested adjuvanted NPs-based vaccine (2x NanoAI+CpG) resulted in higher IgG responses in the sera and lachrymal secretions at weeks 3, 4 and 5 post-vaccination when immunized subcutaneously. The incorporation of CpG ODN led to an increase in Ab-mediated responses and was found useful to be included both in the prime and booster vaccinations. In the second study, the ability of chitosan and mannan coated PLGA NPs that encapsulated AIV and CpG ODN was evaluated for inducing antibody responses when delivered via nasal and ocular routes in one-week-old SPF layer-type chickens. These PLGA NPs-based and surface modified formulations induced robust AIV-specific antibody responses in sera and lachrymal secretions. Chitosan coated PLGA NPs resulted in the production of large quantities of lachrymal IgA and IgG compared to mannan coated NPs, which also induced detectable amounts of IgA in addition to the induction of IgG in lachrymal secretions. In both mucosal and subcutaneous vaccination approaches, although NPs delivery enhanced Ab-mediated immunity, one booster vaccination was required to generate significant amount of Abs. These results highlight the potential of NPs-based AIV antigens for promoting the induction of both systemic and mucosal immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Jake Astill
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Baker DL, Powers JG, Ransom JI, McCann BE, Oehler MW, Bruemmer JE, Galloway NL, Eckery DC, Nett TM. Reimmunization increases contraceptive effectiveness of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) in free-ranging horses (Equus caballus): Limitations and side effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201570. [PMID: 30063758 PMCID: PMC6067756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife and humans are increasingly competing for resources worldwide, and a diverse, innovative, and effective set of management tools is needed. Controlling abundance of wildlife species that are simultaneously protected, abundant, competitive for resources, and in conflict with some stakeholders but beloved by others, is a daunting challenge. Free-ranging horses (Equus caballus) present such a conundrum and managers struggle for effective tools for regulating their abundance. Controlling reproduction of female horses presents a potential alternative. During 2009–2017, we determined the long-term effectiveness of GnRH vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) both as a single immunization and subsequent reimmunization on reproduction and side effects in free-ranging horses. At a scheduled management roundup in 2009, we randomly assigned 57 adult mares to either a GonaCon-Equine treatment group (n = 29) or a saline control group (n = 28). In a second roundup in 2013, we administered a booster vaccination to these same mares. We used annual ground observations to estimate foaling proportions, social behaviors, body condition, and injection site reactions. We found this vaccine to be safe for pregnant females and neonates, with no overt deleterious behavioral side effects during the breeding season. The proportion of treated mares that foaled following a single vaccination was lower than that for control mares for the second (P = 0.03) and third (P = 0.08) post-treatment foaling seasons but was similar (P = 0.67) to untreated mares for the fourth season, demonstrating reversibility of the primary vaccine treatment. After two vaccinations, however, the proportion of females giving birth was lower (P <0.001) than that for control mares for three consecutive years and ranged from 0.0–0.16. The only detectable adverse side effect of vaccination was intramuscular swelling at the vaccination site. Regardless of vaccine treatment (primary/secondary), approximately 62% (34/55) of immunized mares revealed a visible reaction at the vaccine injection site. However, none of these mares displayed any evidence of lameness, altered gait or abnormal range of movement throughout the 8 years they were observed in this study. Our research suggests that practical application of this vaccine in feral horses will require an initial inoculation that may provide only modest suppression of fertility followed by reimmunization that together could result in greater reduction in population growth rates over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L. Baker
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenny G. Powers
- Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason I. Ransom
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Blake E. McCann
- Theodore Roosevelt National Park, National Park Service, Medora, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Oehler
- Theodore Roosevelt National Park, National Park Service, Medora, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Bruemmer
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan L. Galloway
- Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Eckery
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Terry M. Nett
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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9
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Marley KB, Kuehn LA, Keele JW, Wileman BW, Gonda MG. Genetic variation in humoral response to an Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine in beef cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197347. [PMID: 29758060 PMCID: PMC5951538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals often respond differently to the same vaccine; some of this variation may be caused by genetic differences among animals. Our objective was to estimate heritability and identify genomic regions associated with humoral response to an Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine in beef cattle. Crossbred beef cattle (n = 651) were vaccinated with a commercially available E. coli O157:H7 vaccine. Serum was collected at time of initial vaccination (d 0), booster (d 21), and d 56 after initial vaccination. Total antibodies specific to siderophore receptor and porin proteins in the vaccine were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and genotyped with the bovine GeneSeek Genomic Profiler-High Density 78K or 26K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism BeadChip and imputed to 777,000 SNP genotypes. Heritability was estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) using both 1) pedigree and 2) genomic relationships among individuals. Fixed effects were contemporary group, calf age, sex, principal components from SNP genotype data, and pedigree-derived heterozygosity effects. Additive and dominance effects of SNPs were estimated individually while accounting for contemporary group, sex, and the top 20 principal components calculated from the genomic relationship matrix. Heritability of initial response to vaccination (d 21 –d 0) was 0.10 ± 0.175 using pedigree relationships and 0.14 ± 0.149 using genomic relationships, but neither estimate was statistically different from zero. Heritability of booster (d 56 –d 21) and overall (d 56 –d 0) responses were low and not statistically significant from zero. There were no clusters of linked SNP associated with vaccine response, but eight regionally isolated SNPs were significantly associated with initial or overall response to vaccination. Regional genetic variation for initial response to an E. coli O157:H7 vaccine was observed, although overall heritability of this response was not statistically significant from zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara B. Marley
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Larry A. Kuehn
- Meat Animal Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John W. Keele
- Meat Animal Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Benjamin W. Wileman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Gonda
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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van Dorland HA, Zanoni R, Gerber V, Jeannerat E, Wiederkehr D, Burger D. Antibody response to Influenza booster vaccination in Franches-Montagnes stallions supplemented with Equi-Strath ® : a randomized trial. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:133-139. [PMID: 29851307 PMCID: PMC5980167 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-Strath® is a plasmolyzed yeast product enriched with herbs, malt, honey and orange juice. In this study, the effect of Equi-Strath® , the adapted product for horses, on the equine immune system was evaluated. A routine influenza booster vaccination was used as a model to study the effects of Equi-Strath® supplementation on the immune response. Twenty healthy Franches-Montagnes stallions with pre-existing antibody levels were randomly divided into a study group (SG, n = 10) receiving 0.06 mL/kg bodyweight of Equi-Strath® , and a control group (CG, n = 10), receiving the same amount of placebo, daily. The supplement and placebo were given from week 1 until week 14 of the trial. After 10 weeks, the horses were vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing equine influenza strains of the H3N8 subtype. Antibody titres in blood were measured at day 0 before vaccination, and 14 and 32 days after vaccination. In addition, a complete blood count (CBC) was performed on day 0 and day 32. A linear increase of haemagglutination inhibition titres in both groups was observed after vaccination, but with no difference between treatment groups. CBC components remained unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, daily Equi-Strath® supplementation did not affect the adaptive immune response in stallions after a routine commercial H3N8 influenza booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika A. van Dorland
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food SciencesBern University of Applied SciencesZollikofenSwitzerland
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and ImmunologyVetsuisse Faculty University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Bern, and AgroscopeAvenchesSwitzerland
| | - Elise Jeannerat
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Bern, and AgroscopeAvenchesSwitzerland
| | - Danja Wiederkehr
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food SciencesBern University of Applied SciencesZollikofenSwitzerland
| | - Dominik Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Bern, and AgroscopeAvenchesSwitzerland
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11
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Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195285. [PMID: 29624615 PMCID: PMC5889186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been reported in poultry species in the United States since 2014. These outbreaks have proven the limitations of biosecurity control programs, and new tools are needed to reinforce the current avian influenza control arsenal. Some enzootic countries have implemented inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in their control programs, but there are serious concerns that a long-term use of IIV without eradication may result in the selection of novel antigenically divergent strains. A broadly protective vaccine is needed, such as live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We showed in our previous studies that pc4-LAIV (a variant that encodes a C-terminally truncated NS1 protein) can provide significant protection against heterologous challenge virus in chickens vaccinated at 2–4 weeks of age through upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The current study was conducted to compare the performances of pc4-LAIV and IIV in young chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age. A single dose of pc4-LAIV was able to induce stronger innate and mucosal IgA responses and protect young immunologically immature chickens better than a single dose of IIV. Most importantly, when 1-day-old chickens were intranasally primed with pc4-LAIV and subcutaneously boosted with IIV three weeks later, they showed a rapid, robust, and highly cross-reactive serum antibody response and a high level of mucosal IgA antibody response. This vaccination regimen warrants further optimization to increase its range of protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahesh KC
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
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Tabynov K, Yespembetov B, Ryskeldinova S, Zinina N, Kydyrbayev Z, Kozhamkulov Y, Inkarbekov D, Sansyzbay A. Prime-booster vaccination of cattle with an influenza viral vector Brucella abortus vaccine induces a long-term protective immune response against Brucella abortus infection. Vaccine 2015; 34:438-444. [PMID: 26709638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the duration of the antigen-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses and protectiveness of a recently-developed influenza viral vector Brucella abortus (Flu-BA) vaccine expressing Brucella proteins Omp16 and L7/L12 and containing the adjuvant Montadine Gel01 in cattle. At 1 month post-booster vaccination (BV), both humoral (up to 3 months post-BV; GMT IgG ELISA titer 214±55 to 857±136, with a prevalence of IgG2a over IgG1 isotype antibodies) and T-cell immune responses were observed in vaccinated heifers (n=35) compared to control animals (n=35, injected with adjuvant/PBS only). A pronounced T-cell immune response was induced and maintained for 12 months post-BV, as indicated by the lymphocyte stimulation index (2.7±0.4 to 10.1±0.9 cpm) and production of IFN-γ (13.7±1.7 to 40.0±3.0 ng/ml) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-BV. Prime-boost vaccination provided significant protection against B. abortus infection at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (study duration) post-BV (7 heifers per time point; alpha=0.03-0.01 vs. control group). Between 57.1 and 71.4% of vaccinated animals showed no signs of B. abortus infection (or Brucella isolation) at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-BV; the severity of infection, as indicated by the index of infection (P=0.0003 to <0.0001) and rates of Brucella colonization (P=0.03 to <0.0001), was significantly lower for vaccinated diseased animals than appropriate control animals. Good protection from B. abortus infection was also observed among pregnant vaccinated heifers (alpha=0.03), as well as their fetuses and calves (alpha=0.01), for 12 months post-BV. Additionally, 71.4% of vaccinated heifers calved successfully whereas all pregnant control animals aborted (alpha=0.01). Prime-boost vaccination of cattle with Flu-BA induces an antigen-specific humoral and pronounced T cell immune response and most importantly provides good protectiveness, even in pregnant heifers, for at least 12 months post-BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaissar Tabynov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan.
| | - Bolat Yespembetov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Ryskeldinova
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda Zinina
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhailaubay Kydyrbayev
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerken Kozhamkulov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Dulat Inkarbekov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Abylai Sansyzbay
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
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13
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Parlane NA, Shu D, Subharat S, Wedlock DN, Rehm BHA, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Revaccination of cattle with bacille Calmette-Guérin two years after first vaccination when immunity has waned, boosted protection against challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106519. [PMID: 25180583 PMCID: PMC4152303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In both humans and animals, controversy exists concerning the duration of protection induced by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and whether revaccination enhances protection. A long-term study was undertaken to determine whether BCG-vaccinated calves would be protected against challenge with Mycobacterium bovis 2½ years after vaccination and to determine the effect of revaccination after 2 years. Seventy-nine calves were divided into five groups (n = 15-17 calves/group) with four of the groups vaccinated subcutaneously with 105 CFU of BCG Danish at 2-4 weeks of age and the fifth group serving as non-vaccinated controls. Three of the four BCG-vaccinated groups were revaccinated 2 years after the initial vaccination. One BCG-vaccinated group was revaccinated with BCG. A second group was vaccinated subcutaneously with a TB protein vaccine consisting of biopolyester particles (Biobeads) displaying two mycobacterial proteins, ESAT-6 and Antigen 85A, mixed with an adjuvant. A third group was vaccinated with TB proteins from M. bovis culture filtrate, mixed with an adjuvant. Twenty-three weeks after the BCG revaccination, all animals were challenged endotracheally with virulent M. bovis and a further 13 weeks later, animals were killed and necropsied to determine protection against TB. The BCG-vaccinated animals produced positive tuberculin caudal fold intradermal (15 of 62 animals) and IFN-γ TB test responses (six of 62 animals) at 6 months after vaccination, but not at subsequent time-points compared to the non-vaccinated animals. Calves receiving a single vaccination with BCG vaccine 2½ years prior to challenge were not protected against TB, while those revaccinated with BCG 2 years after the initial vaccination displayed significant reductions in lung and pulmonary lymph node lesion scores compared to the non-vaccinated animals. In contrast, no reduction in lesion scores was observed in the animals revaccinated with the TB protein vaccines with their immune responses biased towards induction of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dairu Shu
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Supatsak Subharat
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D. Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey W. de Lisle
- AgResearch, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease - Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M. Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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Iversen MH, Eliassen RA. The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiol Biochem 2014; 40:527-538. [PMID: 24045864 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The experiment consisted of three experimental groups: (1) "vaccine and stress", (2) "stress and vaccine" and (3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment, the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008) and then given a daily stressor (confinement stressor 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of 4 weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for 4 weeks and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that fish in the "stress and vaccine" group may have entered an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the well-being of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group may likewise have entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination, it could perhaps instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon, one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination and secure a healthy fish with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049, Bodø, Norway,
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15
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Hügel T, Zöls S, Palzer A, Kaufmann S, Langhoff R, Ritzmann M, Heinritzi K. [Effect of a synthetic GnRF vaccine (Improvac®) on daily weight gain and carcass quality of boars. A field trial in Bavaria]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2011; 39:353-357. [PMID: 22167079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of vaccination against gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) with Improvac® (Pfizer Animal Health) were compared with surgical castration in fattening pigs. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 205 pigs were surgically castrated (group K) and 191 were vaccinated twice (group V) using the boar taint vaccine (Improvac®; 2ml s.c.). The first dose was administered atthe age of 12 weeks when the animals were moved into the fattening unit and the second dose in week 18, 4-6 weeks before the planned slaughter date. Live weights were recorded in weeks 1, 4, 12, 18, and 22. In weeks 18 and 20, length and width of the testicles of 171 animals of group V were measured. After slaughtering cold carcass weight, back fat depth, muscle thickness, percent lean meat, and fat and muscle areas of the carcasses were determined. A piece of the neck muscle from each pig was used to conduct a cooking and melting sensory test. RESULTS While no significant weight difference was evident in week 22 (K=89.4kg; V=88.6kg), cold carcass weight, and back fat and muscle thickness were lower for vaccinates. Vaccinates had higher average daily weight gains (ADW) after the second injection from week 18 up to the cut-off weighing in week 22 (V=1121g; K=1007g; p<0.001) in contrast to average daily weight gains between weeks 12 and 18 (K=740g; V=668g; p<0.001). After the second injection, testicle size of vaccinated pigs decreased significantly. All animals were negative for boar taint by both cooking and melting tests. CONCLUSION Boars vaccinated against boar taint had lower ADW before the second vaccination, but compensated the weight difference after complete vaccination. The significant reduction in the testicle size after the second injection indicates a vaccination success. After vaccination no boar taint was detected in carcasses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vaccination as well as surgical castration reliably prevents the incidence of boar taint. The late rise in daily gain can be beneficial if management is aligned.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hügel
- Klinik für Schweine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim.
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16
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Fuchs T, Nathues H, Koehrmann A, Andrews S, Brock F, Klein G, grosse Beilage E. Comparative growth performance of pigs immunised with a gonadotrophin releasing factor vaccine with surgically castrated pigs and entire boars raised under conventionally managed conditions. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2011; 124:22-27. [PMID: 21306054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of using a gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF) vaccine on growth performance of male pigs. Vaccinated pigs were compared with surgically castrated pigs and entire males under conventionally managed farm conditions. Male pigs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: pigs surgically castrated during the first week of life (group "C", n=274), pigs immunised twice during the fattening period with a GnRF vaccine, the first when 13-14 weeks of age and the second when 20-21 weeks of age (group "V" n=280) and entire males (group "E", n=56). Average daily weight gain (ADG) was measured during the study. Additionally, feed conversion ratio (FCR) as defined by feed intake/weight gain and feed consumption was assessed during the fattening period. No difference in the ADG during the fattening period could be determined between "C" and "V". From the start of the study until slaughter at study day 160/173 the ADG in group "E" was lower (625 g/day; P) than in group "C" (681 g/day; P < 0.001) and group "V" (675 g/day; P < 0.01). The FCR during the fattening period until study day 160, three days before the first batch of pigs were slaughtered at 24-25 weeks of age, was higher in group"C" (2.72 kg feed intake/kg weight gain) compared with group "V" (2.44 kg feed intake/kg weight gain; P < 0.001) and group "E" (2.44 kg feed intake/kg weight gain; P <0.01). Pigs in group "V" performed similarly to those in group "E" until the second vaccination (day 135) after which time they showed a substantial increase in feed intake and ADG, while retaining an FCR advantage over group C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Fuchs
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
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Li P, Cao RB, Zheng QS, Liu JJ, Li Y, Wang EX, Li F, Chen PY. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in mice against Japanese encephalitis virus using a DNA prime-protein boost vaccine strategy. Vet J 2008; 183:210-6. [PMID: 19008134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic multi-epitope gene containing critical epitopes of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope gene was cloned into both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors. The recombinant plasmid and purified recombinant protein (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) were used as immunogens in a mouse model. The results indicate that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Neutralising antibody titres in mice in the pcDNA-TEP plus rEP group increased considerably relative to mice immunised using either pcDNA-TEP or rEP alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the highest levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma and IL-4 were induced following priming with the DNA vaccine and boosting with the recombinant protein. Together these findings demonstrate that a DNA-recombinant protein prime-boost vaccination strategy can produce high levels of antibody and trigger significant T cell responses in mice, highlighting the potential value of such an approach in the prevention of JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Ramos I, Alonso A, Marcen JM, Peris A, Castillo JA, Colmenares M, Larraga V. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with a non-replicative vaccinia recombinant vector expressing LACK confers protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis with a predominant Th1-specific immune response. Vaccine 2007; 26:333-44. [PMID: 18093705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is a severe endemic disease in the Mediterranean basin, being domestic dogs the main reservoir of the disease that plays a key role in the transmission to humans. Studies on vaccines against canine leishmaniasis, aimed to modify the T cell repertoire, have advanced in recent years. LACK vaccination assays, using protein or DNA vectors, show protection against cutaneous L. major infections by redirecting the early IL-4 responses to a protective Th1 response. The aim of this study was to define the effectiveness and type of immune response in a canine visceral leishmaniasis model of two poxvirus vectors (Western reserve strain, WR and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA) expressing the LACK protein of L. infantum in prime/boost vaccination protocols. The results obtained showed that dog vaccination priming with DNA-LACK followed by a booster with MVA-LACK or rVV-LACK triggered a Th1 type of immune response, leading to protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis. This protection correlated with absence of visceral leishmaniasis symptoms, lower Leishmania-specific antibodies, higher degree of T cell activation in Leishmania-target organs and higher synthesis of Th1 cytokines. In addition, we found that dogs boosted with the non-replicative virus show less VL symptoms and higher degree of T cell activation, providing evidences for a clear advantage of MVA-LACK as a vaccination vector against canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/parasitology
- Dog Diseases/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunization/veterinary
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Leishmania infantum/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish Research Council, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Daly JM, Sindle T, Tearle J, Barquero N, Newton JR, Corning S. Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short-term vaccine efficacy study. Equine Vet J 2007; 39:446-50. [PMID: 17910270 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x180327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Surveillance of equine influenza viruses has suggested that strains included in currently licensed vaccines are a poor match for those predominantly circulating in the field. OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of Duvaxyn IE-T Plus to provide cross protection against the newly evolved South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain of equine influenza virus. METHODS The vaccine efficacy was evaluated by challenge infection with influenza strain A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) 2 weeks after a primary course of 2 vaccinations with Duvaxyn IE-T Plus given at a 4-week interval. The outcome of challenge in vaccinated ponies was compared with that in unvaccinated animals. RESULTS At the time of challenge, all vaccinated ponies had high levels of antibody to Newmarket/1/93, Newmarket/2/93 and South Africa/4/03 strains measured by single radial haemolysis. After challenge infection, there were statistically significantly decreased clinical scores and virus shedding was significantly lower in the vaccinated ponies compared to unvaccinated controls. CONCLUSION Two doses of Duvaxyn IE-T Plus provides good clinical and virological protection against challenge with a variant virus 2 weeks after the 2 doses of vaccine. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE When variant strains of equine influenza virus first emerge, booster immunisations with currently available vaccines may limit infection provided sufficiently high antibody levels are achieved, suggesting that vaccination in the face of an outbreak may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Daly
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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22
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Wood JLN, Mumford JA, Mair TS, Slater J. Boosting in equine influenza vaccination schedules: timing and time for a re-evaluation of requirements of national and international authorities. Vet J 2007; 174:449-50. [PMID: 17702620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Conventional equine influenza vaccination schedules consist of a primary course of two vaccinations given 4-6 weeks apart followed by a third vaccination (booster) given approximately 5 months later. In between the primary course and the third vaccination, horses are generally considered not to be adequately protected against influenza. This study aimed to investigate whether Thoroughbred foals would benefit from a vaccination schedule in which the third vaccination was given earlier than in conventional vaccination schedules. The vaccines used were an inactivated whole virus equine influenza vaccine and an inactivated whole virus combination vaccine containing equine influenza and equine herpesvirus antigens. Four groups of foals were vaccinated with the two vaccines according to a conventional and an accelerated vaccination schedule in which the third vaccination was given 14 weeks after the first administration. In both groups, the fourth vaccination was given at the normally recommended interval of 26 weeks after the third vaccination for the combination vaccine and 52 weeks after the third vaccination with the influenza only vaccine. The horses were 4-11 months of age and seronegative for influenza. Immunological responses after vaccination were monitored for several months using the single radial haemolysis test. The results indicated that 28 weeks after the first vaccination, antibody levels in horses vaccinated according to the accelerated schedule were not significantly higher than in horses vaccinated according to the conventional schedule. In addition, the total level of antibody production (area under the curve) was not significantly different at that point although antibody titres were slightly higher (but not significantly so) between 16-30 weeks in the accelerated schedule. Between the third and fourth doses, horses vaccinated according to the accelerated schedule had antibodies against influenza below the level required for clinical protection for 39 and 18 weeks for the influenza only and the combination vaccine, respectively, whereas those vaccinated according to the conventional schedule had antibody titres below the level for clinical protection for 9-15 weeks in the corresponding period for both vaccines. Horses vaccinated according to the accelerated schedule with the combination vaccine had lower antibody titres after the fourth vaccination than those vaccinated according to the conventional schedule after the third vaccination, although antibody titres prior to vaccination were similar. For the influenza only vaccine, titres after the accelerated fourth administration were not different to those after the conventional third vaccination. There was no benefit from early booster vaccinations with the vaccines used in this study, so for these vaccines the conventional schedule provided better protection than the selected accelerated alternative. This may contrast with some other vaccine formulations, although a direct comparison using similar protocols has not been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G M Heldens
- Department for Virological R&D, Nobilon International BV, P.O. Box 320, 5830 AH, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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24
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[Yearly booster vaccine against feline calicivirus (FCV) for high risk cases]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2007; 132:402. [PMID: 17578234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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25
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Tang L, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Luo Y, Wang L, Chen L, Huang F, Zeng X, Yi X. Vaccination of goats with 31 kDa and 32 kDa Schistosoma japonicum antigens by DNA priming and protein boosting. Cell Mol Immunol 2007; 4:153-6. [PMID: 17571462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Schistosoma japonicum vaccine candidate antigens Sj 31 and Sj 32, which have shown particular promise to induce protective immunity in mice, were used to immunize goats by using a DNA priming-protein boosting strategy in present work. DNA vaccine formulations of the two antigens (VRSj31 and VRSj32) were produced and injected intramuscularly twice at a 2-week interval and then recombinant proteins (rSj31 and rSj32) together with Freund Complete Adjuvant (FCA) were used to boost the goats. The experiment was repeated in different batche cercariae. A strong anamnestic antibody response was induced after boost. A significant reduction of liver egg counts and miracidial hatching was showed in both experiments. Significant protections against challenge infection were elicited with 31.6% of percentage reduction for worm recovery in the second experiment and 20.9% in the first experiment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfei Tang
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China, Changsha 410007, Hunan, China.
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26
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Haneveld JK. [Vaccination of more cats against feline herpesvirus 1]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2007; 132:53. [PMID: 17334154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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27
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Schetters TPM, Strydom T, Crafford D, Kleuskens JAGM, van de Crommert J, Vermeulen AN. Immunity against Babesia rossi infection in dogs vaccinated with antigens from culture supernatants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 144:10-9. [PMID: 17056181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Soluble parasite antigens (SPA) from different Babesia species have been shown earlier to induce protective immunity when used as vaccine. However, initial attempts to produce such vaccine against Babesia rossi infection using SPA from B. rossi culture supernatants were not or only partially successful. Here we show that when dogs were vaccinated with a vaccine comprising SPA from B. rossi combined with SPA from Babesia canis protective immunity against experimental challenge infection was induced. Immunity was reflected in reduced clinical signs that resolved spontaneously, and reduction of parasitaemia and SPA in the blood. Not a single infected erythrocyte could be found in blood smears of dogs that had been repeatedly boosted (three vaccinations in total). In contrast, three out of four control dogs required chemotherapeutic treatment to prevent death. The fourth control dog showed a transient parasitaemia that resolved spontaneously. Vaccination did not prevent the development of a transient anaemia. It is concluded that a vaccine containing a mixture of SPA obtained from in vitro culture supernatants of B. rossi and B. canis induces protection in dogs against heterologous challenge infection with B. canis (as shown before) or B. rossi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th P M Schetters
- Parasitology R&D Department, Intervet International B.V., P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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28
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Abstract
The presentation offers a UK veterinary practitioners viewpoint on issues of DOI and booster vaccination with reference to both dog and cat vaccines. The current use of vaccines and issues surrounding their use are discussed, including motivations for and against vaccinating in a climate of reduced fear of disease, and increased suspicion of vaccines. Attitudes to extended DOI and routine booster vaccinations are explored, and specific disease and prevention issues concerning leptospirosis in particular are presented. The strategy and tactics of implementation of extended DOI vaccines at general practice level are discussed based on the author's own experiences, and thoughts offered on how vaccine manufacturers might support the process at local and national levels, as well as communicating a positive message for continued routine vaccination of dogs and cats, and the advantages that extended DOI offers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Hill
- Fromus Veterinary Group, Street Farm Road, Saxmunduam, Suffolk IP17 100IDU, UK.
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29
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Angelidis P, Karagiannis D, Crump EM. Efficacy of a Listonella anguillarum (syn. Vibrio anguillarum) vaccine for juvenile sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Dis Aquat Organ 2006; 71:19-24. [PMID: 16921997 DOI: 10.3354/dao071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a commercial bivalent Listonella anguillarum (serotype 01 and 02) vaccine (MICROViB, Microtek International) was tested on prime- and booster-immersion vaccinated sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. We carried out 2 challenge tests on the prime-vaccinated fish, 50 and 90 d after initial vaccination. A second group of fish received a booster vaccination 60 d after the prime vaccination, and were tested with a single challenge 30 d later. Relative percent survival (RPS) was 92 and 84% (both p < 0.01) among the prime-vaccinated fish on the first and second challenges, respectively. The RPS of the booster-vaccinated sea bass was 100% (p < 0.01). Antibody titres were tested only among 10 prime-vaccinated and 10 unvaccinated (control) sea bass, 60 d post-immunisation, and were found to rise to 1/32 in the vaccinated fish. Our results demonstrate that MICROViB immersion vaccine can effectively protect juvenile sea bass from L. anguillarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Angelidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Ichthyopathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 395, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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30
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Rana N, Kulshreshtha RC. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to a virulent plasmid-cured mutant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum in broiler chickens. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115:156-62. [PMID: 16510254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One-week-old Salmonella-free broiler chicks were subcutaneously immunized and subsequently boosted two weeks later with 2x10(7)cfu 0.5ml(-1) of an 85-kb virulent plasmid-cured spectinomycin-resistant mutant strain (SG9VP(-)Spc(r)) of Salmonella gallinarum 9 (S. enterica serotype gallinarum 9) along with a control group of mock-immunized chickens. The chicks were subcutaneously challenged at 5 weeks of age with 5x10(10)cfu 0.5ml(-1) (5xLD(50)) of wild-type S. gallinarum var. Duisburg (S. enterica serotype gallinarum var. Duisburg). The cellular and humoral immune responses were measured at weekly intervals post-immunization (PI) and post-challenge (PC) using lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) test, serum tube agglutination test (STAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High stimulation indices suggestive of a potent lymphocyte transformation response and high persistent serum IgG titres were recorded in immunized chickens at the termination of the experiment. These findings indicate that the live attenuated mutant vaccine induced a strong cellular and humoral immunity, which may play a role in the protection of fowl typhoid in broiler chickens.
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MESH Headings
- Agglutination Tests/veterinary
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Chickens
- Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Subcutaneous/veterinary
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mutation
- Plasmids
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/microbiology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Random Allocation
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Salmonella Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Salmonella Vaccines/immunology
- Salmonella enterica/genetics
- Salmonella enterica/immunology
- Salmonella enterica/pathogenicity
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Rana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, India.
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31
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Abstract
In 1996, an independent scientific committee chaired by Professor John Krebs, tasked to review the problem of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in GB, concluded that vaccination of cattle offered the best long-term solution for controlling the disease in the National Herd. This view has been re-affirmed recently in the House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee's report on Bovine TB (2004) and by the findings of the Independent Scientific Group Vaccine Scoping Sub-committee. Significant progress in developing TB vaccines for cattle has been made over the last 5 years. Specifically: (i) DNA or protein subunit vaccines used in combination with BCG have been shown to give superior protection against experimental challenge in cattle than BCG (heterologous prime-boost); (ii) prototype reagents that allow discrimination between vaccinated and infected animals have been developed; and (iii) and correlates of disease severity have been identified that can predict the success or failure of vaccination. These significant advances are detailed in this review with a summary of future directions that TB vaccine development for cattle is likely to take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vordermeier
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, TB Research Group, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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32
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Abstract
After presenting pet demographics and discussing the present situation of vaccine use in France, the article focuses on the required changes to implement extended DOI vaccination protocols. Initiatives should address both the vets' and owners' attitudes and behaviour. However, many French vets are already implementing DOI protocols by vaccinating dogs every 2 years, so that the perceived risk of waning immunity is far from reality. Implementing an extended DOI schedule offers an opportunity to increase client attachment to the practice rather than perpetuate 'false loyalty' based on habit. Suggestions are made how vaccine companies may want to help French veterinarians switch from yearly booster vaccination to 3-year extended DOI protocols.
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33
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Abstract
The issue of the duration of immunity, particularly for the modified live viral components of veterinary vaccines, has been a significant part of the recent vaccination debate. One manufacturer has increased the recommended booster interval for these components to 3 years give name and another now states 'up to 4 years' immunity. There remain many unanswered questions regarding this duration of immunity (DOI). Studies suitable for data sheet claims are time consuming and costly and can only be performed in laboratory dogs under tightly controlled conditions. Evidence from rabies serology testing in the UK shows that the response of individual animals to routine vaccination is highly variable. Much of the published field evidence on the persistence of antibody titres originates from North America, where vaccination strategies and reservoir species differ from Europe. Quantifying the effect of exposure to field virus on the maintenance of immunity in these studies is impossible, and little is known of the circulation of virus in unvaccinated dogs and wild mammals throughout Europe. If owners or vets are concerned about revaccination one option is to assess the need for each booster by performing a blood test. There is some published evidence of the relationship between antibody titres and protective immunity, and tests are available to measure responses to individual viral components of the routine canine and feline vaccines. It must be remembered that most commercial tests to assess immunity only measure antibodies, which are only one aspect of the immune response to vaccination. It is therefore possible that animals without or with low antibody titres are in fact protected. Serological tests are an option if owners are unwilling to have their animal boostered without evidence that it is needed. However, the cost of these tests is likely to exceed that of booster vaccination for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Burr
- BioBest Laboratories Ltd., Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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34
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Gao W, Soloff AC, Lu X, Montecalvo A, Nguyen DC, Matsuoka Y, Robbins PD, Swayne DE, Donis RO, Katz JM, Barratt-Boyes SM, Gambotto A. Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization. J Virol 2006; 80:1959-64. [PMID: 16439551 PMCID: PMC1367171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.4.1959-1964.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) strains in poultry and their subsequent transmission to humans in Southeast Asia have raised concerns about the potential pandemic spread of lethal disease. In this paper we describe the development and testing of an adenovirus-based influenza A virus vaccine directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) (VN/1203/04) strain isolated during the lethal human outbreak in Vietnam from 2003 to 2005. We expressed different portions of HA from a recombinant replication-incompetent adenoviral vector, achieving vaccine production within 36 days of acquiring the virus sequence. BALB/c mice were immunized with a prime-boost vaccine and exposed to a lethal intranasal dose of VN/1203/04 H5N1 virus 70 days later. Vaccination induced both HA-specific antibodies and cellular immunity likely to provide heterotypic immunity. Mice vaccinated with full-length HA were fully protected from challenge with VN/1203/04. We next evaluated the efficacy of adenovirus-based vaccination in domestic chickens, given the critical role of fowl species in the spread of HPAI worldwide. A single subcutaneous immunization completely protected chickens from an intranasal challenge 21 days later with VN/1203/04, which proved lethal to all control-vaccinated chickens within 2 days. These data indicate that the rapid production and subsequent administration of recombinant adenovirus-based vaccines to both birds and high-risk individuals in the face of an outbreak may serve to control the pandemic spread of lethal avian influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Body Weight
- Chickens
- Genetic Vectors
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Gao
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Institute, Suite 412, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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35
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Abstract
In each challenge 30 sea bass juveniles (mean weight 3.3 +/- 0.2 g SD) were used. During the whole experiment (water T: 18 +/- 1 degrees C) the fish were held in four 50l seawater independent recirculation systems (one fish group per 50l system). The protection to the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum was tested on booster vaccinated sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles. The vaccination was performed by immersion for 60 s in a commercial anti-V. anguillarum vaccine suspension. Booster vaccination took place 60 days after the initial immunization. Thirty days after the booster vaccination all the fish received intraperitoneally (IP) 3.0 x 10(6) cfu/fish (colony forming units) virulent V. anguillarum bacteria. The booster vaccination showed a strong protection effect on the challenged sea bass. In the next 20 days after the challenge the mortality was 0% among the booster vaccinated sea bass, 10% among the once vaccinated fish and 50% in the control group (unvaccinated fish). No mortality was observed among the unvaccinated sea bass injected IP with sterile normal saline by the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Angelidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Ichthyopathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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36
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Gore TC, Lakshmanan N, Williams JR, Jirjis FF, Chester ST, Duncan KL, Coyne MJ, Lum MA, Sterner FJ. Three-year duration of immunity in cats following vaccination against feline rhinotracheitis virus, feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus. Vet Ther 2006; 7:213-22. [PMID: 17039444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forty-two seronegative cats received an initial vaccination at 8 weeks of age and a booster vaccination at 12 weeks. All cats were kept in strict isolation for 3 years after the second vaccination and then were challenged with feline calicivirus (FCV) or sequentially challenged with feline rhinotracheitis virus (FRV) followed by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). For each viral challenge, a separate group of 10 age-matched, nonvaccinated control cats was also challenged. Vaccinated cats showed a statistically significant reduction in virulent FRV-associated clinical signs (P = .015), 100% protection against oral ulcerations associated with FCV infection (P < .001), and 100% protection against disease associated with virulent FPV challenge (P < .005). These results demonstrated that the vaccine provided protection against virulent FRV, FCV, and FPV challenge in cats 8 weeks of age or older for a minimum of 3 years following second vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Gore
- Intervet Inc., 29160 Intervet Lane, Millsboro, DE 19966, USA
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37
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Larson LJ, Hageny TL, Haase CJ, Schultz RD. Effect of recombinant canine distemper vaccine on antibody titers in previously vaccinated dogs. Vet Ther 2006; 7:107-12. [PMID: 16871492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine types are currently commercially available: modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines and a canarypox recombinant CDV (rCDV) vaccine (Recombitek, Merial). This study compared the ability of the rCDV vaccine and MLV vaccines to significantly enhance (boost) the antibody response of previously immunized adult and juvenile dogs. A significant (fourfold or greater) increase in titer occurred in significantly more dogs revaccinated with Recombitek C-4 or Recombitek C-6 than with the MLV-CDV vaccines. This study demonstrates that Recombitek, the only vaccine for dogs containing rCDV, is more likely to significantly boost the CDV antibody response in previously vaccinated dogs than are the MLV-CDV vaccines. Because rCDV vaccine can boost the antibody titer of dogs previously vaccinated with an MLV vaccine, it can and should be used when core vaccines are readministered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Larson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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38
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Talebi A, Mulcahy G. Partial protection against Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella induced by synthetic peptide vaccine. Exp Parasitol 2005; 110:342-8. [PMID: 15878770 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a major parasitic disease of poultry industry and an ideal vaccine should induce long-lasting cross-species protective immunity. Broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were inoculated with single, double or triple injections of a synthetic peptide (derived from sequences of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella antigens) homogenized in Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants. The immune responses to the vaccine were assessed by evaluation of antibody and lymphocyte proliferation responses, and the degree of resistance of vaccinated chickens to challenge with sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina or E. tenella determined by comparison of their oocyst output with those of control chickens. The results indicated that the synthetic peptide vaccine induced a high level of antibody and cellular responses associated with partial cross-species protection against challenge with sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina or E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Talebi
- Poultry Diseases Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Iran.
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Crouch CF, Daly J, Hannant D, Wilkins J, Francis MJ. Immune responses and protective efficacy in ponies immunised with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine containing an 'American lineage' H3N8 virus. Vaccine 2005; 23:418-25. [PMID: 15530689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protective responses generated by vaccination with an immuno-stimulating complex (ISCOM)-based vaccine for equine influenza (EQUIP F), containing a new 'American lineage' H3N8 virus, were studied. Seven ponies in the vaccine group received two intramuscular injections of EQUIP F given 6 weeks apart. Aerosol challenge with an A/eq/Newmarket/1/93 reference strain 4 weeks after booster vaccination resulted in clinical signs of infection and viral shedding in 7 influenza-naive control animals whereas the vaccinated ponies were significantly protected from both clinical signs and virus excretion. Influenza virus-specific IgG responses in serum following immunisation with the ISCOM vaccine were predominantly of the IgGa and IgGb sub-isotypes, a pattern similar to that generated by equine influenza virus infection. However, in contrast to the response following infection, virus-specific antibody responses in nasal washes following immunisation were characterised by the presence of IgG but not IgA.These results demonstrated that an ISCOM-based vaccine containing A/eq/Kentucky/98 provides strong protective immunity against challenge with an 'American lineage' H3N8 reference virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Crouch
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB9 6LS, UK.
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Lillehoj HS, Ding X, Dalloul RA, Sato T, Yasuda A, Lillehoj EP. EMBRYO VACCINATION AGAINST EIMERIA TENELLA AND E. ACERVULINA INFECTIONS USING RECOMBINANT PROTEINS AND CYTOKINE ADJUVANTS. J Parasitol 2005; 91:666-73. [PMID: 16108563 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. To investigate the potential of recombinant protein vaccines to control coccidiosis, we cloned 2 Eimeria sp. genes (EtMIC2 and 3-1E), expressed and purified their encoded proteins, and determined the efficacy of in ovo immunization to protect against Eimeria infections. Immunogen-specific serum antibody titers, parasite fecal shedding, and body weight gains were measured as parameters of disease. When administered alone, the recombinant EtMIC2 gene product induced significantly higher antibody responses, lower oocyst fecal shedding, and increased weight gains compared with nonvaccinated controls following infection with E. tenella. Combined embryo immunization with the EtMIC2 protein plus chicken cytokine or chemokine genes demonstrated that all 3 parameters of vaccination were improved compared with those of EtMIC2 alone. In particular, covaccination with EtMIC2 plus interleukin (IL)-8, IL-16, transforming growth factor-beta4, or lymphotactin significantly decreased oocyst shedding and improved weight gains beyond those achieved by EtMIC2 alone. Finally, individual vaccination with either EtMIC2 or 3-1E stimulated protection against infection by the heterologous parasite E. acervulina. Taken together, these results indicate that in ovo vaccination with the EtMIC2 protein plus cytokine/chemokine genes may be an effective method to control coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Leal-Hernandez M, Díaz-Aparicio E, Pérez R, Andrade LH, Arellano-Reynoso B, Alfonseca E, Suárez-Güemes F. Protection of Brucella abortus RB51 revaccinated cows, introduced in a herd with active Brucellosis, with presence of atypical humoral response. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 28:63-70. [PMID: 15563954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is a dogma, that RB51 vaccination does not induce antibodies that interfere with Brucellosis diagnosis, therefore any animal positive to serological test is considered as an infected animal. To determine protection against Brucellosis virulent field strain, 35 pregnant cows from a free-Brucellosis herd, previously vaccinated as calves with 1 x 10(10) CFU of RB51, were revaccinated with RB51 reduced dose, and then introduced into a herd with an active outbreak. Seventeen cows resulted positive in card test after revaccination. All 35 pregnant revaccinated cows had normal parturition; nevertheless, RB51 vaccine strain was isolated from milk and vaginal exudates from two cows after delivery at day 120 post-revaccination. At 150 days post-revaccination, two cows were positives to card and rivanol test and the field virulent strain was isolated. Revaccination with a reduced dose of RB51 in endemic zones did not cause abortion and protected 94% of animals against field infection, but caused an atypical response to conventional serological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Leal-Hernandez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Primero de mayo s/n, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México 54740, Mexico
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Reilly FK. Views WNV prevention suggestions as outdated. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225:1027-8. [PMID: 15515977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Abstract
From December 1998 through February 1999, a study was conducted in a Brucella-infected bison herd to evaluate the safety of booster vaccination of adult bison (Bison bison) with 6 x 10(9) colony forming units (CFU) of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) that had previously been vaccinated as yearlings with 1 x 10(10) CFU of SRB51. Abortions or other adverse effects were not observed after SRB51 booster vaccination. At 10 wk after adult vaccination, pregnant and nonpregnant bison (n = 65) were randomly selected for bacteriologic sampling of targeted maternal tissues during abattoir processing. Fetal tissues were also sampled in pregnant bison. The SR351 recovered from tissue samples of eight of 48 pregnant bison and none of 17 nonpregnant bison. In three of the eight culture-positive bison, SRB51 was recovered from fetal tissues. In three additional bison, one pregnant and two nonpregnant, B. abortus biovar 1 field strain was recovered from internal iliac or supramammary lymphatic tissues. Results of this study suggest the possibility that the SRB51 vaccine can be safely used to booster vaccinate pregnant bison in a Brucella-infected bison herd. Our data also reaffirms the potential for B. abortus field strains to persist in bison until attainment of reproductive age, despite extensive use of vaccination and serologic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Olsen
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2300 Dayton Ave., Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether vaccinated cats either remained seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination against 3 key viral antigens after extended periods since their last vaccination. DESIGN Serologic survey. ANIMALS 272 healthy client-owned cats. PROCEDURE Cats were > or = 2 years old and vaccinated for feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV). On day 0, cats were revaccinated with a vaccine from the same line of vaccines as they had historically received. Antibody titers were measured in sera collected on day 0 (prevaccination titer) and 5 to 7 days later (postvaccination titer). Cats were considered to have responded serologically if they had a day-0 hemagglutination inhibition titer to FPV > or = 1:40, serum neutralization (SN) titer to FCV > or = 1:32, SN titer to FHV > or = 1:16, or > or = 4-fold increase in antibody titer after revaccination. RESULTS The percentage of cats that had titers at or above the threshold values or responded to revaccination with a > or = 4-fold increase in titer was 96.7% for FPV, 97.8% for FCV, and 88.2% for FHV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In most cats, vaccination induced a response that lasted up to and beyond 48 months for all 3 antigens. Although not equivalent to challenge-of-immunity studies as a demonstration of efficacy, results suggest that revaccination with the vaccine used in our study provides adequate protection even when given less frequently than the traditional 1-year interval. The study provides valuable information for clinicians to determine appropriate revaccination intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Mouzin
- Veterinary Medicine Biologicals Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer Inc, 7000 Portage Rd, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether vaccinated dogs either remained seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination for 5 key viral antigens after extended periods since their last vaccination. DESIGN Serologic survey. ANIMALS 322 healthy client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE Dogs were > or = 2 years old and vaccinated against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and canine parvovirus (CPV). On day 0, dogs were revaccinated with a vaccine from the same vaccine line as they had historically received. Antibody titers were measured in sera collected at day 0 (prevaccination titer) and 5 to 7 days later (postvaccination titer). Dogs were considered to have responded serologically if they had a day-0 serum neutralization titer to CDV > or = 1:32; a serum neutralization titer to CAV-1, CAV-2, or CPIV > or = 1:16; a hemagglutination inhibition titer to CPV > or = 1:80; or a > or = 4-fold increase in antibody titer after revaccination. RESULTS The percentage of dogs that had titers at or greater than the threshold values or responded to revaccination with a > or = 4-fold increase in titer was 98.1% for CDV, 98.4% for CAV-1, 99.0% for CAV-2, 100% for CPIV, and 98.1% for CPV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In most dogs, vaccination induced a response that lasted up to and beyond 48 months for all 5 antigens. Although not equivalent to challenge-of-immunity studies as a demonstration of efficacy, results suggest that revaccination with the same vaccine provides adequate protection even when given less frequently than the traditional 1-year interval. The study provides valuable information for clinicians to help determine appropriate revaccination intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Mouzin
- Veterinary Medicine Biologicals Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer Inc, 7000 Portage Rd, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Maninger N, Capitanio JP, Mendoza SP, Mason WA. Personality influences tetanus-specific antibody response in adult male rhesus macaques after removal from natal group and housing relocation. Am J Primatol 2003; 61:73-83. [PMID: 14582129 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that personality is related to immune function in macaques. Using a prospective design, we examined whether variation in the personality dimension "Sociability" in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was related to the in vivo secondary antibody response to a tetanus toxoid booster immunization following removal from natal groups and relocation to individual housing. We also explored whether the timing of the immunization following relocation had an impact on the immune response. Blood was sampled at the time of booster immunization, at 14 and 28 days post-immunization, and approximately 9 months post-immunization. Plasma was assayed for tetanus-specific IgG by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). There was no difference between High- and Low-Sociable animals in antibody levels at the time of the booster immunization. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that High-Sociable animals had a significantly higher antibody response following relocation and immunization compared to Low-Sociable animals. There was no effect of timing of the immunization on the immune response. The results confirm that personality factors can affect animals' immune responses, and that the dimension Sociability may be influential in a male's response to social separation and relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maninger
- Department of Psychology, and Mind and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Nusbaum KE, Wright JC, Johnston WB, Allison AB, Hilton CD, Staggs LA, Stallknecht DE, Shelnutt JL. Absence of Humoral Response in Flamingos and Red-Tailed Hawks to Experimental Vaccination with a Killed West Nile Virus Vaccine. Avian Dis 2003; 47:750-2. [PMID: 14562907 DOI: 10.1637/7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen Chilean flamingos, Phoenicopterus chiles, and 10 red-tailed hawks, Buteo jamacensis, were vaccinated in the pectoral muscle with 0.2 ml of a commercially produced killed West Nile virus vaccine intended for use in horses. Half the birds of each species received a booster vaccination 3 weeks after the first injection. Three weeks after the booster vaccination, none of 13 birds surveyed had detectable antibody to West Nile virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Nusbaum
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a GnRH-vaccine in the ram lamb. Experiments were performed using 20 male lambs, randomly divided into a test (GnRH-immunization) and control group (physiological NaCl-solution). At a body weight of 20 kg (age 2-3 months) and three weeks later, all animals of the test group received 2 ml of Improvac (CSL Limited, Parkville, Victoria, Australia). The body weight as well as the blood testosterone concentration were measured weekly for 16 weeks. Thereafter, blood samples for testosterone analysis were taken monthly in immunized lams only. After the booster injection testicular growth was suppressed and plasma testosterone remained at low values < 0.1 ng/ml for at least 12 weeks. The mean corresponding testosterone concentrations for the control lambs ranged between 0.1 and 0.9 ng/ml plasma. An increase of testosterone was observed in 8 of 10 immunized animals between 3 to 7 months after the booster dose. The control lambs showed a tendency for better growth rate than vaccinated animals, but the difference was not significant. Our results demonstrate that in prepubertal ram lambs two immunizations with Improvac, three weeks apart, can suppress testosterone secretion and testicular growth at least for three months after the booster injection. For a suppression of reproductive function longer than three months after the second vaccination, a third immunization is needed at this time or when testicular growth is beginning.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Janett
- Klinik für Fortpflanzungsmedizin der Universität Zürich.
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CVMP advice on injection-site fibrosarcomas in cats. Vet Rec 2003; 152:381-2. [PMID: 12696702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
In response to increasing concern, the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP) has produced this advisory notice for veterinary surgeons on the development in cats of fibrosarcomas at sites of administration of veterinary medicinal products. The advice relates principally, but not exclusively, to the subcutaneous injection of vaccines. The issue is of relevance only to cats and no extrapolation should be made to other species or to man. At the current state of knowledge, it is not possible to provide specific advice on the risk that any product, or any type of product, might represent in terms of inducing a fibrosarcoma at the site of administration. However, following the precautionary principle, the CVMP considers that information on this issue should be made available to veterinary surgeons in order that they can have an informed discussion with owners of the benefits and risks of therapeutic interventions in cats, particularly in relation to vaccination and re-vaccination. The CVMP wishes to emphasise that modern vaccines continue to represent the only safe and effective means of protecting cats against serious infectious diseases and this should be taken fully into account in any discussion between veterinary surgeons and owners of cats.
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Kirkpatrick JF, Turner A. Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus). Reprod Suppl 2003; 60:197-202. [PMID: 12220160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Contraceptive management of publicly valued wildlife species requires safeguards to ensure that these populations are preserved in a healthy state. In addition, reversibility of contraceptive effects and safety in pregnant animals are major concerns. A population of wild horses has been immunized against porcine zona pellucida (PZP) over a 12 year period on Assateague Island National Seashore, MD (ASIS). Mares initially received one or two 65 microg inoculations and once a year 65 microg booster inoculations, all delivered by dart. All young mares aged > 2 years were treated with PZP for 3 consecutive years regardless of whether they have bred successfully and they were then removed from treatment until they had foaled. All mares vaccinated for 1 or 2 consecutive years became fertile again and 69% of mares treated for 3 consecutive years returned to fertility. All five mares treated for 4 or 5 consecutive years have also returned to fertility, but over longer periods of time. Mares treated for 7 consecutive years have not returned to fertility, but several, while still infertile, have started ovulating again. There was no difference in survival rates between foals born to treated and untreated mares, and PZP treatment of pregnant mares did not affect subsequent fertility of their female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kirkpatrick
- Science and Conservation Center, ZooMontana, Billings 59106, USA.
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