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Muir P, Whitton RC. Injury prevention in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:386-388. [PMID: 38578097 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R Chris Whitton
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Hoblick S, Denagamage TN, Morton AJ, McCarrel TM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is not indicated for horses undergoing general anaesthesia for elective orthopaedic MRI. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:475-483. [PMID: 37531950 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-anaesthetic fever is a known complication of general anaesthesia, however, its incidence in horses undergoing elective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of post-anaesthetic fever in horses undergoing elective orthopaedic MRI and determine whether prophylactic antimicrobial therapy would be associated with a reduction in the incidence of post-anaesthetic fever. We hypothesised that prophylactic antimicrobials would be associated with a reduction in the incidence of post-anaesthetic fever. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS This retrospective study included 791 elective orthopaedic MRIs in systemically healthy horses between June 2006 and March 2020 that recovered from general anaesthesia and did not undergo surgery or intensive medical therapy soon after recovery. Potential factors associated with post-anaesthetic fever were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Case signalment, travel time, preanaesthetic haematology and fibrinogen abnormalities, use of prophylactic antimicrobials, peri-anaesthetic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, anaesthesia time and recovery time were all evaluated for association with post-anaesthetic fever. RESULTS Of 791 MRI cases, 44 (5.6%) developed a post-anaesthetic fever. Horses that received prophylactic antimicrobials were [odds ratio (OR) 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.98-7.46; p ≤ 0.001] more likely to develop a post-anaesthetic fever than those that did not receive antimicrobials. Young horses (1-4 years of age) were (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.26-6.17; p = 0.01) more likely to develop fever compared with adult horses (≥5 years of age). MAIN LIMITATIONS Limitations of this study pertain to retrospective analysis including nonrandomised case selection and incomplete data records. CONCLUSIONS While fever may indicate infection, the majority of early post-anaesthetic fevers resolved before discharge from the hospital with no identified cause. The use of prophylactic antimicrobials to reduce the risk of post-anaesthetic fever for elective MRI is not supported by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloane Hoblick
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas N Denagamage
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Taralyn M McCarrel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Li Z, Du S, Wang X, Zhang L, Liu X, Fan Q, Yang H, Gao R. Clinical effects of a combination of phenylbutazone and omeprazole on chronic lameness in Mongolian horses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:562-572. [PMID: 37337455 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylbutazone (PBZ) is the most commonly used drug to treat symptoms of lameness in horses; however, it is associated with adverse effects such as gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Interestingly, many practitioners prescribe omeprazole (OME) concurrently with PBZ to prevent the development of EGUS. However, the efficacy and safety of this practice in Mongolian horses with chronic lameness remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effects of a combination of PBZ and OME on chronic lameness in Mongolian horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomised block experimental design. METHODS Eighteen Mongolian horses with lameness score was ≥3 points, were divided into three treatment groups, with six horses in each group: placebo (CON), PBZ (4.4 mg/kg PO q. 24 h), or PBZ plus OME (4 mg/kg PO q. 24 h; PBZ + OME) in a randomised block design based on the initial lameness score. The horses were treated for 15 days. During this period, weekly gastroscopy, and physiological and biochemical tests were performed. RESULTS Both PBZ (median 1.0, interquartile range [IQR]: 0.8-1.3; p = 0.01) and PBZ + OME (median 1.0, IQR: 1.0-1.0; p = 0.01) significantly decreased the lameness score compared with before administration. In addition, PBZ significantly increased the equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) score (3.0 ± 0.6, p < 0.001), GT-17 content (293.4 ± 21.8 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and pepsinogen-1 (PG1) content (295.3 ± 38.3 ng/mL, p < 0.001) compared with CON or PBZ + OME. However, it significantly reduced the total protein (53.6 ± 1.5 g/L, p < 0.05) and albumin (25.5 ± 1.8 g/L, p < 0.05) contents. Nevertheless, compared with PBZ, PBZ + OME significantly decreased the EGGD score (0.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and significantly increased the gastric fluid pH (7.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), total protein content (62.5 ± 4.6 g/L, p = 0.009), and albumin content (29.4 ± 1.1 g/L, p = 0.004). Meanwhile, they significantly diminished the gastrin 17 (GT-17) (162.0 ± 21.0 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and PG1 (182.4 ± 22.5 ng/mL, p < 0.001) contents. MAIN LIMITATIONS Individual differences in horses were larger, but the sample size was small. There was larger interval between observations for each index. CONCLUSIONS Compared with PBZ alone, PBZ + OME had no therapeutic effect on chronic lameness; however, it reduced the occurrence of EGGD in Mongolian horses. Horses may be protected against chronic lameness and PBZ-induced EGGD by increasing the pH value, decreasing serum PG1 and GT-17 content, and preventing the reduction of myeloperoxidase content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shan Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Karaqin Banner, Chifeng, China
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Quanrong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huidi Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ruifeng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Abbas G, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Stevenson MA, Jabbar A. Worm control practices used by Thoroughbred horse managers in Australia: A national survey. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110116. [PMID: 38244523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed worm control practices used by Australian Thoroughbred farm managers with an online questionnaire survey. The questionnaire comprised 52 questions (close-ended: 44; open-ended: 8) about farm demography and general husbandry practices, farm managers' knowledge of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and their importance, diagnosis, worm control strategies and anthelmintics, anthelmintic resistance (AR) and grazing management. Following the pilot survey, the link for the questionnaire survey was sent to all (n = 657) registered members of the Thoroughbred Breeders Australia on 12th April 2020. The response rate for the questionnaire was 18.5% (122 of 675). The farm managers reported a good understanding of GIN and their importance in different age groups of horses as most respondents (70% of 122) perceived worm-related illness to be more important in young (i.e., foals, weanlings and yearlings) than adult (> 3 years old) horses. Although most respondents (93%, 113 of 122) used anthelmintics prophylactically to control GIN, only 15% (18 of 122) observed worm-related illness in their horses. Just under 40% of respondents were performing faecal egg counts, with less than 20% using the results of faecal egg counts to guide deworming decisions. The interval-based deworming strategy was the most common method (≥55% of 122 respondents) to control GIN in all age groups of horses. Macrocyclic lactones were the first choice of anthelmintics for all age groups of horses. Although the majority of respondents (88%, 107 of 122) perceived resistance in GIN against commonly used anthelmintics as an important issue in managing worms in horses, only 29% assessed the efficacy of anthelmintics and 91% (111 of 122) were unaware of AR on their properties. Grazing management practices, such as manure removal, were more frequently performed on smaller paddocks (<0.20 ha: 58%) than on larger paddocks (>0.20 ha: 18%). Multiple correspondence analyses showed that the likelihood of suboptimal worm control practices on small farms (n = ≤50 horses) was greater than that of medium (n = 51-100) and large (n = >100) farms. This study provides insights into the demography of Thoroughbred farms in Australia, husbandry practices used by stud managers and their knowledge about worms, control options and AR concerns, thereby paving the way for taking any initiatives to address the problem of AR in GIN of Australian Thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | - Peter Carrigan
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Cudmore
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Hurley
- Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Onen EA, Demirci EK. Development and preclinical evaluation of equine-derived hyperimmune serum against SARS-CoV-2 infection in K-18 hACE2 transgenic (Tg) mice. Pol J Vet Sci 2024; 27:61-74. [PMID: 38511603 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2024.149336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an equine-derived hyperimmune serum against SARS-CoV-2 and evaluate its efficacy as a potential immunotherapy tool for the treatment of known and potential variants of COVID-19 in preclinical trials. The novelty of this study is the whole virus and ALUM gel adjuvant formula. The horses were immunized using a whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 antigen, and the final purified hyperimmune serum showed high plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT 50) neutralizing titers. The efficacy of the hyperimmune serum was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically in the lungs, hearts, and serum of K18 hACE2 transgenic mice (n=45), which is an accepted model organism for SARS-CoV-2 studies and was challenged with live SARS-CoV-2. Serum treatment improved the general condition, resulting in lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood plasma, as well as reduced viral RNA titers in the lungs and hearts. Additionally, it reduced oxidative stress significantly and lessened the severity of interstitial pneumonia in the lungs when compared to infected positive controls. The study concluded that equine-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could be used for COVID-19 prevention and treatment, especially in the early stages of the disease and in combination with antiviral drugs and vaccines. This treatment will benefit special patient populations such as immunocompromised individuals, as specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can neutralize the virus before it enters host cells. The rapid and cost-effective production of the serum allows for its availability during the acute phase of the disease, making it a critical intervention in preventing the spread of the disease and saving lives in new variants where a vaccine is not yet developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Onen
- Kocak Pharmaceutical Company, Biotechnology and Vaccine R&D, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - E K Demirci
- Histology and Embryology Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine,Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tavanaeimanesh H, Alinia Z, Sadeghian Chaleshtori S, Moosavian H, Mohebi Z, Daneshi M. The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in decreasing airway inflammation and mucus accumulation in horses with 18 hours of head confinement. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1224-1231. [PMID: 38236790 PMCID: PMC10937485 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During transportation many horses develop post-transportation infection, which can be life-threatening and end their sport career. Preventing mucus accumulation and inflammation during transportation is vital, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to enhance overall horse health welfare. OBJECTIVES Assess the impact of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mucus accumulation and inflammation in horses subjected to 18 hours of head confinement. ANIMALS Six healthy crossbred horses, 5.3 ± 2.1 years of age and weighing 387 ± 30 kg. METHODS Prospective placebo-controlled cross-over design study. The horses' heads were restrained in their stalls for a period of 18 hours. They were studied under 4 conditions: Not confined (NC): before head confinement, placebo (P), and confined head (CH): 18 hours of head confinement without treatment, and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): 18 hours of head confinement treated with NAC before confinement (15 mg/kg/day NAC PO for 3 days). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in each condition. Mucus accumulation along the trachea was evaluated by endoscopy. RESULTS Endoscopic scores were significantly different between CH and other conditions, whereas no significant differences were found among NC, P, and NAC. The BAL cell count (34 291 ± 2624 cells/μL), neutrophil and lymphocyte count (18 601 ± 3193 cells/μL and 3337.4 ± 593 cells/μL, respectively) in CH were significantly higher compared to NAC. Neutrophil percentage was significantly higher in CH (53.8 ± 8%) compared to horses that received NAC (20.08 ± 8%). Conversely, in comparison to NAC (66.33 ± 9%), the percentage of macrophages was significantly lower in CH (35.7 ± 10%). CONCLUSIONS N-acetylcysteine was found to significantly decrease mucus accumulation and inflammatory cell counts in horses with head confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tavanaeimanesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Zahra Alinia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | | | - Hamidreza Moosavian
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Zeinab Mohebi
- Faculty of PharmacyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Mojtaba Daneshi
- Department of Animal ScienceNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
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Menzies-Gow NJ, Shurlock T. The effect of feeding a commercial feedstuff on gastric squamous gastric disease (ESGD) healing and prevention of recurrence. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:105015. [PMID: 38281606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Feedstuffs are often recommended to mitigate potential damage from acid associated with equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). In acidic conditions, pectin alters its structure to one like mucus and binds the stomach mucosa, whilst alfalfa has a strong intrinsic acid buffering capacity. The study aimed to determine whether feeding a commercial beet pulp/alfalfa/oat fibre mix aids ESGD healing and/or prevention of recurrence. Ten adult horses with naturally occurring ESGD were included. All animals were treated with omeprazole as per the attending veterinarian's recommendation and randomly allocated to also be fed a commercial beet pulp/alfalfa/oat fibre mix (1Kg/horse divided into 2 meals/day; n=5) or no additional feed (n=5) for one month. Gastroscopy was then repeated to assess response to therapy. If the ESGD had healed, omeprazole therapy was discontinued, and the commercial feed given to all horses for a further month. Gastroscopy was repeated to determine ESGD recurrence. The mean (±SD) age of the horses was 11.6 (±3.8) years; 4 mares and 6 geldings; various breeds were represented; and the median (range) initial ESGD grade was 2 (2-4). ESGD had healed (grade 0/4) in all animals after one month. After a further month, ESGD had recurred in significantly (p=0.04) more animals that did not receive the commercial feed initially (3/5; 60%; mean [range] ESGD grade 3 [0,4]) compared to those that did (0/5; 0%; mean [range] ESGD grade 0 [0,0]). Thus, the commercial beet pulp/alfalfa/oat fibre mix aided prevention of ESGD recurrence when fed during the healing and prevention phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts. AL9 7TA. United Kingdom.
| | - T Shurlock
- West Lane House, Bishopdale, Leyburn, North Yorkshire. DL8 3TG. United Kingdom
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Legere RM, Poveda C, Ott JA, Bray JM, Villafone EG, Silveira BPD, Kahn SK, Martin CL, Mancino C, Taraballi F, Criscitiello MF, Berghman L, Bordin AI, Pollet J, Cohen ND. Intramuscular but not nebulized administration of a mRNA vaccine against Rhodococcus equi stimulated humoral immune responses in neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 2024; 85:ajvr.23.09.0208. [PMID: 38056076 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.09.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Design and evaluate immune responses of neonatal foals to a mRNA vaccine expressing the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) of Rhodococcus equi. ANIMALS Cultured primary equine respiratory tract cells; Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 healthy Quarter Horse foals. METHODS VapA expression was evaluated by western immunoblot in cultured equine bronchial cells transfected with 4 mRNA constructs encoding VapA. The mRNA construct with greatest expression was used to immunize foals at ages 2 and 21 days in 5 groups: (1) 300 μg nebulized mRNA (n = 6); (2) 600 μg nebulized mRNA (n = 4); (3) 300 μg mRNA administered intramuscularly (IM) (n = 5); (4) 300 μg VapA IM (positive controls; n = 6); or (5) nebulized water (negative controls; n = 6). Serum, BALF, and PBMCs were collected at ages 3, 22, and 35 days and tested for relative anti-VapA IgG1, IgG4/7, and IgA activities using ELISA and cell-mediated immunity by ELISpot. RESULTS As formulated, nebulized mRNA was not immunogenic. However, a significant increase in anti-VapA IgG4/7 activity (P < .05) was noted exclusively in foals immunized IM with VapA mRNA by age 35 days. The proportion of foals with anti-VapA IgG1 activity > 30% of positive control differed significantly (P = .0441) between negative controls (50%; 3/6), IM mRNA foals (100%; 5/5), and IM VapA (100%; 6/6) groups. Natural exposure to virulent R equi was immunogenic in some negative control foals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Further evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of IM mRNA encoding VapA in foals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Legere
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX
| | - Jeannine A Ott
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jocelyne M Bray
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Emma G Villafone
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bibiana Petri da Silveira
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Susanne K Kahn
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Cameron L Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Chiara Mancino
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Luc Berghman
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Angela I Bordin
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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White GM. Change to primary course equine influenza vaccine rules. Vet Rec 2024; 194:67. [PMID: 38240418 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
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10
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Lightfoot KL, Frost E, Burford JH, England GCW, Freeman SL. Use of human behaviour change models to investigate horse owner intention to adopt emergency colic recommendations. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:147-158. [PMID: 37227166 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural models are widely used within human medicine to understand beliefs and intention associated with major health interventions. OBJECTIVES To investigate horse-owner beliefs and practices associated with emergency colic planning. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS An online survey incorporating the Trans-Theoretical Model of behaviour change and the Theory of Planned Behaviour was developed to assess owner intention to adopt three areas of emergency colic planning: (1) prevention/recognition, (2) involvement of others and (3) personal preparation. Participants were recruited using a snowball sampling strategy; multivariable logistic regression of data was performed. RESULTS There were 701 horse-owners who completed the survey. Respondents fell into one of two categories: no intention to adopt or already implementing emergency planning recommendations. Most agreed that emergency colic plans would improve their horse's welfare (68%) and aid in decision making (78%). Most disagreed that colic was inevitable (66%) and that treatment options were not within their control (69%). Multivariable analysis showed that those who believed emergency plans were worth creating were more likely to adopt preventive (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.27-4.30, p = 0.007) and personal preparation (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.31-1.97, p < 0.001) recommendations. Preventive recommendations were also associated with 'REACT' campaign awareness (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.40-3.97, p = 0.001). Favourable behavioural beliefs, such as the acknowledgement of welfare and decision-making benefits, were linked to the involvement of others in planning (OR: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.78-4.81, p < 0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential response bias and small sample size. CONCLUSIONS The majority of owners were either unwilling to adopt suggested recommendations or believed that their approach was currently sufficient. Most owners perceived veterinary professionals as most influential on their decision to plan for a colic emergency, highlighting their importance in any educational campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Lightfoot
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Ellie Frost
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - John H Burford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Gary C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Sarah L Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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Jackson K, Kelty E. Recent advances in the treatment and prevention of equine peripheral caries. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:S79-S86. [PMID: 37321593 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.01.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Equine peripheral caries is a common condition characterized by demineralization and degradation of the clinical crown of equine cheek teeth. The condition can cause significant pain and morbidity, particularly in severe cases. Recent studies indicate that the condition is driven by environmental conditions within the mouth, as only the clinical crown of the tooth is affected (the reserve crown below the gingival margin remains unaffected). It is hypothesized that peripheral caries is driven by changes in oral pH, with risk factors for the condition including the intake of high-sugar feeds (oaten hay and feeding moderate levels of concentrate feed) and access to drinking water with an acidic pH. However, other identified risk factors include breed (Thoroughbred), limited pasture access, and concurrent dental or periodontal disease. Further studies have been able to show that affected teeth can recover from the condition if the inciting cause is removed and the unaffected reserve crown is allowed to replace the damaged clinical crown. Improvements in the condition can be observed within a few months. Signs of inactive (recovering) caries include a darker color and a smooth, hard, and reflective surface, and there is a new layer of unaffected cementum at the gingival margin, indicating that the newly erupted tooth is unaffected. Peripheral caries is a common and often overlooked condition in horses, which can often be treated with simple changes to equine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jackson
- Dental Vet, Forrestdale, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erin Kelty
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Williams Louie E, Nieto J, Wensley F, Morgan JM, Finno CJ, Berryhill EH. Efficacy of the oral supplement, Equine Omega Complete, for the prevention of gastric ulcers and alpha-tocopherol supplementation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2529-2534. [PMID: 37775973 PMCID: PMC10658587 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acid and alpha-tocopherol supplementation reduces gastric ulcer formation in humans and rodents; however, efficacy of prevention in horses is unknown. Equine Omega Complete (EOC) is an oral supplement containing omega-3 fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE Determine if EOC supplementation prevents gastric ulcers and increases serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in healthy horses. ANIMALS Nine thoroughbred geldings; 5-13 years old. METHODS Prospective randomized block design, repeated in crossover model. Horses were administered EOC, omeprazole, or water PO for 28 days. Horses underwent an established gastric ulcer induction protocol from days 21-28 via intermittent feed deprivation. Gastroscopies were performed on days 0, 21, and 28. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations were measured on days 0 and 28. The effects of treatment and time on ulcer grades were assessed with ordinal logistic regression, with significance at P-value <.05. RESULTS Ulcer grades increased during ulcer induction in control and EOC but not omeprazole groups (P = .02). Grades increased in EOC-treated horses after ulcer induction from a median of 1 [95% confidence interval 0-2.5] (day 0) to 2.5 [1.5-3.5] (day 28) and were similar to the control group (P = .54). Serum alpha-tocopherol increased in EOC-treated horses from day 0 to day 28 (mean 2.2 ± 0.43 μg/mL to 2.96 ± 0.89 μg/mL; P < .001) with high individual variation; this increase was not different from omeprazole or control groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Supplementation with EOC for 28 days did not prevent gastric ulcer formation nor increase alpha-tocopherol concentrations relative to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Williams Louie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jorge Nieto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fiona Wensley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jessica M. Morgan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emily H. Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Leleu C, Couroucé A. Effect of a blend of magnesium oxide on Equine Squamous Gastric Disease in young trotter horses under training. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e87. [PMID: 38031523 PMCID: PMC10694373 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), as part of the equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS), are common in racing horses. The use of buffering feed supplements to treat and/or prevent gastric ulcers is an option to control this condition. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 30-day supplementation with a blend of magnesium oxide (MgO) on ESGD scores in trotters under training. METHODS Forty-two young trotters were submitted to a gastroscopic evaluation to assess their ESGD score and were randomly assigned in a group supplemented with MgO or in a control group. After 30 days, a second evaluation by gastroscopy was performed. The effect of the MgO supplementation was assessed by comparing the evolution of the ESGD score in supplemented and control groups between day 0 and day 30. RESULTS The results confirm the high prevalence of EGUS in young Trotters. The supplementation significantly decreased the ESGD scoring in the supplemented group whereas the control group remain unchanged. CONCLUSION The oral MgO supplementation was efficient to control ESGD in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Couroucé
- BIOTARGEN, Université de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France
- ONIRIS, CISCO-ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, Nantes Cedex 44307, France
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Ward AB, Harris PA, Argo CM, Watson CA, Burns NM, Neacsu M, Russell WR, Grove-White D, Morrison PK. Confidence does not mediate a relationship between owner experience and likelihood of using weight management approaches for native ponies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292886. [PMID: 37824555 PMCID: PMC10569591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Native ponies are at increased risk of obesity and metabolic perturbations, such as insulin dysregulation (ID), a key risk factor for endocrinopathic laminitis. Management and feeding practices can be adapted to maintain healthy body condition and support metabolic health, but owners may inadvertently provide their ponies with inappropriate management leading to obesity and exacerbating risk of metabolic disease. Adoption of preventative weight management approaches (WMAs), including regular monitoring of body condition, providing appropriate preserved forage, promoting seasonal weight loss, and using exercise accordingly, are key in supporting native ponies' metabolic health. The factors influencing the adoption of WMAs, such as owners' experience and confidence, require exploration. The aim of the current study was to understand factors influencing owners' likelihood to undertake certain WMAs, to develop our understanding of suitable intervention targets. A total of 571 responses to an online cross-sectional questionnaire were analysed. Mediation analysis revealed that whilst long term (≥20 years) experience caring for native ponies was associated with owners increased, self-reported confidence in identifying disease and managing their native ponies, this did not translate to an increased likelihood of implementing WMAs. Conversely, respondents who managed ponies with dietary requirements related to obesity, laminitis, or equine metabolic syndrome were more likely to use WMAs related to feeding, seasonal weight management and exercise. Owner confidence was assessed and rejected as a mediator of the relationship between experience and WMA use. These results highlight the need for further work that elucidates the pathways leading owners to undertake action against obesity without the need for ponies to develop overt disease, as well as suggesting a need for long term managers of native ponies to update management practices with preventative care as the focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Ward
- Scotland’s Rural College, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Neil M. Burns
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Madalina Neacsu
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy R. Russell
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dai Grove-White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
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15
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Levasseur A, Arsenault J, Paré J. Distribution of West Nile virus cases in horses reveals different spatiotemporal patterns in eastern and western Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1466-1474. [PMID: 37562783 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.05.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE West Nile virus (WNV) became notifiable in horses in 2003 in Canada and has been reported every year since. The objective of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of WNV in horses between 2003 and 2020 in Canada. ANIMALS The 848 symptomatic and laboratory-confirmed WNV cases in horses reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency between 2003 and 2020. METHODS Canada was divided into eastern and western regions for analysis. For each case, location and date of notification were captured. Triennial maps were made to describe the spatiotemporal distribution and expansion of reported cases. The association between year and latitude of cases was investigated with simple linear regressions, and space-time clusters were detected with a permutation scan test. RESULTS Most of the western region showed an extended distribution of WNV cases from 2003 to 2005 and a high recurrence of cases at the census division level. In the eastern region, the expansion of cases was gradual, with new infected census divisions mostly contiguous to previous ones. There was no association between year and latitude of cases. Six spatiotemporal clusters were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study confirmed the endemicity of WNV in parts of both regions with local peaks in risk varying in time. Prevention and control efforts should focus on previously infected areas based on the spatiotemporal regional distribution patterns. Incursions of WNV to new areas should also be anticipated. These findings could also contribute to enhancing monitoring and prevention of WNV infections in an integrated surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Levasseur
- 1Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique) and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- 1Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique) and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Paré
- 1Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique) and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- 2Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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16
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Lavado RA, Lewis J, Montgomery JB. Continuous digital hypothermia for prevention and treatment of equine acute laminitis: A practical review. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106016. [PMID: 37507002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Laminitis is a severely debilitating and life-threatening condition that occurs as a consequence of different primary triggering factors. Continuous digital hypothermia (CDH) is recommended in horses at risk of, or diagnosed with, acute laminitis due to its several physiological and biochemical alterations that may be positive for the prevention and early treatment of the condition, representing a low risk of adverse effects. Modulation of the inflammatory response, profound vasoconstriction, and prevention of tissue damage are the most notable protective effects of cryotherapy on the lamellae. This practical review aims to summarize the published literature evaluating CDH efficacy in the prevention and early treatment of acute laminitis in horses, highlighting the most important clinical findings and discussing the best methods to provide cryotherapy. Nineteen publications evaluated different CDH methods, including the use of commercially available ice boots or fluid bags filled with iced water or crushed ice, as well as alternatives to immersion in ice, e.g., frozen gel packs and a perfused cuff prototype. Although some techniques were effective for cooling and maintaining the hooves below the optimal temperature of 10 °C, relevant limitations such as labor intensiveness, reliance on an ice source and price make its use impractical in some clinical situations. Twelve experimental studies assessed the efficacy of CDH on the prevention or early treatment of laminitis, finding multiple positive effects in terms of clinical improvement, immunological and inflammatory modulation, and histological protection. After the analysis of the literature, the clinical importance of CDH in different stages of laminitis remains clear. However, it also highlights the need for a safer, more user-friendly, and more effective method of cryotherapy that can be used both in a hospital and an ambulatory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Avella Lavado
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Medical Clinic, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jazlynn Lewis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Agriculture, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX 76909, USA
| | - Julia B Montgomery
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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17
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Shi L, Hu J, Jin Z. Dynamics analysis of strangles with asymptomatic infected horses and long-term subclinical carriers. Math Biosci Eng 2023; 20:18386-18412. [PMID: 38052563 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Strangles is one of the most prevalent horse diseases globally. The infected horses may be asymptomatic and can still carry the infectious pathogen after it recovers, which are named asymptomatic infected horses and long-term subclinical carriers, respectively. Based on these horses, this paper establishes a dynamical model to screen, measure, and model the spread of strangles. The basic reproduction number $ \mathcal{R}_0 $ is computed through a next generation matrix method. By constructing Lyapunov functions, we concluded that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}_0 < 1 $, and the endemic equilibrium exits uniquely and is globally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}_0 > 1 $. For example, while studying a strangles outbreak of a horse farm in England in 2012, we computed an $ \mathcal{R}_0 = 0.8416 $ of this outbreak by data fitting. We further conducted a parameter sensitivity analysis of $ \mathcal{R}_0 $ and the final size by numerical simulations. The results show that the asymptomatic horses mainly influence the final size of this outbreak and that long-term carriers are connected to an increased recurrence of strangles. Moreover, in terms of the three control measures implemented to control strangles(i.e., vaccination, implementing screening regularly and isolating symptomatic horses), the result shows that screening is the most effective measurement, followed by vaccination and isolation, which can provide effective guidance for horse management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Shi
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianghong Hu
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Data Science of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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18
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Stoughton WB, Begin S, Outman S, Stryhn H, Yu J, Conboy G, Nielsen MK. Occurrence and control of equine strongyle nematode infections in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 40:100856. [PMID: 37068859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Widespread overuse of anthelmintics has produced a growing population of intestinal parasites resistant to control measures. A paradigm shift in equine parasite control is warranted to prevent continued resistance development and maintain equine health. Small strongyles, which are ubiquitous in horses, are currently the most important intestinal parasites of adult horses. Sustainable management programs consider the variation in egg shedding by individual horses, and varied risks associated with age, use, density, climate, and environment. To develop regional recommendations for Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, it is important to first characterize strongyle egg shedding patterns and parasite management practices in use. Study objectives were to conduct a cross-sectional observational survey and risk factor analysis of parasite control programs, strongyle egg shedding and Strongylus vulgaris serology. A total of 339 horses from 40 PEI farms were sampled. Mean farm size was 8 horses and ranged from 2 to 30. Mean horse age was 11.6 years (Std. Dev. =7.2) and ranged from 2 months to 32 years. Mean fecal egg count (FEC) was 322 eggs per gram (EPG) (Std. Dev. =648). On average, 32% (Std. Dev. =16%) of horses shed 80% of strongyle eggs across 32 eligible farms. When considering all horses (n = 313) as one large herd, 18.7% of horses shed 80% of strongyle eggs. Use of FEC was identified in 4.6% of horses at 15% (n = 6) of PEI farms. Reported deworming intervals included 37.4% (n = 123) every 2-3 months and 58% (n = 191) every 3-4 months. Positive S. vulgaris titers were identified in 60% of horses (n = 200). Univariate analysis revealed that months since last deworming, age, and body condition score (BCS) were associated with strongyle shedding. The estimated odds of being in the high FEC category (>500 EPG) was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) times higher when last deworming increased by one month. Under-conditioned (BCS <4.5) horses had 3.6 (95% CI, 1.2-10.6) times odds of being in the higher FEC category than over-conditioned horses. Non-racing horses had 5.4 times odds of having a positive S. vulgaris titer than racehorses. This cross-sectional observational study is the first to report on the occurrence, risk factors and control of equine strongyle nematode infections in PEI, Canada. We conclude that the 80:20 rule can be used to develop control recommendations in PEI. Very few farms in PEI currently use FEC to guide parasite management. These findings provide a basis for future client education and investigations aimed at providing region specific recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Stoughton
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Samantha Begin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Susan Outman
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jenny Yu
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Gary Conboy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
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Lange-Consiglio A, Gaspari G, Funghi F, Capra E, Cretich M, Frigerio R, Bosi G, Cremonesi F. Amniotic Mesenchymal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in the Prevention of Persistent Post-Breeding Induced Endometritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065166. [PMID: 36982240 PMCID: PMC10049450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent post-breeding induced endometritis (PPBIE) is considered a major cause of subfertility in mares. It consists of persistent or delayed uterine inflammation in susceptible mares. There are many options for the treatment of PPBIE, but in this study, a novel approach aimed at preventing the onset of PPBIE was investigated. Stallion semen was supplemented with extracellular vesicles derived from amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSC-EVs) at the time of insemination to prevent or limit the development of PPBIE. Before use in mares, a dose–response curve was produced to evaluate the effect of AMSC-EVs on spermatozoa, and an optimal concentration of 400 × 106 EVs with 10 × 106 spermatozoa/mL was identified. At this concentration, sperm mobility parameters were not negatively affected. Sixteen susceptible mares were enrolled and inseminated with semen (n = 8; control group) or with semen supplemented with EVs (n = 8; EV group). The supplementation of AMSC-EVs to semen resulted in a reduction in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration as well as intrauterine fluid accumulation (IUF; p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in intrauterine cytokine levels (p < 0.05) for TNF-α and IL-6 and an increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 in mares in the EV group, suggesting successful modulation of the post-insemination inflammatory response. This procedure may be useful for mares susceptible to PPBIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lange-Consiglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-033-4150
| | - Giulia Gaspari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Fausto Cremonesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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20
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Fukushi N, Fukushi H. Prevention of fatal equine herpesvirus type 1 encephalitis in mice by immunization with a limited-replication cycle virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109633. [PMID: 36543092 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a devastating pathogen of horses, their natural hosts, and causes fatal encephalitis in non-natural hosts. We previously demonstrated that acylation of the tegument protein UL11 is required for viral replication in cultured cells. We created a mutant virus (EHV-1 UL12 trunc UL11 G2AC7AC9A), in which glycyl and cysteinyl residues at positions 2, 7 and 9 of UL11 that are normally acylated were replaced with alanyl residues. This virus, designated the 2/7/9 mutant, has a limited-replication cycle (LRC), in which replication stops after just a few cycles. Here, we tested whether the 2/7/9 mutant could be used as a vaccine against fatal encephalitis in a mouse model. A virulence test showed that the 2/7/9 mutant was not pathogenic in mice and elicited an antibody response. We also attempted to use the 2/7/9 mutant to immunize mice against a zebra-borne EHV-1, 94-137. Two trials were conducted, each with five immunized mice, five non-immunized and five control mice. In both trials, clinical signs and fatalities were much lower in the immunized mice than in the non-immunized mice. In addition, none of the mice in either trial developed neutralizing antibodies, indicating that the immunity induced by the 2/7/9 mutant was not due to neutralizing activity. The results indicate that the 2/7/9 LRC mutant has promise as a vaccine against EHV-1 infection non-natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Fukushi
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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21
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Hainisch EK, Jindra C, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Papillomavirus-like Particles in Equine Medicine. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020345. [PMID: 36851559 PMCID: PMC9966523 DOI: 10.3390/v15020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a family of small DNA tumor viruses that can induce benign lesions or cancer in vertebrates. The observation that animal PV capsid-proteins spontaneously self-assemble to empty, highly immunogenic virus-like particles (VLPs) has led to the establishment of vaccines that efficiently protect humans from specific PV infections and associated diseases. We provide an overview of PV-induced tumors in horses and other equids, discuss possible routes of PV transmission in equid species, and present recent developments aiming at introducing the PV VLP-based vaccine technology into equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Haematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Department of Dermatology, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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23
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Bera BC, Anand T, Pavulraj S, Balena V, Pradhan S, Singh RK, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Attenuation of equine herpesvirus 1 through deletion of gE gene and its pathological evaluation in murine model. Acta Virol 2023; 67:79-90. [PMID: 36950888 DOI: 10.4149/av_2023_108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) infection is a global health problem in equines and the virus is responsible for abortions, respiratory disease and myeloencephalitis in horses. Disease management requires proper biosecurity and immunoprophylactic measures. Vaccines strengthening both arms of immunity are essential for proper control and there has been a continuous focus in this area for generation of better vaccines. Here we report construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of EHV-1 strain Tohana for mutagenesis of the virus and generation of gE gene deletion mutant EHV1. The BAC clone was generated by inserting the mini-F plasmid replacing ORF71 of EHV1 and transforming into E. coli for generation of EHV1-BAC. The infectious virus was regenerated from EHV-1 BAC DNA in RK13 cells. To check utility of EHV1-BAC, we have generated mutant EHV1 by deleting the virulence-associated gE gene. The mutant virus (vToHΔgE) showed significantly reduced plaque size without affecting replication efficiency. Pathological evaluation of lesions in BALB/c mice infected with vToHΔgE revealed reduction in clinical signs and pathology in comparison to the wild-type virus. Generation of infectious BAC of EHV1 and its usage in construction of attenuated viruses shows potential of the technology for development of indigenous modified live vaccine for EHV1. Keywords: quine herpesvirus 1; bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC); mutation; glycoprotein E; vaccine.
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O'Connor M. Batting below Average: Failure to Manage Fatal Zoonotic Diseases. J Law Med 2022; 29:700-706. [PMID: 36056660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are those which originate in animals but are transmitted to humans often through an intermediate host such as a wild animal. In Australia Hendra virus (HeV) is a disease of horses with occasional human fatalities and which is spread by the fruit bat. This article explores the lessons learnt from managing the Queensland outbreak of HeV in 1994. The legal framework for the notification and management of prohibited matter including zoonotic diseases in Queensland and New South Wales has been strengthened by provisions in the Biosecurity Act 2015 (NSW) which create strong penalties for failure to notify outbreaks and failure to isolate infected stock and prevent their removal from premises within 24 hours. The response of at least 20% of Queensland equine veterinarians to the new legal obligations has been to cease practising equine medicine. There may be scope for enhanced education of veterinary students in legal obligations under the biosecurity legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike O'Connor
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Sydney; Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales
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Giannetto C, Giudice E, Piccione G, Castronovo C, Arfuso F. Immune and inflammatory response in horse vaccinated against equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) assessed by serum protein electrophoretic pattern and leukocyte population. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 116:104051. [PMID: 35753636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protection against infectious diseases can be obtained with vaccines generating immunogenic response through a combination of humoral and cellular immunity. In this study haematological and serum protein electrophoretic profiles of horses vaccinated against herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) were evaluated. Blood samples were collected from 16 horses before (T0), after 24h, 48h, 72h, 1st week, 2nd week and 3rd week (T1I, T2I, T3I, T7I, T14I and T21I) from the first EHV vaccine-dose administration as well as before (TPREII), and after 24h, 48h, 72h, 1st week, 2nd week, 3rd week and 4th week (T1II, T2II, T3II, T7II, T14II, T21II and T28II) from the EHV vaccine-booster. Total leukocyte values increased at T1I, T1II, T3II and T28II compared to T0 (P<0.01). Higher lymphocytes and lower neutrophils values were found after first vaccine-dose and vaccine-booster administration compared to the T0 (P<0.01). Monocytes showed higher values at T14II than T0 (P<0.01). Higher serum values of total proteins, α1-, α-2-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins were found in horses after first vaccine-dose and vaccine-booster administration (P<0.01). Gathered results suggest that horses vaccinated against EHV1 and EHV-4 exhibited a dynamic change of WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes. Moreover, the analysis of serum electrophoresis pattern suggested that EHV vaccination induced the development of inflammation and antibody response in vaccinated horses as highlighted by the increase of α-, β- and γ-globulin fractions. These changes probably reflect the systemic immunological adaptation of animals to EHV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy.
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061312. [PMID: 35746783 PMCID: PMC9229935 DOI: 10.3390/v14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a main natural reservoir in wild birds. IAVs are highly contagious, continually evolve, and have a wide host range that includes various mammalian species including horses, pigs, and humans. Furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and cross-species transmissions is therefore essential. This review focuses on what is known regarding equine influenza virus (EIV) virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology (including factors contributing to local, national, and international transmission), surveillance, and preventive measures such as vaccines. We compare EIV and human influenza viruses and discuss parallels that can be drawn between them. We highlight differences in evolutionary rates between EIV and human IAVs, their impact on antigenic drift, and vaccine strain updates. We also describe the approaches used for the control of equine influenza (EI), which originated from those used in the human field, including surveillance networks and virological analysis methods. Finally, as vaccination in both species remains the cornerstone of disease mitigation, vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies against influenza in horses and humans are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Whitlock
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
| | - J. Richard Newton
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
- Correspondence:
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Dorrego A, Serres C, Cruz-Lopez F. Taylorella asinigenitalis: raising awareness of its importance and presence in equine and asinine populations. Vet Rec 2022; 190:e1602. [PMID: 35303356 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Taylorella equigenitalis has long been recognised as a causative agent of contagious equine metritis, but practitioners may be less familiar with Taylorella asinigenitalis, which has been identified more recently. Here, Abel Dorrego, Consuelo Serres and Fatima Cruz-Lopez of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid describe T asinigenitalis and report the findings of a survey they carried out in donkeys in Spain.
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Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; Family Togaviridae), is an endemic pathogen first isolated in 1933 with distribution primarily in the eastern US and Canada. The virus has caused periodic outbreaks in both humans and equines along the eastern seaboard and through the southern coastal states. While the outbreaks caused by EEEV have been sporadic and varied geographically since the discovery of the virus, it has continued to expand its range moving into the Midwest states as well. Additionally, one of the largest outbreaks was recorded in 2019 prompting concerns that outbreaks were becoming larger and more frequent. Because the virus can cause serious disease and because it is transmissible by both mosquitoes and aerosol, there has been renewed interest in identifying potential options for vaccines. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control which have limited effectiveness for the EEEV vectors. Several vaccine candidates are currently being developed; this review will describe the multiple options under consideration for future development and assess their relative advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Biobank samples could help solve equine grass sickness. Vet Rec 2022; 190:7. [PMID: 34994461 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Safety helmets make sense around horses. Vet Rec 2021; 188:414. [PMID: 34651796 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Triple protection supplement for horses. Vet Rec 2021; 189:183. [PMID: 34505667 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cohen ND, Kahn SK, Cywes-Bentley C, Ramirez-Cortez S, Schuckert AE, Vinacur M, Bordin AI, Pier GB. Serum Antibody Activity against Poly- N-Acetyl Glucosamine (PNAG), but Not PNAG Vaccination Status, Is Associated with Protecting Newborn Foals against Intrabronchial Infection with Rhodococcus equi. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0063821. [PMID: 34319137 PMCID: PMC8552712 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00638-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a prevalent cause of pneumonia in foals worldwide. Our laboratory has demonstrated that vaccination against the surface polysaccharide β-1→6-poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) protects foals against intrabronchial infection with R. equi when challenged at age 28 days. However, it is important that the efficacy of this vaccine be evaluated in foals when they are infected at an earlier age, because foals are naturally exposed to virulent R. equi in their environment from birth and because susceptibility is inversely related to age in foals. Using a randomized, blind experimental design, we evaluated whether maternal vaccination against PNAG protected foals against intrabronchial infection with R. equi 6 days after birth. Vaccination of mares per se did not significantly reduce the incidence of pneumonia in foals; however, activities of antibody against PNAG or for deposition of complement component 1q onto PNAG was significantly (P < 0.05) higher among foals that did not develop pneumonia than among foals that developed pneumonia. Results differed between years, with evidence of protection during 2018 but not 2020. In the absence of a licensed vaccine, further evaluation of the PNAG vaccine is warranted, including efforts to optimize the formulation and dose of this vaccine. IMPORTANCE Pneumonia caused by R. equi is an important cause of disease and death in foals worldwide for which a licensed vaccine is lacking. Foals are exposed to R. equi in their environment from birth, and they appear to be infected soon after parturition at an age when innate and adaptive immune responses are diminished. Results of this study indicate that higher activity of antibodies recognizing PNAG was associated with protection against R. equi pneumonia, indicating the need for further optimization of maternal vaccination against PNAG to protect foals against R. equi pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D. Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Susanne K. Kahn
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sophia Ramirez-Cortez
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda E. Schuckert
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mariana Vinacur
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela I. Bordin
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kahn SK, Cywes-Bentley C, Blodgett GP, Canaday NM, Turner-Garcia CE, Vinacur M, Cortez-Ramirez SC, Sutter PJ, Meyer SC, Bordin AI, Vlock DR, Pier GB, Cohen ND. Antibody activities in hyperimmune plasma against the Rhodococcus equi virulence -associated protein A or poly-N-acetyl glucosamine are associated with protection of foals against rhodococcal pneumonia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250133. [PMID: 34437551 PMCID: PMC8389416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of transfusion with hyperimmune plasma (HIP) for preventing pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi remains ill-defined. Quarter Horse foals at 2 large breeding farms were randomly assigned to be transfused with 2 L of HIP from adult donors hyperimmunized either with R. equi (RE HIP) or a conjugate vaccine eliciting antibody to the surface polysaccharide β-1→6-poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG HIP) within 24 hours of birth. Antibody activities against PNAG and the rhodococcal virulence-associated protein A (VapA), and to deposition of complement component 1q (C՛1q) onto PNAG were determined by ELISA, and then associated with either clinical pneumonia at Farm A (n = 119) or subclinical pneumonia at Farm B (n = 114). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Among RE HIP-transfused foals, the odds of pneumonia were approximately 6-fold higher (P = 0.0005) among foals with VapA antibody activity ≤ the population median. Among PNAG HIP-transfused foals, the odds of pneumonia were approximately 3-fold (P = 0.0347) and 11-fold (P = 0.0034) higher for foals with antibody activities ≤ the population median for PNAG or C՛1q deposition, respectively. Results indicated that levels of activity of antibodies against R. equi antigens are correlates of protection against both subclinical and clinical R. equi pneumonia in field settings. Among PNAG HIP-transfused foals, activity of antibodies with C՛1q deposition (an indicator of functional antibodies) were a stronger predictor of protection than was PNAG antibody activity alone. Collectively, these findings suggest that the amount and activity of antibodies in HIP (i.e., plasma volume and/or antibody activity) is positively associated with protection against R. equi pneumonia in foals.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylglucosamine/immunology
- Actinomycetales Infections/immunology
- Actinomycetales Infections/microbiology
- Actinomycetales Infections/prevention & control
- Actinomycetales Infections/veterinary
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Newborn/microbiology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Horse Diseases/immunology
- Horse Diseases/microbiology
- Horse Diseases/prevention & control
- Horses/immunology
- Horses/microbiology
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunization, Passive/veterinary
- Male
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/veterinary
- Rhodococcus equi/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K. Kahn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Vinacur
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sophia C. Cortez-Ramirez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | | | | | - Angela I. Bordin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Gerald B. Pier
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Freitas NFQR, Otaka DY, Galvão CC, de Almeida DM, Ferreira MRA, Moreira Júnior C, Hidalgo MMMH, Conceição FR, Salvarani FM. Humoral Immune Response Evaluation in Horses Vaccinated with Recombinant Clostridium perfringens Toxoids Alpha and Beta for 12 Months. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:566. [PMID: 34437437 PMCID: PMC8402361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In horses, Clostridium perfringens is associated with acute and fatal enterocolitis, which is caused by a beta toxin (CPB), and myonecrosis, which is caused by an alpha toxin (CPA). Although the most effective way to prevent these diseases is through vaccination, specific clostridial vaccines for horses against C. perfringens are not widely available. The aim of this study was to pioneer the immunization of horses with three different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µg) of C. perfringens recombinant alpha (rCPA) and beta (rCPB) proteins, as well as to evaluate the humoral immune response over 360 days. Recombinant toxoids were developed and applied to 50 horses on days 0 and 30. Those vaccines attempted to stimulate the production of alpha antitoxin (anti-CPA) and beta antitoxin (anti-CPB), in addition to becoming innocuous, stable and sterile. There was a reduction in the level of neutralizing anti-CPA and anti-CPB antibodies following the 60th day; therefore, the concentrations of 200 and 400 µg capable of inducing a detectable humoral immune response were not determined until day 180. In practical terms, 200 µg is possibly the ideal concentration for use in the veterinary industry's production of vaccines against the action of C. perfringens in equine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra F. Q. R. Freitas
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Brazil; (N.F.Q.R.F.); (D.Y.O.); (C.C.G.); (D.M.d.A.)
| | - Denis Y. Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Brazil; (N.F.Q.R.F.); (D.Y.O.); (C.C.G.); (D.M.d.A.)
| | - Cleideanny C. Galvão
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Brazil; (N.F.Q.R.F.); (D.Y.O.); (C.C.G.); (D.M.d.A.)
| | - Dayane M. de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Brazil; (N.F.Q.R.F.); (D.Y.O.); (C.C.G.); (D.M.d.A.)
| | - Marcos R. A. Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 96160-000, Brazil; (M.R.A.F.); (C.M.J.); (F.R.C.)
| | - Clóvis Moreira Júnior
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 96160-000, Brazil; (M.R.A.F.); (C.M.J.); (F.R.C.)
| | - Marina M. M. H. Hidalgo
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 96160-000, Brazil;
| | - Fabricio R. Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 96160-000, Brazil; (M.R.A.F.); (C.M.J.); (F.R.C.)
| | - Felipe M. Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Brazil; (N.F.Q.R.F.); (D.Y.O.); (C.C.G.); (D.M.d.A.)
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Ward AB, Stephen K, Argo CM, Harris PA, Watson CA, Neacsu M, Russell W, Grove-White DH, Morrison PK. COVID-19 impacts equine welfare: Policy implications for laminitis and obesity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252340. [PMID: 34048478 PMCID: PMC8162578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact human health and welfare on a global level. In March 2020, stringent national restrictions were enforced in the UK to protect public health and slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Restrictions were likely to have resulted in collateral consequences for the health and welfare of horses and ponies, especially those at risk of obesity and laminitis and this issue warranted more detailed exploration. The current study utilised qualitative methodology to investigate the implications of COVID-19 related policies upon equine management and welfare with a focus on horses and ponies at risk of laminitis and obesity. Twenty-four interviews with five sub-groups of key equestrian welfare stakeholders in the UK were conducted between May and July of 2020 to understand the challenges facing equine welfare in the context of laminitis and obesity susceptible animals. Thematic analysis revealed lockdown-associated factors with the potential to compromise welfare of horses and ponies at risk of obesity and laminitis. These included: disparate information and guidance, difficulties enacting public health measures in yard environments, and horses having reduced exercise during the pandemic. Positive examples of clear and consistent information sharing by farriers were reported to have improved horse owner understanding of routine hoof care during lockdown. Analysis suggested that the recommendations for supporting the management-based needs of horses under reduced supervision were not clearly defined, or were not sufficiently disseminated, across the equine industry. These findings support the development of guidelines specific to the care of horses and ponies at risk of obesity and laminitis through collaborative input from veterinary and welfare experts, to reduce the negative impacts of future lockdown events in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Ward
- Scotland’s Rural College, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Stephen
- Scotland’s Rural College, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Madalina Neacsu
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Russell
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dai H. Grove-White
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
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Karam B, Wilson WD, Chambers TM, Reedy S, Pusterla N. Hemagglutinin inhibition antibody responses to commercial equine influenza vaccines in vaccinated horses. Can Vet J 2021; 62:266-272. [PMID: 33692582 PMCID: PMC7877680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay to assess humoral immune response to equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccines from various manufacturers administered to previously immunized adult horses was investigated. Subjects were allocated into one of 3 groups and vaccinated with various commercially available vaccines. Groups were subdivided into subjects that received 1 dose of a particular vaccine and those that received a second dose, 30 d later. Serum was collected at various times to assess antibody responses to contemporary EIV Florida sub-lineage strains. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and all groups had a significant increase in antibody titers pre- and post-administration of the first dose. In contrast, there was no significant difference between day 30 titers and titers at subsequent time points, regardless of protocol. We concluded that administration of various commercial influenza vaccines containing a different sub-lineage clade stimulated equivalent HI antibody titers after 1 booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Karam
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Karam), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Wilson, Pusterla), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (Chambers, Reedy)
| | - William D Wilson
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Karam), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Wilson, Pusterla), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (Chambers, Reedy)
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Karam), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Wilson, Pusterla), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (Chambers, Reedy)
| | - Stephanie Reedy
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Karam), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Wilson, Pusterla), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (Chambers, Reedy)
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Karam), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Wilson, Pusterla), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (Chambers, Reedy)
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Cooper CJ, Arroyo LG, Pearl DL, Hewson J, Lillie BN. Survey of the equine broodmare industry, abortion, and equine herpesvirus-1 vaccination in Ontario. Can Vet J 2021; 62:124-132. [PMID: 33542550 PMCID: PMC7808208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A survey of Ontario horse breeders was conducted in 2016 and retrospectively asked farm-level management questions regarding herd sizes, vaccination, respiratory disease, and abortion over the years 2014 to 2015. A total of 88 farm owners completed the survey, reporting 857 broodmares. Using logistic regression modelling, management influences on vaccine use, and the reporting of respiratory disease or abortion was investigated. Having veterinary records and the reasons for breeding were significantly associated with the odds of an abortion even after controlling for broodmare herd size. The odds of having respiratory illness on the farm were significantly greater if the farm was the primary source of income even after controlling for farm size. Respondents with primary breeding operations were more likely to utilize vaccines against equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), independent of herd size. Veterinarians were more involved with abortions than with respiratory disease, leaving a significant gap in the opportunities for client education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina J Cooper
- Department of Pathobiology (Cooper, Lillie), Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Hewson), and Department of Population Medicine (Pearl), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Pathobiology (Cooper, Lillie), Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Hewson), and Department of Population Medicine (Pearl), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Pathobiology (Cooper, Lillie), Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Hewson), and Department of Population Medicine (Pearl), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Joanne Hewson
- Department of Pathobiology (Cooper, Lillie), Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Hewson), and Department of Population Medicine (Pearl), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology (Cooper, Lillie), Department of Clinical Studies (Arroyo, Hewson), and Department of Population Medicine (Pearl), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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Kumar R, Gupta RP, Bera BC, Anand T, Bhatia S, Kumar N, Sood R, Pavulraj S, Mathew MK, Balena V, Karthik S, Sansanwal R, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Pathological and immunological protection induced by inactivated reverse genetics-based H3N8 equine influenza vaccine candidate in murine model. Acta Virol 2021; 64:359-374. [PMID: 32985215 DOI: 10.4149/av_2020_314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is an important viral respiratory disease of equines caused by influenza A virus (IAV). The antigenic drift in IAVs necessitates regular updating and harmonization of vaccine strain with the circulating virus. The reverse genetics-based recombinant viruses could be easy instrument in generating vaccine against circulating virus in a quick and effective manner. Present study has been envisaged to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated recombinant equine influenza virus (rgEIV) vaccine candidate having six segments from H1N1 virus (A/WSN/33/H1N1) and HA (hemaglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) segments from H3N8 equine influenza virus [(A/eq/Jammu-Katra/06/08) of clade 2 of Florida sublineage] generated through reverse genetic engineering. BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated rgEIV adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide gel and challenged with H3N8 virus (A/eq/Jammu-Katra/06/08). The protective efficacy was evaluated through serology, cytokine profiling, clinical signs, gross and histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry and residual virus quantification. Immunizations induced robust humoral immune response as estimated through hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI). The antibodies were isotyped and the predominant subclass was IgG1. The vaccine candidate produced mixed Th1 and Th2 responses through stimulation of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 expression. Immunization protected mice against challenge as reflected through reduction in clinical signs and body weight loss, early recovery, mild pathological changes (gross and histopathological lesions) as evident through scoring of lesions, low residual virus in nasopharynx and lungs quantified through egg titration and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). The study demonstrates that inactivated recombinant EIV generated through reverse genetic approach provides equivalent protection to that observed with inactivated whole H3N8 EIV vaccine. Keywords: equine influenza; reverse genetics; vaccine; pathology; murine model.
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Castillo‐Olivares J. African horse sickness in Thailand: Challenges of controlling an outbreak by vaccination. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:9-14. [PMID: 33007121 PMCID: PMC7821295 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castillo‐Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral ZoonoticsDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughLeicsUK
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Strangles Awareness Week: a new initiative to help stamp out strangles. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e42. [PMID: 32895310 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abigail McGlennon of the Animal Health Trust and Andrea Vilela of the Redwings Horse Sanctuary describe the creation and impact of a new initiative to tackle strangles in UK horses.
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Tackling misinformation on social media. Vet Rec 2019; 185:606. [PMID: 31732642 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l6528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This month, a horse owner discusses the problem of identifying what online information to trust.
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Rossi TM, Milwid RM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Descriptive network analysis of a Standardbred horse training facility contact network: Implications for disease transmission. Can Vet J 2020; 61:853-859. [PMID: 32741991 PMCID: PMC7350062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infectious respiratory disease is a common cause of morbidity among racehorses. Quantification of contact patterns in training facilities could help inform disease prevention strategies. The study objectives were to: i) describe the contact network among horses, locations, and humans at a Standardbred horse training facility in Ontario; ii) describe the characteristics of highly influential individuals; and iii) investigate how management changes alter the network metrics and discuss the potential implications for disease transmission. Proximity loggers detected contacts among horses, staff, and locations (n = 144). Network metrics and node centrality measures were described for a 2-mode and horse-only contact network. The 2-mode network density was 0.16. and the median node degree was 20 [interquartile range (IQR) = 12 to 27]. Yearlings and floating staff were most influential in the network suggesting biosecurity programs should emphasize reducing contacts in these groups. Removing highly influential staff or co-housing of age groups resulted in changes to network diameter and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Rachael M Milwid
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Alison Moore
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Terri L O'Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
| | - Amy L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (Rossi, Milwid, O'Sullivan, Greer); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario (Moore)
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Abstract
With outbreaks of equine influenza continuing to be reported in the UK, Richard Newton and Fleur Whitlock of the Animal Health Trust discusses practical steps that vets can promote and practise to reduce the risk of the virus spreading.
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Salco R, Bowers J, Hernandez V, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Prevention of respiratory infections with alpha- and gamma-herpesviruses in weanling foals by using a modified live intra-nasal equine influenza vaccine. Can Vet J 2020; 61:517-520. [PMID: 32355351 PMCID: PMC7155874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if the administration of a modified live equine influenza virus vaccine (FluAvert) to foals would positively impact their health and reduce colonization of their upper airways with equine herpesviruses (EHV) during the weaning period. A single dose of FluAvert was given to 20 healthy foals 7 days prior to being weaned; 20 healthy foals served as unvaccinated controls. Nasal secretions and blood were collected before vaccination, the day of weaning, and weekly thereafter for 3 weeks. Nasal secretions were tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for EHV-1, -2, -4 and -5. Whole blood was analyzed for a complete blood cell count and fibrinogen concentration. Physical assessments were made daily. The use of FluAvert was associated with a better clinical outcome. However, the equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine did not influence selected hematological parameters and kinetics of herpesviruses. The clinical benefit observed in vaccinates may explain the perception that the EIV vaccine induces cross-protection against respiratory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Salco
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA (Pusterla, Barnum); Harris Farms Horse Division, 27366 West Oakland Avenue, Coalinga, California, USA (Salco, Bowers, Hernandez)
| | - Jeanne Bowers
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA (Pusterla, Barnum); Harris Farms Horse Division, 27366 West Oakland Avenue, Coalinga, California, USA (Salco, Bowers, Hernandez)
| | - Virginia Hernandez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA (Pusterla, Barnum); Harris Farms Horse Division, 27366 West Oakland Avenue, Coalinga, California, USA (Salco, Bowers, Hernandez)
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA (Pusterla, Barnum); Harris Farms Horse Division, 27366 West Oakland Avenue, Coalinga, California, USA (Salco, Bowers, Hernandez)
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA (Pusterla, Barnum); Harris Farms Horse Division, 27366 West Oakland Avenue, Coalinga, California, USA (Salco, Bowers, Hernandez)
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Knödlseder JM, Fell SF, Straubinger RK. A study with a commercial vaccine against Lyme borreliosis in horses using two different vaccination schedules: Characterization of the humoral immune response. Vaccine 2019; 37:7207-7212. [PMID: 31635975 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 143 horses were included in a study to test a commercial vaccine against Lyme borreliosis. The vaccine contained three different antigens (outer surface protein A, OspA) to prevent the infection with spirochetes - B.burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii. Horses in Group A (49 animals) received two vaccinations on days 0 and 14 and a booster on day 365, whereas 50 horses in Group B received an additional booster vaccination on day 180. Group C (44 animals) was not immunized. Total antibody levels and specific OspA antibody responses were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in two-month intervals over 13-month period. Vaccinees in Groups A and B developed high OspA antibodies levels, whereas horses in Group C did not show specific antibody responses. The additional vaccination applied in Group B enhanced the specific OspA antibody response significantly and prevented its rapid decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin M Knödlseder
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Shari F Fell
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Bayly W, Lopez C, Sides R, Bergsma G, Bergsma J, Gold J, Sellon D. Effect of different protocols on the mitigation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses when administered 24 hours before strenuous exercise. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2319-2326. [PMID: 31397944 PMCID: PMC6766505 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public pressure exists in the United States to eliminate race-day furosemide administration despite its efficacy in decreasing the severity of equine exercise pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). No effective alternative prophylaxis strategies have been identified. OBJECTIVE To investigate alternative protocols to race-day furosemide that might mitigate EIPH. ANIMALS Seven fit Thoroughbreds with recent EIPH. METHODS Double-blinded placebo-controlled Latin square crossover using a treadmill followed by a blinded placebo-controlled crossover study at a racetrack. First, horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue 24 hours after initiating 5 EIPH prophylaxis protocols: 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg furosemide IV 24 hours pre-exercise with and without controlled access to water, and 24 hour controlled access to water. Effects were compared to those measured after giving a placebo 24 hours pre-exercise, and 0.5 mg/kg furosemide IV 4 hours pre-exercise. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) erythrocyte count was determined 45-60 minutes postexercise after endoscopy to assign an EIPH score. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. The most promising protocol from the treadmill study was further evaluated in 6 horses using endoscopy and BAL after 1100 m simulated races. RESULTS Intravenous furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) administered 24 hours pre-exercise combined with controlled access to water decreased the severity of EIPH on the treadmill and at the racetrack. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administering 0.5 mg/kg furosemide 24 hours pre-racing combined with controlling water intake may be a strategy to replace race-day furosemide administration for the management of EIPH. A larger study is indicated to further evaluate whether this protocol significantly mitigates EIPH severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Carolina Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Raymond Sides
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | | | - Jenifer Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Debra Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Kahn SK, Blodgett GP, Canaday NM, Bevevino KE, Rocha JN, Bordin AI, Cohen ND. Transfusion With 2 L of Hyperimmune Plasma is Superior to Transfusion of 1 L or Less for Protecting Foals Against Subclinical Pneumonia Attributed to Rhodococcus equi. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:54-58. [PMID: 31405501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transfusing foals with Rhodococcus equi hyperimmune plasma (REHIP) is a standard practice at many horse-breeding farms to help prevent R. equi pneumonia. At many large breeding farms, pneumonia is most commonly recognized as subclinical based on thoracic ultrasonography findings. The efficacy of REHIP transfusion and the impact of the volume of plasma transfused for reducing the cumulative incidence of subclinical R. equi pneumonia are unknown. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among foals born and residing through weaning at a large breeding farm. Foals were transfused with either 0 L (n = 2 foals), 1 L (n = 85 foals), or 2 L (n = 62 foals) of REHIP within 36 hours of birth. Volume transfused was principally based on intended use of the foals. All foals at the ranch were routinely screened using thoracic ultrasonography at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age to detect subclinical pneumonia attributed to R. equi based on farm history. The proportion of the foals receiving < 1 L REHIP that developed subclinical pneumonia (32%; 26/82) was significantly (P = .0068; chi-squared test) greater than that among foals transfused with 2 L of REHIP (12%; 8/68). Despite the important limitations of this observational study, it provides evidence supporting the need for well-designed clinical trials to evaluate the impact of the use and dose of REHIP for preventing subclinical pneumonia. Reducing the incidence of subclinical pneumonia is important because reducing antibiotic treatment of subclinical cases will decrease selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance in R. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Kahn
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | | | - Kari E Bevevino
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Joana N Rocha
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Angela I Bordin
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
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Abstract
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) occurs commonly in horses undergoing strenuous exercise. Reported risk factors include racing in cold temperatures and wearing of bar shoes. In horses with documented moderate to severe EIPH, increasing the interval between races and adopting a negative race pace strategy may reduce the severity of EIPH in subsequent races. EIPH seems to have an impact on performance only when moderate to severe. This occurs in a small number of starters, approximately 6%. EIPH often is erratic in severity from race to race, although across a population it is weakly progressive over increasing race starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Crispe
- Simon Miller Racing, PO Box 7298, Shenton Park, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Guy D Lester
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
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Coleman MC, Belknap JK, Eades SC, Galantino-Homer HL, Hunt RJ, Geor RJ, McCue ME, McIlwraith CW, Moore RM, Peroni JF, Townsend HG, White NA, Cummings KJ, Ivanek-Miojevic R, Cohen ND. Case-control study of risk factors for pasture-and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis in North American horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 253:470-478. [PMID: 30058970 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.4.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate risk factors for the development of pasture- and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis (PEAL) in horses and ponies in North America. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 199 horses with incident cases of PEAL and 351 horses from 2 control populations (healthy horses [n = 198] and horses with lameness not caused by laminitis [153]) that were evaluated in North America between January 2012 and December 2015 by veterinarian members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. PROCEDURES North American members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners were contacted to participate in the study, and participating veterinarians provided historical data on incident cases of PEAL, each matched with a healthy control and a lameness control. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to compare data on PEAL-affected horses with data on horses from each set of controls. RESULTS Horses with an obese body condition (ie, body condition score ≥ 7), generalized or regional adiposity (alone or in combination), preexisting endocrinopathy, or recent (within 30 days) glucocorticoid administration had increased odds of developing PEAL, compared with horses that did not have these findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study identified several risk factors for PEAL that may assist not only in managing and preventing this form of laminitis, but also in guiding future research into its pathogenesis.
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Sanz MG, Bradway DS, Horohov DW, Baszler TV. Rhodococcus equi-specific hyperimmune plasma administration decreases faecal shedding of pathogenic R. equi in foals. Vet Rec 2019; 185:19. [PMID: 30995996 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is the most common cause of pneumonia in young foals. Pneumonic foals are an important source of environmental contamination as they shed higher amounts of R. equi in their faeces than unaffected foals. As R. equi-specific hyperimmune plasma (HIP) lessens clinical pneumonia, we hypothesise that its use would result in decreased faecal shedding of R. equi by foals. Neonatal foals were either given HIP (n=12) or nothing (n=9, control) shortly after birth and were then experimentally infected with R. equi Faeces were collected before and on weeks 2, 3, 5 and 7 after infection. Presence of virulent R. equi was tested using qPCR. There was strong evidence of an association between HIP administration and a decrease in faecal shedding of virulent R. equi (P=0.031 by Pearson chi-squared test). Foals in the control shed significantly more R. equi (colony-forming units/ml) than foals that received HIP (P=0.008 by Mann-Whitney rank-sum test). While our study is the first to report this additional benefit of HIP administration, future studies are needed to evaluate the implications of its use under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena G Sanz
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel S Bradway
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Timothy V Baszler
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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