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Abbas G, Ghafar A, McConnell E, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes EJA, El-Hage C, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Gauci CG, Beveridge I, Ling E, Jacobson C, Stevenson MA, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. A national survey of anthelmintic resistance in ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Australian Thoroughbred horses. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100517. [PMID: 38064906 PMCID: PMC10757041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
This study quantified the extent of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in ascarid and strongylid nematodes against commonly used anthelmintics in Australian Thoroughbred horses. Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs, n = 86) and egg reappearance period (ERP) tests were conducted on 22 farms across Australia. Faecal egg counts (FECs) were determined using the modified McMaster technique, and percent faecal egg count reduction (%FECR) was calculated using the Bayesian hierarchical model and hybrid Frequentist/Bayesian analysis method. The results were interpreted using old (published in 1992) and new (2023) research guidelines of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). The species composition of strongylid nematodes was detected utilising a DNA-metabarcoding method using pre- and post-treatment samples. Resistance was observed in strongylid nematodes to commonly used single-active and combination anthelmintics, including ivermectin (IVM %FECR range: 82%-92%; 95% lower credible interval (LCI) range: 80%-90%), abamectin (ABM: 73%-92%; 65%-88%), moxidectin (MOX: 89%-91%; 84%-89%), oxfendazole (OFZ: 0%-56%; 0%-31%) and its combination with pyrantel (OFZ + PYR: 0%-82%; 0%-78%). Resistance in Parascaris spp. was observed to IVM (10%-43%; 0%-36%), ABM (0%; 0%) and MOX (0%; 0%). When the new thresholds recommended by the WAAVP were used, AR was detected in six additional FECRTs for strongylids and three more tests for Parascaris spp., introducing resistance to OFZ and OFZ + PYR in the latter. Shortened ERPs (4-6 weeks) of strongylids were observed in 31 FECRTs in which AR was not detected at 2 weeks post-treatment for all the anthelmintics tested. Among cyathostomins, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Coronocyclus coronatus were the most prevalent species at 2 weeks post-treatment, whereas the main species appearing at five weeks following treatments with macrocyclic lactones were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicocyclus ashworthi. After treatment with OFZ + PYR, the latter three, plus Coronocyclus coronatus and Cyathostomum catinatum, were detected at 5 weeks post-treatment. Overall, the study highlights the prevalence of AR in both ascarids and strongylid nematodes against commonly used anthelmintic products to control worms in Australian horses. The results indicate that ML combination products provided acceptable efficacy at 2 weeks. However, ERP calculations suggest that products work less effectively than previously measured. It is suggested to regularly monitor the efficacy of the anthelmintics and consider changing the worm control practices to better manage worms and AR in Australian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Emma McConnell
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Peter Carrigan
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - Lucy Cudmore
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - John Hurley
- Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria 3608, Australia
| | - Charles G Gauci
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Elysia Ling
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Abbas G, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Stevenson MA, Jabbar A. Worm control practices used by Thoroughbred horse managers in Australia: A national survey. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110116. [PMID: 38244523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed worm control practices used by Australian Thoroughbred farm managers with an online questionnaire survey. The questionnaire comprised 52 questions (close-ended: 44; open-ended: 8) about farm demography and general husbandry practices, farm managers' knowledge of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and their importance, diagnosis, worm control strategies and anthelmintics, anthelmintic resistance (AR) and grazing management. Following the pilot survey, the link for the questionnaire survey was sent to all (n = 657) registered members of the Thoroughbred Breeders Australia on 12th April 2020. The response rate for the questionnaire was 18.5% (122 of 675). The farm managers reported a good understanding of GIN and their importance in different age groups of horses as most respondents (70% of 122) perceived worm-related illness to be more important in young (i.e., foals, weanlings and yearlings) than adult (> 3 years old) horses. Although most respondents (93%, 113 of 122) used anthelmintics prophylactically to control GIN, only 15% (18 of 122) observed worm-related illness in their horses. Just under 40% of respondents were performing faecal egg counts, with less than 20% using the results of faecal egg counts to guide deworming decisions. The interval-based deworming strategy was the most common method (≥55% of 122 respondents) to control GIN in all age groups of horses. Macrocyclic lactones were the first choice of anthelmintics for all age groups of horses. Although the majority of respondents (88%, 107 of 122) perceived resistance in GIN against commonly used anthelmintics as an important issue in managing worms in horses, only 29% assessed the efficacy of anthelmintics and 91% (111 of 122) were unaware of AR on their properties. Grazing management practices, such as manure removal, were more frequently performed on smaller paddocks (<0.20 ha: 58%) than on larger paddocks (>0.20 ha: 18%). Multiple correspondence analyses showed that the likelihood of suboptimal worm control practices on small farms (n = ≤50 horses) was greater than that of medium (n = 51-100) and large (n = >100) farms. This study provides insights into the demography of Thoroughbred farms in Australia, husbandry practices used by stud managers and their knowledge about worms, control options and AR concerns, thereby paving the way for taking any initiatives to address the problem of AR in GIN of Australian Thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | - Peter Carrigan
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Cudmore
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Hurley
- Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Abbas G, Ghafar A, Beasley A, Stevenson MA, Bauquier J, Koehler AV, Wilkes EJA, McConnell E, El-Hage C, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Gauci CG, Beveridge I, Jacobson C, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Understanding temporal and spatial distribution of intestinal nematodes of horses using faecal egg counts and DNA metabarcoding. Vet Parasitol 2024; 325:110094. [PMID: 38091893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the spatial and temporal distribution of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Thoroughbred horses by age category across different climatic zones in Australia over an 18-month period. Faecal samples (n = 2046) from individual horses were analysed using the modified McMaster technique for faecal egg counts (FECs). Strongylids were identified using PCR-directed next-generation sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Yearlings had the highest prevalence (82%) of strongyle eggs followed by weanlings (79%), foals (58%), wet mares (49%) and dry mares (46%). For Parascaris spp., foals had the highest prevalence (35%) followed by weanlings (21%) and yearlings (10%). The highest mean FECs for Parascaris spp. were observed in foals (525 eggs per gram [EPG] of faeces) while those for strongyles were in yearlings (962 EPG). Among horses that were classified as adults at the time of sampling, 77% (860 of 1119) of mares were low (i.e., <250 EPG) strongyle egg-shedders. Mean strongyle FEC counts were highest in the Mediterranean (818 EPG) followed by summer (599 EPG), winter (442 EPG), and non-seasonal (413 EPG) rainfall zones. Twenty-six nematode species were detected, with Cylicostephanus longibursatus (26.5%), Cylicocyclus nassatus (23.7%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (20.5%) being the most frequently detected species. Their richness and relative abundance varied with horse age, season and climatic zone. In addition, Strongylus equinus and Triodontophorus spp. (T. brevicauda and T. serratus) were also detected. This comprehensive study elucidates spatial (climatic zone) and temporal (i.e., seasonal) trends in prevalence and burdens of intestinal nematodes in Australian horses using non-invasive conventional and molecular methods. The information presented in this study is crucial for developing integrated management strategies to control horse parasites in farmed horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | - Emma McConnell
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Peter Carrigan
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - Lucy Cudmore
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - John Hurley
- Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria 3608, Australia
| | - Charles G Gauci
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Abbas G, Stevenson MA, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Assessment of worm control practices recommended by equine veterinarians in Australia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1305360. [PMID: 38026649 PMCID: PMC10654783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1305360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess Australian veterinarians' knowledge, perceptions and treatment strategies for worm control in horses with an online questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised 64 questions covering various aspects of: (i) veterinary practice; (ii) the veterinarian's knowledge of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and the importance of parasites in different age groups of horses; (iii) the diagnosis and control of worms; (iv) anthelmintics and anthelmintic resistance (AR); (v) grazing management; and (vi) the means of communication and the discussion between veterinarians and their clients regarding worm control. Following a pilot survey, a link for the questionnaire survey was sent to all (n = 1,148) registered members of Equine Veterinarians Australia in April 2020. The response rate for the questionnaire was 10% (118 of 1,148). The findings of this study illustrate veterinarians' good understanding of aspects of equine parasites, including control. However, respondents mainly recommended frequent, interval-based prophylactic deworming in young horses, and only 40% (96 of 239) diagnosed GIN infections based on faecal egg count (FEC) results in all age groups of horses. Furthermore, only 27% (88 of 330) of the respondents made deworming decisions based on FECs. Most of the respondents recommended macrocyclic lactones (MLs) for all age groups of horses (71%, 481 of 677), and the most frequently used method to calculate the dose of anthelmintics was by estimating the weight of animals visually (53%, 63 of 118). Although the majority of respondents (97%, 115 of 118) perceived AR to be a critical issue in managing worms in horses, 58% (67 of 118) of them were unaware of the status of AR on their clients' properties. Forty-two percent (50 of 118) of the respondents perceived the presence of AR in worms, including pinworms (16%), strongylins (15%), species of Draschia and Habronema (6%), Strongyloides westeri (2%) and tapeworms (1%). Twenty-seven percent (32 of 118) of the respondents rarely discussed equine worm control practices with their clients. This study provides insights into the perception and worm control practices recommended by Australian veterinarians to manage equine parasites. The findings highlight the importance of continued education and awareness of AR, and the use of non-chemical methods as well as consideration of the legislation of prescription-only use of anthelmintics based on FECs to achieve sustainable control of GINs in Australian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A. Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin K. Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kristopher J. Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Abbas G, Ghafar A, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Ling E, Gauci CG, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, McConnell E, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Stevenson MA, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Prevalence and diversity of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Australian Thoroughbred horses using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic tools. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110048. [PMID: 37844388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The study presents the results of a cross-sectional survey to describe the epidemiology of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in horses, the impact of diverse climatic conditions on parasite diversity and the levels of faecal egg shedding in different age groups of managed Thoroughbred horses. Individual faecal samples (n = 1377) collected from 62 Thoroughbred farms across four climatic zones in Australia were analysed using the modified McMaster technique for faecal egg counts (FECs) and strongylid nematodes were identified utilising PCR-directed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the second internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS-2). Across all age groups, the prevalence of ascarid and strongylid nematodes was 12% (95% confidence interval 10-14%) and 72% (70-74%), respectively. Based on strongylid FECs, yearlings had the highest prevalence (89%) followed by weanlings (83%), foals (79%), wet mares (61%), dry mares (59%) and stallions (54%). However, for Parascaris spp., foals had the highest prevalence (46%) followed by weanlings (32%) and yearlings (13%). The highest mean FECs for Parascaris spp. were observed in foals (418 eggs per gram [EPG] of faeces) while those for strongylids were in yearlings (1002 EPG). Of the adult horses (mares and stallions), 67% (489 of 729) and 11% (77 of 729) were low (i.e., ≤250 EPG) and moderate (i.e., 251-500 EPG) strongylid egg-shedders, respectively. Strongylid egg shedding varied across climatic zones, with the highest mean FECs in the summer rainfall (723 EPG) followed by non-seasonal rainfall (629 EPG), winter rainfall (613 EPG), and Mediterranean (606 EPG) rainfall zones. Twenty-three nematode species were detected using NGS, with Cylicostephanus longibursatus (28%), Cylicocyclus nassatus (23%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (23%), being the most abundant species. Three species of Strongylus (i.e., S. vulgaris, S. equinus and S. edentatus) were also detected. The nemabiome composition, species richness and relative abundance varied within horse age and between climatic zones. These empirical findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of parasites within horse populations and the multifaceted factors that influence their occurrence, thereby allowing for the formulation of tailored strategies aimed at parasite control in domestic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Elysia Ling
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Charles G Gauci
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | - Emma McConnell
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Peter Carrigan
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - Lucy Cudmore
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia
| | - John Hurley
- Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria 3608, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Lloyd JB, Clune T, Jacobson C, Schröder J. Detection of ovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonic lungs from apparently healthy sheep slaughtered at 5 abattoirs in Australia. Can J Vet Res 2023; 87:303-305. [PMID: 37790264 PMCID: PMC10542950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is one of the main diseases of sheep in many regions globally. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe disease in humans and in calves, but little is known about the role of RSV in sheep. We studied the prevalence of ovine RSV in sheep processed at 5 abattoirs in southern Australia. Bronchial swab samples were collected from 182 consignments of lambs up to 12 months of age and 71 consignments of adult sheep; these were tested for the presence of the virus using a qPCR based on the F gene sequence. Six of the 253 abattoir consignments (2.4%) tested positive for ovine RSV. Four of the positive consignments were lambs and 2 were adult sheep. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the ovine strain of RSV in sheep with pneumonia from Australia. Further research is needed to clarify the role of RSV in pneumonia in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan B Lloyd
- Joan Lloyd Consulting Pty Ltd, PO Box 496, West Ryde, New South Wales 1685, Australia (Lloyd), Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia (Clune, Jacobson), Gemini R&D Services, PO Box 5002, Terranora, New South Wales 2486, Australia (Schröder)
| | - Tom Clune
- Joan Lloyd Consulting Pty Ltd, PO Box 496, West Ryde, New South Wales 1685, Australia (Lloyd), Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia (Clune, Jacobson), Gemini R&D Services, PO Box 5002, Terranora, New South Wales 2486, Australia (Schröder)
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Joan Lloyd Consulting Pty Ltd, PO Box 496, West Ryde, New South Wales 1685, Australia (Lloyd), Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia (Clune, Jacobson), Gemini R&D Services, PO Box 5002, Terranora, New South Wales 2486, Australia (Schröder)
| | - Johann Schröder
- Joan Lloyd Consulting Pty Ltd, PO Box 496, West Ryde, New South Wales 1685, Australia (Lloyd), Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia (Clune, Jacobson), Gemini R&D Services, PO Box 5002, Terranora, New South Wales 2486, Australia (Schröder)
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Jelocnik M, White RT, Clune T, O'Connell J, Foxwell J, Hair S, Besier S, Tom L, Phillips N, Robbins A, Bogema D, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Jenkins C, Jacobson C. Molecular characterisation of the Australian and New Zealand livestock Chlamydia pecorum strains confirms novel but clonal ST23 in association with ovine foetal loss. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109774. [PMID: 37216721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum is a veterinary pathogen associated with abortions and perinatal mortality in sheep. Recent studies investigating foetal and perinatal lamb mortality in sheep from Australia and New Zealand identified C. pecorum clonal sequence type (ST)23 strains in aborted and stillborn lambs. Presently, there is limited genotypic information on C. pecorum strains associated with reproductive disease, although whole genome sequencing (WGS) of one abortigenic ST23 C. pecorum strain identified unique features, including a deletion in the CDS1 locus of the chlamydial plasmid. We applied WGS on two ST23 strains detected in aborted and stillborn lambs from Australia and used phylogenetic and comparative analyses to compare these to the other available C. pecorum genomes. To re-evaluate the genetic diversity of contemporary strains, we applied C. pecorum genotyping, and chlamydial plasmid sequencing to a range of C. pecorum positive samples and isolates from ewes, aborted foetuses and stillborn lambs, cattle and a goat from diverse geographical regions across Australia and New Zealand.The two new C. pecorum genomes are nearly identical to the genome of the Australian abortigenic strain including the unique deletion in the chlamydial plasmid. Genotyping revealed that these novel C. pecorum ST23 strains are widespread and associated with sheep abortions on Australian and New Zealand farms. In addition, a goat C. pecorum strain (denoted ST 304) from New Zealand was also characterised. This study expands the C. pecorum genome catalogue and describes a comprehensive molecular characterisation of the novel livestock ST23 strains associated with foetal and lamb mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Jelocnik
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia.
| | - Rhys T White
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Tom Clune
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - John O'Connell
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand. john.o'
| | - Jonathan Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - Sam Hair
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
| | - Shane Besier
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
| | - La Tom
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nyree Phillips
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amy Robbins
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia.
| | - Daniel Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia.
| | - Paola K Vaz
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Alistair R Legione
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia.
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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8
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Macdonald SL, Abbas G, Ghafar A, Gauci CG, Bauquier J, El-Hage C, Tennent-Brown B, Wilkes EJA, Beasley A, Jacobson C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Hughes KJ, Nielsen MK, Jabbar A. Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 21:28-39. [PMID: 36543048 PMCID: PMC10105024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyathostomins are the most common and highly prevalent parasites of horses worldwide. Historically, the control of cyathostomins has mainly relied on the routine use of anthelmintic products. Increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cyathostomins are concerning. A potential method proposed for detecting emerging AR in cyathostomins has been estimating the egg reappearance period (ERP). This paper reviews the data available for the ERP of cyathostomins against the three major classes of anthelmintics, macrocyclic lactones, tetrahydropyrimidines, and benzimidazoles. Published peer-reviewed original research articles were obtained from three databases (PubMed, CAB Direct and Web of Science) and were evaluated for their inclusion in a systematic review. Subsets of articles were then subjected to a review of ERP data. A total of 54 (of 134) studies published between 1972 and 2022 met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Until the beginning of 2022, there was no agreed definition of the ERP; eight definitions of ERP were identified in the literature, complicating the comparison between studies. Additionally, potential risk factors for the shortening of the ERP, including previous anthelmintic use and climate, were frequently not described. Reports of shortened ERP for moxidectin and ivermectin are frequent: 20 studies that used comparable ERP definitions reported shortened moxidectin and ivermectin ERPs of 35 and 28 days, respectively. It is unclear whether the ERPs of these anthelmintics reduced to such levels are due to the development of AR or some biological factors related to horses, cyathostomin species, and/or the environment. The ERPs for other anthelmintics, such as fenbendazole and pyrantel, were frequently not reported due to established resistance against these drugs. Future research in horses is required to understand the mechanism(s) behind the shortening of ERP for cyathostomins. Based on this systematic review, we propose recommendations for future ERP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Macdonald
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles G Gauci
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Tennent-Brown
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lucy Cudmore
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Carrigan
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Hurley
- Swettenham Stud, Nagambie, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Ababneh H, Jacobson C, Frigault M, Ng A, Patel C. Radiotherapy as a Bridging Approach in High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas before CD19-Targeted CAR T-Cell Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Ababneh H, Jacobson C, Frigault M, Ng A, Patel C. Outcomes of Salvage Radiotherapy in Refractory or Relapsed High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with Commercial CAR T-Cell Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Clune T, Bruce M, Glanville E, Campbell AJD, Lockwood A, Hancock S, Thompson AN, Beetson S, Brookes D, Trengove C, O'Handley R, Jacobson C. Seropositivity to
Campylobacter
and association with abortion and lamb mortality in maiden ewes from Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:397-406. [PMID: 35665919 PMCID: PMC9544749 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This case‐control study investigated associations between Campylobacter fetus or Campylobacter jejuni titre and reproductive outcomes in 22 flocks of Merino and non‐Merino maiden ewes aged 1–2 years old. Campylobacter titres were also determined for multiparous ewes aged 3 years or older on the same farms. C. fetus ‘positivity’ (titre ≥1:80) was detected for 12% (57/462; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.6 to 15.6) of maiden ewes and 31% (65/210; 95% CI 25.0 to 37.4) of mature ewes. The odds for failing to rear a lamb in C. fetus‐‘exposed’ maiden ewes (titre ≥1:10) was 2.01 times that of seronegative ewes (95% CI 1.09 to 3.77; P = 0.027), but there was no association between C. fetus‐‘positivity’ (titre ≥1:80) and failure to rise (OR 1.69; 95% CI 0.77 to 3.76; P = 0.191). C. fetus abortions were confirmed with microbial culture in one maiden ewe flock. In this flock, C. fetus titres fluctuated and often waned by lamb marking, highlighting the value of necropsies during abortion investigations. C. jejuni‐‘positivity’ (titre ≥1:80) was detected for 44% (204/462; 95% CI 39.7 to 48.7) maiden ewes, but odds of failing to rear were decreased for C. jejuni‐‘positive’ ewes (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.83; P = 0.007). The association between Campylobacter serology and the reproductive outcome was inconsistent in these flocks. Serology should be considered in the context of other risk factors and used in conjunction with other strategies to investigate the impact of Campylobacter exposure on ewe reproductive performance such as monitoring for abortions and lamb necropsies to determine aetiological diagnosis, and vaccination trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Clune
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - M Bruce
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - E Glanville
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Melbourne Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - AJD Campbell
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - A Lockwood
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - S Hancock
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - AN Thompson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - S Beetson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - D Brookes
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Melbourne Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - C Trengove
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - R O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Adelaide Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - C Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute Murdoch University South Street Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
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12
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Carlsson R, Svensson I, Jacobson C, Warkentin S. Linking aberrant pauses during object naming to letter and word decoding speed in elderly with attention complaints. Nordic Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2075438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Carlsson
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - I. Svensson
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - C. Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - S. Warkentin
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
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13
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Clune T, Lockwood A, Hancock S, Thompson AN, Bruce M, Beetson S, Campbell AJ, Glanville E, Brookes D, Trengove C, O’Handley R, Jacobson C. Toxoplasma gondii is not an important contributor to poor reproductive performance of primiparous ewes from southern Australia: a prospective cohort study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:109. [PMID: 35305646 PMCID: PMC8933891 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii causes reproductive losses in sheep worldwide, including Australia. The reproductive performance of primiparous ewes is typically lower than for mature, multiparous ewes, and younger ewes are more likely to be immunologically naïve and therefore more susceptible to reproductive disease if T. gondii infection occurs during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of infection with T. gondii on the reproductive performance of primiparous ewes in southern Australia using a prospective cohort study. This will inform the need for targeted control strategies for T. gondii in Australian sheep. Results Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity using indirect ELISA was detected at 16/28 farms located across southern Australia. Apparent seropositivity to T. gondii was lower in primiparous ewes (1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6, 1.8) compared to mature, multiparous ewes (8.1, 95% CI 6.0, 10.5; P < 0.001). Toxoplasma gondii seroconversion during the gestation and lambing period was confirmed for 11/1097 (1.0, 95% CI 0.5, 1.7) of pregnant primiparous ewes that failed to raise a lamb, and 1/161 (0.6, 95% CI 0.1, 2.9) primiparous ewes with confirmed mid-pregnancy abortion. Conclusions Low frequency of detection of T. gondii seroconversion during gestation and low frequency of seropositivity to T. gondii suggests that toxoplasmosis was not an important contributor to reproductive losses in primiparous ewes on farms located over a wide geographical area in southern Australia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03211-w.
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14
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Hutchison D, Clarke BE, Hancock S, Thompson AN, Bowen E, Jacobson C. Lower Reproductive Rate and Lamb Survival Contribute to Lower Lamb Marking Rate in Maiden Ewes Compared to Multiparous Ewes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040513. [PMID: 35203221 PMCID: PMC8868299 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reproductive performance of ewes in their first breeding season (maiden ewes) can be poorer and more variable than at subsequent breeding seasons. However, the extent and causes of the poorer reproductive performance of maiden ewes on Australian sheep farms are not well understood. We used a survey of Australian sheep farmers to compare the reproductive performance of maiden ewes in their first breeding season to multiparous ewes (ewes that have been bred two or more times) on the same farms. We found that the difference in lamb marking rate between non-Merino ewe lambs and multiparous ewes on the same farm was 58%, and for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes, the difference in marking rate compared to multiparous ewes was 22% lower. Poorer reproduction in maiden ewes was due to a combination of poorer reproductive success to mid-pregnancy (reproductive rate), plus poorer survival of lambs between mid-pregnancy and lamb marking. Reproductive performance for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes was correlated with multiparous ewes on the same farm, whereas the reproductive performance of non-Merino ewe lambs was more variable and not associated with the reproductive performance of their multiparous counterparts. The reproductive efficiency of maiden ewes could be improved by addressing factors that improve the reproductive rate and lamb survival between scanning and lamb marking. Abstract Suboptimal reproductive performance of maiden (primiparous) ewes remains a source of inefficiency for the Australian sheep industry. However, the extent and causes of the poorer reproductive performance of maiden ewes on Australian sheep farms are not well understood. Here, we show the reproductive performance of maiden ewes relative to their multiparous counterparts on the same farms across Australia using a cohort survey. The difference in marking rate for non-Merino maiden ewe lambs compared to multiparous ewes was 58% (74 vs. 132%; p < 0.001), and this was attributable to a 50% difference in reproductive rate (109 vs. 159%; p < 0.001) and 16% difference in lamb survival to marking (67 vs. 83%; p < 0.001). The difference in marking rate for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes lambing at approximately 2 years-of-age compared to mature multiparous ewes was 22% (80 vs. 102%; p < 0.001) and this was attributable to a 24% difference in reproductive rate (108 vs. 132%; p < 0.001) and 3% difference for lamb survival (75 vs. 78%; p < 0.05). Positive correlations for reproduction traits (reproductive rate, lamb survival and marking rate) between maidens and multiparous ewes were observed for maiden Merino two-tooth ewes (p < 0.001), but these correlations were weak or non-existent for non-Merino ewe lambs. Strategies to improve both reproductive rate and lamb survival can address the poorer and more variable reproductive performance of maiden ewes.
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15
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Abbas G, Ghafar A, Hurley J, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Wilkes EJA, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Tennent-Brown B, Gauci CG, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:597. [PMID: 34863271 PMCID: PMC8645149 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyathostomins are the most important and common parasitic nematodes of horses, with > 50 species known to occur worldwide. The frequent and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics has resulted in the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in horse nematodes. In this study we assessed the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against cyathostomins in Australian thoroughbred horses. Methods Two drug efficacy trials per farm were conducted on two thoroughbred horse farms in the state of Victoria, Australia. In the first trial, the horses on Farm A were treated with single and combinations of anthelmintics, including oxfendazole (OFZ), abamectin (ABM), abamectin and morantel (ABM + MOR), moxidectin (MOX) and oxfendazole and pyrantel (OFZ + PYR), at the recommended doses, whereas the horses on Farm B only received MOX, at the recommended dose. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the efficacy and egg reappearance period (ERP) of anthelmintics. Based on the results of the first trial, the efficacies of MOX and a combination of ABM + MOR were reassessed to confirm their activities against cyathostomins. Results Of the five anthelmintic products tested on Farm A, resistance against OFZ, ABM and OFZ + PYR was found, with efficacies of − 41% (− 195% lower confidence limit [LCL]), 73% (60% LCL) and 82% (66% LCL) at 2 weeks post-treatment, respectively. The FECRT showed high efficacies of MOX and ABM + MOR (100%) at 2 week post-treatment and shortened ERPs for these anthelmintics (ABM + MOR: 4 weeks; MOX: 5 weeks). Resistance to MOX was found on Farm B, with a reduced efficacy of 90% (70% LCL) and 89% (82% LCL) at 2 weeks post-treatment in trials one and two, respectively. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of MOX- and multidrug-resistant (ABM and combinations of anthelmintics) cyathostomins in Australia and indicates the need for continuous surveillance of the efficacy of currently effective anthelmintics and large-scale investigations to assess the ERP for various anthelmintics. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Edwina J A Wilkes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Brett Tennent-Brown
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles G Gauci
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Clune T, Lockwood A, Hancock S, Thompson AN, Beetson S, Bruce M, Campbell AJ, Glanville E, Brookes D, Trengove C, O'Handley R, Jacobson C. Seropositivity to Coxiella burnetii in primiparous and multiparous ewes from southern Australia: A cross-sectional study. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 80:101727. [PMID: 34875542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of infectious diseases including coxiellosis in causing poorer reproductive performance of primiparous ewes are not well studied. The aims of this study were to determine if natural exposure to Coxiella burnetii is widespread in breeding ewes and whether seropositivity is associated with poor reproductive performance of primiparous ewes. Seropositivity to Coxiella burnetii was 0.08% (CI95% 0.01, 0.36) in primiparous ewes and 0.36% (CI95% 0.07, 1.14) in mature ewes. Coxiella burnetii was not detected in aborted or stillborn lambs using qPCR. These findings suggest C. burnetii infection was unlikely to be an important contributor to abortion and perinatal mortalities observed for primiparous ewe flocks, and exposure to C. burnetii was not widespread in ewes on farms located over wide geographical region of southern Australia. Whilst ewes on these farms were not an important reservoir for C. burnetii, sporadic zoonotic transmission from sheep is reported and has public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Clune
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Amy Lockwood
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Serina Hancock
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew N Thompson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Sue Beetson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Angus J Campbell
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Elsa Glanville
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Daniel Brookes
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Colin Trengove
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Adelaide University, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Adelaide University, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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17
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Clune T, Lockwood A, Hancock S, Bruce M, Thompson AN, Beetson S, Campbell AJ, Glanville E, Brookes D, Trengove C, O'Handley R, Jacobson C. Neospora caninum is not an important contributor to poor reproductive performance of primiparous ewes from southern Australia: evidence from a cross-sectional study. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3875-3882. [PMID: 34599357 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum has been implicated as a sporadic cause of abortion and perinatal deaths in sheep flocks globally. However, its significance as a reproductive pathogen for sheep in Australia remains unknown. The aims of this study were to (i) determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum in Australian breeding ewes and (ii) examine if natural exposure to N. caninum is associated with poor reproductive performance of primiparous ewes in southern Australia. Thirty flocks of primiparous ewes (aged 1-2 years old at lambing) from 28 farms in three states (Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria) were monitored between mating and lamb marking. Blood samples were also collected from multiparous mature ewes (aged 3 years or older) at each farm. Seroprevalence for anti-N. caninum IgG using indirect ELISA was determined for a subset of primiparous ewes that were predominantly determined to be pregnant and subsequently failed to rear a lamb (n = 1279) and randomly selected mature multiparous ewes with unknown reproductive status (n = 558). Neopsora caninum apparent seroprevalence was 0.16% (95% confidence interval 0.03%, 0.5%) in primiparous ewes, with seropositivity identified in two ewes from farms located in South Australia and Victoria. There was no evidence of seropositivity in mature ewes with apparent seroprevalence 0% (0%, 0.45%). These findings suggest that N. caninum infection was not widespread in primiparous ewes or mature multiparous ewes on these farms, and exposure to N. caninum infection was unlikely to explain abortion and perinatal mortalities observed for primiparous ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clune
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Amy Lockwood
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Serina Hancock
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew N Thompson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Sue Beetson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Angus J Campbell
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Elsa Glanville
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Daniel Brookes
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Colin Trengove
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
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Bruce M, Young JM, Masters DG, Refshauge G, Thompson AN, Kenyon PR, Behrendt R, Lockwood A, Miller DW, Jacobson C. The impact of lamb and ewe mortality associated with dystocia on Australian and New Zealand sheep farms: A systematic review, meta-analysis and bio-economic model. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105478. [PMID: 34487918 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dystocia contributes to lamb and ewe mortality in the periparturient period but impacts for extensive sheep production systems remain poorly understood. Here we show that lamb and ewe mortality associated with dystocia has important impacts on sheep production in Australia and New Zealand, and quantify financial impacts for the Australian sheep industry. A systematic review of the literature identified 11 publications published since 1990 that reported sheep mortality due to dystocia in Australia or New Zealand. Assumptions for ewe breeding flock structure and reproductive performance were based on Australian sheep industry data. The proportion of lamb mortality attributable to dystocia (including stillbirths and perinatal deaths with evidence of hypoxic injury) pooled across all studies (pooled proportional mortality ratio) was 47 % (95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 38, 55). Pooled proportional mortality ratio for Australian studies was 53 % (95 %CI: 47, 60), and for New Zealand studies was 35 % (95 %CI: 19, 51). Pooled proportional mortality ratio was similar for lambs born to Merino and non-Merino ewes, although more data are needed to determine effects of ewe breed independent of other factors. Pooled proportional mortality ratio was higher for single lambs (59 %; 95 % CI: 55, 63) than twin (47 %; 41, 54) or triplet (49 %; 46, 52) lambs. However, the number of dystocia-associated mortalities is higher for twin-born lambs than for singles because total mortality is higher for twin-born lambs. It is estimated that approximately 7.7 million lamb deaths and 297,500 ewe deaths per year are attributable to dystocia in Australia for the national flock of 38 million breeding ewes. The whole-farm bio-economic Model of an Integrated Dryland Agricultural System (MIDAS) was used to determine the impacts of dystocia-associated ewe and lamb mortality on Australian farm profit. Dystocia is estimated to reduce Australian national farm profit by AU$780 million or $23.00 per ewe mated based on an assumed lamb sale price of AU$6.50 per kg carcass weight. These estimates do not include the costs of reduced productivity for surviving ewes and lambs, intervention, post-farmgate impacts, delayed genetic progress, or impacts on animal welfare and access into sheep meat and wool markets. Reducing dystocia through improved genetics and sheep management will improve animal welfare and farm profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieghan Bruce
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - John M Young
- Farming Systems Analysis Service, 476 Tindale Rd, Kentdale, WA, 6333, Australia
| | - David G Masters
- School of Agriculture and Environment, M085, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gordon Refshauge
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Cowra Agricultural Research and Advisory Station, Cowra, NSW, 2794, Australia
| | - Andrew N Thompson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Paul R Kenyon
- International Sheep Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ralph Behrendt
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Hamilton, Victoria, 3300, Australia
| | - Amy Lockwood
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David W Miller
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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Clune T, Besier S, Hair S, Hancock S, Lockwood A, Thompson A, Jelocnik M, Jacobson C. Chlamydia pecorum detection in aborted and stillborn lambs from Western Australia. Vet Res 2021; 52:84. [PMID: 34116730 PMCID: PMC8196467 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamb survival is an important welfare and productivity issue for sheep industries worldwide. Lower lamb survival has been reported for primiparous ewes, but the causes of this are not well studied. The aim of this study was to determine causes of perinatal deaths for lambs born to primiparous ewes in Western Australia, and identify if infectious diseases are implicated. Lamb mortality from birth to marking were determined for 11 primiparous ewe flocks on 10 farms in Western Australia. Lamb mortality from birth to marking averaged 14% for single-born and 26% for multiple-born lambs. Lamb necropsies (n = 298) identified starvation–mismosthering–exposure (34%), dystocia (24%) and stillbirth (15%) as the most common causes of perinatal lamb death. There was no evidence of exotic abortigenic pathogens in aborted and stillborn lambs (n = 35). Chlamydia pecorum was detected by qPCR in 15/35 aborted and stillborn lambs on 5/6 farms. Preliminary molecular characterisation of C. pecorum detected in samples from aborted and stillborn lambs (n = 8) using both Multilocus Sequence Typing and ompA genotyping indicated all strains were genetically identical to previously described pathogenic livestock strains, denoted ST23, and dissimilar to gastrointestinal strains. High frequency of detection of a pathogenic C. pecorum strains ST23 associated with ovine abortion and stillbirth on multiple farms located across a wide geographic area has not been previously reported. Chlamydia pecorum may contribute to reproductive wastage for primiparous sheep in Western Australia. Further investigation to understand C. pecorum epidemiology and impact on sheep reproduction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Clune
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Shane Besier
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Sam Hair
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Serina Hancock
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Amy Lockwood
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4557, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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20
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Basnet S, Dahal S, Tamrakar D, Shakya YR, Jacobson C, Shrestha J, Shrestha SK. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to COVID-19 among Healthcare Personnel in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal: A Cross-sectional Survey. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2021; 18:21-28. [PMID: 33605234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is significantly affecting the healthcare system globally. As a result, healthcare workers need to be updated on the best practices for the proper management of the disease. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to COVID-19 among healthcare personnel. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted among medical personnel at Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital using a semi-structured questionnaire on KAP related to COVID-19 from May 8th to June 8th, 2020. We analyzed survey data by using descriptive statistics. Spearman rank correlation, chi-square test and binary logistic analysis were used to examine the association between sociodemographic characteristics with KAP related to COVID-19. Result Among 220 participants, the majority were nurses (60%) followed by doctors (27.7%), paramedics (10%) and technicians (2.3%). The results showed that 68.6% of healthcare personnel had a good knowledge with appropriate practices (98.5%) and negative attitude (59.3%). In the multivariate binary logistic analysis, the healthcare workers with the clinical experience level of one to five years (OR:.42, 95% CI:.19- .96) and more than 5 years (OR: .16, 95% CI: .04-.63) were significantly associated with negative attitude. The confidence score for managing COVID-19 (OR:1.16, 95% CI:1.02-1.34) was significantly associated with an optimistic attitude. Conclusion Healthcare workers are knowledgeable about COVID-19 and proactively practising to minimize the spread of infection but lack optimistic attitudes. Hence, the constantly updated educational programmes related to COVID-19 for targeted groups will contribute to improving healthcare workers' attitude and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Basnet
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S Dahal
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - D Tamrakar
- Department of Community Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Y R Shakya
- Department of General Surgery, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - C Jacobson
- Fulbright U.S. Student Program, The United States Education Foundation, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - J Shrestha
- Department of Nursing, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - S K Shrestha
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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21
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Ghafar A, Abbas G, King J, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, El-Hage C, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes EJ, Hurley J, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Tennent-Brown B, Nielsen MK, Gauci CG, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Comparative studies on faecal egg counting techniques used for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of equines: A systematic review. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases 2021; 1:100046. [PMID: 35284858 PMCID: PMC8906068 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Faecal egg counting techniques (FECT) form the cornerstone for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites in equines. For this purpose, several flotation, centrifugation, image- and artificial intelligence-based techniques are used, with varying levels of performance. This review aimed to critically appraise the literature on the assessment and comparison of various coprological techniques and/or modifications of these techniques used for equines and to identify the knowledge gaps and future research directions. We searched three databases for published scientific studies on the assessment and comparison of FECT in equines and included 27 studies in the final synthesis. Overall, the performance parameters of McMaster (81.5%), Mini-FLOTAC® (33.3%) and simple flotation (25.5%) techniques were assessed in most of the studies, with 77.8% of them comparing the performance of at least two or three methods. The detection of strongyle, Parascaris spp. and cestode eggs was assessed for various FECT in 70.4%, 18.5% and 18.5% studies, respectively. A sugar-based flotation solution with a specific gravity of ≥1.2 was found to be the optimal flotation solution for parasitic eggs in the majority of FECT. No uniform or standardised protocol was followed for the comparison of various FECT, and the tested sample size (i.e. equine population and faecal samples) also varied substantially across all studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to evaluate studies on the comparison of FECT in equines and it highlights important knowledge gaps in the evaluation and comparison of such techniques. An assessment of studies on the comparison of faecal egg counting in equine parasitology was undertaken. A consensus on the methodology and performance parameters for faecal egg counting techniques is required. Technical and biological sources of variability in faecal egg counts should be considered. Minimum analytical and diagnostic performance parameters should be assessed.
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22
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Zahedi A, Ryan U, Rawlings V, Greay T, Hancock S, Bruce M, Jacobson C. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in dam water on sheep farms – An important source of transmission? Vet Parasitol 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/01435129610106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Clune T, Beetson S, Besier S, Knowles G, Paskin R, Rawlin G, Suter R, Jacobson C. Ovine abortion and stillbirth investigations in Australia. Aust Vet J 2020; 99:72-78. [PMID: 33289077 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fetal loss and lamb mortality between mid-pregnancy and weaning are important economic and welfare issues for the Australian sheep industry. The aim of this study was to determine common causes of ovine abortion and stillbirths based on submissions to veterinary laboratories and identify factors that impact the determination of an aetiological diagnosis. Data for 529 investigations on abortion or stillbirth between 2000 and 2018 were retrieved from four state veterinary laboratories in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. An aetiological diagnosis was made for 57% of investigations. Investigations that included placental tissue samples were more than twice as likely to have an aetiological diagnosis compared to investigations without placenta (P = 0.017, 95% confidence interval 1.1, 4.5). Of the investigations where an aetiological diagnosis was made, 81% involved infectious abortion, with Campylobacter spp. (32%), Listeria spp. (25%) and Toxoplasma gondii (9%) being the three most common abortigenic pathogens implicated. The remaining 19% of investigations with an aetiological diagnosis included a wide range of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Diagnoses made varied year to year and between states. No evidence of exotic abortigenic pathogens were reported. Veterinary practitioners can improve the probability of an aetiological diagnosis by emphasising to farmers the importance of collecting any aborted material, especially placenta, and appropriate storage of the tissues until they can be submitted to the laboratory. Some diseases that cause abortion in Australian sheep have zoonotic potential, and veterinary practitioners play an important role in educating clients about appropriate hygiene when handling pregnant and lambing ewes or any aborted material.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Clune
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - S Beetson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - S Besier
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Albany, Western Australia, 6330, Australia
| | - G Knowles
- Animal Health Laboratory, Mt Pleasant, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Prospect, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - R Paskin
- OMNI Animal Health Consultancy, Mount Barker, South Australia, 5251, Australia
| | - G Rawlin
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - R Suter
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Attwood, Victoria, 3049, Australia
| | - C Jacobson
- Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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24
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Ostfeld N, Islam MM, Jelocnik M, Hilbe M, Sydler T, Hartnack S, Jacobson C, Clune T, Marsh I, Sales N, Polkinghorne A, Borel N. Chlamydia pecorum-Induced Arthritis in Experimentally and Naturally Infected Sheep. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:346-360. [PMID: 33208021 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820973461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum is an obligate intracellular pathogen with a wide host range including livestock such as sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs as well as wildlife species such as koalas. Chlamydial polyarthritis is an economically important disease resulting in swollen joints, lameness, stiffness, and weight loss in young sheep. In the present study, tissues from sheep experimentally or naturally infected with Chlamydia pecorum were assessed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Carpal, hock, and stifle joints as well as spleen, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, lung, and brain of 35 sheep from different inoculation groups were available. Two different C. pecorum strains (IPA and E58), different routes of administration (intraarticular or intravenous), UVA-irradiated IPA strain, and corresponding noninfected control groups were investigated. Similar investigations on tissues from 5 naturally infected sheep were performed. The most obvious inflammatory lesions were observed in synovial tissues and, notably, in the renal pelvis from the experimentally infected group and naturally infected animals. This resulted in chronic or chronic-active arthritis and pyelitis. Intralesional chlamydial inclusions could be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in both tissues. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the presence and distribution of macrophages, T and B cells in synovial tissues revealed macrophages as the most prevalent inflammatory cell population. Previous observations indicated that C. pecorum isolates can infect circulating monocytes. Together with the finding of the histological lesions in synovial tissues and internal organs alongside the presence of C. pecorum DNA, these observations suggest chlamydial arthritis in lambs is the result of hematogeneous spread of C. pecorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mominul M Islam
- 5333University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.,Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- 5333University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom Clune
- 5673Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Marsh
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, 153388Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institut, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Narelle Sales
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, 153388Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institut, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- 6488Nepean Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Ganatra S, Redd R, Hayek S, Parikh R, Azam T, Yanik G, Spendley L, Nikiforow S, Jacobson C, Nohria A. Cardiovascular effects of chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy for refractory or relapsed non-hodgkin lymphoma. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Cardiovascular complications of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy are poorly understood. We examined the incidence, predictors and impact of new or worsening cardiomyopathy in patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy.
Methods
All patients with refractory or relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, undergoing CAR T-cell therapy at collaborative institutes underwent serial echocardiograms at baseline and within 7 days after developing high-grade cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and were followed for all-cause mortality. New or worsening cardiomyopathy was defined as a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >10% from baseline to <50% during the index hospitalization.
Results
Among 187 consecutive CAR T-cell therapy patients, 116 (50 Grade ≤1 CRS, 66 Grade ≥2 CRS) had >1 echocardiogram performed and were included in this analysis. The median age was 63 (range 19–80) years, 42% were women, 91% were Caucasian. A total of 12 (10.3%) patients developed new or worsening cardiomyopathy with a decline in LVEF from 58±6% to 36±7% within a median of 12.5 (range 2–24) days of CAR T-cell infusion. In multivariable analyses, older age, prior stem cell transplantation, baseline angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and CRS grade ≥2 were associated with the development of cardiomyopathy. Patients who developed cardiomyopathy were more likely to require vasopressor support (p=0.004) and mechanical ventilation (p=0.014). LVEF improved in 9/12 (75%) patients. CAR T-cell associated cardiomyopathy did not impact overall mortality or cancer response to CAR-T cell therapy.
Conclusions
Patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy are at risk of developing cardiomyopathy and hemodynamic instability. Pre-CAR T-cell therapy cardiovascular risk stratification and echocardiogram surveillance during therapy should be considered for prompt identification and mitigation of cardiac complications.
Predictors of Cardiomyopathy Development
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Private hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Anju Nohria, MD is supported by the Gelb Master Clinician Award at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ganatra
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, United States of America
| | - R Redd
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States of America
| | - S Hayek
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - R Parikh
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, United States of America
| | - T Azam
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - G Yanik
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - L Spendley
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States of America
| | - S Nikiforow
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States of America
| | - C Jacobson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States of America
| | - A Nohria
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States of America
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27
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Abstract
Building resilience is a critical response to climate change. Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change, yet planning rarely considers how broader community development interventions can enhance resilience and support development. One solution is resilience assessment. However, few assessment frameworks exist that are sufficiently simple to empower communities to build resilience and take ownership of adaptation efforts. This article provides an example of a 27-question framework applied with two Cambodian communes (communities) to assess and understand trends in resilience over time. It is structured around community development outcomes of economic development, environmental quality, infrastructure that matches demands, community self-reliance and capacity to adapt to climate change; it also assesses how inputs and planning contribute to these outcomes. Longitudinal analyses reveal improvements over time driven primarily by commodity values. However, the sustainability of some of these improvements is questionable given volatile commodity markets and land degradation. Oversensitivity in the assessment is acknowledged as awareness increases over time, which can be conflated with poor performance. Maladaptive pathways may be unavoidable without building resilience by attending to broader community development issues, e.g. psychological wellbeing and education on alternative livelihoods. This article makes a significant contribution to community resilience by providing a simple resilience assessment framework that has demonstrably empowered communes to adapt to change. It is novel in the use of assessment design and process principles that build reflection on the drivers of resilience and development. Critical issues remain in the power dynamics of aid dependence, weakening of family bonds and patron-client relationships that affect resilience building in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobson
- Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs Road, Sippy Downs, Australia.
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28
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Saeed MA, Beveridge I, Abbas G, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes E, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, El-Hage C, O'Handley R, Hurley J, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Walter L, Tennent-Brown B, Nielsen MK, Jabbar A. Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:188. [PMID: 31036059 PMCID: PMC6489199 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have been the subject of intermittent studies in Australia over the past few decades. However, comprehensive information on the epidemiology of equine GINs, the efficacy of available anthelmintic drugs and the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in Australasia is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed existing knowledge on the horse GINs recorded in Australia, and main aspects of their pathogeneses, epidemiology, diagnoses, treatment and control. Methods Six electronic databases were searched for publications on GINs of Australian horses that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to review epidemiology, diagnoses, pathogeneses, treatment and control of GINs of horses from Australia. Results A total of 51 articles published between 1950 to 2018 were included. The main GINs reported in Australian horses were cyathostomins (at least 28 species), Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae, H. majus, Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westeri and Trichostrongylus axei across different climatic regions of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia. Nematodes are diagnosed based on the traditional McMaster egg counting technique, though molecular markers to characterise common GINs of equines were characterised in 1990s. The use of anthelmintic drugs remains the most widely-used strategy for controlling equine GIN parasites in Australia; however, the threshold of faecal egg count that should trigger treatment in horses, remains controversial. Furthermore, anthelmintic resistance within GIN population of horses is becoming a common problem in Australia. Conclusions Although GINs infecting Australian horses have been the subject of occasional studies over the past few decades, the effective control of GIN infections is hampered by a generalised lack of knowledge in various disciplines of equine parasitology. Therefore, coordinated and focused research is required to fill our knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise equine health and minimise economic losses associated with the parasitic infections in Australia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Saeed
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Beasley
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenni Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwina Wilkes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kris J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Walter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty. Ltd, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Tennent-Brown
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
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Shrestha SK, Jacobson C, Dahal S, Shrestha R, Weiner Y, Sheridan A. Reasons for Summoning Ambulance Services in the Hilly Region of Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2019; 17:141-144. [PMID: 32632063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Nepal lacks a unified and countrywide emergency medical services system as other developing countries. However, the emergence of ambulance service initiatives in the past decade shows a promising future for pre-hospital care. Nepal Ambulance Service (Est. 2011) and Dhulikhel Emergency Medical Services (Est. 2013) are the existing emergency medical services initiatives in Nepal. Objective To describe the reason for summoning ambulance services and demographics of the patients who were transported by Dhulikhel Emergency Medical Services at Dhulikhel hospital, hilly region of Nepal. Method One thousand three hundred and ninety three patient records at Dhulikhel hospital transported by Dhulikhel Emergency Medical Services during the five-year period (2013 - 2018) were included in the study. Chief complaints and demographic data were collected and categorized into overarching systemic categories. Result Among 1393 patients, majority were female (60.4%) and the most common age group was 20-29 years. The most common reason for calling ambulances was gastrointestinal problem (22.6%). Similarly, respiratory (17%), obstetric and gynecological (15.2%), trauma (12.7%) and neurological (9.6%) problems were other common reasons. The number of respiratory problem was increased during the winter season. The overall percentage of patients arriving at hospital with trauma problems was increased steadily, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion Gastrointestinal problem was the most common reason, followed by respiratory and obstetric and gynecological problems for summoning ambulances services in the hilly regions of Nepal. The incidence of respiratory problem significantly increased during the winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Shrestha
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - C Jacobson
- Haas Center for Public Service, Stanford University, USA
| | - S Dahal
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - R Shrestha
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Y Weiner
- Haas Center for Public Service, Stanford University, USA
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Al-Habsi K, Jordan D, Harb A, Laird T, Yang R, O'Dea M, Jacobson C, Miller DW, Ryan U, Abraham S. Salmonella enterica isolates from Western Australian rangeland goats remain susceptible to critically important antimicrobials. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15326. [PMID: 30333552 PMCID: PMC6193037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated faecal carriage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella enterica recovered from rangeland goats. Faecal samples (n = 400) were collected at slaughter from four consignments of goats (n = 100 samples per consignment), each from one of four localities in Western Australia. Carriage of Salmonella spp. was detected in 106 samples (26.5%; 95% CI 22.4-31.0%). The rate of faecal carriage for each consignment ranged between 23-30%. PCR assays targeting the STM2755 and STM4497 genes revealed 84.9% (90/106) of the isolates were of serovar Typhimurium. Salmonella Chester (11/106, 10.4%) and S. Saintpaul (5/106, 4.7%) were characterised at invA and ompF genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that 84.0% of isolates were susceptible to all tested (n = 13) antimicrobials. Resistance was identified to azithromycin (14.2%), tetracycline (10.4%), ampicillin (5.7%), amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefoxitin (3.8%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.9%), gentamicin and streptomycin (0.9%). No isolate was resistant to four or more antimicrobials, or to critically important antimicrobials such as fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum cephalosporins. This is the first study reporting AMR in Salmonella isolates from Australian rangeland goats. The rate of detection of AMR was very low, some resistance to low-importance drugs was present in the Salmonella population, despite the absence of active selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, NSW, 2477, Australia
| | - Ali Harb
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Tanya Laird
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David W Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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Jacobson C, Al-Habsi K, Ryan U, Williams A, Anderson F, Yang R, Abraham S, Miller D. Cryptosporidium infection is associated with reduced growth and diarrhoea in goats beyond weaning. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:30-37. [PMID: 30197010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are common parasites of ruminant livestock worldwide. These parasites are associated with diarrhoea outbreaks in young goats (pre-weaning), but the impacts on health and productivity for older goats (post-weaning) are not well understood. Here we show Cryptosporidium faecal shedding is associated with reduced growth and diarrhoea in goats aged approximately 9-15 months. Goats were sampled four times at one-month intervals. Faecal shedding for a range of pathogens were determined using quantitative PCR and sequencing (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Eimeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter), and microscopy (trichostrongylid nematode worm egg count and Entamoeba). Cryptosporidium faecal shedding was associated with 1.5 kg lower growth for the one-month period following sampling. Specifically, C. xiaoi was associated with 1.9 kg lower growth in the following month. This is the first report of production impacts associated with C. xiaoi in ruminants older than 3 months of age. Cryptosporidium shedding was associated with an over 4-fold increase in risk of diarrhoea, with C. parvum associated with 10-fold and C. ubiquitum associated with 16-fold increase in risk of diarrhoea. Notably, C. xiaoi shedding was not associated with increased risk of diarrhoea. Giardia shedding was associated with looser faecal consistency, but not diarrhoea. Higher Eimeria oocyst counts were weakly associated with lower live weight, poorer body condition and looser faecal consistency. Shedding of other enteric pathogens were not associated with impacts on live weight, growth or diarrhoea risk. This study challenges the two notions that Cryptosporidium infections only impact health and productivity of goats during the pre-weaning period, and that Cryptosporidium (and specifically C. xiaoi) infections in the absence of diarrhoea are asymptomatic. Recognising the potential for impacts of Cryptosporidium infection on growth rates in the absence of diarrhoea will support improved design for experiments testing impacts of Cryptosporidium on ruminant health and production. Improved understanding of the role of protozoan infections on animal health has implications for the management of goats in order to reduce adverse impacts on farm profitability, animal welfare and public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Fiona Anderson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - David Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Jacobson C, Yang R, Williams A, Gardner GE, Carmichael I, Campbell AJD, Ryan U. Faecal shedding of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica determined by qPCR for yst virulence gene is associated with reduced live weight but not diarrhoea in prime lambs. Prev Vet Med 2018; 152:56-64. [PMID: 29559106 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Associations between faecal shedding of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (based on the yst virulence gene) with growth, carcass weight and diarrhoea were investigated using an observational longitudinal study of 1200 crossbred prime (meat) lambs on eight Australian farms. Live weight, breech faecal soiling score (scale 1-5) and faecal consistency score (FCS; scale 1-5) were recorded, and faecal samples collected from each lamb on three sampling occasions; weaning (≈12 weeks of age), post-weaning (≈19 weeks) and pre-slaughter (≈29 weeks). Hot standard carcass weight was measured at slaughter. Faecal samples were screened for presence and concentration of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica using quantitative PCR. Associations of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection and shedding intensity with lamb health and production were assessed using general linear models (carcass weight), linear mixed effects models (live weight, FCS and breech soiling score) and non-parametric tests (FCS and breech soiling score). Prevalence for non-pelleted faeces (FCS ≥ 3.0) and diarrhoea (FCS ≥ 4.0) were compared with the two-tailed z-test, odds ratios and relative risk. Lambs shedding pathogenic Y. enterocolitica were 3.78 kg lighter post-weaning (P < 0.001) and 2.61 kg lighter pre-slaughter (P = 0.035) compared to lambs in which pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was not detected. Higher faecal concentration of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was associated with lower live weight (P < 0.001). There was no association between pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection and carcass weight. Overall, there was no evidence of association between pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection and diarrhoea (higher FCS, higher risk for non-pelleted faeces or diarrhoea, or higher breech soiling score). Only one flock had increased relative risk for non-pelleted faeces associated with pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection, and one other flock had increased relative risk for diarrhoea associated with pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection. This is the first report of an association between reduced sheep live weight and pathogenic Y. enterocolitica based on the presence of the yst gene for heat stable enterotoxin determined by qPCR in sheep. Notably, impacts on live weight were observed in the absence of diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Graham E Gardner
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ian Carmichael
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Glenside, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angus J D Campbell
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Yang R, Abraham S, Gardner GE, Ryan U, Jacobson C. Prevalence and pathogen load of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157/O145 serogroup in sheep faeces collected at sale yards and in abattoir effluent in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:143-148. [PMID: 28444752 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a multiplex quantitative PCR assay to investigate the prevalence and shedding of Escherichia coli O157/O145, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in sheep at sale yards and abattoirs. METHODS A qPCR for E. coli O157/O145 was developed, validated and multiplexed with an existing qPCR for Campylobacter and Salmonella enterica. The absolute numbers of E. coli O157/O145, Campylobacter and Salmonella in control samples was determined using droplet digital PCR. These were then used as the controls in the multiplex qPCR on a total of 474 sheep faecal samples collected from two saleyards over a 4-month period (April-July 2014) and 96 effluent samples from an abattoir. RESULTS The mutiplex qPCR was specific with a sensitivity of 5 organisms/μL faecal DNA extract for Campylobacter, S. enterica and E. coli O157/O145. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter, S. enterica and E. coli O157/O145 in faecal samples was 5.7%, 3.6% and 8.4% and in effluent samples was 18.8%, 6.3% and 5.2%, respectively. The pathogen loads of Campylobacter, S. enterica and E. coli O157/O145 in faecal and effluent samples was also determined via mutiplex qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalences of Campylobacter, S. enterica and E. coli O157/O145 were generally low (<6%), but point prevalences ranged considerably in healthy sheep (up to 26% for E. coli O157/O145). Further work to determine risk factors for shedding of bacterial organisms in meat sheep in the pre-slaughter period (on-farm, sale yards and lairage at abattoirs) could further reduce the risk of contamination of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - S Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - G E Gardner
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - U Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - C Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Al-Habsi K, Yang R, Ryan U, Miller DW, Jacobson C. Morphological and molecular characterization of three Eimeria species from captured rangeland goats in Western Australia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2017; 9:75-83. [PMID: 31014847 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Faecal shedding of Eimeria by captured rangeland goats (Capra hircus) was investigated using a longitudinal observational study. Faecal samples were collected from 125 male goats on four occasions. The first sampling occurred following capture and transport, immediately after arrival at a commercial goat depot (feedlot) in Western Australia, with subsequent 3 sample collections occurring at one month intervals thereafter. Goats were composite breed and aged approximately 9-12months on arrival at the feedlot. Prevalence and shedding intensity (faecal oocyst concentration) for Eimeria were determined using qPCR. Species were identified from individual oocysts (isolated using micromanipulation) using molecular analysis at two loci, specifically 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene (COI), and confirmed by microscopy. Longitudinal prevalence (animals positive at least once) for Eimeria spp. by qPCR was 90.4%, with 60% goats shedding Eimeria spp. on more than one occasion. Point prevalence (prevalence at a single sampling occasion) ranged from 2.4% (fourth sampling) to 70.4% (second sampling). Three species were identified at the 18S rRNA locus and confirmed by microscopy: E. christenseni (longitudinal prevalence for single infection 34.4%), E. hirci (17.6%) and E. arloingi (8.8%) over the four sample collections. Mixed infections were identified in 56.8% goats (longitudinal prevalence). 18S rRNA sequences from E. christenseni and E. hirci were 100% homologous with ovine E. ahsata and E. crandallis respectively, and E. arloingi was 100% similar to caprine E. arloingi. At the COI locus, E. christenseni, E. hirci and E. arloingi grouped separately, and were closely related to ovine E. ahsata, with genetic similarities of 96.5%, 92.6% and 91.4% respectively. This is the first report for molecular characteristics of caprine-derived Eimeria spp. using a combination of 18S rRNA and COI. Molecular techniques can be used to identify Eimeria spp. in goat faecal samples, specifically through characterization at 18S locus and other gene loci when used in parallel. Molecular techniques offer some advantages over microscopy for identification of Eimeria species, particularly with respect to precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - David W Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Dybing NA, Jacobson C, Irwin P, Algar D, Adams PJ. Leptospira Species in Feral Cats and Black Rats from Western Australia and Christmas Island. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:319-324. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narelle A. Dybing
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - David Algar
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Place, Woodvale, Western Australia
| | - Peter J. Adams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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Al-Habsi K, Yang R, Ryan U, Jacobson C, Miller DW. Morphological and molecular characterization of an uninucleated cyst-producing Entamoeba spp. in captured Rangeland goats in Western Australia. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:41-46. [PMID: 28215866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uninucleated Entamoeba cysts measuring 7.3×7.7μm were detected in faecal samples collected from wild Rangeland goats (Capra hircus) after arrival at a commercial goat depot near Geraldton, Western Australia at a prevalence of 6.4% (8/125). Sequences were obtained at the 18S rRNA (n=8) and actin (n=5) loci following PCR amplification. At the 18S locus, phylogenetic analysis grouped the isolates closest with an E. bovis isolate (FN666250) from a sheep from Sweden with 99% similarity. At the actin locus, no E. bovis sequences were available, and the isolates shared 94.0% genetic similarity with E. suis from a pig in Western Japan. This is the first report to describe the morphology and molecular characterisation of Entamoeba from Rangeland goats in Western Australia and the first study to produce actin sequences from E. bovis-like Entamoeba sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - David W Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Al-Habsi K, Yang R, Williams A, Miller D, Ryan U, Jacobson C. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia shedding by captured rangeland goats. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2016; 7:32-35. [PMID: 31014653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Faecal shedding of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by captured rangeland goats was investigated using a longitudinal study with four faecal samples collected from 125 male goats once monthly for four months, commencing immediately after capture and transport to a commercial goat depot (feedlot). Goats were composite breed and aged approximately 9-12months on arrival. Faecal samples were screened for Cryptosporidium and Giardia presence and concentration using quantitative PCR and sequencing at the 18S ribosomal RNA locus (Cryptosporidium), and glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin loci (Giardia). Longitudinal prevalence for Cryptosporidium was 27.2% (point prevalence range 3-14%) with 3 species identified: C. xiaoi (longitudinal prevalence 13.6%), C. ubiquitum (6.4%) and C. parvum (3.2%). Sub-typing at the gp60 locus identified C. ubiquitum XIIa, C. parvum IIaA17G2R1 and C. parvum IIaA17G4R1. This is the first report of the zoonotic C. parvum subtype IIaA17G4R1 in goats. The pattern of genotypes shed in faeces changed over the duration of study with C. ubiquitum identified only at the first and second samplings, and C. parvum identified only at the fourth sampling. Longitudinal prevalence for Giardia duodenalis was 29.6% (point prevalence range 4-12%) with all positives sub-typed as assemblage E. Only 2/125 goats were identified to be shedding Cryptosporidium or Giardia on more than one occasion. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes in captured rangeland goats. Faecal shedding of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and potentially zoonotic G.duodenalis has implications for food safety and effluent management. Keywords: Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Rangeland goats; zoonotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - Andrew Williams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - David Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150.
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
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Neelapu S, Locke F, Bartlett N, Siddiqi T, Braunschweig I, Lekakis L, Goy A, Castro J, Oluwole O, Miklos D, Timmerman J, Jacobson C, Reagan P, Flinn I, Farooq U, Stiff P, Navale L, Elias M, Wiezorek J, Go W. ZUMA-1: A phase 2 multi-center study evaluating anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in patients with refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw375.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Jacobson C, Williams A, Yang R, Ryan U, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Gardner GE. Greater intensity and frequency of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocyst shedding beyond the neonatal period is associated with reductions in growth, carcase weight and dressing efficiency in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yang R, Ryan U, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJD, Jacobson C. Prevalence, faecal shedding and genetic characterisation ofYersiniaspp. in sheep across four states of Australia. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:129-37. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - U Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - G Gardner
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - I Carmichael
- South Australian Research and Development Institute; Glenside SA Australia
| | - AJD Campbell
- Mackinnon Project, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; Werribee VIC Australia
| | - C Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch, Western Australia 6150 Australia
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Dybing NA, Jacobson C, Irwin P, Algar D, Adams PJ. BartonellaSpecies Identified in Rodent and Feline Hosts from Island and Mainland Western Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:238-44. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narelle A. Dybing
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dave Algar
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Woodvale, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J. Adams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Cornelius MP, Jacobson C, Dobson R, Besier RB. Computer modelling of anthelmintic resistance and worm control outcomes for refugia-based nematode control strategies in Merino ewes in Western Australia. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:59-66. [PMID: 26995722 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study utilised computer simulation modelling (Risk Management Model for Nematodes) to investigate the impact of different parasite refugia scenarios on the development of anthelmintic resistance and worm control effectiveness. The simulations were conducted for adult ewe flocks in a Mediterranean climatic region over a 20 year time period. Factors explored in the simulation exercise were environment (different weather conditions), drug efficacy, the percentage of the flock left untreated, the timing of anthelmintic treatments, the initial worm egg count, and the number of drenches per annum. The model was run with variable proportions of the flock untreated (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%), with ewes selected at random so that reductions in the mean worm burden or egg count were proportional to the treated section of the flock. Treatments to ewes were given either in summer (December; low refugia potential, hence highly selective) or autumn (March; less selective due to a greater refugia potential), and the use of different anthelmintics was simulated to indicate the difference between active ingredients of different efficacy. Each model scenario was run for two environments, specifically a lower rainfall area (more selective) and a higher rainfall area (less selective) within a Mediterranean climatic zone, characterised by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Univariate general linear models with least square difference post-hoc tests were used to examine differences between means of factors. The results confirmed that leaving a proportion of sheep in a flock untreated was effective in delaying the development of anthelmintic resistance, with as low as 10% of a flock untreated sufficient to significantly delay resistance, although this strategy was associated with a small reduction in worm control. Administering anthelmintics in autumn rather than summer was also effective in delaying the development of anthelmintic resistance in the lower rainfall environment where all sheep were treated, although the effect of treatment timing on worm control effectiveness varied between the environments and the proportion of ewes left untreated. The use of anthelmintics with higher efficacy delayed the development of resistance, but the initial worm egg count or number of annual treatments had no effect on either the time to resistance development or worm control effectiveness. In conclusion, the modelling study suggests that leaving a small proportion of ewes untreated, or changing the time of treatment, can delay the onset of anthelmintic resistance in a highly selective environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cornelius
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Katanning, WA 6317, Australia.
| | - C Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - R Dobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - R B Besier
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Albany, WA 6330, Australia
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ryan U. Corrigendum to “Development of a quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Giardia and analysis of the prevalence, cyst shedding and genotypes of Giardia present in sheep across four states in Australia” [Exp. Parasitol. 137 (2014) 46–52]. Exp Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ryan U. Corrigendum to ‘Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Eimeria species in sheep across four states in Australia’ [Exp. Parasitol. 145 (2014) 14–21]. Exp Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJD, Ryan U. Corrigendum to 'Longitudinal prevalence and faecal shedding of Chlamydia pecorum in sheep' [The Veterinary Journal 201 (2014) 322-326]. Vet J 2015; 207:199. [PMID: 28874262 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Graham Gardner
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ian Carmichael
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, 33 Flemington Street, Glenside, SA 5065, Australia
| | - Angus J D Campbell
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ng-Hublin J, Ryan U. Corrigendum to “Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in sheep across four states in Australia” [Vet. Parasitol. 200 (2014) 50–58]. Vet Parasitol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang R, Gardner GE, Ryan U, Jacobson C. Prevalence and pathogen load of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sheep faeces collected from saleyards and in abattoir effluent in Western Australia. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cornelius M, Jacobson C, Besier R. Body condition score as a selection tool for targeted selective treatment-based nematode control strategies in Merino ewes. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ryan U. Longitudinal prevalence, faecal shedding and molecular characterisation of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella enterica in sheep. Vet J 2014; 202:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ryan U. Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Eimeria species in sheep across four states in Australia. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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