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Klose SM, Legione AR, Bushell RN, Browning GF, Vaz PK. Unveiling genome plasticity and a novel phage in Mycoplasma felis: Genomic investigations of four feline isolates. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001227. [PMID: 38546735 PMCID: PMC11004492 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma felis has been isolated from diseased cats and horses, but to date only a single fully assembled genome of this species, of an isolate from a horse, has been characterized. This study aimed to characterize and compare the completely assembled genomes of four clinical isolates of M. felis from three domestic cats, assembled with the aid of short- and long-read sequencing methods. The completed genomes encoded a median of 759 ORFs (range 743-777) and had a median average nucleotide identity of 98.2 % with the genome of the available equid origin reference strain. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the occurrence of multiple horizontal gene transfer events and significant genome reassortment. This had resulted in the acquisition or loss of numerous genes within the Australian felid isolate genomes, encoding putative proteins involved in DNA transfer, metabolism, DNA replication, host cell interaction and restriction modification systems. Additionally, a novel mycoplasma phage was detected in one Australian felid M. felis isolate by genomic analysis and visualized using cryo-transmission electron microscopy. This study has highlighted the complex genomic dynamics in different host environments. Furthermore, the sequences obtained in this work will enable the development of new diagnostic tools, and identification of future infection control and treatment options for the respiratory disease complex in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Klose
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys N. Bushell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn F. Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola K. Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wright BR, Casteriano A, Muir YSS, Hulse L, Simpson SJ, Legione AR, Vaz PK, Devlin JM, Krockenberger MB, Higgins DP. Expanding the known distribution of phascolartid gammaherpesvirus 1 in koalas to populations across Queensland and New South Wales. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1223. [PMID: 38216613 PMCID: PMC10786818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Koala populations across the east coast of Australia are under threat of extinction with little known about the presence or distribution of a potential pathogen, phascolartid gammaherpesvirus 1 (PhaHV-1) across these threatened populations. Co-infections with PhaHV-1 and Chlamydia pecorum may be common and there is currently a limited understanding of the impact of these co-infections on koala health. To address these knowledge gaps, archived clinical and field-collected koala samples were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine the distribution of PhaHV-1 in previously untested populations across New South Wales and Queensland. We detected PhaHV-1 in all regions surveyed with differences in detection rate between clinical samples from rescued koalas (26%) and field-collected samples from free-living koalas (8%). This may reflect increased viral shedding in koalas that have been admitted into care. We have corroborated previous work indicating greater detection of PhaHV-1 with increasing age in koalas and an association between PhaHV-1 and C. pecorum detection. Our work highlights the need for continued surveillance of PhaHV-1 in koala populations to inform management interventions, and targeted research to understand the pathogenesis of PhaHV-1 and determine the impact of infection and co-infection with C. pecorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda R Wright
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Andrea Casteriano
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yasmine S S Muir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lyndal Hulse
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah J Simpson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Klose SM, Legione AR, Monotti I, Bushell RN, Sugiyama T, Browning GF, Vaz PK. Genomic characterization of Mycoplasma edwardii isolated from a dog bite induced cat wound reveals multiple horizontal gene transfer events and loss of the CRISPR/Cas system. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38167305 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A domestic short hair cat (Felis catus) suffering from a purulent wound infection resulting from a dog bite was sampled for bacterial culture and isolation as the wound had been unresponsive to prolonged antimicrobial treatment. A mycoplasma was isolated from the wound. Whole genome sequencing of the isolate was performed using short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore chemistry, and the organism was identified as Mycoplasma edwardii. Comparison of the genome sequence of the isolate to a reference M. edwardii genome sequence (canid isolate) identified the loss of several key bacterial factors involved in genome editing, as well the insertion of several novel ORFs most closely related to those found in other canine mycoplasmas, specifically Mycoplasma canis, M. cynos, M. molare and M. maculosa. This is only the second known report of disease caused by M. edwardii in a non-canid species, and the first report of it infecting and causing clinical disease in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Klose
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Isobel Monotti
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys N Bushell
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Takanori Sugiyama
- U-Vet, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Present address: Animalius Vet, WA, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Onasanya AE, El-Hage C, Diaz-Méndez A, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Hartley CA. Genomic diversity and natural recombination of equid gammaherpesvirus 5 isolates. Infect Genet Evol 2023; 115:105517. [PMID: 37879385 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equid gammaherpesvirus 5 (EHV5) is closely related to equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2). Detection of EHV5 is frequent in horse populations worldwide, but it is often without a clear and significant clinical impact. Infection in horses can often present as subclinical disease; however, it has been associated with respiratory disease, including equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Genetic heterogeneity within small regions of the EHV5 glycoprotein B (gB) sequences have been reported and multiple genotypes of this virus have been identified within individual horses, but full genome sequence data for these viruses is limited. The primary focus of this study was to assess the genomic diversity and natural recombination among EHV5 isolates. RESULTS The genome size of EHV5 prototype strain and the five EHV5 isolates cultured for this study, including four isolates from the same horse, ranged from 181,929 to 183,428 base pairs (bp), with the sizes of terminal repeat regions varying from 0 to 10 bp. The nucleotide sequence identity between the six EHV5 genomes ranged from 95.5 to 99.1%, and the estimated average nucleotide diversity between isolates was 1%. Individual genes displayed varying levels of nucleotide diversity that ranged from 0 to 19%. The analysis of nonsynonymous substitution (Ka > 0.025) revealed high diversity in eight genes. Genome analysis using RDP4 and SplitsTree programs detected evidence of past recombination events between EHV5 isolates. CONCLUSION Genomic diversity and recombination hotspots were identified among EHV5 strains. Recombination can drive genetic diversity, particularly in viruses that have a low rate of nucleotide substitutions. Therefore, the results from this study suggest that recombination is an important contributing factor to EHV5 genomic diversity. The findings from this study provide additional insights into the genetic heterogeneity of the EHV5 genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepeju E Onasanya
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Carol A Hartley
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Steventon C, Wicker L, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Harley D, Dobson E. A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE CAPTIVE LEADBEATER'S POSSUM ( GYMNOBELIDEUS LEADBEATERI) POPULATION FROM 1970 TO 2021. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:511-519. [PMID: 37817616 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is a critically endangered nocturnal marsupial with a restricted range in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. There are two genetically distinct populations divided by location: highland and lowland. Lowland possums exist in one remnant swamp forest and entered captivity in 2012 when ∼60 individuals remained. Today, with less than 20 lowland individuals remaining, any information that informs the yet-unsuccessful breeding program is critical. This study encompasses a retrospective analysis of the causes of mortality and significant histological lesions in captive highland and lowland individuals across seven institutions internationally from 1970 to 2021. During this time, 245 possums lived in captivity. Postmortem records exist for 99 animals, including 349 histopathology diagnoses from 80 reports and 264 gross necropsy diagnoses from 78 reports. Diagnoses were assigned into two categories based on the importance to the individual (causing death or morbidity to a single animal [n = 194]), or importance to the wider population (causing death or morbidity to more than one animal or was related to reproduction [n = 155]). Individual animals had multiple diagnoses, which were tallied as individual data points. Renal disease was diagnosed 57 times; the most common finding was chronic nephropathy (43/57). Cardiovascular disease was diagnosed 33 times; atherosclerosis associated with obesity was common (n = 10/33). Both categories suggest causal association with captive husbandry but elicit no comment on the lack of success of the breeding program. Reproductive disease was diagnosed 36 times in 24 animals (14 females and 10 males). In females, 11 cases of uterine inflammation and associated clinical signs were associated with ascending infection or neoplasia. Of the seven lowland male possums with mortality data, five were infertile (azoospermia or testicular atrophy). More investigation into the reproductive health of this population is indicated to understand the lack of success in the current breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Steventon
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, VIC 3777, Australia,
| | - Leanne Wicker
- Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, VIC 3777, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dan Harley
- Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, VIC 3777, Australia
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Wright BR, Jelocnik M, Casteriano A, Muir YSS, Legione AR, Vaz PK, Devlin JM, Higgins DP. Development of diagnostic and point of care assays for a gammaherpesvirus infecting koalas. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286407. [PMID: 37262062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent listing of koala populations as endangered across much of their range has highlighted the need for better management interventions. Disease is a key threat to koala populations but currently there is no information across the threatened populations on the distribution or impact of a gammaherpesvirus, phascolarctid gammaherpesvirus 1 (PhaHV-1). PhaHV-1 is known to infect koalas in southern populations which are, at present, not threatened. Current testing for PhaHV-1 involves lengthy laboratory techniques that do not permit quantification of viral load. In order to better understand distribution, prevalence and impacts of PhaHV-1 infections across koala populations, diagnostic and rapid point of care tests are required. We have developed two novel assays, a qPCR assay and an isothermal assay, that will enable researchers, clinicians and wildlife managers to reliably and rapidly test for PhaHV-1 in koalas. The ability to rapidly diagnose and quantify viral load will aid quarantine practices, inform translocation management and guide research into the clinical significance and impacts of PhaHV-1 infection in koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda R Wright
- Koala Health Hub, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of The Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea Casteriano
- Koala Health Hub, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasmine S S Muir
- Koala Health Hub, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Koala Health Hub, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Jelocnik M, White RT, Clune T, O'Connell J, Foxwell J, Hair S, Besier S, Tom L, Phillips N, Robbins A, Bogema D, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Jenkins C, Jacobson C. Molecular characterisation of the Australian and New Zealand livestock Chlamydia pecorum strains confirms novel but clonal ST23 in association with ovine foetal loss. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109774. [PMID: 37216721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum is a veterinary pathogen associated with abortions and perinatal mortality in sheep. Recent studies investigating foetal and perinatal lamb mortality in sheep from Australia and New Zealand identified C. pecorum clonal sequence type (ST)23 strains in aborted and stillborn lambs. Presently, there is limited genotypic information on C. pecorum strains associated with reproductive disease, although whole genome sequencing (WGS) of one abortigenic ST23 C. pecorum strain identified unique features, including a deletion in the CDS1 locus of the chlamydial plasmid. We applied WGS on two ST23 strains detected in aborted and stillborn lambs from Australia and used phylogenetic and comparative analyses to compare these to the other available C. pecorum genomes. To re-evaluate the genetic diversity of contemporary strains, we applied C. pecorum genotyping, and chlamydial plasmid sequencing to a range of C. pecorum positive samples and isolates from ewes, aborted foetuses and stillborn lambs, cattle and a goat from diverse geographical regions across Australia and New Zealand.The two new C. pecorum genomes are nearly identical to the genome of the Australian abortigenic strain including the unique deletion in the chlamydial plasmid. Genotyping revealed that these novel C. pecorum ST23 strains are widespread and associated with sheep abortions on Australian and New Zealand farms. In addition, a goat C. pecorum strain (denoted ST 304) from New Zealand was also characterised. This study expands the C. pecorum genome catalogue and describes a comprehensive molecular characterisation of the novel livestock ST23 strains associated with foetal and lamb mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Jelocnik
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia.
| | - Rhys T White
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Tom Clune
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - John O'Connell
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand. john.o'
| | - Jonathan Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - Sam Hair
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
| | - Shane Besier
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
| | - La Tom
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Nyree Phillips
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amy Robbins
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia.
| | - Daniel Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia.
| | - Paola K Vaz
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Alistair R Legione
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia.
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- Murdoch University, Centre for Animal Production and Health, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Zahid HF, Ali A, Legione AR, Ranadheera CS, Fang Z, Dunshea FR, Ajlouni S. Probiotic Yoghurt Enriched with Mango Peel Powder: Biotransformation of Phenolics and Modulation of Metabolomic Outputs after In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108560. [PMID: 37239906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the health-promoting effects and prebiotic functions of mango peel powder (MPP) both as a plain individual ingredient and when incorporated in yoghurt during simulated digestion and fermentation. The treatments included plain MPP, plain yoghurt (YA), yoghurt fortified with MPP (YB), and yoghurt fortified with MPP and lactic acid bacteria (YC), along with a blank (BL). The identification of polyphenols in the extracts of insoluble digesta and phenolic metabolites after the in vitro colonic fermentation were performed employing LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2. These extracts were also subjected to pH, microbial count, production of SCFA, and 16S rRNA analyses. The characterisation of phenolic profiles identified 62 phenolic compounds. Among these compounds, phenolic acids were the major compounds that underwent biotransformation via catabolic pathways such as ring fission, decarboxylation, and dehydroxylation. Changes in pH indicated that YC and MPP reduced the media pH from 6.27 and 6.33 to 4.50 and 4.53, respectively. This decline in pH was associated with significant increases in the LAB counts of these samples. The Bifidobacteria counts were 8.11 ± 0.89 and 8.02 ± 1.01 log CFU/g in YC and MPP, respectively, after 72 h of colonic fermentation. Results also showed that the presence of MPP imparted significant variations in the contents and profiles of individual short chain fatty acids (SCFA) with more predominant production of most SCFA in the MPP and YC treatments. The 16s rRNA sequencing data indicated a highly distinctive microbial population associated with YC in terms of relative abundance. These findings suggested MPP as a promising ingredient for utilisation in functional food formulations aiming to enhance gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafza Fasiha Zahid
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Akhtar Ali
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Chaminda Senaka Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Said Ajlouni
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, Reading PC, Esneau C, Briody T, Nasr N, McNeale D, McSharry B, Fakhri O, Horsburgh BA, Logan G, Howley P, Young P. Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse". mBio 2023:e0081523. [PMID: 37097032 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00815-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lara Herrero
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Prow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hansman
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Tscharke
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Rhys Parry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harding
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Vaz
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Sinclair
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harman
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Tu
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Robyn Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Morgyn Warner
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie E Netzler
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Beard
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Adi Idris
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Farrell
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sevim Mese
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Prorenata Biotech, Moledinar, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Connor J I Daymond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jay Laws
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy L Furfaro
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary Petrone
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Samer
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Cunningham
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie Mahar
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wesley D Black
- Biotopia Environmental Assessment Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Rudd
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ki Wook Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Lowry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Bryant
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Patrick C Reading
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatiana Briody
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brian McSharry
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Grant Logan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Howley
- Vaxmed Pty Ltd., Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
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10
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Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, Reading PC, Esneau C, Briody T, Nasr N, McNeale D, McSharry B, Fakhri O, Horsburgh BA, Logan G, Howley P, Young P. Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse". mSphere 2023:e0016523. [PMID: 37097028 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00165-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lara Herrero
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Prow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hansman
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Tscharke
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Rhys Parry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harding
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Vaz
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Sinclair
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harman
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Tu
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Robyn Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Morgyn Warner
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie E Netzler
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Beard
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Adi Idris
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Farrell
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sevim Mese
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Prorenata Biotech, Moledinar, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Connor J I Daymond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jay Laws
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy L Furfaro
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary Petrone
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Samer
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Cunningham
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie Mahar
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wesley D Black
- Biotopia Environmental Assessment Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Rudd
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ki Wook Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Lowry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Bryant
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Patrick C Reading
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatiana Briody
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brian McSharry
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Grant Logan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Howley
- Vaxmed Pty Ltd., Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
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11
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Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, Reading PC, Esneau C, Briody T, Nasr N, McNeale D, McSharry B, Fakhri O, Horsburgh BA, Logan G, Howley P, Young P. Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse". J Virol 2023; 97:e0045123. [PMID: 37097023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00451-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lara Herrero
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Prow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hansman
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Tscharke
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Rhys Parry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harding
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Vaz
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Sinclair
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harman
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Tu
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Robyn Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Morgyn Warner
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie E Netzler
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Beard
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Adi Idris
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Farrell
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sevim Mese
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Prorenata Biotech, Moledinar, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Connor J I Daymond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jay Laws
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy L Furfaro
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary Petrone
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Samer
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Cunningham
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie Mahar
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wesley D Black
- Biotopia Environmental Assessment Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Rudd
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ki Wook Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Lowry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Bryant
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Patrick C Reading
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatiana Briody
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brian McSharry
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Grant Logan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Howley
- Vaxmed Pty Ltd., Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
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12
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White RT, Anstey SI, Kasimov V, Jenkins C, Devlin J, El-Hage C, Pannekoek Y, Legione AR, Jelocnik M. One clone to rule them all: Culture-independent genomics of Chlamydia psittaci from equine and avian hosts in Australia. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 36269227 PMCID: PMC9676050 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is an avian pathogen with zoonotic potential. In Australia, C. psittaci has been well reported as a cause of reproductive loss in mares which subsequently have been the source of infection and illness in some in-contact humans. To date, molecular typing studies describe the predominant and clonal C. psittaci sequence type (ST)24 strains in horse, psittacine, and human infections. We sought to assess the clonality between ST24 strains and the emergence of equine ST24 with a comprehensive genomics approach. We used culture-independent probe-based and metagenomic whole-genome sequencing to investigate 13 C. psittaci genomes from horses, psittacines, and a pigeon from Australia. Published genomes of 36 C. psittaci strains were also used to contextualise our Australian dataset and investigate lineage diversity. We utilised a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based clustering and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) approach. C. psittaci has four major phylogenetic groups (PG1-4) based on core-genome SNP-based phylogeny. PG1 contained clonal global and Australian equine, psittacine, and human ST24 genomes, with a median pairwise SNP distance of 68 SNPs. PG2, PG3, and PG4 had greater genomic diversity, including diverse STs collected from birds, livestock, human, and horse hosts from Europe and North America and a racing pigeon from Australia. We show that the clustering of C. psittaci by MLST was congruent with SNP-based phylogeny. The monophyletic ST24 clade has four major sub-lineages. The genomes of 17 Australian human, equine, and psittacine strains collected between 2008 and 2021 formed the predominant ST24 sub-lineage 1 (emerged circa 1979). Despite a temporal distribution of 13 years, the genomes within sub-lineage 1 had a median pairwise SNP distance of 32 SNPs, suggesting a recent population expansion or potential cross-host transmission. However, two C. psittaci genomes collected in 2015 from Victorian parrots clustered into distinct ST24 sub-lineage 4 (emerged circa 1965) with ovine strain C19/98 from Germany. This work describes a comprehensive phylogenomic characterisation of ST24 and identifies a timeline of potential bird-to-equine spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys T White
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Susan I Anstey
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia
| | - Vasilli Kasimov
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales 2568, Australia
| | - Joanne Devlin
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Alistair R Legione
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Veterinary School, Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Centre for Bioinnovation, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4557, Australia
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13
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Onasanya AE, El-Hage C, Diaz-Méndez A, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Browning GF, Devlin JM, Hartley CA. Whole genome sequence analysis of equid gammaherpesvirus -2 field isolates reveals high levels of genomic diversity and recombination. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:622. [PMID: 36042397 PMCID: PMC9426266 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2) is a gammaherpesvirus with a widespread distribution in horse populations globally. Although its pathogenic significance can be unclear in most cases of infection, EHV2 infection can cause upper respiratory tract disease in foals. Co-infection of different strains of EHV2 in an individual horse is common. Small regions of the EHV2 genome have shown considerable genetic heterogeneity. This could suggest genomic recombination between different strains of EHV2, similar to the extensive recombination networks that have been demonstrated for some alphaherpesviruses. This study examined natural recombination and genome diversity of EHV2 field isolates. Results Whole genome sequencing analysis of 18 EHV2 isolates, along with analysis of two publicly available EHV2 genomes, revealed variation in genomes sizes (from 173.7 to 184.8 kbp), guanine plus cytosine content (from 56.7 to 57.8%) and the size of the terminal repeat regions (from 17,196 to 17,551 bp). The nucleotide sequence identity between the genomes ranged from 86.2 to 99.7%. The estimated average inter-strain nucleotide diversity between the 20 EHV2 genomes was 2.9%. Individual gene sequences showed varying levels of nucleotide diversity and ranged between 0 and 38.1%. The ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions, Ka, to synonymous substitutions, Ks, (Ka/Ks) suggests that over 50% of EHV2 genes are undergoing diversifying selection. Recombination analyses of the 20 EHV2 genome sequences using the recombination detection program (RDP4) and SplitsTree revealed evidence of viral recombination. Conclusions Analysis of the 18 new EHV2 genomes alongside the 2 previously sequenced genomes revealed a high degree of genetic diversity and extensive recombination networks. Herpesvirus genome diversification and virus evolution can be driven by recombination, and our findings are consistent with recombination being a key mechanism by which EHV2 genomes may vary and evolve.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08789-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepeju E Onasanya
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Carol A Hartley
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Steventon C, Harley D, Wicker L, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Hufschmid J. An assessment of ectoparasites across highland and lowland populations of Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri): Implications for genetic rescue translocations. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:152-156. [PMID: 35586791 PMCID: PMC9108725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is a nocturnal arboreal marsupial with a restricted range centered on the Victorian Central Highlands, south-eastern Australia. Most populations inhabit wet montane ash forest and subalpine woodland, with one notable exception - a small, outlying and genetically-distinct lowland population inhabiting swamp forest at Yellingbo, Victoria. The species has been listed as critically endangered since 2015. Translocations are the mainstay of critical genetic rescue and this study explores the ectoparasites that are ‘along for the ride’ during translocation activities. Ectoparasites (133 fleas, 15 ticks and 76 mites) were collected opportunistically from 24 Leadbeater's possum colonies during population monitoring and genetic sampling across the lowland and highland populations. The composition of the flea assemblage varied by habitat type. Significantly greater numbers of the general marsupial fleas Acanthopsylla r. rothschildii. and Choristopsylla tristis (as a proportion of total flea numbers) were detected in lowland habitats, compared to highland habitats (Fishers exact test, P < 0.0001). Two host-specific flea species, Stephanocircus domrowi and Wurunjerria warnekei were detected only on possums in highland habitats. As a proportion of total fleas this was significantly different to possums in lowland habitats (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.0042 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Wurunjerria warnekei was suspected to be extinct prior to this study. Ticks (Ixodes tasmanii, n = 15) and mites (Haemdoelaps cleptus, n = 47 and H. anticlea, n = 29) have been identified in Leadbeater's possums historically. The possible causes of the different flea assemblages may be environmental/climatic, or due to the historic geographic division between highland and lowland animals. The planned translocations of highland individuals to lowland habitats will expose lowland individuals to novel species of previously exclusively highland fleas with unknown indirect consequences, thus careful monitoring will be required to manage any potential risks. Ectoparasites were examined in critically endangered Leadbeater's possum populations. . Differences were seen between the lowland and the highland populations. The fleas Wurunjerria warnekei and Stephanocircus domrowi were found in the highlands. The fleas Choristopsylla tristis and Acanthopsylla rothschildii sp were found in the lowlands. Wurrenjerria warnekei, thought to be extinct prior to this study, was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Steventon
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Glen Eadie Avenue, Healesville, VIC, 3777, Australia
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Corresponding author. Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Glen Eadie Avenue, Healesville, VIC, 3777, Australia.
| | - Dan Harley
- Wildlife Conservation & Science, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, Victoria, 3777, Australia
| | - Leanne Wicker
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Glen Eadie Avenue, Healesville, VIC, 3777, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
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Tarlinton RE, Legione AR, Sarker N, Fabijan J, Meers J, McMichael L, Simmons G, Owen H, Seddon JM, Dick G, Ryder JS, Hemmatzedah F, Trott DJ, Speight N, Holmes N, Loose M, Emes RD. Differential and defective transcription of koala retrovirus indicates the complexity of host and virus evolution. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35762858 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is unique amongst endogenous (inherited) retroviruses in that its incorporation to the host genome is still active, providing an opportunity to study what drives this fundamental process in vertebrate genome evolution. Animals in the southern part of the natural range of koalas were previously thought to be either virus-free or to have only exogenous variants of KoRV with low rates of KoRV-induced disease. In contrast, animals in the northern part of their range universally have both endogenous and exogenous KoRV with very high rates of KoRV-induced disease such as lymphoma. In this study we use a combination of sequencing technologies, Illumina RNA sequencing of 'southern' (south Australian) and 'northern' (SE QLD) koalas and CRISPR enrichment and nanopore sequencing of DNA of 'southern' (South Australian and Victorian animals) to retrieve full-length loci and intregration sites of KoRV variants. We demonstrate that koalas that tested negative to the KoRV pol gene qPCR, used to detect replication-competent KoRV, are not in fact KoRV-free but harbour defective, presumably endogenous, 'RecKoRV' variants that are not fixed between animals. This indicates that these populations have historically been exposed to KoRV and raises questions as to whether these variants have arisen by chance or whether they provide a protective effect from the infectious forms of KoRV. This latter explanation would offer the intriguing prospect of being able to monitor and selectively breed for disease resistance to protect the wild koala population from KoRV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A R Legione
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Sarker
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J Fabijan
- Longleat Safari Park, Durrel Wildlife Conservation Trust, UK
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - L McMichael
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G Simmons
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J M Seddon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G Dick
- Longleat Safari Park, Durrel Wildlife Conservation Trust, UK
| | - J S Ryder
- Garston Veterinary Group, Somerset, UK
| | - F Hemmatzedah
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - N Speight
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - N Holmes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Loose
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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16
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Asif K, O’Rourke D, Legione AR, Shil P, Marenda MS, Noormohammadi AH. Whole-genome based strain identification of fowlpox virus directly from cutaneous tissue and propagated virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261122. [PMID: 34914770 PMCID: PMC8675702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowlpox (FP) is an economically important viral disease of commercial poultry. The fowlpox virus (FPV) is primarily characterised by immunoblotting, restriction enzyme analysis in combination with PCR, and/or nucleotide sequencing of amplicons. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of FPV directly from clinical specimens prevents the risk of potential genome modifications associated with in vitro culturing of the virus. Only one study has sequenced FPV genomes directly from clinical samples using Nanopore sequencing, however, the study didn't compare the sequences against Illumina sequencing or laboratory propagated sequences. Here, the suitability of WGS for strain identification of FPV directly from cutaneous tissue was evaluated, using a combination of Illumina and Nanopore sequencing technologies. Sequencing results were compared with the sequence obtained from FPV grown in chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of chicken embryos. Complete genome sequence of FPV was obtained directly from affected comb tissue using a map to reference approach. FPV sequence from cutaneous tissue was highly similar to that of the virus grown in CAMs with a nucleotide identity of 99.8%. Detailed polymorphism analysis revealed the presence of a highly comparable number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the two sequences when compared to the reference genome, providing essentially the same strain identification information. Comparative genome analysis of the map to reference consensus sequences from the two genomes revealed that this field isolate had the highest nucleotide identity of 99.5% with an FPV strain from the USA (Fowlpox virus isolate, FWPV-MN00.2, MH709124) and 98.8% identity with the Australian FPV vaccine strain (FWPV-S, MW142017). Sequencing results showed that WGS directly from cutaneous tissues is not only rapid and cost-effective but also provides essentially the same strain identification information as in-vitro grown virus, thus circumventing in vitro culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Asif
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise O’Rourke
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob Shil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc S. Marenda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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17
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White RT, Legione AR, Taylor-Brown A, Fernandez CM, Higgins DP, Timms P, Jelocnik M. Completing the Genome Sequence of Chlamydia pecorum Strains MC/MarsBar and DBDeUG: New Insights into This Enigmatic Koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) Pathogen. Pathogens 2021; 10:1543. [PMID: 34959498 PMCID: PMC8703710 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum, an obligate intracellular pathogen, causes significant morbidity and mortality in livestock and the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). A variety of C. pecorum gene-centric molecular studies have revealed important observations about infection dynamics and genetic diversity in both koala and livestock hosts. In contrast to a variety of C. pecorum molecular studies, to date, only four complete and 16 draft genomes have been published. Of those, only five draft genomes are from koalas. Here, using whole-genome sequencing and a comparative genomics approach, we describe the first two complete C. pecorum genomes collected from diseased koalas. A de novo assembly of DBDeUG_2018 and MC/MarsBar_2018 resolved the chromosomes and chlamydial plasmids each as single, circular contigs. Robust phylogenomic analyses indicate biogeographical separation between strains from northern and southern koala populations, and between strains infecting koala and livestock hosts. Comparative genomics between koala strains identified new, unique, and shared loci that accumulate single-nucleotide polymorphisms and separate between northern and southern, and within northern koala strains. Furthermore, we predicted novel type III secretion system effectors. This investigation constitutes a comprehensive genome-wide comparison between C. pecorum from koalas and provides improvements to annotations of a C. pecorum reference genome. These findings lay the foundations for identifying and understanding host specificity and adaptation behind chlamydial infections affecting koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys T. White
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4557, Australia; (R.T.W.); (A.T.-B.); (P.T.)
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Alyce Taylor-Brown
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4557, Australia; (R.T.W.); (A.T.-B.); (P.T.)
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cristina M. Fernandez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.M.F.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Damien P. Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (C.M.F.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4557, Australia; (R.T.W.); (A.T.-B.); (P.T.)
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4557, Australia; (R.T.W.); (A.T.-B.); (P.T.)
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18
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Akter R, El-Hage CM, Sansom FM, Carrick J, Devlin JM, Legione AR. Metagenomic investigation of potential abortigenic pathogens in foetal tissues from Australian horses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:713. [PMID: 34600470 PMCID: PMC8487468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abortion in horses leads to economic and welfare losses to the equine industry. Most cases of equine abortions are sporadic, and the cause is often unknown. This study aimed to detect potential abortigenic pathogens in equine abortion cases in Australia using metagenomic deep sequencing methods. RESULTS After sequencing and analysis, a total of 68 and 86 phyla were detected in the material originating from 49 equine abortion samples and 8 samples from normal deliveries, respectively. Most phyla were present in both groups, with the exception of Chlamydiae that were only present in abortion samples. Around 2886 genera were present in the abortion samples and samples from normal deliveries at a cut off value of 0.001% of relative abundance. Significant differences in species diversity between aborted and normal tissues was observed. Several potential abortigenic pathogens were identified at a high level of relative abundance in a number of the abortion cases, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pantoea agglomerans, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Chlamydia psittaci. CONCLUSIONS This work revealed the presence of several potentially abortigenic pathogens in aborted specimens. No novel potential abortigenic agents were detected. The ability to screen samples for multiple pathogens that may not have been specifically targeted broadens the frontiers of diagnostic potential. The future use of metagenomic approaches for diagnostic purposes is likely to be facilitated by further improvements in deep sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akter
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Charles M El-Hage
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joan Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting, Scone, New South Wales, 2337, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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19
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Steventon C, Koehler AV, Dobson E, Wicker L, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Harley D, Gasser RB. Detection of Breinlia sp. (Nematoda) in the Leadbeater's possum ( Gymnobelideus leadbeateri). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 15:249-254. [PMID: 34258219 PMCID: PMC8255185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is a critically endangered marsupial in south-eastern Australia. Among other conservation efforts, free-ranging animals in the two remaining geographically separate populations (highland and lowland) have been extensively studied; however, little is known about their health and mortality. Although some wild populations are frequently monitored, cadavers are rarely recovered for post mortem examination. In June 2019, a recently deceased, wild, adult male lowland Leadbeater's possum was collected from a nest box and a comprehensive post mortem examination was conducted. Microfilariae of a filarioid nematode were observed in testes, liver, lung and skin samples in tissue impression smears and upon histopathological examination. No gross or histological changes were seen associated with the parasites, except for a focal area of tissue damage in the skin, suggesting that the possum is a natural host. Using a PCR-coupled sequencing method the filarioid was identified as a species of Breinlia. Species of Breinlia occur in other Australian marsupials and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Steventon
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Glen Eadie Avenue, Healesville, VIC 3777, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Leanne Wicker
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Glen Eadie Avenue, Healesville, VIC 3777, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dan Harley
- Wildlife Conservation & Science, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, VIC 3777, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Akter R, Sansom FM, El-Hage CM, Gilkerson JR, Legione AR, Devlin JM. A 25-year retrospective study of Chlamydia psittaci in association with equine reproductive loss in Australia. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001284. [PMID: 33258756 PMCID: PMC8131020 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Chlamydia psittaci is primarily a pathogen of birds but can also cause disease in other species. Equine reproductive loss caused by C. psittaci has recently been identified in Australia where cases of human disease were also reported in individuals exposed to foetal membranes from an ill neonatal foal in New South Wales.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The prevalence of C. psittaci in association with equine reproductive over time and in different regions of Australia is not known.Aim. This study was conducted to detect C. psittaci in equine abortion cases in Australia using archived samples spanning 25 years.Methodology. We tested for C. psittaci in 600 equine abortion cases reported in Australia between 1994 to 2019 using a Chlamydiaceae real-time quantitative PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene followed by high-resolution melt curve analysis. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis was performed on positive samples.Results. The overall prevalence of C. psittaci in material from equine abortion cases was 6.5 %. C. psittaci-positive cases were detected in most years that were represented in this study and occurred in Victoria (prevalence of 7.6 %), New South Wales (prevalence of 3.9 %) and South Australia (prevalence of 15.4 %). Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis showed that the C. psittaci detected in the equine abortion cases clustered with the parrot-associated 6BC clade (genotype A/ST24), indicating that infection of horses may be due to spillover from native Australian parrots.Conclusion. This work suggests that C. psittaci has been a significant agent of equine abortion in Australia for several decades and underscores the importance of taking appropriate protective measures to avoid infection when handling equine aborted material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akter
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles M. El-Hage
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James R. Gilkerson
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Akter R, Stent AW, Sansom FM, Gilkerson JR, Burden C, Devlin JM, Legione AR, El-Hage CM. Chlamydia psittaci: a suspected cause of reproductive loss in three Victorian horses. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:570-573. [PMID: 32830314 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci was detected by PCR in the lung and equine foetal membranes of two aborted equine foetuses and one weak foal from two different studs in Victoria, Australia. The abortions occurred in September 2019 in two mares sharing a paddock northeast of Melbourne. The weak foal was born in October 2019 in a similar geographical region and died soon after birth despite receiving veterinary care. The detection of C. psittaci DNA in the lung and equine foetal membranes of the aborted or weak foals and the absence of any other factors that are commonly associated with abortion or neonatal death suggest that this pathogen may be the cause of the reproductive loss. The detection of C. psittaci in these cases is consistent with the recent detection of C. psittaci in association with equine abortion in New South Wales. These cases in Victoria show that C. psittaci, and the zoonotic risk it poses, should be considered in association with equine reproductive loss in other areas of Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Akter
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - A W Stent
- The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - F M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - J R Gilkerson
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - C Burden
- Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, Victoria, 3633, Australia
| | - J M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - A R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - C M El-Hage
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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22
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Asif K, O'Rourke D, Legione AR, Steer-Cope PA, Shil P, Marenda MS, Noormohammadi AH. Development of a rapid technique for extraction of viral DNA/RNA for whole genome sequencing directly from clinical liver tissues. J Virol Methods 2020; 283:113907. [PMID: 32502499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of the entire genome of Fowl aviadenoviruses (FAdV) requires isolation and propagation of the virus in chicken embryo liver or kidney cells, a process which is not only time consuming but may occasionally fail to result in viral growth. Furthermore, in a mixed infection, isolation in cell culture may result in the loss of viral strains. In this study, we optimised a FAdV DNA extraction technique directly from affected liver tissues using kaolin hydrated aluminium silicate treatment. The whole genome of FAdV was sequenced directly from extracted DNA without any targetted PCR based enrichment. The extraction method was also tested on avian liver tissues affected with the RNA virus Avian hepatitis E virus and demonstrated to yield sequencing grade RNA. Therefore, the method described here is a simple technique which is potentially useful for the extraction of sequencing grade DNA/RNA from tissues with high fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Asif
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Denise O'Rourke
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penelope A Steer-Cope
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc S Marenda
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Young ND, Shil PK, Legione AR, Kanci Condello A, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Differential Response of the Chicken Trachea to Chronic Infection with Virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain Ap3AS and Vaxsafe MG (Strain ts-304): a Transcriptional Profile. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00053-20. [PMID: 32122943 PMCID: PMC7171234 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Live attenuated vaccines are most commonly used in the field to control the disease, but current vaccines have some limitations. Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-304) is a new vaccine candidate that is efficacious at a lower dose than the current commercial vaccine strain ts-11, from which it is derived. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of the trachea of unvaccinated chickens and chickens vaccinated with strain ts-304 were compared 2 weeks after challenge with M. gallisepticum strain Ap3AS during the chronic stage of infection. After challenge, genes, gene ontologies, pathways, and protein classes involved in inflammation, cytokine production and signaling, and cell proliferation were upregulated, while those involved in formation and motor movement of cilia, formation of intercellular junctional complexes, and formation of the cytoskeleton were downregulated in the unvaccinated birds compared to the vaccinated birds, reflecting immune dysregulation and the pathological changes induced in the trachea by infection with M. gallisepticum Vaccination appears to protect the structural and functional integrity of the tracheal mucosa 2 weeks after infection with M. gallisepticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Amery-Gale J, Legione AR, Marenda MS, Owens J, Eden PA, Konsak-Ilievski BM, Whiteley PL, Dobson EC, Browne EA, Slocombe RF, Devlin JM. SURVEILLANCE FOR CHLAMYDIA SPP. WITH MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING ANALYSIS IN WILD AND CAPTIVE BIRDS IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:16-26. [PMID: 31329521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci typically infects birds and can cause outbreaks of avian chlamydiosis, but it also has the potential to cause zoonotic disease (psittacosis) in humans. To better understand the epidemiology of C. psittaci in Victoria, Australia, we conducted opportunistic sampling of more than 400 wild and captive birds presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre at Zoos Victoria's Healesville Sanctuary for veterinary care between December 2014 and December 2015. Samples were screened for the presence of chlamydial DNA using quantitative PCR, and positive samples were subjected to multilocus sequence typing analysis. The results showed a significantly higher prevalence of infection in captive birds (8%; 9/113) compared to wild birds (0.7%; 2/299). Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that C. psittaci sequence type 24 was detected in both wild and captive birds in the local region, while C. psittaci sequence type 27 was detected for the first time in an Australian avian host. The generally low prevalence of C. psittaci detection points to a generally low zoonotic risk to veterinary and support staff, although this risk may be higher when handling captive birds, where the prevalence of C. psittaci infection was almost 10-fold higher. Even with low rates of C. psittaci detection, appropriate hygiene and biosecurity practices are recommended due to the serious human health implications of infection with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Amery-Gale
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, Victoria 3777, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc S Marenda
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Jane Owens
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Eden
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, Victoria 3777, Australia
| | - Barbara M Konsak-Ilievski
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Pam L Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Surveillance Victoria, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Dobson
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton Laboratory, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Browne
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Clayton Laboratory, 1868 Dandenong Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ron F Slocombe
- Veterinary Pathology, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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25
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Sutherland M, Sarker S, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Macwhirter PL, Whiteley PL, Raidal SR. Disease surveillance in wild Victorian cacatuids reveals co-infection with multiple agents and detection of novel avian viruses. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:257-264. [PMID: 31383310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds are known reservoirs of bacterial and viral pathogens, some of which have zoonotic potential. This poses a risk to both avian and human health, since spillover into domestic bird populations may occur. In Victoria, wild-caught cockatoos trapped under licence routinely enter commercial trade. The circovirus Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV), herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia psittaci have been identified as significant pathogens of parrots globally, with impacts on both aviculture and the conservation efforts of endangered species. In this study, we describe the results of surveillance for psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV), BFDV and C. psittaci in wild cacatuids in Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected from 55 birds of four species, and tested using genus or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of known and novel pathogens. There were no clinically observed signs of illness in most of the live birds in this study (96.3%; n = 53). Beak and Feather Disease Virus was detected with a prevalence of 69.6% (95% CI 55.2-80.9). Low prevalences of PsHV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6), PsAdV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6), and C. psittaci (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6) was detected. Importantly, a novel avian alphaherpesvirus and a novel avian adenovirus were detected in a little corella (Cacatua sanguinea) co-infected with BFDV and C. psittaci. The presence of multiple potential pathogens detected in a single bird presents an example of the ease with which such infectious agents may enter the pet trade and how novel viruses circulating in wild populations have the potential for transmission into captive birds. Genomic identification of previously undescribed avian viruses is important to further our understanding of their epidemiology, facilitating management of biosecurity aspects of the domestic and international bird trade, and conservation efforts of vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sutherland
- Burwood Bird and Animal Hospital, 128 Highbury Rd, Burwood, Vic 3125, Australia.
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Patricia L Macwhirter
- Greencross Vets Springvale, 570 Springvale Rd, Springvale South, Vic 3172, Australia.
| | - Pamela L Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Victoria: Surveillance, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic 3030, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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26
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Hesseling J, Legione AR, Stevenson MA, McCowan CI, Pyman MF, Finochio C, Nguyen D, Roic CL, Thiris OL, Zhang AJ, van Schaik G, Coombe JE. Bovine digital dermatitis in Victoria, Australia. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:404-413. [PMID: 31286478 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of digital dermatitis (DD) in Victoria, Australia, and to investigate which organisms are consistent with typical DD lesions. The prevalence and causative pathogens of DD are not clear yet in Australia and this paper is one of the first to explore these questions in this country. METHODS Examination and sampling of limbs was undertaken at three knackeries in Victoria, Australia. Limbs were classified as normal (N), active DD-lesion (A), dried or chronic DD-lesion (D) or suspected case of DD (S). A total of 823 cows were examined. Six skin biopsies were taken at each knackery, from which DNA was extracted for diversity profiling. Histochemical staining of samples was performed on eight of the skin biopsies. RESULTS DD was detected in 29.8% of all cows. The prevalence of DD was significantly higher in dairy cows (32.2%) than in beef cows (10.8%). The differential abundance of Treponema-species was significantly increased in dried lesions, compared with the normal skin biopsies. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were found to be significantly different in abundance in the DD lesions compared with normal skin biopsies. Silver staining of samples showed only mild inflammation and in two samples organisms with morphology consistent with Spirochaetes were detected. CONCLUSIONS The calculated prevalence indicates that DD is present in Victoria, Australia. The results of diversity profiling showed that the presence of Treponema-species was significantly different between the samples of DD lesions and normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hesseling
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A R Legione
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - C I McCowan
- Agriculture Victoria, Veterinary Diagnostics, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - M F Pyman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - C Finochio
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - D Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - C L Roic
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - O L Thiris
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - A J Zhang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - G van Schaik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J E Coombe
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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27
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Legione AR, Amery-Gale J, Lynch M, Haynes L, Gilkerson JR, Sansom FM, Devlin JM. Variation in the microbiome of the urogenital tract of Chlamydia-free female koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with and without 'wet bottom'. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194881. [PMID: 29579080 PMCID: PMC5868818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are iconic Australian marsupials currently threatened by several processes, including infectious diseases and ecological disruption. Infection with Chlamydia pecorum, is considered a key driver of population decline. The clinical sign of 'wet bottom', a staining of the rump associated with urinary incontinence, is often caused by chlamydial urinary tract infections. However, wet bottom has been recorded in koalas free of C. pecorum, suggesting other causative agents in those individuals. We used 16S rRNA diversity profiling to investigate the microbiome of the urogenital tract of ten female koalas in order to identify potential causative agents of wet bottom, other than C. pecorum. Five urogenital samples were processed from koalas presenting with wet bottom and five were clinically normal. All koalas were negative for C. pecorum infection. We detected thirteen phyla across the ten samples, with Firmicutes occurring at the highest relative abundance (77.6%). The order Lactobacillales, within the Firmicutes, comprised 70.3% of the reads from all samples. After normalising reads using DESeq2 and testing for significant differences (P < 0.05), there were 25 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) more commonly found in one group over the other. The families Aerococcaceae and Tissierellaceae both had four significantly differentially abundant OTUs. These four Tissierellaceae OTUs were all significantly more abundant in koalas with wet bottom. This study provides the foundation for future investigations of causes of koala wet bottom, other than C. pecorum infection. This is of clinical relevance as wet bottom is often assumed to be caused by C. pecorum and treated accordingly. Our research highlights that other organisms may be causing wet bottom, and these potential aetiological agents need to be further investigated to fully address the problems this species faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R. Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jemima Amery-Gale
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Lynch
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leesa Haynes
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R. Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Legione AR, Patterson JLS, Whiteley P, Firestone SM, Curnick M, Bodley K, Lynch M, Gilkerson JR, Sansom FM, Devlin JM. Koala retrovirus genotyping analyses reveal a low prevalence of KoRV-A in Victorian koalas and an association with clinical disease. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:236-244. [PMID: 28266284 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is undergoing endogenization into the genome of koalas in Australia, providing an opportunity to assess the effect of retrovirus infection on the health of a population. The prevalence of KoRV in north-eastern Australia (Queensland and New South Wales) is 100 %, whereas previous preliminary investigations in south-eastern Australia (Victoria) suggested KoRV is present at a lower prevalence, although the values have varied widely. Here, we describe a large study of free-ranging koalas in Victoria to estimate the prevalence of KoRV and assess the clinical significance of KoRV infection in wild koalas. METHODOLOGY Blood or spleen samples from 648 koalas where tested for KoRV provirus, and subsequently genotyped, using PCRs to detect the pol and env genes respectively. Clinical data was also recorded where possible and analysed in comparison to infection status. RESULTS The prevalence of KoRV was 24.7 % (160/648). KoRV-A was detected in 141/160 cases, but KoRV-B, a genotype associated with neoplasia in captive koalas, was not detected. The genotype in 19 cases could not be determined. Genomic differences between KoRV in Victoria and type strains may have impacted genotyping. Factors associated with KoRV infection, based on multivariable analysis, were low body condition score, region sampled, and 'wet bottom' (a staining of the fur around the rump associated with chronic urinary incontinence). Koalas with wet bottom were nearly twice as likely to have KoRV provirus detected than those without wet bottom (odds ratio=1.90, 95 % confidence interval 1.21, 2.98). CONCLUSION Our findings have important implications for the conservation of this iconic species, particularly regarding translocation potential of Victorian koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jade L S Patterson
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pam Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Surveillance Victoria, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Curnick
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Healesville, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Bodley
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Lynch
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Legione AR, Patterson JLS, Whiteley PL, Amery-Gale J, Lynch M, Haynes L, Gilkerson JR, Polkinghorne A, Devlin JM, Sansom FM. Identification of unusual Chlamydia pecorum genotypes in Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and clinical variables associated with infection. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:420-428. [PMID: 26932792 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum infection is a threat to the health of free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in Australia. Utilizing an extensive sample archive we determined the prevalence of C. pecorum in koalas within six regions of Victoria, Australia. The ompA genotypes of the detected C. pecorum were characterized to better understand the epidemiology of this pathogen in Victorian koalas. Despite many studies in northern Australia (i.e. Queensland and New South Wales), prior Chlamydia studies in Victorian koalas are limited. We detected C. pecorum in 125/820 (15 %) urogenital swabs, but in only one ocular swab. Nucleotide sequencing of the molecular marker C. pecorum ompA revealed that the majority (90/114) of C. pecorum samples typed were genotype B. This genotype has not been reported in northern koalas. In general, Chlamydia infection in Victorian koalas is associated with milder clinical signs compared with infection in koalas in northern populations. Although disease pathogenesis is likely to be multifactorial, the high prevalence of genotype B in Victoria may suggest it is less pathogenic. All but three koalas had C. pecorum genotypes unique to southern koala populations (i.e. Victoria and South Australia). These included a novel C. pecorum ompA genotype and two genotypes associated with livestock. Regression analysis determined that significant factors for the presence of C. pecorum infection were sex and geographical location. The presence of 'wet bottom' in males and the presence of reproductive tract pathology in females were significantly associated with C. pecorum infection, suggesting variation in clinical disease manifestations between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia
| | - Jade L S Patterson
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia.,Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo,Parkville, Victoria,Australia
| | - Pam L Whiteley
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia.,Wildlife Health Surveillance Victoria, The University of Melbourne,Werribee, Victoria,Australia
| | - Jemima Amery-Gale
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia.,Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Healesville,Victoria,Australia
| | - Michael Lynch
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo,Parkville, Victoria,Australia
| | - Leesa Haynes
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Werribee, Victoria,Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs,Queensland,Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, Victoria,Australia
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Korsa MG, Browning GF, Coppo MJC, Legione AR, Gilkerson JR, Noormohammadi AH, Vaz PK, Lee SW, Devlin JM, Hartley CA. Protection Induced in Broiler Chickens following Drinking-Water Delivery of Live Infectious Laryngotracheitis Vaccines against Subsequent Challenge with Recombinant Field Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137719. [PMID: 26366738 PMCID: PMC4569394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. Attenuated live ILTV vaccines are often used to help control disease, but these vaccines have well documented limitations, including retention of residual virulence, incomplete protection, transmission of vaccine virus to unvaccinated birds and reversion to high levels of virulence following bird-to-bird passage. Recently, two novel ILTV field strains (class 8 and 9 ILTV viruses) emerged in Australia due to natural recombination between two genotypically distinct commercial ILTV vaccines. These recombinant field strains became dominant field strains in important poultry producing areas. In Victoria, Australia, the recombinant class 9 virus largely displaced the previously predominant class 2 ILTV strain. The ability of ILTV vaccines to protect against challenge with the novel class 9 ILTV strain has not been studied. Here, the protection induced by direct (drinking-water) and indirect (contact) exposure to four different ILTV vaccines against challenge with class 9 ILTV in commercial broilers was studied. The vaccines significantly reduced, but did not prevent, challenge virus replication in vaccinated chickens. Only one vaccine significantly reduced the severity of tracheal pathology after direct drinking-water vaccination. The results indicate that the current vaccines can be used to help control class 9 ILTV, but also indicate that these vaccines have limitations that should be considered when designing and implementing disease control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesula G. Korsa
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F. Browning
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mauricio J. C. Coppo
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R. Gilkerson
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola K. Vaz
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol A. Hartley
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Quinteros JA, Markham PF, Lee SW, Hewson KA, Hartley CA, Legione AR, Coppo MJC, Vaz PK, Browning GF. Analysis of the complete genomic sequences of two virus subpopulations of the Australian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine VicS. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:182-91. [PMID: 25721384 PMCID: PMC7113897 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1022857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although sequencing of the 3' end of the genome of Australian infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) has shown that their structural genes are distinct from those of IBVs found in other countries, their replicase genes have not been analysed. To examine this, the complete genomic sequences of the two subpopulations of the VicS vaccine, VicS-v and VicS-del, were determined. Compared with VicS-v, the more attenuated VicS-del strain had two non-synonymous changes in the non-structural protein 6 (nsp6), a transmembrane (TM) domain that may participate in autocatalytic release of the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, a polymorphic difference at the end of the S2 gene, which coincided with the body transcription-regulating sequence (B-TRS) of mRNA 3 and a truncated open reading frame for a peptide encoded by gene 4 (4b). These genetic differences could be responsible for the differences between these variants in pathogenicity in vivo, and replication in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome showed that VicS-v and VicS-del did not cluster with strains from other countries, supporting the hypothesis that Australian IBV strains have been evolving independently for some time, and analyses of individual polymerase peptide and S glycoprotein genes suggested a distant common ancestor with no recent recombination. This study suggests the potential role of the TM domain in nsp6, the integrity of the S2 protein and the B-TRS 3, and the putative accessory protein 4b, as well as the 3' untranslated region, in the virulence and replication of IBV and has provided a better understanding of relationships between the Australian vaccine strain of IBV and those used elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Quinteros
- a Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
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Lee SW, Hartley CA, Coppo MJC, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Browning GF, Devlin JM. Growth kinetics and transmission potential of existing and emerging field strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120282. [PMID: 25785629 PMCID: PMC4365042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated live infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccines are widely used in the poultry industry to control outbreaks of disease. Natural recombination between commercial ILTV vaccines has resulted in virulent recombinant viruses that cause severe disease, and that have now emerged as the dominant field strains in important poultry producing regions in Australia. Genotype analysis using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism has shown one recombinant virus (class 9) has largely replaced the previously dominant class 2 field strain. To examine potential reasons for this displacement we compared the growth kinetics and transmission potential of class 2 and class 9 viruses. The class 9 ILTV grew to higher titres in cell culture and embryonated eggs, but no differences were observed in entry kinetics or egress into the allantoic fluid from the chorioallantoic membrane. In vivo studies showed that birds inoculated with class 9 ILTV had more severe tracheal pathology and greater weight loss than those inoculated with the class 2 virus. Consistent with the predominance of class 9 field strains, birds inoculated with 10(2) or 10(3) plaque forming units of class 9 ILTV consistently transmitted virus to in-contact birds, whereas this could only be seen in birds inoculated with 10(4) PFU of the class 2 virus. Taken together, the improved growth kinetics and transmission potential of the class 9 virus is consistent with improved fitness of the recombinant virus over the previously dominant field strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Lee
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Carol A. Hartley
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauricio J. C. Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paola K. Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - José A. Quinteros
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, 3030, Australia
| | - Phillip F. Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F. Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Shil NK, Legione AR, Markham PF, Noormohammadi AH, Devlin JM. Development and Validation of TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Quantitative and Differential Detection of Wild-Type Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses from a Glycoprotein G–Deficient Candidate Vaccine Strain. Avian Dis 2015; 59:7-13. [DOI: 10.1637/10810-030414-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lee SW, Markham PF, Coppo MJC, Legione AR, Shil NK, Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF, Hartley CA, Devlin JM. Cross-protective immune responses between genotypically distinct lineages of infectious laryngotracheitis viruses. Avian Dis 2014; 58:147-52. [PMID: 24758128 DOI: 10.1637/10508-013113-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic studies have identified different genotypic lineages of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), and these lineages can recombine in the field. The emergence of virulent recombinant field strains of ILTV by natural recombination between commercial vaccines belonging to different genotypic lineages has been reported recently. Despite the use of attenuated ILTV vaccines, these recombinant viruses were able to spread and cause disease in commercial poultry flocks, raising the question of whether the different lineages of ILTV can induce cross-protective immune responses. This study examined the capacity of the Australian-origin A20 ILTV vaccine to protect against challenge with the class 8 ILTV recombinant virus, the genome of which is predominantly derived from a heterologous genotypic lineage. Following challenge, birds vaccinated via eyedrop were protected from clinical signs of disease and pathological changes in the tracheal mucosa, although they were not completely protected from viral infection or replication. In contrast, the challenge virus induced severe clinical signs and tracheal pathology in unvaccinated birds. This is the first study to examine the ability of a vaccine from the Australian lineage to protect against challenge with a virus from a heterologous lineage. These results suggest that the two distinct genotypic lineages of ILTV can both induce cross-protection, indicating that current commercial vaccines are still likely to assist in control of ILTV in the poultry industry, in spite of the emergence of novel recombinants derived from different genotypic lineages.
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O'Brien CR, Handasyde KA, Hibble J, Lavender CJ, Legione AR, McCowan C, Globan M, Mitchell AT, McCracken HE, Johnson PDR, Fyfe JAM. Clinical, microbiological and pathological findings of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in three Australian Possum species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2666. [PMID: 24498451 PMCID: PMC3907337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Buruli ulcer (BU) is a skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, with endemicity predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Australia. The mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir(s) of the bacterium and remain elusive. Real-time PCR investigations have detected M. ulcerans DNA in a variety of Australian environmental samples, including the faeces of native possums with and without clinical evidence of infection. This report seeks to expand on previously published findings by the authors' investigative group with regards to clinical and subclinical disease in selected wild possum species in BU-endemic areas of Victoria, Australia. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-seven clinical cases of M. ulcerans infection in free-ranging possums from southeastern Australia were identified retrospectively and prospectively between 1998–2011. Common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus), a common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and a mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) were included in the clinically affected cohort. Most clinically apparent cases were adults with solitary or multiple ulcerative cutaneous lesions, generally confined to the face, limbs and/or tail. The disease was minor and self-limiting in the case of both Trichosurus spp. possums. In contrast, many of the common ringtail possums had cutaneous disease involving disparate anatomical sites, and in four cases there was evidence of systemic disease at post mortem examination. Where tested using real-time PCR targeted at IS2404, animals typically had significant levels of M. ulcerans DNA throughout the gut and/or faeces. A further 12 possums without cutaneous lesions were found to have PCR-positive gut contents and/or faeces (subclinical cases), and in one of these the organism was cultured from liver tissue. Comparisons were made between clinically and subclinically affected possums, and 61 PCR-negative, non-affected individuals, with regards to disease category and the categorical variables of species (common ringtail possums v others) and sex. Animals with clinical lesions were significantly more likely to be male common ringtail possums. Conclusions/Significance There is significant disease burden in common ringtail possums (especially males) in some areas of Victoria endemic for M. ulcerans disease. The natural history of the disease generally remains unknown, however it appears that some mildly affected common brushtail and mountain brushtail possums can spontaneously overcome the infection, whereas some severely affected animals, especially common ringtail possums, may become systemically, and potentially fatally affected. Subclinical gut carriage of M. ulcerans DNA in possums is quite common and in some common brushtail and mountain brushtail possums this is transient. Further work is required to determine whether M. ulcerans infection poses a potential threat to possum populations, and whether these animals are acting as environmental reservoirs in certain geographical areas. Mycobacterium ulcerans causes skin disease predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and southeastern Australia. The mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir(s) of the bacterium are unknown. Investigations have detected M. ulcerans DNA in a variety of Australian environmental samples, including the faeces of native possums. This report expands on these studies by detailing the clinical, pathological and microbiological findings in affected wild possum species in endemic areas. Twenty-seven clinically and 12 subclinically affected individuals were identified. Most clinical cases were adults with skin ulcers of the face, limbs and/or tail. The disease was mild and self-limiting in both Trichosurus spp. possums. In contrast, many of the common ringtail possums had multiple skin ulcers and in some there was evidence of internal disease. There were also significant levels of M. ulcerans DNA throughout the gut. Comparisons were made with regards to disease category, species and sex; with clinical cases more likely to be male common ringtail possums. Asymptomatic gut carriage of M. ulcerans DNA is quite common and may be transient in some individuals. Further work is needed to determine whether M. ulcerans infection poses a potential threat to possum populations, and whether these animals are acting as reservoirs in some areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R. O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: , co'
| | | | - Jennifer Hibble
- Newhaven Veterinary Clinic, Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline J. Lavender
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Mycobacterium ulcerans (Western Pacific Region), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alistair R. Legione
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Veterinary Hospital, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Mycobacterium ulcerans (Western Pacific Region), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony T. Mitchell
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Orbost, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Paul D. R. Johnson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Mycobacterium ulcerans (Western Pacific Region), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janet A. M. Fyfe
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Mycobacterium ulcerans (Western Pacific Region), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Legione AR, Coppo MJC, Lee SW, Noormohammadi AH, Hartley CA, Browning GF, Gilkerson JR, O'Rourke D, Devlin JM. Safety and vaccine efficacy of a glycoprotein G deficient strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus delivered in ovo. Vaccine 2012; 30:7193-8. [PMID: 23084851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes respiratory disease in chickens and is commonly controlled by vaccination with conventionally attenuated vaccines. Glycoprotein G (gG) is a virulence factor in ILTV and a gG deficient strain of ILTV (ΔgG-ILTV) has shown potential for use as a vaccine. In the poultry industry vaccination via drinking water is common, but technology is now available to allow quicker and more accurate in ovo vaccination of embryos at 18 days of incubation. In this study ΔgG-ILTV was delivered to chicken embryos at three different doses (10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) plaque forming units per egg) using manual in ovo vaccination. At 20 days after hatching, birds were challenged intra-tracheally with wild type ILTV and protection was measured. In ovo vaccination was shown to be safe, as there were no developmental differences between birds from hatching up to 20 days of age, as measured by weight gain. The highest dose of vaccine was the most efficacious, resulting in a weight gain not significantly different from unvaccinated/unchallenged birds seven days after challenge. In contrast, birds vaccinated with the lowest dose showed weight gains not significantly different from unvaccinated/challenged birds. Gross pathology and histopathology of the trachea reflected these observations, with birds vaccinated with the highest dose having less severe lesions. However, qPCR results suggested the vaccine did not prevent the challenge virus replicating in the trachea. This study is the first to assess in ovo delivery of a live attenuated ILTV vaccine and shows that in ovo vaccination with ΔgG-ILTV can be both safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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O'Brien CR, McMillan E, Harris O, O'Brien DP, Lavender CJ, Globan M, Legione AR, Fyfe JA. Localised Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in four dogs. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:506-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fyfe JAM, Lavender CJ, Handasyde KA, Legione AR, O'Brien CR, Stinear TP, Pidot SJ, Seemann T, Benbow ME, Wallace JR, McCowan C, Johnson PDR. A major role for mammals in the ecology of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e791. [PMID: 20706592 PMCID: PMC2919402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), a destructive skin disease found predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Australia. The precise mode(s) of transmission and environmental reservoir(s) remain unknown, but several studies have explored the role of aquatic invertebrate species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental distribution of M. ulcerans in south-eastern Australia. Methodology/Principal Findings A range of environmental samples was collected from Point Lonsdale (a small coastal town southwest of Melbourne, Australia, endemic for BU) and from areas with fewer or no reported incident cases of BU. Mycobacterium ulcerans DNA was detected at low levels by real-time PCR in soil, sediment, water residue, aquatic plant biofilm and terrestrial vegetation collected in Point Lonsdale. Higher levels of M. ulcerans DNA were detected in the faeces of common ringtail (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and common brushtail (Trichosurus vulpecula) possums. Systematic testing of possum faeces revealed that M. ulcerans DNA could be detected in 41% of faecal samples collected in Point Lonsdale compared with less than 1% of faecal samples collected from non-endemic areas (p<0.0001). Capture and clinical examination of live possums in Point Lonsdale validated the accuracy of the predictive value of the faecal surveys by revealing that 38% of ringtail possums and 24% of brushtail possums had laboratory-confirmed M. ulcerans skin lesions and/or M. ulcerans PCR positive faeces. Whole genome sequencing revealed an extremely close genetic relationship between human and possum M. ulcerans isolates. Conclusions/Significance The prevailing wisdom is that M. ulcerans is an aquatic pathogen and that BU is acquired by contact with certain aquatic environments (swamps, slow-flowing water). Now, after 70 years of research, we propose a transmission model for BU in which terrestrial mammals are implicated as reservoirs for M. ulcerans. Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), a destructive skin disease found predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Australia. The mode of transmission and environmental reservoir remain unknown, but several studies have explored the role of aquatic insects, such as water bugs, and biting insects, such as mosquitoes. In the present study we investigated possible environmental source(s) of M. ulcerans in Victoria, Australia. Our results revealed that although M. ulcerans DNA could be detected at low levels in a variety of environmental samples, the highest concentrations of M. ulcerans DNA were found in the faeces of two species of possums, common ringtails and common brushtails. Possums are small arboreal marsupial mammals, native to Australia, and these particular species occur in both urban and rural areas. Examination and sampling of live captured possums in an area endemic for BU revealed that 38% of ringtail possums and 24% of brushtail possums, respectively, had laboratory-confirmed M. ulcerans lesions and/or M. ulcerans PCR-positive faeces. The finding that large numbers of possums in a BU-endemic area are infected with M. ulcerans raises the possibility that mammals are an environmental reservoir for M. ulcerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A M Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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