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Hansen S, Otten ND, Nissen SD, Carstensen H, Hopster-Iversen C, Fjeldborg J, Staun SH, Fenner M, Hesselkilde EM, Buhl R. Atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage following a standardised exercise test. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:552-561. [PMID: 37654233 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been proposed as a risk factor for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) due to increased pressure in the left atrium. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if AF was associated with EIPH following a standardised exercise test (SET) to fatigue. STUDY DESIGN Two-arm controlled experiment. METHODS Ten untrained Standardbred mares mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 6 (2) years performed a SET on the treadmill in sinus rhythm (SR) (SET1) and 25-44 days after induction of self-sustained AF (SET2). AF was induced by tachypacing using a pacing device. Endoscopy, including tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), was performed 48-72 h before and 24 h after the two SETs. In addition, endoscopic grading of tracheal blood was performed 2 h after each SET. RESULTS After SET1, none of the horses showed blood in the trachea, and two horses showed erythrophagocytosis. Following SET2, two horses had grade 1 blood in the trachea and free erythrocytes and erythrophagocytosis in the BAL, while another two horses had erythrophagocytosis in the BAL. In SET2, the overall performance on the treadmill was decreased with a lower maximum velocity (SET1 10.3 ± 0.8 m/s vs. SET2 8.9 ± 0.9 m/s, p = 0.004), a higher heart rate (284 ± 21 vs. 221 ± 18 bpm, p = 0.003) and more abnormal QRS complexes (p < 0.001) compared with SET1. CONCLUSIONS Two horses showed signs of EIPH, resulting in visible blood in the trachea, when exercising in AF compared with SR. However, a possible link between EIPH, pulmonary pressure and AF needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Nina D Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sarah D Nissen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Helena Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Julie Fjeldborg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Sophie H Staun
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Merle Fenner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eva M Hesselkilde
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Rikke Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Arruda LP, Malcher C, Petri FAM, da Silva DG, Storino GY, Almeida HMDS, Sonalio K, Toledo LT, de Oliveira LG. Pathological analysis and etiological assessment of pulmonary lesions and its association with pleurisy in slaughtered pigs. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110039. [PMID: 38502977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The intensification of pig farming has posed significant challenges in managing and preventing sanitary problems, particularly diseases of the respiratory complex. Monitoring at slaughter is an important control tool and cannot be overstated. Hence, this study aimed at characterizing both macroscopical and microscopical lesions and identifying the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo), and Pasteurella multocida (PM) associated with pleurisy in swine. For this, a selected slaughterhouse in São Paulo State underwent a thorough examination of carcasses on the slaughter line, followed by lung sampling. The carcasses and lungs underwent macroscopical examination and were classified according to the score of pleurisy and lung samples were allocated into five groups, being: G0: score 0 - no lesions; G1: score 1; G2: score 2; G3: score 3; and G4: score 4. In total, 217 lung fragments were collected, for the histopathological evaluation and detection of the following respiratory pathogens: APP, Mhyo, and PM by qPCR. The results demonstrated that Mhyo and APP were the most prevalent etiological agents (single and co-identification) in lung samples, in different scores of pleurisies, while bronchopneumonia and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia lesions were the most frequent histopathological findings. Positive correlations were found between the quantification of APP DNA with 1) the score of pleurisy (R=0.254); 2) with the score of lung consolidation in all lung lobes (R=0.181 to R=0.329); and 3) with the score of lung consolidation in the entire lung (R=0.389). The study brings relevant information regarding the main bacterial pathogens associated with pleurisy in pigs and helps with understanding the relationship between the abovementioned pathogens and their impact on the respiratory health of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laíza Pinto Arruda
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Malcher
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Moreira Petri
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Gomes da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yuri Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil; Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Teófilo Toledo
- Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases (LDBAC), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.
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Massie S, Bayly W, Ohmura H, Takahashi Y, Mukai K, Léguillette R. Field-training in young two-year-old thoroughbreds: investigating cardiorespiratory adaptations and the presence of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:159. [PMID: 38671428 PMCID: PMC11046817 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparatively little is known regarding the initial cardiorespiratory response of young racehorses to training. The objectives were to compare physiological parameters before and after introductory training and determine whether young Thoroughbreds show endoscopic signs of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). Ten Thoroughbreds (20-23 months) underwent 12-weeks of introductory training, including weekly speed sessions. Two 600 m high-speed exercise tests (HSET) were performed following weeks 4 and 12 while wearing a validated ergospirometry facemask. Peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2pk) and ventilatory parameters (tidal volume, VT; peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, PkV̇I, PkV̇E; respiratory frequency, Rf; minute ventilation, V̇E) were measured. The ventilatory equivalent of oxygen (V̇E/V̇O2) and the aerobic and anaerobic contributions to energy production were calculated. Maximal heart rate (HRmax) and HR at maximal speed (HRVmax) were determined. Post-exercise hematocrit, plasma ammonia and blood lactate were measured. Evidence of EIPH was investigated via tracheobronchoscopy post-exercise. Results were compared (paired t-test, P < 0.05). RESULTS Horses were faster following training (P < 0.001) and V̇O2pk increased 28 ml/(kg total mass.min) (28 ± 16%; P < 0.001). Ventilatory (V̇E, P = 0.0015; Rf, P < 0.001; PkV̇I, P < 0.001; PkV̇E, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular parameters (HRmax, P = 0.03; HRVmax, P = 0.04) increased. The increase in V̇E was due to greater Rf, but not VT. V̇E/V̇O2 was lower (26 ± 3.6 vs 23 ± 3.7; P = 0.02), indicating improved ventilatory efficiency. Anaerobic contribution to total energy production increased from 15.6 ± 6.1% to 18.5 ± 6.3% (P = 0.02). Post-exercise hematocrit (P < 0.001), plasma ammonia (P = 0.03) and blood lactate (P = 0.001) increased following training. Horses showed no signs of EIPH. CONCLUSIONS Young two-year-old Thoroughbreds responded well to introductory training without developing tracheobronchoscopic evidence of EIPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Warwick Bayly
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Grimes Way, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Renaud Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Shoemaker S, Wang Y, Sellon D, Gold J, Fisher A, Bagshaw J, Leguillette R, Sanz M, Bayly W. Prevalence and severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses and its relationship to performance. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1167-1176. [PMID: 38363079 PMCID: PMC10937470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little has been reported regarding the prevalence and severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. OBJECTIVES Evaluate EIPH prevalence and severity and its association with performance, speed index, furosemide administration, race distance, and track surface. ANIMALS A total of 830 2-year-old Thoroughbreds. METHODS Prospective blinded observational study. Videoendoscopy was performed 30 to 60 minutes postrace at 15 American racetracks. Three blinded observers independently assigned an EIPH grade (0-4) to each video, and prevalence and severity of EIPH were determined. Relationships of EIPH grade to performance, speed index, race distance, track surface, and prerace administration of furosemide were evaluated using Pearson's chi-squared test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for numerical variables. Multivariable logistic regression assessed relationships between EIPH prevalence and severity, respectively, and the aforementioned independent variables. A P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 1071 tracheoendoscopies were recorded. The EIPH prevalence was 74% and for EIPH grade ≥3 was 8%. Speed index (P = .02) and finishing place (P = .004) were lower with EIPH ≥3. The EIPH prevalence and severity were lower at 2 tracks where postrace tracheoendoscopy was mandatory rather than voluntary (P < .001). Probability of observing EIPH was negatively associated with speed index (P = .01) at tracks where postrace tracheoendoscopy was mandatory. Prerace furosemide administration decreased the probability of EIPH occurrence (P = .007) and severity (P = .01) where study participation was voluntary. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prevalence and severity of EIPH in 2-year-old racehorses were consistent with that of older racehorses. An EIPH grade ≥3 was associated with decreased performance. Prerace furosemide administration was associated with a decreased likelihood, but not severity, of EIPH at most tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Shoemaker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and ResearchWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Debra Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Jenifer Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Allison Fisher
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and ResearchWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Julia Bagshaw
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Macarena Sanz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Warwick Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
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Barbazanges P, Richard EA, Lemonnier LC, Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Couroucé A. Cytological diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage: Comparison of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in standardbred racehorses. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3826. [PMID: 38291664 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytology of airway samples is sensitive for diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), but the association between tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether diagnosis of EIPH, using haemosiderophages/macrophages (H/M) ratio, differs when based on TW or BALF. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 standardbred horses in training. TW and BALF were collected concomitantly from all horses at rest (at least 24 hours after their last training or race), and their H/M ratios were calculated. Spearman's correlation, Cohen's kappa and Gwet's coefficient tests were performed to evaluate the association between TW and BALF samples. RESULTS With BALF, 21 horses met the cytological inclusion criteria for an EIPH diagnosis from individual and/or pooled samples. With TW, 20 horses had occasional (H/M < 10%) haemosiderophages, and nine, one and three horses had small (10%-25%), moderate (25%-50%) and large (>50%) proportions, respectively. Poor correlations and inconsistent concordances between TW and BALF were found for H/M ratio. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the use of a single staining method and the absence of a total haemosiderin score. CONCLUSION No association between TW and BALF was found for the cytological diagnosis of EIPH. Based on H/M ratio, BALF remains the sample type of choice for cytological diagnosis of EIPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Barbazanges
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, ONIRIS, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Caen, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Caen, France
| | - Louise C Lemonnier
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, ONIRIS, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Clovis P Wouters
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Caen, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Caen, France
| | - Anne Couroucé
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, ONIRIS, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Caen, France
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6
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Huh M, Lee S. Lung lobe torsion associated with chest wall defects in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:79-83. [PMID: 37593893 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
An 8-year-old, spayed, female poodle presented with exercise intolerance, lethargy, respiratory distress, retching, hyporexia and diarrhoea. Thoracic radiographs revealed increased opacity in the left cranial thoracic region. The fifth and sixth ribs appeared to be bulging cranially to caudally, and CT and surgical exploration confirmed the presence of a thoracic wall defect in that area. CT showed abrupt occlusion of the bronchus that branches into the left cranial lobe and consolidation of the caudal segment of left cranial lung lobe, which led to the diagnosis of lung lobe torsion. A thoracotomy was performed, the twisted lung lobe was surgically excised, and the defect in the thoracic wall was repaired. Respiratory distress gradually improved after the surgery, and there were no identified complications within the 2-year period following the procedure. Based on our literature search, this is the first reported case of lung lobe torsion caused by a thoracic wall defect in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Dumont R, Touzet C, Gomes E, Le Boedec K. Treatment of recurrent hunting-associated respiratory distress episodes in 2 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2514-2519. [PMID: 37878243 PMCID: PMC10658495 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) in hunting dogs is an uncommon and poorly described condition for which no preventive treatment is available. Two dogs were presented for recurrent respiratory distress strictly associated with hunting activities. Diagnosis was based on bilateral, symmetrical, interstitial-to-alveolar pattern in the caudodorsal lung fields on thoracic radiographs, exclusion of other causes, and spontaneous clinical and radiographic improvement. Considering that the pathogenesis of exercise-induced NCPE likely involves α- and β-adrenergic overstimulation, treatment with sympathetic blockers was used in both dogs. The first dog no longer showed respiratory signs during hunting activities. However, treatment failed to prevent respiratory distress in the other dog. Based on the large number of red blood cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the second dog, exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage was suspected, as described in racing horses. The loop diuretic furosemide successfully prevented further hunting-associated respiratory distress episodes in this dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Dumont
- Internal Medicine UnitCentre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis43, Av. Aristide Briand, 94110 ArcueilFrance
| | - Chloé Touzet
- Diagnosis Imaging UnitCentre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis43, Av. Aristide Briand, 94110 ArcueilFrance
| | - Eymeric Gomes
- Diagnosis Imaging UnitCentre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis43, Av. Aristide Briand, 94110 ArcueilFrance
| | - Kevin Le Boedec
- Internal Medicine UnitCentre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis43, Av. Aristide Briand, 94110 ArcueilFrance
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Nath LC, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Weir J, Forbes G, Thomas G, Franklin S. Associations between postrace atrial fibrillation and measures of performance, racing history and airway disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2573-2583. [PMID: 37740606 PMCID: PMC10658555 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common performance limiting arrhythmia in racehorses. High dose exercise and airway disease promote AF in humans. Few studies have investigated epidemiological factors associated with AF in horses. OBJECTIVES Explore variables relating to performance, exercise volume and postrace endoscopic findings in horses with AF. ANIMALS A total of 164 horses with poor race performance and postrace AF were compared to 321 horses with poor performance without AF (PP) and 314 horses performing to expectation (TE). METHODS Horse-level and race-level variables for horses racing in Australia and Hong Kong from 2009 to 2021 were compared using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Postrace endoscopic exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and tracheal mucus accumulation (TMA) grades for AF and PP horses were compared using chi-squared analysis. RESULTS Variables that were significant in the multivariable model of AF compared to TE were distance (lengths) behind the winner, (odds ratio [OR]; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.41 [1.32-1.51], P < .0001), cumulative prize money per start before the event (OR [95% CI] 1.02 [1.01-1.03], P = .01) and age (OR [95% CI] 0.72 [0.55-0.92], P = .01). More AF horses had EIPH grade ≥ 3 (23/109; 21.1%) than PP horses (7/213; 3.3%; OR [95%CI] 7.9 [3.3-20.2], P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Acute race performance was substantially impaired by AF but career earnings before the event were not inferior. Exercise volume did not promote AF. Higher grades of EIPH found in AF horses suggests a mechanistic relationship between these conditions.
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Burns JJ, MacMillan KM, John E. Prevalence of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Tracheal Mucus and Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy in Competitive Draft Pulling Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 129:104895. [PMID: 37517672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is common in the horse population and is often associated with poor performance in equine athletes. Despite their outstanding strength and aerobic capacity, little regard is given to draft horses and the respiratory disorders they may encounter when performing athletic activity. For this reason, the objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), tracheal mucus (TM) and recurrent laryngeal hemiplegia (RLH) in a population of competitive draft pulling horses, and (2) to determine if there was an association between horse weight, height, age, amount pulled, or competition placing with EIPH, TM or RLH in draft pullers. Results of this study identified EIPH in 26% of the study population, RLH in 32% and TM in 82% of participating horses; however, no risk factors were identified for the development of these problems in draft pulling horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Burns
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
| | - Kathleen M MacMillan
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Emily John
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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10
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Saito T, Yasumura Y, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Echocardiographic characteristics of dogs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to respiratory diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1656-1666. [PMID: 37593765 PMCID: PMC10472999 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to respiratory disease is caused by pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypoxia. Severe PH can induce various clinical signs, including syncope and right-sided heart failure. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To investigate the echocardiographic characteristics in dogs with PH secondary to respiratory diseases. ANIMALS Thirty-one dogs with respiratory diseases with or without PH and 15 healthy dogs. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Dogs were classified according to respiratory disease (obstructive airway/lung disease [OALD] or restrictive lung disease [RLD]) and PH-relevant signs. The association between echocardiographic variables and PH (classified by respiratory disease and PH-relevant signs) was investigated. RESULTS Twenty-one dogs were diagnosed with PH; of these, 11 showed PH-related signs (OALD, n = 2; RLD, n = 9), 14 had right ventricular hypertrophy, and 19 had pulmonary arterial enlargement. Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation were observed only in dogs with PH-related signs (n = 10). Left and right ventricular stroke volumes were significantly lower in dogs with PH (median [interquartile range]: 17.2 [12.4-20.8] and 16.8 [15.3-29.5] mL/m2 , respectively). Dogs with RLD had higher echocardiography-estimated pulmonary vascular resistance than those with OALD (median [interquartile range]: 3.1 [1.9-3.3] and 1.6 [1.3-2.2], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pulmonary arterial enlargement was the most common echocardiographic finding in dogs with PH secondary to respiratory diseases. Right ventricular dysfunction, dilatation, and decreased left and right ventricular stroke volume were significantly associated with the PH-related signs, indicating that comprehensive echocardiography is recommended in dogs with respiratory disease. Restricted lung disease might induce more severe PH than OALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yuyo Yasumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
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Downey AC, Mayhew PD, Massari F, Van Goethem B. Evaluation of long-term outcome after lung lobectomy for canine non-neoplastic pulmonary consolidation via thoracoscopic or thoracoscopic-assisted surgery in 12 dogs. Vet Surg 2023; 52:909-917. [PMID: 36574343 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report outcomes of thoracoscopic (TL) and thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy (TAL) for treatment of non-neoplastic pulmonary consolidation (PC) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Twelve client-owned dogs. METHODS The medical records of 12 dogs that underwent TL or TAL for PC at 3 veterinary institutions between 2011 and 2020 were reviewed. Signalment, history, physical examination, diagnostics, days in hospital, anesthetic and procedure times, intraoperative/postoperative complications, conversion rates, duration of indwelling thoracic drain, and long-term outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Nine patients underwent a TL approach and 3 underwent TAL. In those that underwent TL, conversion to an intercostal thoracotomy was performed in 4 out of 9 dogs. Conversion was performed due to adhesions (n = 3) or poor visualization (1). Histopathologic examination was consistent with pneumonia due to an infectious process (n = 10), bronchioalveolar malformation with abnormal cilia (1), and left-sided cardiac insufficiency vs. pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (1). The mean duration of hospital stay was 4 days (range, 1-6 days). Complications occurred postoperatively in 7 dogs and included self-limiting hemorrhage (n = 3), self-resolving pneumothorax (2), incisional dehiscence (1), and severe dyspnea in a brachycephalic breed leading to euthanasia (1). For the 11 dogs that survived the perioperative period, there was no evidence of recurrence with a median follow up of 24 months (range, 5-120 months). CONCLUSION Thoracoscopic (TL) and thoracoscopic-assisted lung lobectomy (TAL) is a reasonable surgical approach in select dogs with PC. CLINICIAL RELEVANCE Conversion rates were higher than those historically reported for dogs undergoing thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for primary lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Downey
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philipp D Mayhew
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Bart Van Goethem
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1514-1527. [PMID: 37148147 PMCID: PMC10365054 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor performance is a multifactorial syndrome of racehorses, commonly associated with subclinical disorders, which can be diagnosed by exercise testing. OBJECTIVES Describe the prevalence of medical causes of poor performance in Standardbreds unassociated with lameness, and evaluate their relationships with fitness variables measured by exercise treadmill test. ANIMALS Hospital population of 259 nonlame Standardbred trotters referred for poor performance. METHODS The horses' medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Horses underwent a diagnostic protocol including resting examination, plasma lactate concentration, treadmill test with continuous ECG and assessment of fitness variables, creatine kinase activity, treadmill endoscopy, postexercise tracheobronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and gastroscopy. The prevalence of different disorders was evaluated, including cardiac arrhythmias, exertional myopathies, dynamic upper airway obstructions (DUAOs), exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), moderate equine asthma (MEA), and gastric ulcers (EGUS). The associations of these disorders with fitness variables were investigated individually and using multivariable models. RESULTS Moderate equine asthma and EGUS were the most common disorders, followed by EIPH, DUAOs, cardiac arrhythmias, and exertional myopathies. Hemosiderin score was positively correlated with BAL neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells; increased creatine kinase activity was associated with BAL neutrophilia, DUAOs, premature complexes, and squamous gastric disease. Treadmill velocity at a plasma lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L and at heart rate of 200 beats per minute was negatively affected by BAL neutrophilia, multiple DUAOs, exertional myopathies, and squamous gastric disease. CONCLUSIONS The multifactorial nature of poor performance was confirmed, with MEA, DUAOs, myopathies and EGUS representing the main diseases involved in fitness impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara M. Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Equine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Bianca Conturba
- Equine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Giovanni Stancari
- Equine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoLodiItaly
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Bertram CA, Marzahl C, Bartel A, Stayt J, Bonsembiante F, Beeler-Marfisi J, Barton AK, Brocca G, Gelain ME, Gläsel A, du Preez K, Weiler K, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Breininger K, Aubreville M, Maier A, Klopfleisch R, Hill J. Cytologic scoring of equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: Performance of human experts and a deep learning-based algorithm. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:75-85. [PMID: 36384369 PMCID: PMC9827485 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221137582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a relevant respiratory disease in sport horses, which can be diagnosed by examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells using the total hemosiderin score (THS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of annotators and to validate a deep learning-based algorithm for the THS. Digitized cytological specimens stained for iron were prepared from 52 equine BALF samples. Ten annotators produced a THS for each slide according to published methods. The reference methods for comparing annotator's and algorithmic performance included a ground truth dataset, the mean annotators' THSs, and chemical iron measurements. Results of the study showed that annotators had marked interobserver variability of the THS, which was mostly due to a systematic error between annotators in grading the intracytoplasmatic hemosiderin content of individual macrophages. Regarding overall measurement error between the annotators, 87.7% of the variance could be reduced by using standardized grades based on the ground truth. The algorithm was highly consistent with the ground truth in assigning hemosiderin grades. Compared with the ground truth THS, annotators had an accuracy of diagnosing EIPH (THS of < or ≥ 75) of 75.7%, whereas, the algorithm had an accuracy of 92.3% with no relevant differences in correlation with chemical iron measurements. The results show that deep learning-based algorithms are useful for improving reproducibility and routine applicability of the THS. For THS by experts, a diagnostic uncertainty interval of 40 to 110 is proposed. THSs within this interval have insufficient reproducibility regarding the EIPH diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A. Bertram
- University of Veterinary Medicine
Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Christian Marzahl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika
AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
- Alexander Bartel, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie
Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 67, Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jason Stayt
- Novavet Diagnostics, Bayswater, Western
Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agnes Gläsel
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen,
Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Maier
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Hill
- Novavet Diagnostics, Bayswater, Western
Australia
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14
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Loynachan AT. Equine pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia associated with diaphragmatic herniation. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103855. [PMID: 34954291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary malformations are rare equine congenital anomalies. Over a three-year timeframe, three cases of left sided pulmonary agenesis were diagnosed in perinatal foals. All three cases were associated with concurrent ipsilateral diaphragmatic herniation and hypoplasia of the right lung lobe. All three foals died immediately following parturition due to perinatal asphyxia associated with the congenital malformations. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of pulmonary agenesis in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Loynachan
- College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky Department of Veterinary Science Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY.
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15
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Dickson R, Scharf VF, Michael AE, Walker M, Thomson C, Grimes J, Singh A, Oblak M, Brisson B, Case JB. Surgical management and outcome of dogs with primary spontaneous pneumothorax: 110 cases (2009-2019). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:1229-1235. [PMID: 33978438 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.11.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe surgical management and associated outcomes for dogs with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. ANIMALS 110 client-owned dogs with primary spontaneous pneumothorax that underwent surgical management. PROCEDURES Medical records at 7 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, history, clinical signs, radiographic and CT findings, surgical methods, intraoperative and postoperative complications, outcomes, and histopathologic findings. Follow-up information was obtained by contacting the referring veterinarian or owner. RESULTS 110 dogs were included, with a median follow-up time of 508 days (range, 3 to 2,377 days). Ninety-nine (90%) dogs underwent median sternotomy, 9 (8%) underwent intercostal thoracotomy, and 2 (2%) underwent thoracoscopy as the sole intervention. Bullous lesions were most commonly found in the left cranial lung lobe (51/156 [33%] lesions) and right cranial lung lobe (37/156 [24%] lesions). Of the 100 dogs followed up for > 30 days, 13 (13%) had a recurrence of pneumothorax, with median time between surgery and recurrence of 9 days. Recurrence was significantly more likely to occur ≤ 30 days after surgery, compared with > 30 days after surgery. Recurrence > 30 days after surgery was rare (3 [3%]). No risk factors for recurrence were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lung lobectomy via median sternotomy resulted in resolution of pneumothorax in most dogs with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Recurrence of pneumothorax was most common in the immediate postoperative period, which may have reflected failure to identify lesions during the initial thoracic exploration, rather than development of additional bullae.
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16
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Buck AM, Sunico SK. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:147-150. [PMID: 32597731 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Yang S, Park SJ, Oh T, Cho H, Chae C. Efficacy comparison of commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae monovalent and bivalent vaccines against a dual challenge. Can J Vet Res 2020; 84:272-282. [PMID: 33012976 PMCID: PMC7491006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of commercially available porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines. A total of 80 pigs was randomly divided into 6 treatment groups; 4 of the groups each received a different vaccine as well as a dual challenge. The remaining 2 groups were used as controls, 1 of which also received a dual challenge. Two of the 4 groups of pigs were administered 2 monovalent vaccines (designated as either monovalent vaccine A or B) of PCV2 at 7 days old and of M. hyopneumoniae at 21 days old. The remaining 2 vaccinated groups of pigs received a bivalent vaccine (designated as either bivalent vaccine A or B) of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae at 21 days old. All 4 vaccinated groups were challenged with M. hyopneumoniae at 42 days old [-14 d post-challenge (dpc)], followed by a PCV2d challenge at 56 days old (0 dpc). All 4 vaccinated/challenged groups displayed a reduction in clinical signs, PCV2d viremia, nasal shedding of M. hyopneumoniae, and lung lesions compared with pigs in the unvaccinated and challenged groups. Vaccination and challenge improved growth performance and increased the immunologic responses (M. hyopneumoniae- and PCV2-specific antibodies and interferon-γ-secreting cells) when compared to pigs in the unvaccinated/challenged groups. Pigs in groups vaccinated with either a monovalent or bivalent vaccine A treatment and challenge produced a larger amount of M. hyopneumoniae- and PCV2d-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells within the pigs and simultaneously reduced the nasal shedding of M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2d viremia compared with groups vaccinated with either a monovalent or bivalent vaccine B treatment and challenge. Both the bivalent vaccines and the respective monovalent vaccines were efficacious against a dual challenge of M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Aslam MW, Lau SF, Chin CSL, Ahmad NI, Rahman NA, Kuppusamy K, Omar S, Radzi R. Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012-2018). J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:774-790. [PMID: 32400257 PMCID: PMC7206563 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19886395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This retrospective study aimed to describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, radiological features, therapeutic plans and outcomes for cats infected with Rhodococcus equi. METHODS Forty cats aged between 2 months and 11 years old (median 6 months) that were definitively diagnosed with rhodococcosis between 2012 and 2018 were recruited in this study. Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, treatment plans and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 40 cats, 36 showed the pulmonary form of the disease, with 35 (87.5%) presenting with dyspnoea, while four cats presented with only cutaneous lesions. Mean body temperature was 38.7 ± 0.2°C. Dyspnoea was noted in 87.5% of the cats. Leukocytosis (58.3%) with band neutrophilia (83.3%), monocytosis (58.3%) and thrombocytopenia (55.5%) were prominent findings in the haematology reports. Hyperproteinaemia (61.1%) with hypoalbuminaemia (22.2%) and hyperglobulinaemia (63.8%) with a low albumin:globulin ratio (38.9%) were prominent features of blood biochemistry reports. An alveolar-interstitial pattern was noted in 75% of pre-thoracocentesis radiographs. Pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, thoracic lymphadenopathy and atelectasis of any lung lobe were seen in 88.9%, 75%, 41.7% and 36.1% of cats, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate was 67.5% in both forms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinicians should be aware that feline rhodococcosis manifests as a pulmonary disease at a much higher rate than previously reported. Further studies are required to address the epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease management and prognosis of feline rhodococcosis. The role of immunosuppression as a predisposing factor in feline rhodococcosis requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waseem Aslam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Seng Fong Lau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chelly Sze Lee Chin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Indah Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor-Alimah Rahman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Krishnammah Kuppusamy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rozanaliza Radzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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19
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Oberhaus A, Mcfadden M. Use of vessel sealing system for multiple partial lung lobectomies for spontaneous pneumothorax. Can Vet J 2020; 61:875-879. [PMID: 32741995 PMCID: PMC7350065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wolf hybrid dog was presented for dyspnea and tachypnea. Thoracic radiographs revealed a pneumothorax. A median sternotomy was performed, and multiple pulmonary blebs were identified on several lung lobes. Multiple partial lung lobectomies were performed using a vessel sealing system. The dog was discharged 4 days after surgery free of clinical signs related to surgery or pneumothorax. This case represents a novel utilization of a vessel sealing system to remove the apex of the lung when there are numerous pulmonary lesions present. Key clinical message: A vessel sealing system simplified multiple partial lung lobectomies in an open thoracotomy. The system reduced tissue trauma as well as the amount of normal pulmonary tissue removed while efficiently creating a seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Oberhaus
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners - Surgery, 1646 Spring Cypress Road #100, Spring, Texas 77388, USA
| | - Michael Mcfadden
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners - Surgery, 1646 Spring Cypress Road #100, Spring, Texas 77388, USA
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20
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Hiebert EC, MacLellan JD. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:809-811. [PMID: 30888269 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.7.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Tarancón I, Armengou L, Melendez-Lazo A, Pastor J, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E. Prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in competing endurance horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:710-715. [PMID: 31478814 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.6.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) among elite endurance horses after competition in a long-distance race. ANIMALS 20 endurance horses and 12 nonexercised or minimally exercised age-, breed-, and trainer-matched horses from the same environment (control horses). PROCEDURES Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from endurance horses at 3 to 8 days (sample A) and 36 to 38 days (sample B) after the race (100 km in 1 day [n = 3], 70 km/d for 2 days [12], or 100 km/d for 2 days [5]) were cytologically examined for the presence of hemosiderophages. Samples from control horses were collected at the same time as sample B was obtained from respective matched endurance horses and similarly examined. Horses with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples in which > 1% of identified cells were hemosiderophages were considered to have evidence of EIPH. RESULTS Of 20 endurance horses, 9 (45%; 95% confidence interval, 25% to 66%) and 10 (50%; 95% confidence interval, 29% to 71%) had cytologic evidence of EIPH in samples A and B, respectively. Evidence of EIPH was present in 6 of 20 (30%) horses at both sample collection times, 3 (15%) at the first sample time only, and 4 (20%) at the second sample time only. In contrast, 1 of 12 control horses had cytologic evidence of EIPH. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of EIPH in these elite endurance horses (45% to 50%) was higher than previously reported estimates for poor-performing endurance horses; however, differences in criteria for identification of EIPH should be considered when comparing findings between studies.
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22
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Ruby J, Secrest S, Sharma A. Radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses in dogs and cats can be challenging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:385-393. [PMID: 32400045 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate thoracic masses of mediastinal and pulmonary origins is often confounded by their complex spatial relationship. The objectives of this retrospective, observational cross-sectional study were to assess radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses, and to determine if there are any correlations with specific radiographic findings. Thoracic radiographs of 75 dogs and cats with mediastinal and/or pulmonary masses identified on CT were reviewed. Radiographic studies were anonymized, randomized, and reviewed twice by three reviewers. Reviewers categorized the origin of each mass(es) as mediastinal, pulmonary, or both. On the second review, the presence or absence of 21 different radiographic findings was recorded for each mass. Agreement between the radiographic and CT categorization of mass origin, as well as inter- and intraobserver agreement, was calculated. Overall agreement between radiographs and CT was moderate for both mediastinal (68.6%) and pulmonary masses (63%). Overall, interobserver agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50-0.74), with moderate to strong intraobserver agreement (κ = 0.58-0.93). Masses within the mediastinum were significantly more likely to displace other mediastinal structures. Alternatively, masses lateral to midline and in the caudal thorax were found to be significantly positively correlated with a pulmonary origin. The results of this study highlight the limitations of radiography for differentiation of mediastinal and pulmonary masses, with mass location and displacement of other mediastinal structures potentially useful for radiographic findings that may help improve accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ruby
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Wahba L, Jain N, Fire AZ, Shoura MJ, Artiles KL, McCoy MJ, Jeong DE. An Extensive Meta-Metagenomic Search Identifies SARS-CoV-2-Homologous Sequences in Pangolin Lung Viromes. mSphere 2020. [PMID: 32376697 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.08.939660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In numerous instances, tracking the biological significance of a nucleic acid sequence can be augmented through the identification of environmental niches in which the sequence of interest is present. Many metagenomic data sets are now available, with deep sequencing of samples from diverse biological niches. While any individual metagenomic data set can be readily queried using web-based tools, meta-searches through all such data sets are less accessible. In this brief communication, we demonstrate such a meta-metagenomic approach, examining close matches to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in all high-throughput sequencing data sets in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive accessible with the "virome" keyword. In addition to the homology to bat coronaviruses observed in descriptions of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence (F. Wu, S. Zhao, B. Yu, Y. M. Chen, et al., Nature 579:265-269, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3; P. Zhou, X. L. Yang, X. G. Wang, B. Hu, et al., Nature 579:270-273, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7), we note a strong homology to numerous sequence reads in metavirome data sets generated from the lungs of deceased pangolins reported by Liu et al. (P. Liu, W. Chen, and J. P. Chen, Viruses 11:979, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110979). While analysis of these reads indicates the presence of a similar viral sequence in pangolin lung, the similarity is not sufficient to either confirm or rule out a role for pangolins as an intermediate host in the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2. In addition to the implications for SARS-CoV-2 emergence, this study illustrates the utility and limitations of meta-metagenomic search tools in effective and rapid characterization of potentially significant nucleic acid sequences.IMPORTANCE Meta-metagenomic searches allow for high-speed, low-cost identification of potentially significant biological niches for sequences of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Wahba
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nimit Jain
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Z Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Massa J Shoura
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karen L Artiles
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew J McCoy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dae-Eun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Wahba L, Jain N, Fire AZ, Shoura MJ, Artiles KL, McCoy MJ, Jeong DE. An Extensive Meta-Metagenomic Search Identifies SARS-CoV-2-Homologous Sequences in Pangolin Lung Viromes. mSphere 2020; 5:e00160-20. [PMID: 32376697 PMCID: PMC7203451 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00160-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In numerous instances, tracking the biological significance of a nucleic acid sequence can be augmented through the identification of environmental niches in which the sequence of interest is present. Many metagenomic data sets are now available, with deep sequencing of samples from diverse biological niches. While any individual metagenomic data set can be readily queried using web-based tools, meta-searches through all such data sets are less accessible. In this brief communication, we demonstrate such a meta-metagenomic approach, examining close matches to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in all high-throughput sequencing data sets in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive accessible with the "virome" keyword. In addition to the homology to bat coronaviruses observed in descriptions of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence (F. Wu, S. Zhao, B. Yu, Y. M. Chen, et al., Nature 579:265-269, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3; P. Zhou, X. L. Yang, X. G. Wang, B. Hu, et al., Nature 579:270-273, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7), we note a strong homology to numerous sequence reads in metavirome data sets generated from the lungs of deceased pangolins reported by Liu et al. (P. Liu, W. Chen, and J. P. Chen, Viruses 11:979, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110979). While analysis of these reads indicates the presence of a similar viral sequence in pangolin lung, the similarity is not sufficient to either confirm or rule out a role for pangolins as an intermediate host in the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2. In addition to the implications for SARS-CoV-2 emergence, this study illustrates the utility and limitations of meta-metagenomic search tools in effective and rapid characterization of potentially significant nucleic acid sequences.IMPORTANCE Meta-metagenomic searches allow for high-speed, low-cost identification of potentially significant biological niches for sequences of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Wahba
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nimit Jain
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Z Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Massa J Shoura
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Karen L Artiles
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew J McCoy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dae-Eun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Coady MRM, Atilla A, Stillion J. Bilateral lung lobe torsions in a cat. Can Vet J 2020; 61:161-165. [PMID: 32020935 PMCID: PMC6973216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 13-year-old spayed female domestic longhair cat was presented for tachypnea and was identified to have reduced lung sounds over the left hemithorax. Thoracic ultrasound examination and computed tomography identified changes consistent with bilateral lung lobe torsion. A median sternotomy confirmed torsion of both the cranial portion of the left cranial lung lobe and the right middle lung lobe. The affected lobes were resected. Pleural fluid analysis was indicative of a modified transudate and histopathology was consistent with a subacute to chronic torsion with no evidence of neoplasia or infection. The patient recovered without complication. Lung lobe torsion is an uncommon presentation across all species and is especially rare in cats. To the authors' knowledge, bilateral lung lobe torsion has not been previously reported in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R M Coady
- Western Veterinary Emergency and Specialist Centre, 1802, 10th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Aylin Atilla
- Western Veterinary Emergency and Specialist Centre, 1802, 10th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Jenefer Stillion
- Western Veterinary Emergency and Specialist Centre, 1802, 10th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta
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Banerjee SK, Lata S, Sharma AK, Bagchi S, Kumar M, Sahu SK, Sarkar D, Gupta P, Jana K, Gupta UD, Singh R, Saha S, Basu J, Kundu M. The sensor kinase MtrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates hypoxic survival and establishment of infection. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19862-19876. [PMID: 31653701 PMCID: PMC6937564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired two-component systems (TCSs), having a sensor kinase (SK) and a cognate response regulator (RR), enable the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis to respond to the external environment and to persist within its host. Here, we inactivated the SK gene of the TCS MtrAB, mtrB, generating the strain ΔmtrB We show that mtrB loss reduces the bacterium's ability to survive in macrophages and increases its association with autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Notably, the ΔmtrB strain was markedly defective in establishing lung infection in mice, with no detectable lung pathology following aerosol challenge. ΔmtrB was less able to withstand hypoxic and acid stresses and to form biofilms and had decreased viability under hypoxia. Transcriptional profiling of ΔmtrB by gene microarray analysis, validated by quantitative RT-PCR, indicated down-regulation of the hypoxia-associated dosR regulon, as well as genes associated with other pathways linked to adaptation of M. tuberculosis to the host environment. Using in vitro biochemical assays, we demonstrate that MtrB interacts with DosR (a noncognate RR) in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that MtrB enhances the binding of DosR to the hspX promoter, suggesting an unexpected role of MtrB in DosR-regulated gene expression in M. tuberculosis Taken together, these findings indicate that MtrB functions as a regulator of DosR-dependent gene expression and in the adaptation of M. tuberculosis to hypoxia and the host environment. We propose that MtrB may be exploited as a chemotherapeutic target against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suruchi Lata
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Shreya Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Debasree Sarkar
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
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Bayly W, Lopez C, Sides R, Bergsma G, Bergsma J, Gold J, Sellon D. Effect of different protocols on the mitigation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses when administered 24 hours before strenuous exercise. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2319-2326. [PMID: 31397944 PMCID: PMC6766505 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public pressure exists in the United States to eliminate race-day furosemide administration despite its efficacy in decreasing the severity of equine exercise pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). No effective alternative prophylaxis strategies have been identified. OBJECTIVE To investigate alternative protocols to race-day furosemide that might mitigate EIPH. ANIMALS Seven fit Thoroughbreds with recent EIPH. METHODS Double-blinded placebo-controlled Latin square crossover using a treadmill followed by a blinded placebo-controlled crossover study at a racetrack. First, horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue 24 hours after initiating 5 EIPH prophylaxis protocols: 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg furosemide IV 24 hours pre-exercise with and without controlled access to water, and 24 hour controlled access to water. Effects were compared to those measured after giving a placebo 24 hours pre-exercise, and 0.5 mg/kg furosemide IV 4 hours pre-exercise. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) erythrocyte count was determined 45-60 minutes postexercise after endoscopy to assign an EIPH score. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. The most promising protocol from the treadmill study was further evaluated in 6 horses using endoscopy and BAL after 1100 m simulated races. RESULTS Intravenous furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) administered 24 hours pre-exercise combined with controlled access to water decreased the severity of EIPH on the treadmill and at the racetrack. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administering 0.5 mg/kg furosemide 24 hours pre-racing combined with controlling water intake may be a strategy to replace race-day furosemide administration for the management of EIPH. A larger study is indicated to further evaluate whether this protocol significantly mitigates EIPH severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Carolina Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Raymond Sides
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | | | - Jenifer Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Debra Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Abstract
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) occurs commonly in horses undergoing strenuous exercise. Reported risk factors include racing in cold temperatures and wearing of bar shoes. In horses with documented moderate to severe EIPH, increasing the interval between races and adopting a negative race pace strategy may reduce the severity of EIPH in subsequent races. EIPH seems to have an impact on performance only when moderate to severe. This occurs in a small number of starters, approximately 6%. EIPH often is erratic in severity from race to race, although across a population it is weakly progressive over increasing race starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Crispe
- Simon Miller Racing, PO Box 7298, Shenton Park, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Guy D Lester
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
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Hajam IA, Kim J, Lee JH. Intranasally administered polyethylenimine adjuvanted influenza M2 ectodomain induces partial protection against H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 209:78-83. [PMID: 30885310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether intranasally coadministered four tandem copies of extracellular domains of M2 (M2e) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), a mucosal adjuvant, can protect chickens against H9N2 influenza A virus infection. Groups of chickens were intranasally vaccinated with M2e plus PEI adjuvant, M2e alone or PEI adjuvant, and antibody (serum IgG and mucosal IgA) and cellular (CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ levels) immune responses were measured post-vaccination. We demonstrated that the chickens vaccinated with M2e plus PEI adjuvant showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher M2e-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses compared to the chickens that received either M2e alone or PEI adjuvant. The IgA responses measured in lungs were almost comparable to that of the serum IgG levels. Upon restimulation of the vaccinated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with M2e antigen, significantly (p < 0.05) higher IFN-γ levels were observed only in M2e plus PEI adjuvant vaccinated group. Lymphoproliferative and CD4+ T cell responses, as measured by MTT-based assay and flow cytometry, respectively, were also observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in M2e plus PEI adjuvant vaccinated chickens. On challenge with the H9N2 virus (104TCID50) at 28th day post-vaccination, M2e plus PEI adjuvant vaccinated group exhibited lower lung inflammation and viral load compared to the chickens treated with either M2e alone or PEI adjuvant. In summary, we show that intranasally coadministered M2e and PEI adjuvant can elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and can reduce viremia levels in chickens post H9N2 infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Wainberg SH, Brisson BA, Reabel SN, Hay J, Hayes G, Shmon CL, Murphy K, Sears W. Evaluation of risk factors for mortality in dogs with lung lobe torsion: A retrospective study of 66 dogs (2000-2015). Can Vet J 2019; 60:167-173. [PMID: 30705452 PMCID: PMC6340258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this retrospective case series study were to describe a group of 66 dogs with lung lobe torsion (LLT) and to investigate the incidence of complications and risk factors for mortality and overall outcome in this population. Sixty-six dogs with LLT from 3 independent academic institutions were investigated. Information on signalment, history, clinical findings, and interventions was obtained. Associations with mortality outcome were examined via logistic regression. Dogs with a depressed mentation at presentation were 21 times more likely to die than dogs with normal mentation [P = 0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.949 to 579.904]. The overall odds of mortality were increased by 18% for each unit change in Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLEfast) score (P = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.998 to 1.44). No other clinical abnormalities correlated with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Wainberg
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - Brigitte A Brisson
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - Stephanie N Reabel
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - Jennifer Hay
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - Galina Hayes
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - Cindy L Shmon
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - Kim Murphy
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
| | - William Sears
- Departments of Clinical Studies (Wainberg, Brisson, Reabel) and Population Medicine (Sears), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hay, Shmon), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2; Department of Clinical Sciences (Hayes), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA (Murphy)
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Benavides KL, Rozanski EA, Oura TJ. Lung lobe torsion in 35 dogs and 4 cats. Can Vet J 2019; 60:60-66. [PMID: 30651652 PMCID: PMC6294018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess survival to discharge of animals with surgical or postmortem confirmation of a lung lobe torsion (LLT) as well as to evaluate pre-operative effusion, lung lobe affected, and patient size as prognostic indicators. Medical records search identified 35 dogs and 4 cats with a confirmed diagnosis including 17 small-breed dogs, 18 large-breed dogs, 3 domestic shorthair cats, and 1 minskin cat. Lobes affected included right middle (n = 18), left cranial (n = 18), right cranial (n = 2), left caudal (n = 1), and accessory (n = 1). Two animals died before surgery; the remaining 37 animals underwent thoracotomy. All treated small-breed dogs and cats survived; 12/18 large-breed dogs survived, with an overall survival to discharge of 87%. Pre-operative pleural effusion and affected lung lobe did not affect survival to discharge in this population. Small dogs and cats with LLT appear to have an excellent survival to discharge following thoracotomy and the survival is good in larger dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Benavides
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 55 Willard Street, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 55 Willard Street, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Trisha J Oura
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 55 Willard Street, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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Navas-Suárez PE, Díaz-Delgado J, Matushima ER, Fávero CM, Sánchez Sarmiento AM, Sacristán C, Ewbank AC, Marques Joppert A, Barbanti Duarte JM, dos Santos-Cirqueira C, Cogliati B, Mesquita L, Maiorka PC, Catão-Dias JL. A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198670. [PMID: 29879222 PMCID: PMC5991706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study describes the biological and epidemiological aspects, gross and microscopical findings, and most likely causes of death (CD) in two species of Neotropical deer in Brazil. The animals were collected between 1995 and 2015 and represented 75 marsh deer (MD) and 136 brown brocket deer (BBD). Summarized, pneumonia was diagnosed microscopically in 48 MD and 52 BBD; 76 deer suffered trauma, involving dog attack (14 BBD) and vehicle-collision (14 BBD). Pulmonary edema (50 MD; 55 BBD) and congestion (57 MD; 78 BBD) were the most common findings for both species. Additionally, we diagnosed ruminal and myocardial mycosis in MD and BBD, respectively; ovarian dysgerminoma and pancreatic trematodiasis in BBD; and lesions suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever and orbiviral hemorrhagic disease in both species. The main CD in MD was: respiratory (41/75), alimentary, nutritional, trauma and euthanasia (3/75 each). Correspondingly, in BBD were: trauma (34/131), respiratory (30/131) and euthanasia (9/131). Respiratory disease was often defined by pulmonary edema and pneumonia. We provide evidence that respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, is a critical pathological process in these Neotropical deer species. Although no etiological agents were identified, there is evidence of bacterial and viral involvement. Our results show trauma, mainly anthropogenic, as a common ailment in BBD. We propose to prioritize respiratory disease in future research focused on South American deer health aspects. We believe anthropogenic trauma may be a primary threat for populations of BBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Maria Fávero
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica Maria Sánchez Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Marques Joppert
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauricio Barbanti Duarte
- Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE), Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Cogliati
- Laboratory of Morphological and Molecular Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mesquita
- Laboratory of Animal Models, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Laboratory of Animal Models, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
As far as we are aware, there are no previous reports on the pathologic conditions of buoyancy disorders in Ambystoma mexicanum. Herein, we describe various clinical test results, clinical outcomes, and the pathological findings of an experimental pneumonectomy procedure in 3 A. mexicanum exhibiting abnormal buoyancy. The 3 pet A. mexicanum were adults, and their respective ages and body weights were 1, 5, and 6 yr and 48, 55, and 56 g. Two of these cases were confirmed via radiographic examination to have free air within the body cavity, and all 3 cases were found via ultrasonography to have an acoustic shadow within the body cavity and were diagnosed with pneumocoelom. Lung perforations were detected macroscopically in 2 of the cases, and all 3 cases had fibrosis in the caudal ends of the lungs. Removal of the lung lesions eliminated the abnormal buoyancy in all 3 cases. We concluded that air had leaked into the body cavity from the lungs, and we propose that lung lesions are an important cause of buoyancy disorders in A. mexicanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Takami
- Verts Animal Hospital, 2-21-5 Naka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-0893, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Pulmonary hyalinosis is an idiopathic, typically incidental lesion of old dogs, characterized by multifocal aggregates of epithelioid and multinucleate macrophages that surround periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive hyaline material in airways. Lung lesions resembling pulmonary hyalinosis were observed in 6 captive adult sugar gliders ( Petaurus breviceps; 5 females and 1 male) in a retrospective review of 18 autopsied animals. Clinical signs for 3 of the sugar gliders included lethargy, tachypnea, and dyspnea. At autopsy, 5 of 6 animals had comorbid lesions that were the primary cause of death. Gross pulmonary lesions were characterized by mildly firm, discolored, vaguely nodular areas of parenchyma. Histologic examination of the lung revealed granulomatous inflammation with intracellular and extracellular amphophilic hyaline bodies within alveoli and airways. Hyaline bodies were positive for PAS and oil red O staining, blue via crystal violet staining, and displayed birefringence under polarized light, similar to findings in dogs with pulmonary hyalinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Set A Sokol
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Sokol)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Agnew)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR (Lewis)
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Southard, Miller)
| | - Dalen W Agnew
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Sokol)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Agnew)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR (Lewis)
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Southard, Miller)
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Sokol)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Agnew)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR (Lewis)
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Southard, Miller)
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Sokol)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Agnew)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR (Lewis)
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Southard, Miller)
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Sokol)
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (Agnew)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR (Lewis)
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Southard, Miller)
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Linta N, Baron Toaldo M, Bettini G, Cordella A, Quinci M, Pey P, Galli V, Cipone M, Diana A. The feasibility of contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the diagnosis of non-cardiac thoracic disorders of dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:141. [PMID: 28545570 PMCID: PMC5445396 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the feasibility of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in the diagnostic work-up of non-cardiac thoracic disorders of small animals. The second aim is to assess the usefulness of CEUS as a direct guide for sample procedures. RESULTS Forty animals, 28 dogs and 12 cats, were included in the study. Thoracic disorders included 23 pulmonary lesions [primary carcinoma (14), lymphoma (1), sarcoma (1), histiocytic sarcoma (1), abscess (1) and pneumonia (5)] and 17 mediastinal lesions [lymphoma (8), thymoma (3), mesothelioma (1), melanoma (1), carcinomatous lymphadenopathy (1), mixsosarcoma (1), lipoma (1), and abscess (1)]. The majority of neoplastic pulmonary lesions showed an inhomogeneous distribution of contrast medium, whereas inflammatory lesions had a homogenous distribution with typical pulmonary vessels ramification. The majority of mediastinal malignant lesions showed an inhomogeneous distribution pattern. The lung and mediastinal abscesses had peripheral enhancement of the wall with an avascular center. All cytological and biopsy samples obtained after CEUS were diagnostic. Quantitative analysis, performed in 19/23 pulmonary lesions, showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the arrival time of the malignant (7.27 s - range 4.46-13.52 s) and benign (4.52 s - range 2.87-6.06 s) pulmonary lesions. CONCLUSIONS CEUS may be a useful tool for the evaluation of non-cardiac thoracic lesions. The contrast medium allows for the precise definition of lesion edges, the presence of necrotic areas, and the distribution of pulmonary vessels. Based on our preliminary results, the use of ultrasonographic contrast medium can be recommended for improving the diagnostic usefulness of cytology and biopsy sampling, because CEUS may help to define necrotic areas from viable tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
| | - M. Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
| | - G. Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
| | - A. Cordella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
| | - M. Quinci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
| | - P. Pey
- ANTECH Imaging Services, 17672-B Cowan Avenue, Irvine, CA 92614 USA
| | - V. Galli
- Freelance sonographer, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
| | - A. Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna Italy
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Starck JM, Neul A, Schmidt V, Kolb T, Franz-Guess S, Balcecean D, Pees M. Morphology and Morphometry of the Lung in Corn Snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) Infected with Three Different Strains of Ferlavirus. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:419-435. [PMID: 28284556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ophidian paramyxovirus (ferlavirus) is a global threat to reptilian sauropsids in herpetological collections, with occasional but fatal effects. This study characterizes the effects of three different genetic strains of ferlavirus on the dynamic changes of histology and morphometry of the lung of corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). Lungs from 42 corn snakes were either sham-infected or infected experimentally under standardized conditions. From 4 to 49 days after intratracheal inoculation, the lungs were examined qualitatively and quantitatively. Progressive microscopical changes were seen in the lung. Initially, increased numbers of heterophils were observed in the interstitium followed by proliferation and vacuolation of epithelial cells lining faveoli. Electron microscopy revealed loss of type-I pneumocytes, hyperplasia of type-II pneumocytes, and interstitial infiltrates of heterophils and mononuclear cells. With progression of disease the respiratory epithelium was initially overgrown by transformed type-II pneumocytes and later became multilayered. The results of the study suggest that the respiratory capacity of the lungs declines with disease development. The dynamics of disease development and histopathology differed in snakes infected with different ferlavirus genogroups. Animals infected with virus genogroup B developed histopathological changes and morphometric changes more rapidly and of greater intensity than snakes infected with viruses from genogroups A or C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Starck
- Department of Biology II, Biocenter, University of Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - A Neul
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig, Germany
| | - V Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Kolb
- Department of Biology II, Biocenter, University of Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - S Franz-Guess
- Department of Biology II, Biocenter, University of Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - D Balcecean
- Department of Biology II, Biocenter, University of Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - M Pees
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig, Germany
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Sparkes AH, Mardell EJ, Deaton C, Kirschvink N, Marlin D. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection in cats—description of a non-invasive technique to investigate airway disease. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 6:335-8. [PMID: 15363765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate has been collected in other species and used as a non-invasive method of evaluating airway disease by measurement of various markers in the fluid, including hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. We describe a novel technique for the collection of exhaled breath condensate from cats, which enabled collection of fluid and measurement of its hydrogen peroxide concentration. Further studies will be needed to establish the value of this technique in the investigation of feline respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Sparkes
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.
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39
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Ferrell CL, Essman SC. What Is Your Diagnosis? Herniation of the left caudal lung lobe through the left seventh intercostal space. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:759-61. [PMID: 27003014 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.7.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Larkin M. Initiative focuses on racing integrity. AAEP’s Prescription for Racing Reformto seek non-race day EIPH treatments. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 247:582-583. [PMID: 26591021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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42
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Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Townsend FI, Wells RS, Hart LB, Balmer BC, Collier TK, De Guise S, Fry MM, Guillette LJ, Lamb SV, Lane SM, McFee WE, Place NJ, Tumlin MC, Ylitalo GM, Zolman ES, Rowles TK. Response to comment on health of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana following the deepwater horizon oil spill. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:4209-4211. [PMID: 24625036 DOI: 10.1021/es5009278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori H Schwacke
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
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Jacobs LA. Comment on health of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, following the deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:4207-4208. [PMID: 24625013 DOI: 10.1021/es500134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda A Jacobs
- Integral Consulting Inc. , 411 First Avenue S, Suite 550, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
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44
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Furosemide debate continues. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:391. [PMID: 24624490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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45
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Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Townsend FI, Wells RS, Hart LB, Balmer BC, Collier TK, De Guise S, Fry MM, Guillette LJ, Lamb SV, Lane SM, McFee WE, Place NJ, Tumlin MC, Ylitalo GM, Zolman ES, Rowles TK. Health of common bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, following the deepwater horizon oil spill. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:93-103. [PMID: 24350796 DOI: 10.1021/es403610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The oil spill resulting from the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform initiated immediate concern for marine wildlife, including common bottlenose dolphins in sensitive coastal habitats. To evaluate potential sublethal effects on dolphins, health assessments were conducted in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, an area that received heavy and prolonged oiling, and in a reference site, Sarasota Bay, Florida, where oil was not observed. Dolphins were temporarily captured, received a veterinary examination, and were then released. Dolphins sampled in Barataria Bay showed evidence of hypoadrenocorticism, consistent with adrenal toxicity as previously reported for laboratory mammals exposed to oil. Barataria Bay dolphins were 5 times more likely to have moderate-severe lung disease, generally characterized by significant alveolar interstitial syndrome, lung masses, and pulmonary consolidation. Of 29 dolphins evaluated from Barataria Bay, 48% were given a guarded or worse prognosis, and 17% were considered poor or grave, indicating that they were not expected to survive. Disease conditions in Barataria Bay dolphins were significantly greater in prevalence and severity than those in Sarasota Bay dolphins, as well as those previously reported in other wild dolphin populations. Many disease conditions observed in Barataria Bay dolphins are uncommon but consistent with petroleum hydrocarbon exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori H Schwacke
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
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Knetter SM, Tuggle CK, Wannemuehler MJ, Ramer-Tait AE. Organic barn dust extract exposure impairs porcine macrophage function in vitro: implications for respiratory health. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 157:20-30. [PMID: 24275039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are responsible for a significant amount of animal morbidity and mortality in the swine industry, including the majority of nursery and grower/finisher deaths. Innate immunity, including the maintenance of lung macrophage health and function, is an important defense mechanism against respiratory pathogens and their associated losses. Chronic exposure of swine industry workers to airborne barn dust results in significant predisposition to airway diseases and impairment of alveolar macrophage (AMφ) function. Because of their importance in maintaining normal respiratory function, this study was designed to evaluate the impact of barn dust on swine macrophages. As measures of macrophage function, we evaluated the activation of NF-κB, cytokine production, cell surface marker expression and the phagocytic and antibacterial capabilities of porcine macrophages after in vitro exposure to an organic swine barn dust extract (ODE). ODE treatment induced AMφ secretion of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a complex activation profile. Additionally, ODE induced expression of genes (TLR2, NOD2) involved in sensing Gram-positive bacteria, a major component of barn dust. ODE exposure also enhanced the expression of several cell surface markers of activation, including a receptor for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Moreover, two key functions of AMϕ, phagocytosis and bacterial killing, were impaired after exposure to ODE. Treatment with ODE for the first 72 h of differentiation also inhibited the ability of monocyte-derived macrophages to translocate NF-κB to the nucleus following endotoxin stimulation. Taken together, these results demonstrate, for the first time, that organic dust extract exposure negatively affects pig macrophage activation and function, potentially enhancing host susceptibility to a variety of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Knetter
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare pulmonary disorder characterized by the accumulation of calcium phosphate microliths within the alveoli, with only a few cases described in animals. A 10-year-old female Bulldog was euthanized due to history of dyspnea and recurrent pleural and pericardial effusions. At necropsy, numerous multifocal to coalescent protruding nodules of 1-5 mm in diameter were scattered throughout the thoracic serosal surfaces. Moreover, lungs showed a diffuse pale gray color and had a generalized fine grainy consistency. Histological investigations revealed abundant intra-alveolar laminated microliths that stained positive with periodic acid-Schiff and von Kossa stains. The pulmonary interstitium showed multifocal, mild to moderate thickening, due to collagen deposition and mild hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes. The pulmonary lesion was not associated with any inflammatory response, and mineral deposition was not observed in any other organ or tissue. In addition, pulmonary, pericardial, and pleural surfaces were extensively infiltrated by an epithelioid mesothelioma. Immunohistochemical staining revealed neoplastic cells that strongly coexpressed vimentin and cytokeratin, supporting the diagnosis of mesothelioma. An overview of PAM, including pathogenesis and histological characteristics, are discussed in relation to the concurrent pleural mesothelioma. The potential cause and effect relationship between the 2 conditions could neither be established nor ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Brot
- 1Simone de Brot, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ellis J, Waldner C, Gow S, Jackson M. Relationship of the extent of pulmonary lesions to the partial pressure of oxygen and the lactate concentration in arterial blood in calves experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Can J Vet Res 2013; 77:205-210. [PMID: 24101797 PMCID: PMC3700446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a primary agent of pneumonia in calves that causes damage to pulmonary epithelium and results in respiratory distress. This retrospective cumulative analysis of data from 681 calves experimentally infected with BRSV was undertaken to determine if there was an association of both the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO₂) and the lactate concentration in arterial blood with lung lesion severity, as well as to estimate the potential predictive value of these 2 parameters in assessing disease progression. The PaO₂ was highly significantly associated with the extent of lung lesions and was considered highly predictive of lesion severity. Although the arterial blood lactate concentration was also significantly associated with lung disease, the results were not consistent for all days after challenge. Also, the lactate level was usually within the reference interval. Thus, the usefulness of the arterial blood lactate concentration in predicting the course of BRSV-associated pneumonia is limited in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- Address all correspondence to Dr. John Ellis; telephone: (306) 966-7052; e-mail:
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Gurel V, Lambert K, Page AE, Loynachan AT, Huges K, Timoney JF, Fettinger M, Horohov DW, McMichael J. Streptolysin-O/antibiotics adjunct therapy modulates site-specific expression of extracellular matrix and inflammatory genes in lungs of Rhodococcus equi infected foals. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:145-54. [PMID: 23475766 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The addition of streptolysin-O (SLO) to the standard antibiotics regimen was shown to be superior to antibiotics alone after experimental infection of foals with Rhodoccocus equi (R. equi). The objective of this study is to investigate this response by determining the site-specific expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammatory response genes in biopsy samples taken from three distinct lung regions of the infected foals. Twenty-four foals were challenged by intrabronchial instillation of R. equi and assigned to four treatment groups: SLO/antibiotics adjunct therapy, antibiotics-only therapy (7.5 mg/kg clarithromycin and 5 mg/kg rifampin), SLO-only, and saline-only treatments. Treatments were administered twice daily for 16 days unless symptoms progressed to the point where the foals needed to be euthanized. Gene expressions were determined using custom-designed equine real-time qPCR arrays containing forty-eight genes from ECM remodeling and inflammation pathways. A non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test for independent samples was applied to two pairs of time-matched comparison groups, SLO/antibiotics vs. antibiotics-only and SLO-only vs. saline-only, to document the significant differences in gene expressions within these groups. Several genes, MMP9, MMP2, TIMP2, COL1A1, COL12A1, ITGAL, ITGB1, FN1, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL9, TNFα, SMAD7, CD40, IL10, TGFB1, and TLR2, were significantly regulated compared to the unchallenged/untreated control foals. The results of this study demonstrate that enhancement of clinical responses by SLO is consistent with the changes in expression of critical genes in ECM remodeling and inflammatory response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Gurel
- Beech Tree Labs Inc, 117 Chapman St, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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50
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Boissevain I. [Blue Monday]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2013; 138:151. [PMID: 23513993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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