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Pfau T, Bruce OL, Sawatsky A, Leguillette R, Edwards WB. Dirt Track Surface Preparation and Associated Differences in Speed, Stride Length, and Stride Frequency in Galloping Horses. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2441. [PMID: 38676058 PMCID: PMC11054522 DOI: 10.3390/s24082441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In racehorses, the risk of musculoskeletal injury is linked to a decrease in speed and stride length (SL) over consecutive races prior to injury. Surface characteristics influence stride parameters. We hypothesized that large changes in stride parameters are found during galloping in response to dirt racetrack preparation. Harrowing of the back stretch of a half-mile dirt racetrack was altered in three individual lanes with decreasing depth from the inside to the outside. Track underlay compaction and water content were changed between days. Twelve horses (six on day 2) were sequentially galloped at a target speed of 16 ms-1 across the three lanes. Speed, stride frequency (SF), and SL were quantified with a GPS/GNSS logger. Mixed linear models with speed as covariate analyzed SF and SL, with track hardness and moisture content as fixed factors (p < 0.05). At the average speed of 16.48 ms-1, hardness (both p < 0.001) and moisture content (both p < 0.001) had significant effects on SF and SL. The largest difference in SL of 0.186 m between hardness and moisture conditions exceeded the 0.10 m longitudinal decrease over consecutive race starts previously identified as injury predictor. This suggests that detailed measurements of track conditions might be useful for refining injury prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Pfau
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.S.); (W.B.E.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Olivia L. Bruce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew Sawatsky
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.S.); (W.B.E.)
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - W. Brent Edwards
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.S.); (W.B.E.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Shoemaker S, Wang Y, Sellon D, Gold J, Fisher A, Bagshaw J, Leguillette R, Sanz M, Bayly W. Prevalence and severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses and its relationship to performance. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1167-1176. [PMID: 38363079 PMCID: PMC10937470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little has been reported regarding the prevalence and severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. OBJECTIVES Evaluate EIPH prevalence and severity and its association with performance, speed index, furosemide administration, race distance, and track surface. ANIMALS A total of 830 2-year-old Thoroughbreds. METHODS Prospective blinded observational study. Videoendoscopy was performed 30 to 60 minutes postrace at 15 American racetracks. Three blinded observers independently assigned an EIPH grade (0-4) to each video, and prevalence and severity of EIPH were determined. Relationships of EIPH grade to performance, speed index, race distance, track surface, and prerace administration of furosemide were evaluated using Pearson's chi-squared test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for numerical variables. Multivariable logistic regression assessed relationships between EIPH prevalence and severity, respectively, and the aforementioned independent variables. A P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 1071 tracheoendoscopies were recorded. The EIPH prevalence was 74% and for EIPH grade ≥3 was 8%. Speed index (P = .02) and finishing place (P = .004) were lower with EIPH ≥3. The EIPH prevalence and severity were lower at 2 tracks where postrace tracheoendoscopy was mandatory rather than voluntary (P < .001). Probability of observing EIPH was negatively associated with speed index (P = .01) at tracks where postrace tracheoendoscopy was mandatory. Prerace furosemide administration decreased the probability of EIPH occurrence (P = .007) and severity (P = .01) where study participation was voluntary. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prevalence and severity of EIPH in 2-year-old racehorses were consistent with that of older racehorses. An EIPH grade ≥3 was associated with decreased performance. Prerace furosemide administration was associated with a decreased likelihood, but not severity, of EIPH at most tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Shoemaker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and ResearchWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Debra Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Jenifer Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Allison Fisher
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and ResearchWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Julia Bagshaw
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Macarena Sanz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Warwick Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
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Santosuosso E, David F, Massie S, Filho SA, McCrae P, Johnson S, Leguillette R. Frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in horses during straight and untethered swimming. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:738-746. [PMID: 36273248 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrhythmias have not been previously reported in horses while swimming. OBJECTIVES To describe the type and frequency of encountered arrhythmias during repetitive swimming cycles. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive observational study. METHODS Sixteen horses swam five pool lengths (75 m), each separated by an active recovery walk. Continuous electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded (n = 80) and analysed during the pre-swim, swim and active-recovery periods. Arrhythmias were categorised as sinus arrhythmia (SA), sinus block, sinus pause (compensatory and non-compensatory), second degree atrioventricular block (2AVB) for physiological arrhythmias, supraventricular premature depolarisation (SVPD) and ventricular premature depolarisation (VPD) for non-physiological arrhythmias. A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the effects of repetitive swim lengths on arrhythmias and swimming parameters. Data were reported as median [interquartile range]. RESULTS Fifteen horses (94%) experienced at least one arrhythmia; however, the frequency remained low and 2AVB were only observed during the pre-swim period. The swimming heart rate (HR) was 162 bpm [141;173]. Sinus blocks, sinus pauses, SA, SVPD and VPD were all recorded at least once during swimming. Except for one VPD couplet, all premature depolarisations were isolated. During active-recovery, the HR was 105 bpm [103;106], with SA observed in 13 horses (81%), isolated SVPD in six horses (38%), sinus pause in one horse (6%) but no VPD present. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited number of horses precluding population prevalence assessment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE High-quality underwater ECGs were acquired in swimming horses for the first time. The frequency of arrhythmias remained low and rare pathological arrhythmias were observed during repetitive swimming and active-recovery cycles. Swimming with active-recovery periods is not a high-risk cardio-arrhythmic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Santosuosso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florent David
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shannon Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Silvio A Filho
- Al Shaqab - Endurance Department, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Persephone McCrae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Vinardell T, David F, Galezowski AM, Ali M, Qasim M, Massie SL, McCrae P, Filho S, Leguillette R. Free Swimming and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Endurance Horses: A Preliminary Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 120:104182. [PMID: 36464029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Swimming is used for rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and for conditioning to improve equine fitness. However, there are anecdotal reports that suggest that tethered swimming can induce epistaxis, likely secondary to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). The objective of this observational, prospective study was to investigate if EIPH occurs during intensive free-swimming training sessions (5 × 70m) using 15 endurance horses. On tracheo-bronchoscopic evaluations following swimming, low grade mucus scores were observed, but no tracheal blood was observed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis revealed a low cellularity, and the median red blood cell count (RBCs) was 271 cells/μL (interquartile range 150-363 cells/μL), which is much lower than the threshold of RBCs >1,000 cells/μL for horses to be considered positive for EIPH. Therefore, free swimming does not seem to predispose endurance horses to EIPH following a typical free-swimming training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Vinardell
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Member of Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Florent David
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; Equine Care Group, Lummen, Belgium.
| | | | - Mohammad Ali
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shannon L Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Persephone McCrae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Silvio Filho
- Al Shaqab's Endurance Department, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Pfau T, Bruce O, Brent Edwards W, Leguillette R. Stride frequency derived from GPS speed fluctuations in galloping horses. J Biomech 2022; 145:111364. [PMID: 36343415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changes in gallop stride parameters prior to injury have been documented previously in Thoroughbred racehorses. Validating solutions for quantification of fundamental stride parameters is important for large scale studies investigating injury related factors. This study describes a fast Fourier transformation-based method for extracting stride frequency (SF) values from speed fluctuations recorded with a standalone GPS-logger suitable for galloping horses. Limits of agreement with SF values derived from inertial measurement unit (IMU) pitch data are presented. Twelve Thoroughbred horses were instrumented with a GPS-logger (Vbox sport, Racelogic, 10 Hz samplerate) and a IMU-logger (Xsens DOT, Xsens, 120 Hz samplerate), both attached to the saddlecloth in the midline caudal to the saddle and time synchronized by minimizing root mean square error between differentiated GPS and IMU heading. Each horse performed three gallop trials with a target speed of 36miles per hour (16.1 ms-1) on a dirt racetrack. Average speed was 16.48 ms-1 ranging from 16.1 to 17.4 ms-1 between horses. Limits of agreement between GPS- and IMU-derived SF had a bias of 0.0032 Hz and a sample-by-sample precision of +/-0.027 Hz calculated over N = 2196 values. The stride length uncertainty related to the trial-by-trial SF precision of 0.0091 Hz achieved across 100 m gallop sections is smaller than the 10 cm decrease in stride length that has been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury. This suggests that the described method is suitable for calculating fundamental stride parameters in the context of injury prevention in galloping horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Pfau
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Olivia Bruce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
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Santosuosso E, Leguillette R, Vinardell T, Filho S, Massie S, McCrae P, Johnson S, Rolian C, David F. Kinematic Analysis During Straight Line Free Swimming in Horses: Part 2 - Hindlimbs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:761500. [PMID: 35174237 PMCID: PMC8843043 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.761500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming is used for rehabilitation and conditioning purposes in equine sports medicine. We described the swimming kinematics of the equine forelimbs in Part 1. The aim of Part 2 is to assess stifle, tarsus, and hind fetlock joints kinematics in swimming horses. The objectives were 1- to calculate and compare joint angles during swimming against passive mobilizations (PM), 2- to determine joints angular velocities during a swimming stride cycle. Methods Eleven elite endurance horses were used to swim in a 100-meter straight pool. Underwater (swimming) and overground PM videos were recorded from the horses' left side. Joint markers were applied on the lateral hoof wall, lateral metatarsal epicondyle, lateral aspect of the talus, lateral femoral epicondyle, and great trochanter of the femur. As a reference, maximal fetlock, tarsus, and stifle flexion/extension angles were determined during PM overground. Differences between angle extrema, angular velocities, and range of motion (ROM) were statistically compared. Results The tarsus ROM was similar during PM and swimming. The stifle and fetlock ROM were greater during PM, although the stifle flexion was greater during swimming. The stifle and tarsus had the greatest hindlimb angular velocity during the swimming cycle. Greater angular velocities were observed during the retraction phase for all the hindlimb joints. Conclusion A short retraction phase with great angular velocity for the joints of interest characterized the swimming pattern observed. Swimming may be beneficial in horses when an increased ROM of the tarsus and stifle or a reduced fetlock extension is indicated for rehabilitation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Santosuosso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tatiana Vinardell
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Silvio Filho
- Al Shaqab's Endurance Department, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shannon Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Persephone McCrae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Florent David
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Florent David ;
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7
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Santosuosso E, Leguillette R, Vinardell T, Filho S, Massie S, McCrae P, Johnson S, Rolian C, David F. Kinematic Analysis During Straight Line Free Swimming in Horses: Part 1 - Forelimbs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:752375. [PMID: 34722709 PMCID: PMC8553013 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.752375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Swimming is used for rehabilitation and conditioning purposes in equine sports medicine despite the lack of understanding of equine swimming kinematics. The aim of this study was to assess forelimb joints kinematics (elbow, carpus, and fetlock) in swimming horses. The specific objectives were 1- to calculate and compare joint angles in swimming vs. passive mobilizations (PM), 2- to determine joint angular velocities during a swimming stride cycle. Methods: Eleven elite endurance horses swam in a 100-m straight pool. Underwater (swimming) and overground (PM) videos were recorded from the horses' left side. Joint markers were applied on the lateral hoof wall, lateral metacarpal epicondyle, ulnar carpal bone, lateral humeral epicondyle, and the greater tubercle of humerus, from which elbow, carpus and fetlock angles, and angular velocities were obtained. As a reference, maximal fetlock, carpus, and elbow flexion/extension angles were determined during PM overground. Differences between angle extrema, angular velocities and range of motion (ROM) were compared. Results: Carpus and fetlock ROM were significantly smaller (p < 0.001) during swimming when compared with PM, while there was no difference in elbow ROM between both situations. The carpus had the greatest ROM of all joints during swimming. Absolute angular velocities values of all joints during swimming were greater during retraction than protraction (p < 0.001). When compared to other joints during protraction, the carpus joint reached the highest angular velocity. Conclusion: Swimming, as a rehabilitation exercise, has the potential to benefit horses where great elbow ROM with a moderate carpus and fetlock extension are wanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Santosuosso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tatiana Vinardell
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Silvio Filho
- Al Shaqab - Endurance Department, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shannon Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Persephone McCrae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Florent David
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Member of Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:450. [PMID: 32903600 PMCID: PMC7438831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 Havemeyer Workshop brought together researchers and clinicians to discuss the latest information on Equine Asthma and provide future research directions. Current clinical and molecular asthma phenotypes and endotypes in humans were discussed and compared to asthma phenotypes in horses. The role of infectious and non-infectious causes of equine asthma, genetic factors and proposed disease pathophysiology were reviewed. Diagnostic limitations were evident by the limited number of tests and biomarkers available to field practitioners. The participants emphasized the need for more accessible, standardized diagnostics that would help identify specific phenotypes and endotypes in order to create more targeted treatments or management strategies. One important outcome of the workshop was the creation of the Equine Asthma Group that will facilitate communication between veterinary practice and research communities through published and easily accessible guidelines and foster research collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Couetil
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melissa Mazan
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Eric Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Normandie Université, UniCaen, Caen, France
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Ivester
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Artur Niedźwiedź
- Department of Internal Diseases With Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cyprianna Swiderski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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9
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Greco-Otto P, Bond S, Sides R, Bayly W, Leguillette R. Conditioning equine athletes on water treadmills significantly improves peak oxygen consumption. Vet Rec 2020; 186:250. [PMID: 31511399 PMCID: PMC7057798 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Equine water treadmills (WT) were initially designed for rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, but are also commonly used for conditioning sport horses, however the effects are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of an 18-day WT conditioning programme on peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak). Nine unfit Thoroughbreds were used in a randomised controlled trial. Six horses worked daily for 18 days in stifle-height water (WT group), while 3 control horses worked without water (dry treadmill group (DT)). Preconditioning and postconditioning maximal exercise racetrack tests (800 m) were performed using a portable ergospirometry system. Measured outcomes were V̇O2, tidal volume, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, heart rate, blood lactate and instantaneous and average speed. The workload as assessed by V̇O2 was 21.7 per cent of preconditioning V̇O2peak values for WT horses. V̇O2peak on the racetrack increased by 16.1 per cent from preconditioning to postconditioning in the WT horses (P=0.03), but did not change in the DT horses. Therefore, exercising horses in high water heights may improve conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Greco-Otto
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephanie Bond
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond Sides
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Warwick Bayly
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Leguillette R. 24-Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin-T Using a "High-Sensitivity" Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:433-440. [PMID: 29171090 PMCID: PMC5787185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A “high‐sensitivity” cardiac troponin‐T (hscTnT) assay recently has been validated for use in horses and is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage. Postexercise release kinetics of cTnT utilizing the hscTnT assay have yet to be established in horses. Objectives To determine: (1) cTnT release kinetics in racing Thoroughbreds after a high‐intensity 5/8th mile Chuckwagon race; (2) the effects of age on pre‐ and postrace cTnT concentrations; and (3) sampling guidelines for clinicians evaluating horses presenting after exercise. Animals Samples were obtained from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged 5–16 years before racing and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hour postrace. Methods Prospective, observational study with convenience sampling. A fifth‐generation hscTnT assay was used for plasma sample analysis, and concentrations were compared at all time‐points. Correlations were determined between cTnT concentrations and age. Biochemistry analysis was performed to assess rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and exercise‐induced dehydration. Results All horses with measureable cTnT concentrations had significant postexercise increases in cTnT with a median peak (8.0 ng/L) at 3‐hour postrace. All horses had peak postexercise cTnT concentrations 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace ≤ the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L, after which all cTnT concentrations decreased until returning to baseline by 12–24 hours. There was no correlation over time between cTnT concentrations and age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In racing Thoroughbreds completing short‐duration, high‐intensity Chuckwagon races, cTnT concentrations are expected to be increased 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace and to decrease by 12–24 hours while remaining ≤23.2 ng/L throughout. This study contributes to establishing guidelines for clinical use of the hscTnT assay in exercising horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - I Seiden-Long
- Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Passante S, Leguillette R. Analytical validation and establishment of reference intervals for a 'high-sensitivity' cardiac troponin-T assay in horses. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:104. [PMID: 27296016 PMCID: PMC4906598 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac troponin-I assays have been validated in horses.'High-sensitivity' cardiac troponin assays are now the standard in human cardiology. OBJECTIVE Appropriately validate the'high-sensitivity' cardiac Troponin-T (hscTnT) assay for clinical use in horses, establish reference intervals, determine the biological variation, and demonstrate assay utility in selected clinical cases. METHODS Analytical validation of the Roche hscTnT assay included within- and between-run precision, linear dose response, limit of quantitation (LoQ), stability, and comparison with cTn-I (iSTAT). Reference intervals and biological variation were determined using adult, healthy, Non-Competition Horses (N = 125) and Racing-Thoroughbreds (N = 178). HscTnT levels were measured in two horses with cardiac pathology. RESULTS The hscTnT demonstrates acceptable within-run (L1 = 6.5 ng/L, CV 14.9 %, L2 = 10.1 ng/L, CV 8.7 %, L3 = 15.3 ng/L, CV 5.4 %) and between-run precision (L1 = 12.2 ng/L, CV 8.4 %, L2 = 57.0 ng/L, CV 8.4 %, L3 = 256.0 ng/L, CV 9.0 %). The assay was linear from 3 to 391 ng/L. The LoQ was validated at 3 ng/L. Samples demonstrated insignificant decay over freeze-thaw cycle. Comparison with cTnI assay showed excellent correlation (range: 8.0-3535.0 ng/L, R(2) = 0.9996). Reference intervals: The upper 95(th) and 99(th) percentile of the hscTnT population distribution were 6.8 and 16.2 ng/L in Non-Competition Horses, and 14.0 and 23.2 ng/L in Racing-Thoroughbreds. Between-breed, diurnal effect, and between-day variation was below LoQ. Two clinical cases with presumed cardiac pathology had hscTnT levels of 220.9 ng/L and 5723.0 ng/L. CONCLUSIONS This benchmark study is the first to comply with CLSI guidelines, thus further establishing the performance characteristics of the hscTnT assay, and reference intervals in healthy horses. Two clinical cases demonstrated further the clinical utility of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada
| | - I Seiden-Long
- Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), Room C618B, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, T2N 2 T9, AB, Canada
| | - S Massie
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada
| | - S Passante
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada.
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Woodman J, Wagg CR, Boysen SR, Leguillette R, Mizen K, Roy MF. Evaluation of coagulation via thromboelastography in healthy horses administered dexamethasone. Can Vet J 2015; 56:1271-1274. [PMID: 26677262 PMCID: PMC4668807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone was administered to healthy horses daily for 7 days. Blood samples were collected at 3 time points from both treatment and non-treatment groups, and analyzed via thromboelastography (TEG). There were no significant differences in TEG parameters between treated and untreated horses, or within treatment groups over time.
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Massie S, Leguillette R. Chuckwagon Field Study on 148 Horses: Racing Consecutive Days Affects Baseline Blood Electrolytes, pH and Lactate But Does Not Increase the Prevalence of Cardiac Arrhythmias. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12267_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Massie
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Canada
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Massie S, Leguillette R. Chuckwagon Field Study: High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin-T Increases with Exercise But Is Not Correlated with the Presence of Arrhythmias During Exercise. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12267_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Massie
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Canada
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Shields E, Passante S, Massie S, Seiden-Long I, Leguillette R. Validation of a Novel High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin-T Assay in Horses. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12267_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - S Passante
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - S Massie
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | | | - R Leguillette
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary Alberta Canada
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McDonald K, Leguillette R. Observation of Microinjected Fluorescent Myosin in Contractile Smooth Muscle Cells. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Leguillette R, Laviolette M, Bergeron C, et al.. Myosin, Transgelin, and Myosin Light Chain Kinase: Expression and Function in Asthma. J Asthma 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02770900902720874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tuck SA, Maghni K, Poirier A, Babu GJ, Periasamy M, Bates JHT, Leguillette R, Lauzon AM. Time course of airway mechanics of the (+)insert myosin isoform knockout mouse. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:326-32. [PMID: 12959948 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0254oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms that differ by the presence ([+]insert) or the absence ([-]insert) of a 7-amino acid insert in the motor domain have a 2-fold difference in their in vitro actin filament velocity. We hypothesized that a preferential expression of the fast (+)insert isoform in airway smooth muscle would increase the rate of bronchoconstriction. To verify our hypothesis we measured the time course of bronchoconstriction following a bolus injection of methacholine (160 microg/kg) in (+)insert isoform knockout (KO) and corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. Neither baseline airway resistance (Raw) (0.424 +/- 0.04 for WT and 0.374 +/- 0.01 cm H(2)O.s.ml(-1) for KO) nor peak Raw (4.1 +/- 0.9 for WT and 4.0 +/- 0.5 cm H(2)O.s.ml(-1) for KO) differed between groups. However, the time to peak Raw was significantly longer in the KO (17.2 +/- 0.6 s) compared with the WT (14.6 +/- 0.8 s) mice (P < 0.05). Differentiating Raw with respect to time revealed a greater rate of bronchoconstriction for the WT during the initial 4 s, presumably reflecting the faster shortening velocities under these relatively unloaded conditions. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the (+)insert myosin isoform mRNA content in the WT airways was 47.8 +/- 5.6%. We conclude that the presence of the (+)insert myosin isoform in the airways increases the rate of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Tuck
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St-Urbain St., Montréal, PQ, H2X 2P2 Canada
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Lavoie JP, Drolet R, Parsons D, Leguillette R, Sauvageau R, Shapiro J, Houle L, Hallé G, Gebhart CJ. Equine proliferative enteropathy: a cause of weight loss, colic, diarrhoea and hypoproteinaemia in foals on three breeding farms in Canada. Equine Vet J 2000; 32:418-25. [PMID: 11037264 DOI: 10.2746/042516400777591110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is a transmissible enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. An outbreak of equine PE was diagnosed in foals from 3 breeding farms. Most foals had been weaned prior to the appearance of clinical signs, which included depression, rapid and marked weight loss, subcutaneous oedema, diarrhoea and colic. Poor body condition with a rough haircoat and a potbellied appearance were common findings in affected foals. Respiratory tract infection, dermatitis and intestinal parasitism were also found in some foals. Haematological and plasma biochemical abnormalities included hypoproteinaemia, transient leucocytosis, anaemia and increased serum creatinine kinase concentration. Postmortem diagnosis of PE was confirmed on 4 foals based on the presence of characteristic intracellular bacteria within the apical cytoplasm of proliferating crypt epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, using silver stains, and by results of PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. Antemortem diagnosis of equine PE was based on the clinical signs, hypoproteinaemia and the exclusion of common enteric infections. Faecal PCR analysis was positive for the presence of L. intracellularis in 6 of 18 foals tested while the serum of all 7 foals with PE serologically evaluated had antibodies against L. intracellularis. Most foals were treated with erythromycin estolate alone or combined with rifampin for a minimum of 21 days. Additional symptomatic treatments were administered when indicated. All but one foal treated with erythromycin survived the infection. This study indicates that equine PE should be included in the differential diagnosis of outbreaks of rapid weight loss, diarrhoea, colic and hypoproteinaemia in weanling foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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